Extra cardiac (good info)
innate internal defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? adaptive defenses innate external defenses innate internal defenses
innate external defenses
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? innate external defenses adaptive defenses innate internal defenses
depolarization of the atria.
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from depolarization of the AV node. depolarization of the ventricles. depolarization of the atria. repolarization of the atria. depolarization of the SA node.
aortic
The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. left atrioventricular aortic pulmonary right atrioventricular All of the answers are correct.
concentration of plasma proteins.
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the concentration of plasma glucose. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma waste products. concentration of plasma sodium ions. concentration of plasma proteins.
atrial systole.
The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called atrial diastole. atrial systole. ventricular diastole. ventricular systole. None of the answers are correct.
pulse
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. mean arterial circulatory blood pulse critical closing
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following? 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
entry of food into the stomach.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the -sight, thought, or smell of food. -entry of chyme into the small intestine. -entry of food into the stomach. -entry of chyme into the large intestine. -release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.
moves some chyme to the colon.
The gastroileal reflex empties the duodenum. promotes gastric secretion. moves some chyme to the colon. is relayed through the CNS. decreases peristaltic activity.
epinephrine
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is tachykinin. epinephrine. bradykinin. sympathetic neuropeptide. acetylcholine.
is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
The jejunum: -receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. -is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs. -is the longest segment of the small intestine, averaging 3.5 meters (11.5 ft.) in length. -is the segment closest to the stomach.
arteriole
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the artery. venule. arteriole. capillary. vein.
produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase.
The parotid salivary glands: -produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant. -contain a mixture of secretory cells, some specialized for mucous secretion and others specialized for enzyme production. -transport antibodies (IgA) into the saliva. -produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase.
95 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately 95 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg.
ventricular ejection of ventricular systole.
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the ventricular ejection of ventricular systole. late diastolic filling phase. dicrotic phase. early diastolic filling phase. atrial systole.
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to -buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. -increase ventilation. -limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. -buffer stomach acid. -buffer the urine.
potassium.
The principal cation in cytoplasm is magnesium. chloride. potassium. calcium. sodium.
ventricular diastole.
The relaxation phase of the lower chambers of the heart is called ventricular systole. atrial diastole. atrial systole. ventricular diastole. None of the answers are correct.
pulmonary ventilation.
The technical term for "breathing" is alveolar ventilation. external respiration. pulmonary ventilation. gas exchange. internal respiration.
capillary hydrostatic pressure.
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the diastolic pressure. capillary hydrostatic pressure. peripheral pressure. pulse pressure. venous pressure.
thymus
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? lymph nodes spleen thymus
True
True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. True False
peristalsis.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called peristalsis. mastication. segmentations. pendular movements. churning movements.
isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection
What are the two phases of ventricular systole? (Module 18.10B) -isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection -isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling -left ventricular systole and right ventricular systole -isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular ejection -isovolumetric contraction and ventricular filling
plasma B cells
What cells make antibodies? cytotoxic T cells memory T cells memory B cells plasma B cells
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.
What do semilunar valves prevent? (Module 18.7C) -Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the veins. -Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the coronary vasculature. -Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles. -Semilunar valves prevent the flow of blood into the ventricles during atrial contraction. -Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria.
buffer.
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) acid. electrolyte. compensation. alkali. buffer.
a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion.
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in -increased protein digestion in the stomach. -a higher pH in the stomach during gastric digestion. -decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. -decreased gastrin production. -a lower pH in the stomach during gastric digestion.
QRS complex
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing. R-T interval P-R interval T wave QRS complex P wave
internal respiration.
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as gas diffusion. external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation. alveolar ventilation.
anatomic dead space.
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as minimal volume. anatomic dead space. respiratory minute volume. functional residual capacity. alveolar ventilation volume.
both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to -decrease in heart rate. -decrease in blood pressure. -increase in heart rate. -both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure. -both increase in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
180
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 1.8 18 480 125 180
tetany.
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit recruitment. tonus. fatigue. tetany. treppe.
pressure drops.
As blood travels from arteries to veins, -flow becomes turbulent. -pressure drops. -pressure builds. -diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. -viscosity increases.
more than 90
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. 25 10 75 50 more than 90
right ventricle
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the left atrium. right atrium. left ventricle. right ventricle.
veins.
Blood pressure is lowest in the capillaries. arterioles. veins. venules. arteries.
right atrium
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the right atrium. left atrium. right ventricle. left ventricle.
Cytotoxic T cells
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? macrophages Cytotoxic T cells B cells
Peyer's patches
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? appendix Peyer's patches tonsils
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
Contractions of the papillary muscles -close the semilunar valves. -eject blood from the ventricles. -eject blood from the atria into the ventricles. -prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria. -close the atrioventricular valves.
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A) reabsorption, secretion, and excretion secretion, excretion, and elimination filtration, reabsorption, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and secretion filtration, excretion, and secretion
Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A) -Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to relax after each contraction. -Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with neural stimulation. -Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation. -Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to respond to sympathetic stimulation. -Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with hormonal stimulation.
Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A) -Cardiac cycle is the time it takes one blood cell to make a complete circuit through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. -Cardiac cycle is the number of heartbeats in one minute. -Cardiac cycle is time it takes the entire volume of blood to cycle through the heart. -Cardiac cycle is the number of heartbeats in one day. -Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Define edema. (Module 19.8B) -Edema is swelling of the peripheral vasculature. -Edema is blood loss. -Edema is an increase in blood pressure due to net capillary reabsorption. -Edema is an increase in plasma proteins causing net capillary reabsorption to occur. -Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.
Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A) -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of oxygen bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen bound and 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound.
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A) -Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. -Tissue perfusion is the tissue's response to changes in blood pressure to maintain its blood flow. -Tissue perfusion is the measure of blood pressure that reaches each individual organ. -Tissue perfusion is the control of blood flow to specific capillary beds. -Tissue perfusion is a measure of the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ.
QRS complex.
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the T wave. QRS complex. PR complex. P wave. S wave.
Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.
Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B) -Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. -Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF is neutral. -Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. -Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. -Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases.
The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.
Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B) -The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -Air hydrostatic pressures push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -The respiratory muscles generate force that drives oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide moves passively out. -The osmotic pressure gradient of dissolved proteins push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -The atmospheric pressure gradient drives oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide moves passively out.
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C) -The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and increase blood pressure. -The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are complementary to angiotensin II. -The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure. -The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and increase blood pressure. -The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
raise
Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood? (Module 22.14C) raise lower
pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
During inhalation: -the diaphragm moves superiorly. -thoracic volume decreases. -pressure rises inside the lungs. -pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure.
During the cardiac cycle, -the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG. -the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure. -the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds. -the second heart sound occurs during atrial systole. -both QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure and second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG.
the vagus nerve innervates the stomach.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. the vagus nerve innervates the stomach. the stomach responds to distention. secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. production of gastric juice slows down.
atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the -blood is ejected into the great vessels. -atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. -atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing. -All of the answers are correct. -None of the answers are correct.
diameter of an alveolus.
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the diameter of an alveolus. thickness of the respiratory membrane. solubility of oxygen in plasma. PO2 of the alveoli. PCO2 of the blood.
vasodilation
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except -irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques. -elevated levels of epinephrine. -vasodilation. -increased sympathetic stimulation. -elevated hematocrit.
proteins.
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except: uric acid. urea. hydrogen ions. proteins. creatinine.
the kidneys.
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by the liver. the kidneys. the feces. buffers. sweating.
capillaries
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in arteries. veins. capillaries. arterioles. venules.
P outside < P inside
Figure 21-2 What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? P outside = P inside P outside + P inside P outside > P inside P outside - P inside P outside < P inside
extracellular fluid.
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the extracellular fluid. intracellular fluid. plasma membrane. solid components. cytosol.
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? -The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins. -Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. -All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize. -The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
It would be more acidic than normal
How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? (Module 22.14B) -It would be more basic than normal -It would be more alkaline than normal -It would not affect pH but it would increase mucous release -It would be more acidic than normal -It would be neutralized
Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids.
Identify the fates of fatty acids. (Module 23.11C) -Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids. -Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of glycogen, glucose, and glycolipids. -Fatty acids may become LDLs, HDLs, or VLDLs. -Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of proteins and nucleic acids. -Fatty acids may directly enter glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP.
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A) -Dissolved in plasma, as hydrogen ions in the plasma, or bound to hemoglobin. -Bound to hemoglobin, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as hydrogen ions in the plasma. -Bound to hemoglobin, bound to other transport proteins, or bound to the surface of the RBCs. -Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. -Dissolved in plasma, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
vital capacity.
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's reserve volume. tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. total lung capacity.
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) antibody-mediated immunity
enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels.
In cardiac muscle, calcium ions -play no role in the process of contraction. -do not bind to troponin molecules. -play an important role in repolarizing the membrane after the depolarization phase. -enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels. -are not released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
nitrogen (N2)
In inhaled dry air, which of the following is found in the highest concentration? carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen (N2) oxygen (O2) water vapor (H2O)
insulin
In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following? pyruvate lactase chylomicrons insulin
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
In which of the following would the resistance be greater? a vessel 1 mm in diameter a vessel 10 microns in diameter
atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A) -atrial systole and ventricular systole -atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole -atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole -ventricular systole and ventricular diastole -atrial diastole and ventricular diastole
rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. (Module 18.11B) -rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization -rapid depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization -rapid depolarization, plateau, and hyperpolarization -plateau, repolarization, and hyperpolarization -slow depolarization, plateau, and hyperpolarization
vitamin B12 deficiency.
Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for dehydration. protein malnutrition. vitamin B12 deficiency. diarrhea. an ulcer.
bound to hemoglobin.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is carried by white blood cells. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. bound to hemoglobin. dissolved in plasma. in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
ADH?
Neural responses triggered by angiotensin II stimulate the release of ______. renin urea aldosterone ADH
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to -decrease urinary albumin concentration. -increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. -increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. -increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. -decrease secretion of aldosterone.
80-100
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute. 20-40 40-60 80-100 100-140 140-180
Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B) -Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in ECF. -Aldosterone does not affect urinary sodium retention and therefore has no effect on sodium ion concentration in ECF. -Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in the ECF. -Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. -Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.
What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) -It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. -It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+. -It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. -It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. -It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.
carbonic acid
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B) hydroxide hydrogen bicarbonate carbonic acid carbonic anhydrase
store and concentrate bile
What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D) store fat-soluble vitamins synthesize clotting factors store and concentrate bile store glycogen and lipids synthesize and secrete bile
an antigenic determinant
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? antigen an antigenic determinant antibody pathogen
The primary function of the duodenum is to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine.
What is the primary function of the duodenum? (Module 22.13C) -The primary function of the duodenum is to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine. -The primary function of the duodenum is to produce acid for the digestion of protein. -The primary function of the duodenum is to regulate the speed that food enters the large intestine. -The primary function of the duodenum is to produce vitamin K. -The primary function of the duodenum is to absorb water.
99
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? 99 50 25 90 75
humoral immunity
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? cellular immunity humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity
angiotensin I formation is triggered.
When renin is released from the kidney, -blood flow to the kidneys decreases. -angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. -angiotensin II is converted to angiotensin I. -blood pressure goes down. -angiotensin I formation is triggered.
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys -reabsorb bicarbonate ions. -excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. -excrete more hydrogen ions. -excrete more bicarbonate ions. -excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
alkalosis
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. alkalosis acidosis
deep in the cortex
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex germinal centers of the cortex medullary cords in the medulla deep in the cortex
lamina propria
Which component of the mucosa consists of a layer of areolar tissue that also contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, and many other structures? lamina propria submucosal plexus villi muscularis mucosae
A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid.
Which description of the alkaline tide is true? -A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid. -Hydrogen ions are generated inside chief cells. -The hydrogen ions diffuse across the cell and exit through channels into the lumen of the gastric gland. -The chloride ions are actively transported into the lumen of the gastric gland.
They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
Which is the function of parietal cells? -They produce enzymes important for the digestion of milk. -They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining. -They produce a variety of hormones. -They secrete an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen.
Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier.
Which is true regarding the blood air barrier? -Active transport occurs across the blood air barrier. -At the blood air barrier, neither oxygen nor carbon dioxide is lipid soluble. -Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier. -The total distance separating alveolar air from blood is approximately 0.5 mm.
uric acid
Which nitrogenous waste has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine? creatinine uric acid ammonia urea
bone marrow and thymus
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? bone marrow and thymus spleen and thymus lymph nodes and tonsils appendix and spleen
white pulp of the spleen
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? germinal centers of the lymph nodes Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus white pulp of the spleen red pulp of the spleen
antibodies and complement proteins
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? natural killer (NK) cells T cells interferons antibodies and complement proteins
respiratory minute volume
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? minimal volume anatomic dead space inspiratory reserve volume respiratory minute volume expiratory reserve volume
FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP
interferons
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? interferons complement proteins T lymphocytes phagocytes
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? -NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. -NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. -NK cells attack transplanted organs. -NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).
an increase in the pH of the gastric contents
Which of the following is a stimulus that initiates the gastric phase of gastric secretion? an increase in the pH of the gastric contents when one sees, smells, tastes, or thinks of food shrinkage of the stomach chyme first enters the small intestine
It involves the enterogastric reflex.
Which of the following is characteristic of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? -It involves postganglionic parasympathetic innervation of mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and G cells of the stomach. -It involves the enterogastric reflex. -It is stimulated by the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. -During this phase, gastrin stimulates contractions in the muscularis externa of the stomach and intestinal tract.
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle? inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) tidal volume (VT) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) functional residual capacity (FRC)
the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air
Which of the following is greater? the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
Which of the following would be greater? -the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 -the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
complement proteins
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? cytokines interferons natural killer (NK) cells complement proteins
fundus
Which region of the stomach is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus? pylorus body fundus cardia
Alveolar ventilation rate
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). Respiratory minute volume Vital capacity Pulmonary ventilation rate External respiration rate Alveolar ventilation rate
Autoregulation
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed. Tissue perfusion Central regulation Autoregulation All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
Total peripheral resistance
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system. Vascular resistance Capillary pressure Venous return Total peripheral resistance Cardiac output
