extendo3
There are currently __ active National Marine Sanctuaries, with 1 more awaiting designation (Wisconsin-Lake Michigan NMS) and 1 more proposed (Lake Ontario)
15
About how much of the global consumption of animal protein comes from the ocean
15-20 percent
When did the French explorer Samuel Champlain became the first European to visit both Lake Huron and Lake Ontario
1615
What percent of an iceberg projects above the surface of the ocean, whereas about 88% of the iceberg is below the surface (or fractionally, 1/8 above the surface, 7/8 below the surface)
12%
When did fisheries produced 160 million tons of fish and generated around $129 billion in exports?
2012
Designated in _____ and as of February 18, 2019, Marae Moana (means 'sacred ocean') in the Cook Islands of the Pacific is the world's largest MPA (Marine Protected Area) - it encompasses a total area of 1,976,000 square kilometers (763,000 square miles), and extends 50 miles from each of its 15 islands in order to encompass Cook Islands entire EEZ
2017
As of 2018, approximately _______ of global fish production came from aquaculture/mariculture
50-55%
hit the ped of water collected by the thermistor,Niskin bottles on a CTD rosette is usually measured using a ___________ as it is more accurate than a traditional thermometer
The temperature
The largest U.S. source of fish meal and fish oil comes from ______ caught in the east coast and gulf - the second largest source in the U.S. is fish offal (offal refers to the organs and other unused parts of a fish in a traditional fishery)
menhaden
All waters beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone of nations are called the what?
high seas
what do deeper waters have causing calcium carbonate to dissolve more easily
higher pressure
Because of their what properties, contaminants preferentially accumulate in biological tissues and sediments.
hydrophobic
What is water is considered when its dissolved oxygen concentration is less than 2 to 3 parts per million (milligrams per liter)
hypoxic
Like the sextant, the backstaff (quadrant) allows celestial objects to be measured relative to what rather than relative to the instrument, which allows excellent precision?
relative to the horizon,
According to who, what 15% of assessed fish stocks in the United States are in an overfished condition
the 2017 Status of U.S. Fisheries Report
The two largest oil spills documented in the Gulf were what?
the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil disaster and the Ixtoc I oil spills.
Of what the only one in the Great Lakes is Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary - the 15th is currently in the process of designation and public review - it will be called Wisconsin-Lake Michigan National Marine Sanctuary, and it will conserve nationally-significant shipwrecks and related maritime heritage resources in Wisconsin and Lake Michigan
Of the 14 National Marine Sanctuaries,
To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached __ ______
$54 billion
Oceanographers distinguish between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon by the fact that only dissolved organic carbon can pass through a what?
0.45 micrometer filter
Above the saturation horizon, omega has a value greater than ___, and calcium carbonate does not readily dissolve (water is supersaturated with calcium carbonate)
1
Below the saturation horizon, omega has a value less than _, and calcium carbonate dissolves (water is undersaturated with calcium carbonate)
1
There are three main advantages that a rebreather (closed-circuit) system has over the conventional open-circuit scuba system - what is the rebreather
1. Requires a much smaller gas supply 2. Is less bulky 3. Makes less noise/bubbles (helpful for concealment necessary for military uses)
What are the two most common causes of fishing-related mortalities in the U.S.
1. Vessel disaster, sinking, capsizing, or fire, in which the crew was forced to abandon ship 2. Falling overboard
thickness of sea ice per day
10cm
2020 competition said residence time for iron in the ocean is what?
2 to 5 years
what is beneath the Gulf
27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells
Although 41% of U.S. marine waters are MPAs, only __ of U.S. waters are highly-protected in no-take MPAs to protect sensitive species and habitats
3%
As of 2017-18, only about ____ of the world's oceans are protected in marine protected areas (MPAs)
3.7% (rounded to 4%)
The Gulf Coast accounted for more than how much of total angler trips and nearly 43 percent of the recreational fishery's total catch in the U.S. in 2011
34 percent
Among many other things, the HMS Challenger expedition is famous for sounding the greatest ocean depth (26,850 feet; 8,184 meters) at the Mariana Trench - they also discovered about _____ new species of marine life
4,700
Recreational fishing is also important to the economy of gulf states. Over 40% of the nation's marine recreational fishing occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, with the highest number of anglers fishing in Florida and Texas
40%
As of early 2020, about what percent of U.S. marine waters are classified as Marine Protected Areas
40% (41%)
The ratio of carbon stored in the deep ocean to that stored in the surface ocean is about what?
50 to 1
what percent of the U.S. population lives within a one-hour drive of the coastline
50%
Approximately what percent of global trade is transported by sea
90%
what is a device that helps remove water out of a leaking ship - the bilge is the lowest compartment on a ship
A bilge pump
what is an extension of a ship's sides above the level of the deck
A bulwark
what in seawater is one whose concentration or relative proportion does not change over time (as it is not used by organisms)
A conservative constituent
what is characterized by a short season, in which vessels compete vigorously to obtain a share of the catch during a brief seasonal opening
A derby fishery
what studies human interaction with the sea by looking at undersea shipwrecks (like Spanish galleons), structures, ruins, cargoes, human remains, etc.
A marine archaeologist
what is defined as a marine area where human activities are limited in some manner for a planned purpose, usually conservation - not all ____s are no take or no fishing zones (some allow recreational fishing)
A marine protected area (MPA)
what can be used to measure the concentrations of dissolved gases or elements in seawater (for example, the concentrations of 16O and 18O in seawater)
A mass spectrometer
what has been named R/V Gilbert R. Mason, in honor of a Gulf Coast civil rights icon who was a physician to the mariner community along the Gulf Coast
A new NSF oceanographic research vessel
what is a large bag made of steel chain links attached to a simple heavy steel frame that keeps the bag expanded. The dredge is lowered off the back of a ship to the seafloor and dragged along the seafloor by a cable in order to collect large pieces of rock.
A rock dredge
what is an automated sea surface temperature and salinity measurement system that uses water intake to continuously make measurements on a moving ship
A thermosalinograph (TSG)
what is a satellite-based technology is required as a control and enforcement tool in the commercial reef fish fishery in the Gulf of Mexico - it allows fisheries regulatory organizations to track and monitor the activities of fishing vessels
A vessel monitoring system (VMS)
what stands for Autonomous Launch and Recovery System - these systems are used to recover unmanned underwater vehicles, such as ROVs and AUVs - a company named Kraken has designed the Kraken Tentacle Winch to tow the KATFISH (Kraken's Active Towfish) as part of an A-LARS
A-LARS
what is accounted for by the dissolved inorganic carbonate system (such as bicarbonate and carbonate) - less than 1% of the dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of dissolved CO2
About 96-97% of seawater alkalinity
what is an essential aspect of EBM; it is a way of managing the dynamic nature of ecosystems in the face of uncertainty by considering a broad range of influences within a region, including external influences, factors, and stressors
Adaptive management
what state is number one in terms of weight and value of fish landed?
Alaska
NOAA fisheries regions ______
Alaska Greater Atlantic Southeast and Caribbean Pacific Islands West Coast
what reduced bycatch of salmon by pairing advanced dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) with excluder devices
Alaskan pollock fishermen
who originally named Albatros, later Alk, was a sailing ship that became famous when she sank in 1961 with a group of American teenagers on board. The events were the basis for the highly fictionalized film White Squall
Albatross,
who was the first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico
Amerigo Vespucci in 1497
what is used the double-hulled canoe for long distance voyages
Ancient Polynesian wayfinders
What secretariat Headquarters are located in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Antarctic Treaty
what does not prohibit commercial fishing, scientific research, or tourism
Antarctic Treaty prohibits commercial mining
When did the CO2 concentration at the Mauna Loa observatory is 410 ppm (parts per million)
April 14, 2018
what now provides half of all fish for human consumption, and that number is growing?
Aquaculture
Some of the issues with microplastics include that they what?
Are capable of long-range transport Scour and damage important green habitats Release additive toxic chemicals Mistaken as food, accumulating in the digestive tract, causing blockage or tricking them into believing they are full
what utilize a variety of selective gear, such as snares, pots, and traps, which are usually combined with light to attract the cuttlefish - light is also used to attract squid to the surface
Artisanal cuttlefish fisheries
what was possibly invented by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus around 150 B.C., but perfected in the Islamic world by the Arabs during the Middle Ages
Astrolabe
What Ocean has the deepest calcium carbonate compensation depth (at about 5000 m),due to its greater abundance of calcareous planktonic organisms?
Atlantic
what are caught with otter trawls, gill nets, longlines, rod and reel, and pots - otter trawl is most common method
Atlantic cod
who has the longest modern-era, government-led, marine planning effort
Australia
what is technically defined as an water in which the salinity is between 0.5 and 30 ppt (parts per thousand) - any salinity in this range is defined as brackish - fresh water is defined as being 0 to 0.5 ppt
Brackish water
what were sailing vessels with two square-rigged masts that were especially popular in the 18th and 19th centuries - they were fast and maneuverable and were used as both naval warships (fighting in battles like the Battle of Lake Erie) and as merchant vessels (carrying cargo) - famous examples of brigs include:
Brigs
what is the name given to the solution created when evaporation takes place over a long period of time, concentrating salts in seawater
Brine
What ions are the 2 chemical species principally responsible for the buffering of seawater
Carbonate and bicarbonate
what plays the most important role in maintaining pH balance of seawater - the second most important acid is boric acid
Carbonic acid
what famously contains archaeological evidence of some of the earliest seafaring and maritime adaptations in the Americas
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
In 1526, who granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States for Spain, known as the Narváez expedition.
Charles V
who not only led, but also served as chief scientist, aboard the Challenger expedition from 1872-76
Charles Wyville Thomson
who completed 4 voyages across the Atlantic to the West Indies
Christopher Columbus
what in the marine chronometer was invented by John Harrison in 1730
Chronometer
what releases mercury (an impurity found in coal), which has a negative impact on ocean life - they also release sulfur dioxide, which becomes sulfur trioxide upon reactions with oxygen in the atmosphere, which reacts with water in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid, leading to acid rain, a contributing factor to ocean acidification
Coal-burning power plants
what is to restrict federal assistance to owners of coastal barrier lands - this federal assistance was encouraging development on barrier islands, which were hurricane prone - offering things like Federal Flood Insurance encouraged development, so this act cancelled that, making it very risky and expensive to develop these barrier islands (private citizens or developers now bear the full cost of hurricane damage etc.)
Coastal Barrier Resources Act
CCAMLR
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
what is the most precise method of determining seawater salinity
Conductivity
what among reserves is important for larval transport between sink and source areas, ecosystem resiliency and recovery from disturbance
Connectivity
what are among the potential benefits of hatcheries
Conservation of wild fish populations through stock augmentation and enhanced fishing opportunity
what are the next generation of Argo floats - they descend to 6,000 meters depth instead of only 2,000 meters like conventional Argo floats
Deep Argo floats
what was the biggest oil spill in U.S.
Deepwater Horizon
on April 20, 2010, WHAT located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles (64 km) off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion. The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen
Deepwater Horizon oil platform
what are usually defined as material that passes through a sieve size of 2 μm
Dissolved solids
what is an integrated approach to management that does not focus on a single species, sector activity, or concern, but rather recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including humans - characteristics of ecosystem-based management:
Ecosystem-based management (EBM)
what is desirable for use in submarine vehicles because it does not depend on combustion, and is thus air-independent - another advantage is that it is more compact
Electric propulsion
what is the use of direct current electricity in the water to stun or attract fish, allowing them to be easily scooped out of the water
Electrofishing
what is the largest seafood port in the Gulf of Mexico, the 2nd largest in the U.S. by volume (1st is Dutch Harbor, Alaska), and the 4th largest in the U.S. by value (1st is New Bedford, MA)
Empire-Venice (Louisiana)
According to the________ a species that no longer needs protection is described as being recovered (or extinct, if the species died out)
Endangered Species Act
who had to cross the Scotia Sea to get to South Georgia Island in a 22-foot lifeboat after his ship, Endurance, was crushed in the Antarctic ice pack
Ernest Shackleton
what was the first country to accede to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Fiji
NOAA created a program called ______ to give consumers access to information about federal fisheries practices - it gives information regarding each species caught in U.S. waters, including whether it is sustainably managed, what its population is, habitat impact of fishing, bycatch, taste, color, availability, source, and health benefits
Fishwatch
The state of ______ does not ban the sale of shark fins - Hawaii was the first state to ban the possession, sale and distribution of shark fins
Florida
What are state-owned submerged lands that are established to preserve the natural or existing condition of an area so that their exceptional aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations
Florida Aquatic Preserves
What covers about 9,600 square kilometers (2,800 square nautical miles) and surrounds the most extensive coral reef in U.S. waters
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
what contains the remnants of navigation beacons and lighthouses installed by the U.S. government in the 19th century along its reef to make maritime commerce safer
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
what are the two national marine sanctuaries in the gulf of Mexico?
Florida Keys and Flower Garden Banks.
The most widely used measurement unit for turbidity is the ______________ - if using a nephelometer to measure turbidity, the unit is Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU)
what are not bound by an Exclusive Economic Zone - an EEZ only applies to the marine resources
Freshwater fisheries
A hand-held ______ receiver requires 4 satellites to calculate a 3-D position
GPS
what began in 1973 - it is owned by the U.S. government and operated by the United States Space Force (newly created in 2019 - was previously called Air Force Space Command - it is still overseen through the Department of the Air Force)
GPS
what is the general type of consultation the U.S. government is obligated to conduct with federally recognized Indian and Alaskan native tribes
Government to government
what was early, impractical one developed by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos in 1885 - practical version developed by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe in 1906 - a ____________has 2 advantages over a magnetic compass. It finds true north, as determined by the axis of the Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north. It is unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as in a ship's steel hull, which distort the magnetic field
Gyrocompass
what was a British naval vessel before it was converted for oceanographic research - it was a type of ship called a corvette
HMS Challenger
what are land-based facilities where aquatic organisms, such as finfish or shellfish, are raised in captivity and then released into fresh or marine waters.
Hatcheries
States with the highest share of total employment in ocean-related activities are what?
Hawaii (16%) South Carolina (15%) Alaska (14%)
the U.S. Coast Guard cutter ________ is classified as a medium icebreaker, as it has a square stern, which only allows it to move forward, not backward
Healey
In 1506 who took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba
Hernán Cortés
where was a Special Administrative Region of China, is by far the largest importer of shark fins - Hong Kong distributes most of them to China proper - Singapore is the number two importer of shark fins
Hong Kong
what is the most sustainable fishing method, and therefore has the least impact on the environment
Hook and line
What and other storms can destroy coastal infrastructure and, in the process, cause the leakage of hazardous materials. For example, hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused 146 oil, condensate or chemical spills that were one barrel or greater (six spills were greater than 1,000 barrels), damaged 457 pipelines and destroyed 113 platforms
Hurricanes
what can be described as the science of measuring and describing the physical features of the navigable portion of Earth's surface and adjoining coastal areas
Hydrography
what makes it easier to maintain breath-hold, but upon ascent the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs decreases (due to the decrease in pressure on ascent), making a freediver vulnerable to blacking out
Hyperventilation
what is an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer - it is used to determine the elemental concentration of seawater
ICP-MS
what is the only landlocked U.S. state to be included in a Regional Fishery Management Council (it is included in the Pacific Fishery Management Council)
Idaho
what is responsible for 11-26 million tons of fish catches, worth $10-22 billion?
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
When did Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, receiving a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his effort
In 1506, Hernán Cortés
When did Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the Americas, with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold.
In 1517,
who banned the use of large-scale high seas driftnets over 2.5 kilometers long
In 1991, the United Nations
When did NOAA's National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment provided the first comprehensive assessment of water quality in the northern Gulf of Mexico
In 1999
when did all ships must comply with the D2 standard
In 2024
where is further exacerbated by acidity from CO2 released through algal decay due to eutrophication (the Gulf of Mexico dead zone is causing pH to drop and therefore the ocean to become more acidic)
In the northern Gulf, ocean acidification
what encourages participation from all levels of government, indigenous peoples, stakeholders - to be successful, EBM approaches must be inclusive and collaborative at all stages of the process
Inclusive and collaborative,
what after the U.S. imposed fishing restrictions regarding dolphin-safe tuna may have been due to replacement of U.S. fishing vessels by foreign fishing vessels that were not bound by the extra restrictions
Increased mortality of dolphins
what provides the byproducts, including waste, from one aquatic species as inputs (food or fertilizer) for another species - for example, fish, mollusks and seaweed growing together, with the ammonia excreted by fish and mollusks serving as a nitrogen source for the seaweed
Integrated aquaculture (also called Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture, or IMTA)
what is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution by ships
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
what has a very short residence time in the ocean of only 6 to 62 days
Iron
who made 3 voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean
James Cook
who made his fortune by designing a diving bell in 1842 for salvage operations in rivers - he conducted his salvaging operations in the Mississippi River, and did most of the diving himself The two space shuttles named for ships commanded by James Cook are the Endeavour and Discovery
James Eads
In July 2017, 12% of the__________ broke off, creating an iceberg the size of Delaware
Larsen Ice Shelf
According to ______ __ ___ about 42% of the world's ocean is under the control of coastal nations
Law of the Sea,
who is credited as having invented the first modern snorkel that could be attached to a diver's leather helmet
Leonardo da Vinci
The U.S. port that handles the most containerized cargo is what?
Los Angeles, California
what regulates or prohibits many activities, and each MPA is slightly different in terms of what is regulated/prohibited - here are some of the activities that might be regulated/prohibited in a given MPA
MPAs
who gave the Pacific Ocean its name based on the fair, calm weather they experienced while crossing it
Magellan
what was developed by the Chinese Han dynasty around 200 B.C. and adopted for navigation by the Song Dynasty Chinese during the 11th century
Magnetic compass
The world's largest shark sanctuary is in the__________ ______ in the Pacific (the Marshall Islands National Shark Sanctuary) - other countries with shark sanctuaries include Palau (1st shark sanctuary), Bahamas, Cook Islands, Fiji, Israel, Honduras, Maldives, Tokelau, and Venezuela
Marshall Islands
what within semi-enclosed seas like the Gulf have been reported in high concentrations and the Gulf's first such study estimated concentrations that rival the highest globally reported
Microplastics
what are the twin Russian submersibles that were famously used by James Cameron during the filming of his movie Titanic?
Mir 1 and Mir 2
In who's describes corpusants, better known nautically as a phenomenon called St. Elmo's Fire - St. Elmo's fire is a weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a corona discharge from a sharp or pointed object in a strong electric field in the atmosphere (such as those generated by thunderstorms or created by a volcanic eruption).
Moby Dick, Herman Melville
what is the largest sector of the U.S. marine aquaculture industry, in terms of production
Molluscan shellfish (like oysters, mussels, clams, etc.)
what is a system of electronic pulse transmission that can be sent by an underwater insulated cable - it is similar to the binary language of zeros and ones used in today's computing systems (but instead it uses dots and dashes)
Morse code
what is the organization that launched Seasat-A, the first dedicated oceanographic satellite
NASA
who is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
NOAA
Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the ___________ provides a ready source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. Armed Forces in time of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its purely non-military scientific projects.
NOAA Corps
what is the only lab in the country dedicated to the identification of marine species using DNA
NOAA Marine Forensics Unit
what was the principal sponsor of the Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence, or COSEE program, which established regional centers to promote partnerships between scientists and educational organizations in order to transform ocean sciences education for all
NSF (National Science Foundation)
what can increase the density, diversity and biomass of organisms within the reserves, providing additional ecosystem services
No-take marine reserves
The salinity of _______ is higher than that of the North Pacific due to higher evaporation rate - the North Atlantic is the most saline ocean basin and the North Pacific is the freshest (least saline) ocean basin (due to runoff from many rivers in the Gulf of Alaska)
North Atlantic
The first marine national monument in the Atlantic was designated by Obama in 2016 - it is called the ______________________- it is located off the coast of New England, on the edge of Georges Bank - it protects the ecosystems of 3 submarine canyons and several seamounts off the coast of Cape Cod, MA
Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument
what contain a MAP CO2 sensor, which measures pCO2 (the partial pressure of CO2) every three hours - there are now 19 of these buoys in locations around the world, with more to be deployed soon
Ocean Acidification Buoys
what has been deployed near Resurrection Bay, Alaska, and in the eastern Bering Sea to help scientists monitor ocean pH levels in reaction to climate change - this is part of the NOAA OAP (Ocean Acidification Program).
Ocean Acidification Buoys
what is that it does raise water temperature (other drawbacks include having to dispose of the salty brine that was filtered from the water, killing marine life that is sucked into the system, and the cost of the system)
One environmental drawback of reverse osmosis desalination
what has a mass of 18 grams
One mole of water
How much of MPAs in the Gulf have more stringent restrictions, such as designated no-take areas, where the extraction or significant destruction of any natural or cultural resources is prohibited
Only the remaining 1 percent
what was it that proved there was no land at the North Pole
Operation Sunshine (the transit of the USS Nautilus under the Arctic ice of the North Pole in 1958)
Scientists use what to track the migration of salmon - PIT stands for 'Passive Integrated Transponder' - it is a small tag that can be inserted subcutaneously or deeper into the body - advantage is that it is passive, and only becomes active when it receives a low-frequency radio signal emitted by a scanning device - since it does not require a battery or internal power source, it lasts for the lifetime of the animal - another advantage is that the fish does not need to be captured or handled to be scanned, so salmon swimming through a fish ladder can be scanned and identified while swimming
PIT tags
what is a fishing activity carried out by two boats, with one towing each warp (the towing cables). As the mouth of the net is kept open by the lateral pull of the individual vessels, otter boards are not required. By utilizing the towing power of two boats, and as no otter boards are needed, a larger net may be worked than would otherwise be possible - in shallow waters, where the noise from a single vessel may scatter fish, two vessels operating a distance apart tend to herd fish into the path of the net
Pair trawling
What was the first MPA in the U.S. to recognized for the importance of both natural and cultural heritage (in 2010)
Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument
what is Canada's federal lead agency for natural and cultural heritage conservation and archaeology
Parks Canada
Rachel Carson was born in ________ and died in Maryland (where she also wrote Silent Spring)
Pennsylvania
what makes up approximately 80% of marine debris
Plastic
what are both regulated by the Clean Water Act
Point source and nonpoint source pollutio
The first settlers of Easter Island originated where?
Polynesia
who named the Dry Tortugas Islands off the coast of Florida (a U.S. National Park) for their lack of freshwater and their many turtles
Ponce de Leon
what removes rocks, gravel, sand solid human or animal waste, debris (twigs, cans, plastic, etc.), and fats/oil/grease - raw sewage is first passed through a screen to remove largest objects - then sewage passes into a sedimentation/settling tank, where the fluid slows and sand, grit and fecal material is allowed to settle to the bottom of the tank, forming what is called primary sludge - finally, the fats, oils, and grease are less dense and float at the top, where they are skimmed off by a skimmer device
Primary treatment
what is a term used in admiralty law to refer to equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict. The most common use of prize in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and its cargo as a prize of war
Prize
what were used by the Chumash Indians as burial objects, currency, and ornamentation - not as building material
Purple olive snail shells (Olivella biplicata)
In 1526, Charles V of Spain granted who a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States, known as the Narváez expedition
Pánfilo de Narváez
what was invented by John Davis in 1594
Quadrant (backstaff)
what carry vehicles, like cars, trucks, railroad cars, and trailers
RORO (Roll-on/Roll-off) vessel
who worked as a scientist at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Maryland
Rachel Carson
what is one of the 10 colleges at UC Santa Cruz
Rachel Carson College
what creates an annual economic value in the U.S. of $115 billion
Recreational fishing
what is measured by the number of angler trips taken in private or for-hire recreational boats and is a proxy for fishing pressure
Recreational fishing effort
what are fisheries that "reduce," or process their catch, into fishmeal and fish oil. They rely largely on small and medium-sized pelagic species; that is, fish found in the upper layers of the open sea, such as menhaden, anchovies, and sardines.
Reduction fisheries
what pH of the surface ocean has dropped from 8.2 in pre-industrial times to 8.1 now (a 0.1 decrease on the log scale of pH is a 30% decrease)
Revolution
who was an American aviator, navigator, and explorer who was the first to fly over both the north pole and south pole (although some dispute his north pole flight - if this flight did not make it, then Amundsen would be the first to fly over the north pole, in a dirigible (airship/blimp) called the Norge
Richard Byrd
On July 30, 1942 who captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-166.
Robert E. Lee,
The ________ MPA is slightly larger than the previous largest MPA, Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (previously called Northwest Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument), which encompasses 1.51 million square kilometers (582,000 square miles), and had just recently been expanded to that size by Obama - it was originally enacted by George Bush in 2006)
Ross Sea
what was developed simultaneously by John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey in 1731
Sextant
As a result, in January 2011, President Barack Obama signed WHAT into law to close the loopholes. Specifically, the new law prohibits any boat to carry shark fins without the corresponding number and weight of carcasses, and all sharks must be brought to port with their fins attached
Shark Conservation Act
what is the factor responsible for the largest increase in oceanic noise levels
Shipping
what are the characteristics of an artisanal fishery
Small boats Traditional fishing gear Small-scale operations Decentralized operations Short/close to shore fishing trips Largely for home consumption Household based
what is a list of ways to reduce bycatch
TEDs Circle hooks Larger mesh nets Pingers Acoustic returns Electromagnetic returns MPAs (Marine Protected Areas) Catch quotas License limitations Fishing seasons Technology limitations
what is the stability of an upside-down boat - low tertiary stability makes rolling the boat back to an upright position easier
Tertiary stability
what involves a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, heavy metals, dissolved minerals, chemicals (basically very small things that are inorganic and are not degraded by bacteria or other microorganisms) - tertiary treatment purifies wastewater for reuse where water is scarce - 27% of U.S. wastewater/sewage goes through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment
who is the state that issues the highest number of recreational fishing licenses each year
Texas
what paved the way for the Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)
The 1969 Stratton Commission Report
what from the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico caused a large-scale fishery closure and limited the ability of red snapper recreational fishers to harvest their 2010 annual quota
The 2010 BP Oil Spill
what prize was awarded to Greta Thunberg, Swedish climate activist (she also won the Time Person of the Year award that year, the youngest to win the award, at age 16)
The 2019 Rachel Carson prize
what is Intracoastal City, Louisiana (6th by volume in the U.S.)
The 2nd largest seafood port on the Gulf Coast
what was an oil tanker that ran aground off Brittany, France, in 1978, resulting in France's worst oil spill
The Amoco Cadiz
what was fought between the U.S. and Great Britain during the War of 1812
The Battle of Lake Erie
what includes Bermuda at one vertex of the triangle, Puerto Rico at one vertex, and the southern tip of Florida at the 3rd vertex - the Bahamas sit within the Bermuda Triangle
The Bermuda Triangle
what made 492 depth soundings, and carried out 133 dredgings
The Challenger expedition gathered observations from 362 stations,
what covered 68,000 nautical miles - it gathered data on temperature, currents, water chemistry and ocean floor deposits at 362 oceanographic stations
The Challenger expedition, from 1872 to 1876,
what is the oldest underwater shipwreck discovery known to archeologists - the wreck has been dated to 2700-2200 BC. - it is off the coast of southern Greece near the island of Dokos in the Aegean Sea - the ship itself is long gone, as everything biodegradable has been taken back by the sea. The remains at the sea floor of a cargo site of hundreds of clay vases and other ceramic items are evidence of the shipwreck - the four-thousand-year-old ancient shipwreck was discovered by Peter Throckmorton
The Dokos shipwreck
what is a non-profit organization in Japan that claims to be a research organization specializing in the biological and social sciences related to whales, but they use lethal sampling techniques and many environmental groups and governments claim that they are just doing commercial whaling in disguise - it used to be called the Whales Research Institute
The Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR)
who is an international treaty adopted in 2004 - it went into effect in 2017 and requires all ships to meet the D1 or D2 standard
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (Ballast Water Management Convention or BWM Convention)
what is currently using both the JOIDES Resolution and the Chikyu as drilling ships
The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)
what was enacted after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989) to ensure that oil spills are responded to more effectively and to ensure polluters take financial responsibility for the response efforts
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) (1990)
what is the name of Oregon's state system of MPAs
The Oregon Marine Reserves
what region has the largest area of MPAs
The Pacific Islands
what was founded in Norway and is annually awarded to a woman who has made a large contribution in the field of environmental protection
The Rachel Carson Prize
what novel titled after a treasure found in the sea is The Pearl
The Steinbeck
what is a play by William Shakespeare that begins with a vessel being shipwrecked during a powerful storm created by the sorcerer Prospero, who lives with his daughter Miranda on an island (the magic of the storm is carried out by Ariel, a spirit in service to Prospero) - Prospero's other servant is a savage monster named Caliban
The Tempest
who are the only heavy icebreakers commissioned in the U.S. - both have a canoe stern, allowing them to move both forward and backward through the ice
The U.S. Coast Guard cutters Polar Star and Polar Sea
who originally began commissioning its officers so that if captured while engaged in battlefield surveying, they would be protected under the Law of Armed Conflict and could not be tried or executed as spies.
The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the predecessor to NOAA,
what is 11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 mi2) or about 3.4 million square nautical miles (a square nautical mile is equal to 1.3 square miles), spanning over 13,000 miles of coastline
The U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
what can also be called the calcite compensation depth
The carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
what is the region of the water column with the highest vertical gradient of some chemical species
The chemocline
What on early maps was due to the difficulty in accurately measuring time (which is necessary to accurately determine longitude)
The east-west distortion
who supports nearly $1.16 trillion in commerce and creates employment for more than 13 million people
The entire U.S. marine transportation industry
what from commercial fishing is the price received per pound multiplied by the total pounds landed at first purchase of the commercial landings from the harvester/fisherman
The ex-vessel value or revenue
what in the Antarctic varies from a summer minimum of 3 or 4 million square kilometers (1.5 million square miles) to a winter maximum of about 18 million square kilometers (7 million square miles), as of 2020
The extent of sea ice
what in the Arctic varies from a summer minimum of 6 million square kilometers (2.5 million square miles) to a winter maximum of about 15 million square kilometers (6 million square miles), as of 2020
The extent of sea ice
who retains the power to regulate commerce, navigation, power generation, national defense, and international affairs throughout state waters. However, states are given the authority to manage, develop, and lease resources throughout the water column and on and under the seafloor.
The federal government
what is the top edge of the hull of a ship or boat.
The gunwale
what is made up of 8 member states: U.S., Canada, Russia, Denmark (representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland - the Ottawa Declaration named these 8 members to the Arctic Council - the chairmanship of the Council rotates every 2 years among the 8 member states
The international Arctic Council
what in the Gulf is a very important component of the regional economy and lifestyle, contributing nearly $10 billion to local economies and supporting an estimated 92,000 jobs annually
The marine recreational fishery
what is defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is the low-water line along the coast
The normal baseline
what in the Gulf primarily targets three species: pink shrimp, white shrimp and brown shrimp. Royal red shrimp, a fourth species, supports a small deepwater fishery off of Alabama and western Florida
The offshore shrimp trawl fishery
what are historically known for the highest shrimp fishing effort in the Gulf of Mexico
The waters off Louisiana and Texas
what satellite measures sea surface height (SEASAT and GEOSAT could also measure sea surface height, but less accurately, using a radar altimeter)
Topex/Poseidon
The first major oil spill off the English coast occurred in 1967 when the _________________ran aground on a reef off the southwest coast of the UK, spilling about 30 million gallons of crude oil - at the time it was the world's worst oil spill and it awakened the international community to the dangers of maritime oil transport, leading to significant changes in maritime law and oil spill responses
Torrey Canyon supertanker
What of all types in the Gulf of Mexico and roughly 4,800 kilometers (about 3,000 miles) of shipping lanes
Total of 80 ports of all types in the Gulf of Mexico and roughly 4,800 kilometers (about 3,000 miles) of shipping lanes
Of the 10 German U-boats sunk in American waters during WWII, _________ was the only one sunk in the Gulf of Mexico - the rest were mostly sunk along the east coast of the U.S.
U-boat 166 (U-166)
The U.S. has seven federal uniformed services that commission officers - these include:
U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Navy U.S. Air Force U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps (commonly called NOAA Corps)
what are responsible for moving more than 99 percent of the country's overseas cargo by volume and 65 percent by value
U.S. seaports
Establishing a military zone to defend a nation's interest and sovereignty is not permissible under
UNCLOS ( United Nations convention on the law of the sea)
North Atlantic icebergs originate from where?
West Greenland
what was designated in 2012 in Point Reyes National Seashore (a National Park north of San Francisco, in CA)
Wilderness Area in U.S. oceans
what was the conflict with the largest shipbuilding boom in history
World War II
what is now around 20 kg and increasing
World per capita fish consumption
what is a term from fisheries, sometimes abbreviated YOY, which refers to age-0 fish, or those born within the past year that have not yet reached one year of age
Young of the year
In the days of fighting sail, WHAT was a government license authorizing a person (known as a privateer) to attack and capture enemy vessels and bring them before admiralty courts for condemnation and sale. Cruising for prizes with a letter of marque was considered an honorable calling combining patriotism and profit, in contrast to unlicensed piracy, which was universally reviled.
a letter of marque and reprisa
In 2012, what journeyed 9000 nautical miles across the Pacific Ocean, traveling from California to Australia, setting the record for longest distance traveled by an AUV
a wave glider robot
The TEDs are designed to do what?
allow sea turtles to escape from otter trawl nets
what is anchored to the bottom and weighted so it sits vertically right at the bottom - it is used to catch bottom fishes, such as monkfish (one name for the angel shark, Squatina squatina - monkfish are also used to describe frogfish in the genus Lophius, which are a type of anglerfish) - anchored drift gill nets also exist, which are anchored to the bottom, but drift somewhere in the water column
anchored sink gill net
The most abundant _____ in average river water is bicarbonate and the most abundant anion in average seawater is chloride - the most abundant cation in river water is calcium and the most abundant cation in seawater is sodium
anion
The two ______ created by the reaction of carbon dioxide with water are bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-)
anions
Shrimp are considered an ________, since most do not have a lifespan longer than two years
annual crop
what is always closer to the surface than that of calcite, because it is more soluble?
aragonite
One method for measuring the change in ocean acidity is through what form of calcites saturation state?
aragonite saturation state
What are the three different mineral forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
aragonite, calcite and vaterite
Geographic areas that fail to meet objectives of the Great Lakes Agreement and where such failure has caused impairment of beneficial use of the area's ability to support aquatic life are known as what?
areas of concern
The potential benefits of using ______ ____ over organic bait when practicing catch-and-release fishing include reduced fish mortality (hooks fish in the mouth instead of the gut, which is usually lethal when the hook is removed) and it conserves bait fish for the environment
artificial bait
what is the D2 standard called - it requires ships conducing ballast water management shall discharge less than 10 viable organisms per cubic meter greater than or equal to 50 micrometers in minimum dimension and less than 10 viable organisms per milliliter less than 50 micrometers in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometers in minimum dimension
ballast water performance standard
what is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the line along the coast from which the seaward limits of a state's territorial sea and certain other maritime zones of jurisdiction are measured, such as a state's exclusive economic zone.
baseline
the most abundant anion in river water is what?
bicarbonate
what is the dominant form of inorganic carbon in the ocean
bicarbonate
At current oceanic pH levels, about 90% of the dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of what?
bicarbonate ions
what is the legal document that must accompany the goods which details the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being carried
bill of lading
what is the proper term for the bottom of a boat or other man-made structure being colonized by algae or other marine organisms
biofouling
After ____________ __________dissolves in seawater, it can be found in one of three forms: carbonic acid, bicarbonate, or carbonate
carbon dioxide
what does not change the total alkalinity (buffering capacity) of the ocean
carbon dioxide
When first settled, the foundation of the economy of Newfoundland was what?
cod fishing
So, calcium carbonate dissolves most easily in what conditions - these are conditions found in the deeper areas of the ocean
cold temperatures and high pressures
Deeper waters are ______ and calcium carbonate is more soluble at lower temperatures
colder
what term is used to describe fish populations that are temporarily so depleted due to overfishing that they cannot be harvested for a profit
commercially extinct
NOAA Corps consists only of _____________ ______, with no enlisted or warrant officer ranks - NOAA Corps is also the smallest of the 7 uniformed services and consists of professionals trained in engineering, earth sciences, oceanography, meteorology, fisheries science, and other related disciplines. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct diving operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA
commissioned officers
EBM is what, explicitly considering the interactions between sectors of human activity (e.g. fishing and off-shore energy development) that overlap in the coastal and marine environment
cross-sectoral
In order to navigate using ____________ you must know your elapsed time, speed, and direction of travel
dead reckoning
what in the ocean is the most abundant form of organic carbon
dissolved organic carbon (also called dissolved organic matter)
Industrial waste discharge into the environment from a stationary point source, such as a power plant, is called _______
effluent
Fishery managers are able to track shrimp fishing efforts via what, which record the location and duration of fishing activity in offshore waters
electronic logbooks (ELBs)
Due to what some of the remaining vessels have been catching more shrimp per unit of effort?
ewer competing boats,
what is the migration of brine due to cracking produced by thermal expansion of the ice, or pressure caused by the increased volume of the newly formed ice
expulsion
A ________is defined in federal law as a lane or navigation corridor in which no artificial island or fixed structure, whether temporary or permanent, will be permitted
fairway
Fishes in the _______, include herrings, shads, sardines, and menhaden, are most often used to produce fish oil, as they are very oily fishes (they are also used to produce fish meal) - these fishes are in the order Clupeiformes, which includes the sardines, herrings, and menhaden (family Clupeidae), but also fishes in the family Engraulidae, which contains the anchovies and anchoveta
family Clupeidae
In general, the purpose of hatcheries is what
fisheries enhancement
As one goes from what (about pH 7) to the marine environment (about pH 8.1), pH increases
freshwater
Salmon are usually caught commercially using a what?
gill net
Most challenges for small-scale fishermen remaining economically viable can be traced back to the worldwide phenomenon in fisheries called what
globalization
The solubility rate depends on what
he concentration of calcium and carbonate, the temperature, and the depth (or pressure)
Calcium carbonate is unusual in that its solubility __________ with decreasing temperature
increases
Increasing pressure __________ the solubility of calcium carbonate
increases
Fisheries used for the production of fish meal and fish oil are often referred to as what?
industrial, or reduction, fisheries
The only 3 people to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep are who?
jacques Piccard and Don Walsh (aboard the bathyscaphe), and James Cameron (aboard the Deepsea Challenger)
Levels of ____ in the ocean began to decline in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to the introduction of unleaded gasoline (leaded gasoline was banned)
lead
what was sold in Tokyo for a record price of $1.76 million - 80% of the global Bluefin catch is consumed in Japan
luefin tuna
The major threat to ______ around the world is shrimp farming
mangroves
In waters of the U.S., who are defined by what as "any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein."
marine protected areas (MPAs) are defined by MPA Executive Order 13158
what was an inclinometer used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination - the astrolabe was made of a circle graduated in degrees, along with an alidade used to measure vertical angles
mariner's astrolabe (also called a sea astrolabe)
what is a tool used for rope splicing (attaching two ropes to each other)
marlinspike
The ocean is ______, but this reaction is removing carbonate ion from the water, causing it to become undersaturated
naturally saturated with carbonate ion
what is the most abundant gas in seawater, it is still considered a minor constituent in seawater, with a concentration in parts per thousand that is way lower than the major constituents (sodium ion, chloride ion, sulfate ion, magnesium ion, etc.)
nitrogen
3% of U.S. waters are designated as what?
no take MPAs
as what progresses, low frequency sound can be transmitted through ocean waters for greater distances, primarily due to a decrease in borate
ocean acidification
The largest sources of accidental releases of hazardous materials (chemicals) in the Gulf of Mexico are what?
oil and gas and chemical industries
The use of visual landmarks on shore to aid in navigation is called _______
piloting
The main drawback of the Mercator map projection is what?
polar exaggeration in comparison to the equator
The class of compounds that accounts for most of the toxicity of petroleum is what?. PAH concentrations are often used as an indicator of petroleum contamination
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs
It is also ______ ___ _____ __ ____________ ___________ _____ _____ ___________ as article 5 requires that when cleaning or repair of a ship's ballast tanks occurs, ports should have adequate reception facilities for the sediments. Facilities must include safe disposal arrangements, storage and treatment equipment, safe and suitable mooring and emergency arrangements and the necessary reducers for connections to ships
possible for ships to discharge ballast at approved shore reception facilities in ports
Most ocean observing systems report water salinity in unitless conductivity values that are often followed by the notation of what?
practical salinity units
There is currently a federal moratorium banning oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico within 125 miles of the Florida coast, in order to protect what?
protect the tourism-based economy from damages from an oil spill
what is also used to measure the altitude of a celestial body, by observing the shadow cast by an upper vane on a horizon vane - when observing the sun, users kept the sun to their back (hence the name backstaff) - the quadrant, which is used to determine latitude, was invented by English navigator John Davis
quadrant (also called a backstaff)
The U.S. portion of the Gulf of Mexico is a popular fishing destination for resident and visiting ____________
recreational fishermen
As sea ice ages and thickens, the initial salinity of the ice decreases due to the __________ over time. While the sea ice ages, desalinization occurs to such a degree that some multiyear ice has a salinity of less than 1 PSU. This occurs in three different ways:
rejection of brine
The HMS Challenger was _______________ that was modified to conduct oceanic research
steam corvette that was originally a British warship
Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line of a coastal state. When the coast is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, WHAT may be used?
straight baselines
With over how much taking an estimated 24 million trips annually, it is intensively fished
three million anglers
The two principal processes for ______________ in the ocean are scavenging and biological uptake - scavenging refers to the combined processes of adsorption of the metals onto high affinity surfaces of both living and dead particulate matter, followed by particle settling - the process of biological uptake is an active process that is mostly done by phytoplankton, who require trace metals such as iron in order to conduct photosynthesis
trace metal removal
what measures the percentage of light transmitted or attenuated by seawater along a fixed path
transmissometer
The marine animal with the most regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) dedicated to its management is the ____
tuna
In 2012, the what of the SS Terra Nova was discovered off Greenland. This ship was famous for exploits in the Southern Ocean, where it carried Robert Falcon Scott on his last expedition to Antarctica, where he died on his way back from the South Pole
wreckage
what is an indirect measure of the abundance of a target species
CPUE (catch per unit effort)
Seawater has a salinity of 35 ppt reaches its maximum density at about what????? , which is the freezing point of 35 ppt seawater (freshwater reaches its maximum density at about 4ºC)
-2ºC
In order from highest to lowest average salinity, what is the major ocean basins rank:
1) Atlantic, 2) Indian, 3) Pacific
Farm-raised salmon pose a potential threat to the long-term recovery of natural stocks of wild salmon for what reasons?
1) Spread of parasites or diseases to wild populations 2)Lowered genetic diversity 3)Concentrated wastes from farming are released into the environment,
Since 1957, there have been at least_____ hazardous materials spills in the marine and coastal environments of the Gulf
1,089
The size of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone is WHAT PERCENT of the area of the U.S. landmass (so our EEZ is bigger than the U.S. itself)
115%
The oceans absorb about what percent of the of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere
1/3 (25-35%)
The FAO estimates that__ __ ____ ______ ___ ____ _________, and another 30% are over-exploited, depleted, or recovering
57% of fish stocks are fully exploited
Coastal areas within 100 km of the ocean account for an estimated what percent of the world's total gross national product (GNP)
61%
Of the total spills in the Gulf_________,were oil or petroleum products, 13 percent were chemical or biological agents
80 percent
Gulf fishermen land about how much of shrimp annually, with Louisiana accounting for the highest landings, followed by Texas
85.3 million kilograms (188 million pounds)
how much of U.S. MPAs are in federal waters and 3% are in state/coastal waters
97%
what can be used to collect scallops, oysters, clams, mussels, crabs, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
A dredge
what is a country in which it is easy to register ships
A flag state
what is an opening in the side walls of a vessel or an open-air structure, that allows water to drain instead of pooling within the bulwark or gunwales (of a vessel)
A scupper
What sank around the early 19th century about 35 mi (56 km) off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water. She is believed to have been a privateer or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum. As part of the project educational outreach a one-hour documentary about the project was made - video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary.
A ship now called the Mardi Gras
who is a length of thin rope with a plummet, generally of lead, at its end that is used to conduct a sounding, one method of determining the depth of the ocean
A sounding line or lead line
what contributes 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions
Tourism
what is the lead agency in developing the energy potential of the U.S. continental shelf
BOEM (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)
In July 2015 who with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities
BP reached an $18.7 billion settlement
According to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch program, different types of tuna vary quite a bit in terms of management, sustainability, and environmental friendliness of the fishery -what is the breakdown
Best choices - albacore caught via troll/pole in the U.S. and British Columbia and skipjack tuna caught via troll/pole, canned light tuna caught via troll/pole Good alternatives - bigeye and yellowfin tuna caught by troll/pole and albacore caught by troll/pole outside of the U.S. and British Columbia Avoid - bluefin tuna caught via any method, bigeye and yellowfin tuna caught by longline, and all canned tuna (except if caught by troll/pole)
who was the first woman to dive in the Alvin submersible
Betty Bunce
As the ocean pH continues to decrease, the relative concentration of the carbonate species that is part the ocean's carbonate buffer system that would show the least change is what?
Bicarbonate
who signed the Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000, which banned finning on any fishing vessel within United States territorial waters, and on all U.S.-flagged fishing vessels in international waters. Additionally, shark fins could not be imported into the United States without the associated carcass.
Bill Clinton
BGC-Argo stands for what? - some Argo profiling floats are equipped with the following 6 additional biogeochemical sensors: pH Oxygen Nitrate Chlorophyll Suspended particles Downwelling irradiance
Biogeochemical Argo
what are particularly vulnerable as bycatch during longlining
Bluefin tuna
Common knots that can be tied in sailing/boating include:
Bowline Stopper knot Clove hitch Anchor hitch/bend Cleat hitch Sheet bend Two half hitches Rolling hitch Square Figure Eight Slip hitch
what is the name of the process that occurs during sea ice formation in which salt is pushed from forming ice into the surrounding seawater, creating saltier, denser brine
Brine rejection
what are primarily caught in May, June and July off of the coasts of Texas and Louisiana; white shrimp from August through October primarily in Louisiana state waters; and pink shrimp from October through May off of the southeastern Gulf Coast of Florida, particularly near the Florida Keys
Brown shrimp
what can be reduced using acoustic pingers, which produce sounds that scare away dolphins, porpoises, and whales from gill nets - other devices include electromagnetic returns, which prevent animals sensitive to electric or magnetic fields (such as sharks and sea turtles) from coming close to nets - pingers, electromagnetic returns, TEDs, and circle hooks are all BRDs (bycatch reduction devices) - here is a list of ways to reduce bycatch:
Bycatch
During the 2010 highly publicized _____ vote to protect severely depleted bluefin tuna stocks, no action was taken to protect bluefin tuna
CITES
what is the state with the largest number of commercial seafood industry jobs
California
what are the two gases used to disinfect water at sewage treatment plants
Chlorine and ozone
who is the only woman to have ever piloted the Alvin submersible
Cindy Lee Van Dover
what is when members of the general public collaborate with scientists to generate and use data, such as documenting debris that has been collected during a community beach cleanup
Citizen science
The first instrument used by a NASA satellite to measure ocean color was what?
Coastal Zone Color Scanner
what is a process designed to decrease user conflict, improve planning and regulatory efficiencies, decrease associated costs and delays, engage affected communities and stakeholders, and preserve critical ecosystem functions and services
Coastal and marine spatial planning
In 2007, Mexico submitted information to the_______________________ regarding the extension of Mexico's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law, UNCLOS, and bilateral treaties with the United States - in 2009, the CLCS accepted Mexico's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) into the Western Polygon. Since this would extend Mexico's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States, however, Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims.
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)
what is a high-definition imaging sonar designed by the University of Washington for diver detection and underwater mine identification - it has a sophisticated lensing system that improves image quality such that it rivals conventional optics, with the advantage that images can be obtained in dark and turbid water
DIDSON (dual-frequency identification sonar)
Brigs were sailing vessels with two square-rigged masts that were especially popular in the 18th and 19th centuries - they were fast and maneuverable and were used as both naval warships (fighting in battles like the Battle of Lake Erie) and as merchant vessels (carrying cargo) - famous examples of brigs include what?
HMS Beagle - carried Charles Darwin on his voyage USS Niagara - captained by Oliver Hazard Perry in the Battle of Lake Erie, a pivotal victory for the U.S. over the British during the War of 1812
What are designated because they are areas that are rare, particularly susceptible to human-induced degradation, ecologically important or environmentally stressed
Habitat Areas of Particular Concern
What and Florida aquatic preserves receive some degree of protection, but are not MPAs per se
Habitat Areas of Particular Concern (U.S.)
what is the resistance of a boat to vertical forces applied on the edges - a boat with low initial/primary stability will roll over (capsize) easily if a vertical force is applied to the edges (away from the midline) - ships with a wide beam have high initial stability, while those with a narrow beam (like a kayak) have low initial stability
Initial (primary) stability
The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, the Cuyahoga River fire, and the 1960s highway revolts (in response to bulldozing of many communities and ecosystems during the construction of the Interstate Highway System) acted together as the impetus for the approval of what act?
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
who is offshore shrimp fishing is managed by
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
According to who, fisheries management lacks human data
National Research Council
who was an amateur oceanographer and, apart from hanging out with Ed Ricketts in Monterey, spent some time on the drill ship Cuss-I recording a log for Life Magazine
John Steinbeck
what was an ROV built by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) that is one of only 4 vehicles to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (the other 3 are Trieste, Nereus, and Deepsea Challenger) - _____ was lost at sea in 2003 during Typhoon Chan-Hom when the cable connecting it to its launcher at the ocean surface broke
Kaiko
Kaiko was replaced by who until 2007 - at that time it was replaced by ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) - ABISMO is currently the only ROV rated to 11,000 meters, as Nereus was lost at sea in 2003
Kaiko7000II
In 2002, the U.S. intercepted and seized the__________ ________ a U.S.-flagged, Hong Kong-based vessel bound for Guatemala. The vessel was carrying 64,695 pounds (32.3 short tons; 29.3 tonnes) of baled shark fins - representing the fins of an estimated 30,000 sharks - making it the largest quantity of shark fins ever seized - the seizure was reversed because the ship did not meet the statute's definition of a fishing vessel, since it had merely bought the fins at sea and had not aided or assisted the vessels that had caught the sharks
King Diamond II,
what is the science that predicts and tabulates positions of heavenly bodies so as to be useful in celestial navigation
Nautical astronomy
what of light are quickly absorbed by the ocean, which is why red or orange light cannot be seen as you descend through the water column
Long wavelengths
what is the largest city, by area, to have imposed a ban on single-use plastic bags in order to protect the health of the oceans
Los Angeles
what serves as an unloading and distribution deep-water port for incoming oil tankers - one additional deep-water port, Port Dolphin, has been approved and scheduled for future construction 45 kilometers (28 miles) offshore of Tampa, Florida
Louisiana Offshore Oil Port
what is also called MARPOL 73/78, as it was adopted in 1973 and modified in 1978
MARPOL
who is the main international convention covering pollution of the marine environment by ships
MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships)
what also may help support the vitality and resilience of marine ecosystems susceptible to the effects of climate change
MPAs
what requires every fishery management plan to identify essential fish habitat, which encompasses those waters and substrates necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, and growth to maturity
Magnuson-Stevens Act
The Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge is located where?
Maine
what is located in Chesapeake Bay and is the most recently designated National Marine Sanctuary (September 2019) to protect and conserve the shipwrecks and cultural heritage resources of the area - it is most renowned for its "Ghost Fleet," the partially submerged remains of more than 100 wooden steamships that were built in response to threats from World War I-era German U-boats that were sinking ships in the Atlantic. Although the ships never saw action during the war, their construction at more than 40 shipyards in 17 states reflected the massive national wartime effort that drove the expansion and economic development of communities and related maritime service industries. The fleet was brought to the Potomac River to be salvaged for scrap metal by a company in Alexandria, Virginia, not far from the sanctuary site
Mallows Bay-Potomac River national Marine Sanctuary
In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court case who gave the EPA the power to regulate greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, as pollutants
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
who is nicknamed the "Pathfinder of the Seas," the "Father of Modern Oceanography and Naval Meteorology," and "Scientist of the Seas," due to his book The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855) and his important contributions to charting winds and ocean currents, as well as ocean lanes for passing ships at sea - he started his naval career as a midshipman on the frigate USS Brandywine, where he immediately began to study the seas and record methods of navigation - he later became Superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory and head of the Depot of Charts and Instruments (while at the latter, he studied thousands of ships logs and charts and published the Wind and Current Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean, which showed sailors how to use the winds and currents to their advantage, reducing the length of ocean voyages
Matthew Maury
who was an American naval officer who created a series of wind and current charts in the 1840s that greatly aided voyage by man in the Age of Sail
Matthew Maury
The first formal scientific investigations that could be considered oceanography began in the 1840s with who's calculations of wind and current patterns, as well as his seafloor maps
Maury
The _______ was a German research vessel that carried out the first large-scale plankton study - this expedition is also known as the 'Plankton Expedition' - its leader was Victor Hensen, who coined the term 'plankton', meaning 'drifter,'for what was originally known as 'auftrieb,' which means 'floating matter' - originally the term plankton referred to all particles, alive or dead, that drift in the water column, but today it just refers to the living drifters
National
The government agency responsible for researching, drafting, and publishing nautical charts is the______________ , which is part of the National Ocean Service, which is part of NOAA, which is part of the Department of Commerce
Office of Coast Survey
what is regulated by BOEM (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), and the ONRR (Office of Natural Resources Revenue) - the federal department that all of these are part of is the Department of the Interior
Offshore oil drilling
Choosing the proper cleanup method is also a process of balancing the potential damage from cleanup measures versus the short-term and long-term negative effects of oil or other hazardous materials in the ecosystem - common cleanup measures for oil spill response include what
On-water recovery (skimming) Dispersant application In-situ burning Shoreline cleanups Bioremediation
what is the same distance or angle anywhere on the planet (whereas a degree of longitude is a smaller east-west distance near the poles than at the equator)
One degree of latitude
what vessels operating under a federal permit must use Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) and Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs)?
Otter trawl
what is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O2) at increased partial pressures, such as when scuba diving - historically, the central nervous system condition due to oxygen toxicity was called the Paul Bert effect, whereas the pulmonary condition was called the Lorrain Smith effect
Oxygen toxicity
who established the National Ocean Council in 2010 to provide sustained, high-level, and coordinated attention to ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes issues
President Obama
who's ship, the HMS Discovery, was trapped in Antarctic ice for two years (this was on his first mission to Antarctica, the Discovery expedition) - he died on his second expedition to Antarctica, the Terra Nova expedition, after reaching the South Pole 5 weeks after Amundsen
Robert Falcon Scott's
what are wind-carved ridges on the surface of hard snow may have an effect on climate by increasing the rate at which sea ice melts, thus lowering the albedo of the region, causing more absorption of light, which causes even more sea ice to melt (this is an example of positive feedback)
Sastrugi
what best represent the temperature of the top 1 millimeter of the ocean
Satellite-based sea surface temperature readings
what did the Senate pass that addresses the problem of marine debris - it now heads to the House for approval - this act reauthorizes the Marine Debris Act of 2006, and reauthorizes NOAA's Marine Debris Program for 5 years
Save Our Seas Act of 2017
what ranges in salinity from 0 psu at the surface to 4 psu at the base
Sea ice
what devices can all be used to determine water turbidity
Secchi disk Nephelometer Turbidimeter Transmissometer Satellite
The two tools that you can use to determine the optical diffuse attenuation coefficient in seawater, which is a measure of how light dissipates with depth in water, are what?
Secchi disk and a transmissometer
what is the ability of a boat to right itself at large angles of heel (lateral tilt) - a boat with a wider beam has low secondary stability (once tilted more than a certain angle it is harder to restore to its stable upright position)
Secondary stability
what uses aerobic bacteria to degrade the biological/organic material in the wastewater, using either a trickling filter (filter made of an aerobic rock bed that contains bacteria) or the activated sludge process (wastewater is aerated and circulated through bacteria-rich particles) - after a few hours, the particles and bacteria are allowed to settle to the bottom, forming secondary sludge, a slimy mixture of bacteria-laden solids; the cleanest water from this tank is disinfected with chlorine, ozone, or UV light to kill pathogens and other bacteria before discharge into the environment - 62% of U.S. sewage goes through both primary and secondary treatment
Secondary treatment -
what was developed after large amounts of syringes (hypodermic needles) famously washed up on New York and New Jersey beaches in 1987 and 1988
Several clean harbor and beach monitoring regulations
what has a density of around 1.025 g/cm3
Surface seawater of average temperature and salinity (35 ppt)
Legal military activities in an EEZ under UNCLOS include what?
Surveillance and intelligence activities Marine data collection and oceanographic surveys Military weapons exercises
In terms of tonnage (cargo volume),what is the largest port in the U.S.? It is mostly due to the oil and natural gas industry in the Gulf of Mexico
South Louisiana
what are two commonly cultured marine finfish, are examples of hatchery-reared species used to potentially enhance recreational fisheries and offset declines in wild populations - other species produced in hatcheries include red snapper, striped bass, southern flounder, common snook, cobia, Eastern oyster, bay scallop, hard clam, and long-spined sea urchin
Spotted seatrout and red drum,
who won the Rachel Carson prize in 2017?
Sylvia Earle
what submersible gets from the surface to the bottom by using its own weight plus steel weights to provide negative buoyancy - the steel weights are jettisoned on each dive and left at the bottom when the sub is ready to ascend
The Alvin
what was a Greek oil tanker that collided with the oil tanker Aegean Captain in the Caribbean, causing the Atlantic Empress to sink, creating the largest ship-based oil spill
The Atlantic Empress
what is a collection of sunken ships located off the coast of the North Carolina/Virginia border - the ___________________is a collection of German warships from World War I that were taken by the U.S. at the end of the war - they were used as a test in 1921 by U.S. General Billy Mitchell to prove that air power could change the face of warfare and end the battleship era - Mitchell sank all the warships he was allowed to attack, including the battleship Ostfriesland, proving his point that the U.S. needed a separate Air Force, which would be very effective against an enemy navy - Mitchell is considered to be the founder of the U.S. Air Force
The Billy Mitchell Fleet
what is shallower in the Pacific, at 4200-4500 meters, than the Atlantic, at 5000 meters - the main reason is that there is a higher concentration of CO2 in the Pacific than in the Atlantic, causing calcium carbonate to dissolve more readily - there is more CO2 in the Pacific because this water is older than the Atlantic water, and has been in the oceanic conveyor belt circulation so long at depth that it has had time to accumulate large amounts of CO2 - the CCD in the equatorial Pacific is deeper, at about 5000 meters, due to equatorial upwelling, causing there to be higher numbers of calcareous organisms, depressing the CCD
The CCD
what is the economic theory behind individual transferable quotas - individual transferable quotas allocate fishing rights to different fishermen, can be bought and sold, and are used to reduce overfishing
The Coase Theorem
what states that when there are conflicting property rights, bargaining between the parties involved will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of which party is ultimately awarded the property rights, as long as the transaction costs associated with bargaining are negligible
The Coase Theorem
What is also called the London Convention - it occurred in 1972
The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
what requires ships to carry out a ballast water exchange, and specifies the volume of water that must be replaced. This standard involves exchanging the uptaken discharge water from the last port, with new sea water; it must occur at a minimum of 200 nautical miles from shore - the D1 standard is called the ballast water exchange standard
The D1 standard
what is more stringent and requires the use of an approved ballast water management system. The system must ensure that only small levels of viable organisms remain left in water after treatment so as to minimize the environmental impact of shipping
The D2 standard
what from the Macondo well at a depth of 1500 meters in Mississippi Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico released 4.9 million barrels of oil, which is 206 million gallons (1 barrel = 42 gallons)
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill
who is considered to be the father of international law and doctrine on the freedom of the seas - he published Mare Liberum (The Free Sea), in which he argued that the sea was international territory (international waters or "high seas") and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade - he wrote Mare Liberum in response to Mare clausum (meaning "closed sea"), a policy defended by Portugal and Spain during the age of discovery (Portugal considered the sea route to India their personal property, barring other countries from trading their without the permission of the king; in the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum) - Grotius later recognized the jurisdiction of a nation's coastal waters that could be effectively controlled from land (the "cannon shot" rule, and the birth of the 3-nautical mile territorial sea
The Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius
what is the federal agency responsible for designating U.S. water as impaired under Section 303d of the Clean Water Act - the EPA assists states in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for waterbodies - a TMDL establishes the maximum amount of a pollutant allowed in a waterbody and serves as the starting point or planning tool for restoring water quality
The EPA
what comprises three separate protected salt dome formations in the northwestern Gulf. It supports a unique and diverse ecological community, including the northernmost coral reefs in the U.S.
The Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary
What is the nickname of the region of southeastern Lake Superior between Grand Marais, Michigan, and Whitefish Point, Michigan which is noted as having the greatest number of lost and wrecked ships in the Great Lakes - this coastline of Lake Superior is also sometimes called the "Shipwreck Coast"
The Graveyard of the Great Lakes
what is the largest regional producer of shrimp in the U.S., landing 73 percent of the U.S. total for a dockside value of roughly $363 million
The Gulf
what is the largest fishery by volume in the Gulf of Mexico and the second most valuable fishery in the nation (lobster was the most valuable in 2018) - dry fishmeal and extracted oil are the main products of this fishery (it is a reduction fishery)
The Gulf menhaden
what occurred in 1979 and leaked 3.5 million barrels of oil into the southwestern Gulf over the course of 290 days
The Ixtoc I oil spill
what was reauthorized in 2006 ton enhance international cooperation in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
The Magnuson-Stevens Act
who's government decided to create an artificial garbage island called Thilafushi, which has been nicknamed Rubbish Island - most of this waste comes from the capital of Malé and much is from the country's many coastal resorts (which don't follow the rules on crushing their waste) - it is controversial, as toxins are leaching from it into the surrounding ocean - more than 330 tons of trash is brought there per day
The Maldives
what is the oldest marine laboratory in the U.S., established in 1888 - it became affiliated with the University of Chicago in 2013 - Hopkins Marine Station, in Pacific Grove, CA, established in 1892, is the second oldest, and oldest on the west coast of the U.S.
The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole
what passed in conjunction with the international MARPOL treaty, made it illegal for any U.S. vessel or land-based operation to dispose of plastics at sea
The Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act (1987),
what was a galleon that was the pride of Henry the Eighth's (VIII) fleet - it capsized and sank while going into its debut battle in 1548, due to the unanticipated weight of its cannons
The Mary Rose
what is a United States federal statute that provides for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine. Among other purposes, the law regulates maritime commerce in U.S. waters and between U.S. ports. Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act is known as the Jones Act and deals with cabotage (coastwise trade) and requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried on U.S.-flag ships, constructed in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920
what is the NOAA office that is responsible for productive and sustainable fisheries, safe sources of seafood, the recovery and conservation of protected resources, and healthy ecosystems
The National Marine Fisheries Service
what maps ocean uses through engaging stakeholders in workshops and live sessions. This is what is known as a participatory process
The National Marine Protected Areas Center
who is a federal interagency entity that was created by Executive Order in July of 2010 to strengthen ocean governance in our nation - ____________works to ensure stewardship and sustainable use of our oceans, great lakes, and coastal areas by providing direction and guidance to Federal agencies as they implement the Final Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force
The National Ocean Council
what provided monetary support for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of Washington in the 1930s
The Rockefeller Foundation
who under Obama, John Kerry, initiated the Our Oceans Conference to raise awareness of key ocean issues and encourage governments and other stakeholders to commit to actions that protect and conserve the ocean and its resources - the conference focuses on issues such as marine protected areas, sustainable fisheries, marine pollution, and climate change
The Secretary of State
what asserted the right of the U.S. to explore and exploit the oil and gas resources on the outer continental shelf, outside the 3-nautical mile territorial sea - this proclamation was later made into law as the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) in 1953, which defined the outer continental shelf as all submerged lands lying seaward of state coastal waters (which ended at 3-nautical miles from the shoreline) - under the OCSLA, the Secretary of the Interior is responsible for the administration of mineral exploration and development of the OCS. The Act empowers the Secretary to grant leases to the highest qualified responsible bidder on the basis of sealed competitive bids - the OCS Lands Act was passed almost immediately after the Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which recognized the title of the states to submerged navigable lands within their boundaries at the time they entered the Union (it was precipitated by the entrance of Texas into the Union, and gave Texas the right to exploit oil in the Gulf of Mexico out to 3-nautical miles)
The Truman Proclamation of 1945
who has implemented an At Sea Policy to guide compliance with environmental requirements in the conduct of naval exercises and training at sea. The policy requires that training exercises and testing at sea be reviewed for environmental compliance and potential effects on marine mammals and other marine life. Guidance and protective measures, which may be geared to a specific geographic area and date(s) of an exercise, are developed and transmitted to fleet operators as an integral part of fleet exercise planning. The policy states that the Navy shall comply with all applicable statutes, regulations and executive orders and will strive to protect the environment, prevent pollution, and protect natural, historic, and cultural resources
The U.S. Navy
what is the federal agency responsible for regulating marine mammals in captivity under the Marine Mammal Protection Act
The USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
what has the highest number of MPAs
The West Coast
what was a part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) which used resources from nearly 30 countries to make unprecedented in-situ and satellite observations of the global ocean between 1990 and 1998 and to observe poorly-understood but important physical processes - the WOCE data set is the most comprehensive data set ever collected from the global ocean
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)
what is about 35 parts per thousand, which is 3.5%
The average salinity of the ocean
what of a ship or boat is its width at its widest point, as measured at the ship's waterline - generally, the wider the beam of a ship, the more initial stability it has - types of stability:
The beam
what has superseded Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the international civil time standard
UTC or coordinated universal time
what from 1872-1876 was the first to be funded and organized for a solely scientific purpose, but the Challenger was originally a corvette, a naval warship - the first ship built specifically for scientific exploration of the oceans was the Albatross in 1882, which was built and financed by Alexander Agassiz
The cruise of the HMS Challenger
what was found in the Black Sea off the coast of Bulgaria - it is a Greek vessel and dates from 400 B.C.
The oldest intact shipwreck
what sunk by the Polish during World War II was the MS Rio de Janeiro - it was located by Deep Trekker's mini ROV DTG2 after a 6-year search
The only German warship
what became 3 new federal agencies in 2010: BOEM (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management), the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, and the Office of Natural Resources Revenue
The original Minerals Management Service
what in the Alaskan halibut fishery is the spiny dogfish
The primary shark bycatch
what was confirmed by seawater samples obtained by the Challenger expedition
The principle of constant proportions
what involves ocean-going ships releasing the lower salinity water they bring aboard at their last port, replacing it with higher salinity open ocean water - this process should be carried out at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in waters at least 200 meters deep in order to prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species
The process of ballast water exchange
what was closed in the late 1980s due to heavy, unregulated fishing in the 1970s
The red drum fishery
what describes the fact that the more salt there is in a solution, the less gas can be dissolved in it
The salting-out relationship
what measures the solubility (tendency to dissolve) rate of different forms of calcium carbonate in seawater
The saturation state (Ω)
what also is called state waters, extend 3 nautical miles from shore - exceptions are Texas and the west coast of Florida, whose state waters extend 9 nautical miles offshore, and Puerto Rico, whose jurisdiction extends 9 nautical miles
The territorial waters of most U.S. states,
what ships dubbed Cape Gelidonya (1200 B.C.) and Uluburun (1330 B.C.), are credited with demonstrating the validity of underwater archaeology as a formal discipline - they were discovered off the coast of Turkey by George Bass, known as the father of underwater archaeology - these ships were from the proto-Phoenician civilization
The two oldest shipwrecks ever excavated, Bronze Age
what have been found to contain high levels of mercury - pregnant or breastfeeding women have been advised to avoid eating tilefish, swordfish, shark, orange roughy, ahi tuna, bigeye tuna, marlin, and king mackerel
Tilefish
what are defined as that material indefinitely suspended in solution but retained on a sieve size of two micrometers (2 μm).
Total suspended solids (TSS)
what is not considered a pollutant by the Clean Water Act
Vessel sewage
what has a residence time in the ocean somewhere between 3,000 and 3,230 years, whereas the residence time of water in the atmosphere is only about 9 or 10 days - water's residence time in ice is highly variable, ranging from hundreds of thousands of years in the large ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland to a day or two for snow followed by warm weather - its residence time in the soil (groundwater) is for around one to two months, although this is highly variable
Water
what is an important factor leading to the spring plankton bloom
Water column stratification (warm surface waters resting above cooler subsurface waters)
An NOAA study estimated that more than 6 million ___________________ ghost crab pots are those that end up lost or abandoned - a program was instituted to pay fishermen to find and remove derelict crab pots, which led to 27% more crabs crawling into other pots that were being actively being worked by fishermen
blue crabs in Chesapeake Bay are killed by ghost crab pots -
Ice formation increases salinity through a process called what- brine rejection is most efficient when ice forms slowly - if it is very cold and the ice forms rapidly, then the ice will contain more salt in the pockets within the ice (these pockets mostly drain into the water below the ice when ice formation occurs slowly, raising the salinity of that water)
brine rejection
the unintended catch of nontarget species, such as finfish and sea turtles, known as what, remains a persistent management challenge?
bycatch
The most abundant ion in river water is what?
calcium
what allows for continuous horizontal sampling of plankton
continuous plankton recorder (CPR
What is often lost, after which they continue to trap organisms - one solution is to have a biodegradable escape hatch that dissolves over time
crab pots
As salinity increases, dissolved oxygen concentrations ____________
decrease
The solubility of calcium carbonate _________ as ocean water temperature increases
decreases
The gulf region also includes an operational ,what? defined as a nonvessel, which is a fixed or floating man-made structure that is used as a port or terminal for the loading, unloading, or handling of oil and liquefied natural gas for transportation to a state
deep-water port
The most common dissolved form of nitrogen in lakes and the ocean is what?
dinitrogen (N2) gas
what is a rounded overhang at the extreme rear (stern) of a ship
fantail
If a shark is brought to shore with its fins still attached, that shark has not been _______, regardless of whether or not its fins are later sold
finned
Sailors may have considered St. Elmo's fire as a ____ ____ (as a sign of the presence of their patron saint)
good omen
As of 2010, the accepted unit of concentration for absolute salinity is what? a new standard for the properties of seawater called the thermodynamic equation of seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) was introduced, advocating absolute salinity as a replacement for practical salinity, and conservative temperature as a replacement for potential temperature. This standard includes a new scale called the reference composition salinity scale. Absolute salinities on this scale are expressed as a mass fraction, in grams per kilogram of solution. Salinities on this scale are determined by combining electrical conductivity measurements with other information that can account for regional changes in the composition of seawater. They can also be determined by making direct density measurements. The practical salinity scale 1978 (PSS-78) uses only electrical conductivity measurements, and the suffix psu or PSU (denoting practical salinity unit) is sometimes added to PSS-78 measurements
grams per kilogram
what involves the movement of brine due to differences in density between brine in the interior of the ice and brine in the seawater outside of the ice, which occurs due to the development of a buoyancy driven convection system.
gravity drainage
The most common gear used in modern-day whaling is _________
grenade harpoon
what is the region where salinity changes rapidly in the vertical, whereas the halostad is where salinity changes very slowly in the vertical
halocline
The main technology challenge facing Deep Argo is what?
hat the CTD sensors used on standard Argo floats were not designed to go below 2000 meters - had to develop a new CTD sensor accurate down to 6000 meters
Researchers have found that shrimp yields are directly related to what?
marsh acreage in Louisiana's estuaries
what is typically designated using an asterisk?
nautical chart, a near-surface rock
Recreational anglers in the Gulf seek a variety of finfish, including popular inshore species, such as what?
red drum, spotted seatrout and Gulf flounder, as well as offshore reef fish species, such as red snapper, gag grouper and greater amberjack.
The purpose of BRDs is to do what, such as red snapper, while maximizing shrimp retention.
reduce the accidental capture and mortality of finfish
The primary method of fishing in the Gulf is from__________, accounting for 60 percent of the total fishing effort
private boats
What in seawater must be raised to 24.7 ppt (PSU) before reaching its temperature of maximum density
salinity
What of the Arctic Ocean is most similar to that of the Atlantic Ocean (the Arctic Ocean's connection with the Atlantic is much larger than its connection with the Pacific, which has lower salinity)
salinity
The dominant source of ____ in the ocean is river runoff from the weathering of continents
salts
Water that does not drain off the side of the deck or through a thru hull, typically via a what?, drains down into the ship into the bilge. This water may be from rough seas, rain, leaks in the hull or stuffing box, or other interior spillage, or leaks in the hull. The collected water must be pumped out to prevent the bilge from becoming too full and threatening to sink the ship.
scupper
During ___ ___ __________, the colder the temperature the faster the freezing process and the more brine cells left in the ice, resulting in weaker ice - as the sea ice thickens (critical thickness is 15 cm), brine is rejected and replaced by freshwater, which freezes and strengthens the ice
sea ice formation
The phenomenon sometimes appeared on _____ at sea during thunderstorms and was regarded by sailors with religious awe for its glowing ball of light, accounting for the name.
ships (at the tips of the masts)
People who study _________ to learn about cultural heritage and history are called archaeologists
shipwrecks
In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico had what by cargo volume, including South Louisiana (largest port in the Gulf), Houston (Texas), Beaumont (Texas), Corpus Christi (Texas), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Texas City (Texas)
six of the top 10 U.S. shipping ports
What is used for a recreational fishery protects fish of a certain length - for example, if the slot limit is 18 to 22 inches, fishes shorter than 18 inches and longer than 22 inches may be harvested, but fish between 18 and 22 inches in length must be returned to the water unharmed
slot limit
what depends on the fact that brine inclusions trapped in ice will begin to migrate toward the warmer end of the ice block. The ice block is warmest at the water-ice interface, thus pushing the brine out into the water surrounding the ice.
solute diffusion
what term derives from the Old English sund, meaning swimming, water, sea; it is not related to the word sound in the sense of noise or tones, but to sound, a geographical term (in geography, a sound is a large sea or ocean inlet, deeper than a bight and wider than a fjord; or a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land)
sounding
Hatcheries are owned and operated by who
state fish and wildlife management agencies, universities and private entities.
Where did the Ixtoc I oil platform in June 1979 suffer a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.
the Bay of Campeche
The U.S. Coast Guard is part of WHAT it used to be part of the Department of Transportation) - it operates as part of the Department of Homeland Security during times of peace, but under the Department of the Navy during times of war - the Coast Guard was formed in 1790 by President George Washington, and was first called the Revenue Cutter Service (it was renamed the Coast Guard in 1915) - the Coast Guard is both a federal law enforcement agency and a military force
the Department of Homeland Security (prior to 2003,
The pH of seawater decreases if it is allowed to equilibrate with what?
the atmosphere
what on a gill net creates a bag in order to increase the surface area for catching bottom-dwelling fish (it creates slack in the net in order to wrap up fish that hit the net
tie-down
According to the U.S. FDA, ______from the Gulf of Mexico have the highest mercury content of any seafood (1.12 parts per million) - 2nd highest level is in swordfish, then shark, king mackerel, tuna, orange roughy, marlin, and grouper - relatively low levels are found in shellfish like clams, oysters, and scallops, as well as in shrimp, sardines, anchovies, tilapia, squid, catfish, flounder, and salmon
tilefish
There are how many places in the Gulf of Mexico where the 200 nautical mile EEZ claims of the U.S. and Mexico overlap - they are called the Western Polygon and Eastern Polygon (some call them the Western Doughnut Hole and Eastern Doughnut Hole - the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea formally awarded each country the right to natural resources in its 200-mile (322 km) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Where claims overlapped, the Law of the Sea requires the competing countries to negotiate separate bilateral or multilateral agreements.
two places
A NOAA nautical chart shows the following information:
- Type of sediment on the seafloor -Ocean depths Location of anchorages for military, commercial and recreational vessels Official geographic names of coastal and sea features Position and depth of dredged channels Fixed aids to navigation, such as lighthouses Floating aids to navigation, which mark channels and other features, such as wrecks and obstructions Position and depths of dangerous wrecks Location of pilotage areas (for taking on and leaving off marine pilots) Coastal landmarks useful for navigation within sight of land Wire drag cleared depths, showing the safe navigation depth (indicate how much clearance exists over a submerged obstruction)
what terms of value of fish landed, the top ports in the U.S.
1) New Bedford, Massachusetts ($322 million in 2015) - value is high due to the pricey scallop fishery there) 2. Dutch Harbor, Alaska 3. Kodiak, Alaska 4. Aleutian Islands, Alaska 5. Empire-Venice, Louisiana
Industrial fisheries make up what percent of global fisheries - the largest industrial fishery in the world occurs off the coast of Peru and Chile, for the Peruvian anchovy
20-30%
who signed into law a prohibition on finning of sharks, which most consider an inhumane practice that has contributed to decline of shark populations
2000, President Clinton
what number is projected to increase by 8% by the year 2020
2010, 39% of Americans lived in coastal counties
The average distance fish travel from catch to plate in the U.S. is what? CSFs (Community-Supported Fisheries), direct marketing efforts, and farmer's markets, can reduce the average distance to 65 kilometers
8,812 kilometers
The following reactions between carbon dioxide and water occur in seawater:
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+
Once carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion, the hydrogen ions produced in water can undergo the following reaction with carbonate ions:
CO32- + H+ ↔ HCO3-
Many organisms need this carbonate to form calcium carbonate shells via the following reaction:
Ca2+ + CO32- ↔ CaCO3
The top port in the world, in terms of weight landed, is where (has more than double the fish landed as Dutch Harbor)
Chimbote, Peru
what is the world's largest producer of edible seaweeds (5 million tons), most of which is for kombu, which is produced from the brown seaweed Laminaria japonica
China
who receives 85% of the yearly tourism revenue in the U.S. During calm periods, in the absence of oil spills or blowouts, large oil slicks can be seen on the surface of the Gulf of Mexico - natural seepage from the seafloor is the source of this oil
Coastal states
what terms of weight of fish landed, the top ports in the U.S. are:
Dutch Harbor, Alaska (787 million pounds in 2015) Kodiak, Alaska Aleutian Islands, Alaska Intracoastal City, Louisiana Empire-Venice, Louisiana
who is 3rd, producing 600,000 tons - 75% is for nori, which is produced from the red seaweed Porphyra
Japan
what was a Russian nuclear-powered nuclear cruise missile submarine that sank in the Barents Sea in 2000 with all hands onboard (118 deaths) - a faulty torpedo exploded, killing 95 people - the Russians refused help from the British and Norwegians to help rescue the remaining 18 sailors (the water was only 108 meters deep), sothey died as well - the Russian government claimed it sank due to a collision with a foreign vessel (but this was untrue)
Kursk
what are The U.S. ocean economy 6 sectors:
Living resources Marine construction Marine transportation Offshore mineral resources - largest contributor to GDP (37% of ocean economy GDP) - includes oil, natural gas, sand, and gravel extraction Ship and boat building Tourism and recreation - employs the most people (70% of ocean jobs), 2nd largest contributor to GDP (34% of ocean economy GDP)
who was a British ocean liner that a German submarine sank with a torpedo in World War I, causing a major diplomatic uproar - 1,200 passengers died (128 Americans) - this sinking swung American opinion against Germany, and was a factor in the U.S. declaring war against Germany two years later - the Germans justified the sinking, as the Lusitania was carrying hundreds of tons of war munitions
Lusitania
what places a complete ban on dumping plastic trash into the ocean
MARPOL Annex 5
who began farming kelp and other seaweeds in 1994
Maine
what certifies a fishery as sustainable, it ensures that seafood distributors and retailers accurately represent the certification by using the chain of custody standard, which is a traceability and segregation standard that is applicable to the full supply chain from a certified fishery or farm to final sale. Each company in the supply chain handling or selling an MSC certified product must have a valid MSC Chain of Custody certificate. This assures consumers and seafood-buyers that MSC labelled seafood comes from a certified sustainable fishery.
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
The __________ needed to be suspended vertically in order to measure the altitude of a celestial object, meaning it could not be used in windy conditions - also, its angular accuracy was directly proportional to the length of the alidade, which was not very long
astrolabe
who holds jurisdiction over any given navigable waterway in the U.S.
federal government
Farmed fish are often fed a diet consisting of_____________ - the species that consumes the largest amount of fish oil is salmon (more than 50% of the world's fish oil used in aquaculture feed is fed to farmed salmon)
fish meal and fish oil
NOAA charts do not show the velocity of _______
idal currents
When the ocean becomes undersaturated with carbonate ion, due to ocean acidification, the reaction is driven to the_____ , and calcium carbonate is dissolved - this is what is causing the shells of calcareous organisms to dissolve (such as foram, coccolithophore, mollusk, echinoderm, and coral skeletons)
left
what is a backup regulator (source of air), in case something goes wrong with the main regulator - it is normally yellow in coloration
octopus
what is the portion of the ocean economy that has grown the fastest in the past few years is the
offshore mineral extraction segment
what is used for a fishery is smaller than the maximum sustainable yield - the ____________ is the harvest level for a species that achieves the greatest overall benefits, including economic, social, and biological considerations - maximum sustainable yield only considers the biology of the species - maximum sustainable yield constitutes a ceiling for _______________
optimal yield
what states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public, or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus (that the action or policy is not harmful), the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking that action - therefore, an action should not be taken until it is extensively tested and proven that the action will not harm people, organisms, or the environment
precautionary principle
Competition stated that 10% of the global fish catch is used to make fish meal and fish oil, but every reference I can find says 20-30% is being used to make fish meal and fish oil
read again ask Gaida.
Normally, when the ocean is _____ with carbonate ions, the reaction is driven to the right, and calcium carbonate is formed
saturated
what is depth at which seawater becomes saturated with respect to a mineral, such as calcium carbonate called
saturation horizon
what is known as omega (Ω), of seawater for a mineral is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the mineral to form or dissolve - it is defined by an equation - for example, the omega for calcium carbonate is equal to the concentration of calcium multiplied by the concentration of carbonate ion, all divided by the solubility product of calcium carbonate
saturation state
Mariners refer to the direction of a current as the current's ____usually given in degrees), whereas the speed of the current is called its drift (given in knots) - set and drift are sometimes used to describe several external forces that affect a boat and keep it from following an intended course - by this definition, the two main causes of a ship's set and drift are the current speed and direction, as well as the wind speed and direction
set (
Unlike the backstaff, the _______ allows direct observations of stars, allowing the ____________to be used at night (when a backstaff/quadrant is difficult to use, as stars do not cast much of a shadow)
sextant
what can be used to determine one's latitude, but not longitude - a ______ is used to measure the angle between a celestial object (the Sun during the day, the star Polaris at night) and the horizon (this measure is called altitude) - this angle allows one to infer latitude - traditional ________s have a half-horizon mirror, which divides the field of view in two (as viewed through the attached telescope) - on one side of the mirror there is a view of the horizon, on the other side is a view of the object - it is called a _________ because the frame is in the shape of a sector that is 1/6 of a circle (60 degrees)
sextant
world's largest MPA was declared to be what? - it was designated by CCAMLR (the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources) - its size is 1.55 million square kilometers (598,000 square miles), and it is designated as no-take (except for a small region that will remain open to toothfish fishing) - the MPA will be in effect for 35 years - Russia was the lone holdout among the 24 CCAMLR nations, but finally agreed, making it unanimous
the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area
The Department of the Interior used what as the justification for not renewing the permit for Drakes Bay Oyster Company in Point Reyes National Seashore - this ended a century of oyster farming in the park
the Wilderness Act of 1964
what is used during the shrimp trawling industry
turtle excluder device (TED)
what was founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - it is the oldest U.S. scientific organization, and is responsible for making U.S. nautical charts
Office of Coast Survey
what were groups that kidnapped men to serve in the English Royal Navy, with or without permission - they were often kidnapped in London pubs - this practice was called impressment
Press gangs
what assesses the turbidity (cloudiness) of water, it can be used to study things like urban runoff, zooplankton abundance, and phytoplankton abundance
Secchi disk
what is the most frequently mislabeled seafood - if you order snapper in a restaurant, you have an 87% chance of getting something other than snapper
Snapper
A commercial ship is properly loaded when the ship's waterline equals the ship's plimsoll line - the plimsoll line is a reference mark located on a ship's hull that indicates the maximum depth to which the vessel may be safely immersed when loaded with cargo - things influencing the location of the Plimsoll line include what?
Time of year (cold water in winter is more dense than summer warm water) Tropical vs. temperate latitude (temperate water is colder and more dense than tropical water) Fresh vs. saltwater (saltwater is more dense than freshwater) Type of cargo (some cargoes are heavier than others) - the type of loading, container vs. bulk, has no impact - just the type of cargo
what is the ocean industry that is the largest contributor to the economy of California
Tourism
A boater should use what channel to contact the Coast Guard - this is the International Distress channel, and most Coast Guard stations maintain a listening watch on channel 16 - channel 13 is for intership navigation safety (bridge to bridge) - ships > 20 m in length maintain a listening watch on this channel
VHF-FM radio channel 16