EXTENSION APPROACH
Implementation: • Demonstration plots are major techniques
Commodity specialized approach
Disadvantages: expensive and inefficient
General agricultural extension approach
Program Planning: Centralized. What to teach and when to teach it is decided upon by professionals and is delivered down to farmers
The Training and Visit Approach
different extension approaches
1. General agricultural extension approach 2. Commodity Specialized Approach 3. project approach 4. Farming systems development approach 5. Training and visit system approach 6. The cost-sharing approach 7. agricultural extension participatory approach 8. Educational Institution Approach
extension approach embodies
1. it embodies the philosophy of a system. 2. spells the doctrines of the system 3. style of action which by and large; determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of the system.
embraces the entire spectrum of the process. It states a point of view, a philosophy, an article of faith (Garcia 1989). Within an approach there can be several methods.
APPROACH
general nature: Highly specialized
Commodity Specialized Approach
Advantages: Closer management and supervision.
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Easier to monitor and evaluate.
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Fewer farmers per extension worker.
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Focus on a narrow range of technical concerns.
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Higher salary incentives.
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Relatively more cost effective
Commodity Specialized approach
Advantages: Technology tends to "fit" the production problems and so extension messages ten d to be appropriate because of coordination with research and marketing people, messages tend to be delivered in a timely manner.
Commodity Specialized approach
Disadvantages: Commodity organization maybe promoting its commodity even in situations where it is no Ionger in the national interest to be increasing production of that particular commodity
Commodity Specialized approach
Disadvantages: Does not provide advisory service to other aspects of farming.
Commodity Specialized approach
Disadvantages: Interests of farmers may have less priority than those of commodity organization.
Commodity Specialized approach
Measure of Success: Increase in yield, and total production of the crops being emphasized
Commodity Specialized approach
Basic Assumption: The way to increase productivity and production of a particular commodity is to concentrate on th at one grouping extension with such other functions as research, input supply, output marketing, credit, and sometimes price control, will make the whole system productive.
Commodity specialized approach
Implementation: • Carried by a large field staff assigned throughout the country
Commodity specialized approach
Program Planning: • Controlled by the commodity organization
Commodity specialized approach
purpose: Increase production of a particular commodity
Commodity specialized approach
purpose: • Sometimes to increase utilization of a particular agricultural input
Commodity specialized approach
Advantages: Interpret national government policies and procedures to the local people: covers the whole nation: relatively rapid communication from the ministry level to rural people
General agricultural extension approach
Basic Assumption: technology and information are available but are not being used by the farmers. If these could be communicated to farmers, farm practices would be improved
General agricultural extension approach
Disadvantages: Fails to adjust extension messages to different localities.
General agricultural extension approach
Disadvantages: Field staff not accountable to rural people.
General agricultural extension approach
Disadvantages: Lacks two-way flow of communication.
General agricultural extension approach
General Nature : Transfer of technology (TOT)
General agricultural extension approach
Implementation: Demonstration plots are major techniques
General agricultural extension approach
Implementation: carried by a large field staff assigned throughout the country
General agricultural extension approach
Program Planning: Changes in priority, from time to time, are made on a national basis with some freedom for local adaptation
General agricultural extension approach
Program Planning: controlled by the government
General agricultural extension approach
measure of success: Increase in national production of the commodities being emphasized in the national program
General agricultural extension approach
purpose: To help farmers increasing their production
General agricultural extension approach
It is procedural consisting of a series of actions arrange logically for the smooth flow of operation. It is the procedure or step by step guiding prospective clients.
METHOD
It is a particular trick, strategy, individual artistry of the teachers/EW.
Technique
Disadvantages :Pressure people might bring on central units. People's influence on personnel management like transfer, selection, promotion, etc.
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach
General Nature: Puts responsibility of determining agricultural extension programs in the hands of farmers making them partners with GOs and NGOs
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA
Basic Assumption: Extension efficiency is gained by focusing on important points based on expressed needs of farmers.
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Basic Assumption: Needed is participation of farmers, research, and related services
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Basic Assumption: There is a reinforcing expect in group learning and group action
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Basic Assumption: • That farming people have much wisdom regarding food production from their land.
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Disadvantages • Lack of control of program from central government. Difficulty of managing, reporting and accounting.
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Implementation: Features many meetings and discussions of farmers' problems
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Implementation: • Exploring situations with extension officers
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Pleasure of Success: Extent of participation of key stakeholders in program planning and implementation
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Pleasure of Success: • Continuity of local extension organization s and the benefits to the community
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Program Planning: Controlled locally, often by farmers' association
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
purpose: To increase production of farming people; increase consumption and enhance the quality of life or rural people
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach (AEPA)
Program Planning: Shared by various levels paying the cost but must be responsive to local interest in order to maintain cooperative financial arrangements
The Cost-Sharing Approach
Advantages: Effective communication between local people and extension worker.
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Higher adoption rates.
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Lesser cost. Stimulates increased awareness, confidence, and activity among farm people.
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Local people tend to have strong voice in program planning
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Lower cost Eo central government and local people.
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Relevance or fit of the program. Mutually supportive relationships which develop among participants
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Advantages: Some measure of local control of program planning increases relevance of program content and methods to needs of client.
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Basic Assumption: Program would more likely serve interest of the client if costs are shared between "outside" sponsors and "inside" target groups
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Basic Assumption: • Any non-formal education program is more likely to achieve its goals if those who benefit from it share some part of the cost
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Basic Assumption:• Commitment of learners to participate if they pay some part of the costs
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Disadvantages : More difficult for central government to control either program or personnel
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Measure of Success: Farm people's willingness and ability to provide some share of the cost, individually or through their local government units
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
purpose: To make fun din g of agricultural extension affordable and sustainable both at central and local levels
The Cost-Sharing Approach (CSA)
Implementation: Through partnership of research and extension personnel with the local people, taking a systems approach to the farm
The Farming System s Development Approach
Implementation: • Requires research personnel to go to the farm, listen to farmers and in collaboration with them and the extension personnel, understand the farm as a system
The Farming System s Development Approach
Basic Assumption: • Technology which fits the needs of farmers particularly the small farmers, is not available and needs to be generated locally
The Farming System s Development Approach (FSDA)
Disadvantages: Some degree of difficulty in working in a multi disciplinary team. No quick results in development of appropriate technology
The Farming System s Development Approach (FSDA)
Measure of Success: Extent to which farm people adopt technologies developed in the program and continue to use them overtime
The Farming System s Development Approach (FSDA)
Program Planning: Evolve slowly during the process for different climatic farm ecosystem types since program takes into account a holistic approach to the plants, animals, and the people in each particular location
The Farming Systems Development Approach
Advantages: Effective communication between local people and extension personnel.
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
Advantages: Higher adoption rates.
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
Advantages: Local control of program planning increases relevance of program content and methods to needs and interests of clientele.
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
Advantages: Lower cost to central government and local people
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
general nature: Interdisciplinary approach, /.e., involves several scientific disciplines
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
purpose: To provide extension persons, and through their farm people, with research results tailored to meet the needs and interests of local farming systems conditions
The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA)
Implementation: • Flow of good ideas from the project to areas outside the project
The Project Approach
Implementation: • Includes a project management stall, project allowances for field staff, better transportation, facilities, equipment and housing than regular government programs
The Project Approach
Program Planning: Controlled by outsiders, with central government, the don or agency or some combination
The Project Approach
Advantages: Focus enables evaluation of effectiveness and sometimes "quick results" for a foreign donor.
The Project Approach (PA)
Advantages: Novel techniques and methods can be treated and experimented with within the limits of the project
The Project Approach (PA)
Basic Assumption: Better results can be achieved in a particular location, during a specified time period, with large infusion of outside resources, high impact activities, carried out under artificial circumstances, will have some continuity after outside financial support is no longer available
The Project Approach (PA)
Disadvantages: Double standards.
The Project Approach (PA)
Disadvantages: When money ends, project extension programs most often end also
The Project Approach (PA)
Disadvantages: usually too short time period. Money provided tends to be more than what is appropriate.
The Project Approach (PA)
Measure of Success: Increase in yield, and total production of the crops being emphasized
The Project Approach (PA)
general nature: Fixed period of time, large funding
The Project Approach (PA)
purpose: To demonstrate, within project area, what can be accomplished on a relatively short period of time
The Project Approach (PA)
purpose: To test the validity of alternative extension methods
The Project Approach (PA)
Basic Assumption: Extension personnel poorly trained, not up-to-date and tend not to visit farmers, but stay in offices
The Training and Visit Approach
Basic Assumption: Two-way communication between research and extension units and between extension staff and farmers can be achieved
The Training and Visit Approach
Basic Assumption: • Management and supervision is not adequate
The Training and Visit Approach
General Nature: highly disciplined and patterned with fixed schedules for training of extension workers, SMSs, and visits by extension workers to farmers.
The Training and Visit Approach
Implementation: Fortnightly visits by village extension workers to small groups of farmers or to individual "contact" farmers
The Training and Visit Approach
Implementation: • Fortnightly training of village extension workers (VEW) by SMSs
The Training and Visit Approach
Program Planning: • Program planning follows cropping pattern of priority crops
The Training and Visit Approach
purpose: To induce farmers to increase production of specified crops
The Training and Visit Approach
Advantages: Brings discipline to the system village extension workers become more up-to-date with information. Closer technical supervision
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Advantages: pressure on governments to organize a large number of small agricultural units into one integrated system
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Disadvantages: High long-term costs to governments due to expanding size of VEWs.
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Disadvantages: Lack of actual two-way communication.
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Disadvantages: Lack of flexibility to change programs as needs and interests of farmers change staff tires of vigorous, patterned activities without appropriate rewards
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Disadvantages: Technology relevant to farmers not integrated.
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
Measure of Success: Increase in yield, and total production of the crops being emphasized
The Training and Visit Approach {T & V)
An organized and coherent combination of strategies and methods, designed to make rural extension effective in a certain area designed to make rural extension effective in a certain area.
extension approach
Are approaches and method chosen or develop to reach a particular set of goal; used to define the operational design by means of which the national government, or other sponsoring organizations, implements its policies.
strategies
