EXW 344 Final Review

The resistance training recommendations for novice lifters specify 2-3 times per week, 60-70% of 1RM, and exercises that target all major muscle groups.

true

There seems to be a strong genetic component to degree of weight loss in response to exercise.

true

Two minutes of walking, a couple of times per hour, is enough to produce beneficial acute effects on blood glucose levels.

true

Weight-bearing physical activity is important for children and adolescents in order to reach peak bone mass and density.

true

When summarizing, discussing, or quantifying the results of a study for a discussion board post, you have to include statistics. These statistics can be a relative risk (either as a ratio or percentage), an effect size (see slide 22 of Research Concepts), a correlation coefficient, or, at bare minimum, a p-value.

true

physical activity, as opposed to sitting, lowers blood pressure chronically.

true

sitting increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes because cellular glucose uptake is impaired at rest compared to physical activity.

true

According to Mason et al. (1992), vigorous exercise at least once per week can lower the risk of Type II diabetes by 29%.

ture

Below is the abstract of a study. What is the independent variable in that study? APA reference to the study: Reid, K. F., Callahan, D. M., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2008). Lower extremity power training in elderly subjects with mobility limitations: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(4), 337-343.

type of resistance training

What is the waist to hip ratio (WHR) of a young man with a waist circumference of 89 cm and a hip circumference of 91 cm and is his health risk considered elevated according to the WHR?

0.98; elevated risk

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

31

Research about Intensity of physical activity, conducted by Paffenbarger and coworkers in the Harvard Alumni Study showed that even light-intensity activity was associated with mortality benefits.

false

Resistance training seems to be as effective as aerobic training in lowering LDL levels.

false

Someone with a glucose level of 135 mg/dl during an oral glucose tolerance test has an impaired glucose tolerance.

false

State anxiety is a relatively permanent disposition to be anxious, whereas trait anxiety is temporary and context-specific.

false

Stenting is more effective than exercise in improving blood flow to all areas of the myocardium (heart muscle).

false

The Family Heritage Study found that about 20% of aerobic fitness (i.e., VO2max) is determined by genetics.

false

The average life expectancy has decreased by 5 years over the past 100 years.

false

The cancer-related death rate in the US has increased from 1990 to 2014.

false

The causative relationship between physical activity and the decreased risk of developing asthma is easy to understand as the biological mechanism has been clearly determined.

false

The graph in Figure 3.4 clearly distinguishes between the physical activity levels of all ethnicities represented in our country.

false

The overall risk of sudden cardiac death across a calendar year is higher in physically active people compared to inactive people.

false

There is a strong association between genetics and Type I diabetes and a weak association between genetics and Type II diabetes.

false

Type I diabetes is frequently linked to obesity whereas Type II diabetes is not.

false

When we take into consideration types of physical activity, benefits have been observed only in those who participate in formal exercise programs.

false

Yoyo-dieting (losing and regaining weight) appears to promote cardiovascular health.

false

Which of the following are symptoms of depression? (Select all that apply)

feelings of worthlessness, changes in appetite, thoughts of suicide, restlessness

Which T-Score below indicates osteoporosis?

-3.5

How strong is the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity when the last exercise session was more than 72 hours ago? Find the effect size and enter it here with two decimals and no units. The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study.

-0.89

Which of the following p-values would, in most cases and according to the Research Concepts Powerpoint, be considered statistically significant? Select all that apply.

0.040, 0.001

The meta-analysis referenced below (Oberlin et al., 2017) sought to determine the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people who had a stroke. What is the overall effect (i.e., effect size) of exercise on cognitive function based on the forest plot below? Enter the effect size with three decimal places and no units. Note: Hedges' g is a measure of effect size and can be interpreted like a Cohen's d.

0.304

What is the effect size (Cohen's d) of exercise on depressive symptoms based on the post-test CES-D scores? Calculate a simplified pooled standard deviation by averaging the EG and CG standard deviations (6.30 and 9.74, respectively). Provide the effect size with two decimals 0.46 and interpret its strength medium (pick the best answer option).

0.46 medium

A "strong" correlation coefficient can range from 0.60 to 0.79 .

0.60, 0.79

A 20 week resistance training program lowered the hemoglobin A1c from 9.2% to 7.9% in adults with Type II diabetes. The pre-test standard deviation for this change is 1.9%. Calculate the effect size for this change to two decimals. Note: Effect sizes don't have units.

0.68

Which weekly running distance seems to be associated with the lowest all-cause mortality risk?

10 miles

Physical activity can decrease the prostate cancer risk by ____ %.

10-30

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

19

When did the American Heart Association officially recognize Physical Inactivity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

1992

Below is the abstract of a study. What are some of the dependent variables in that study? Select all that apply. APA reference to the study: Reid, K. F., Callahan, D. M., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2008). Lower extremity power training in elderly subjects with mobility limitations: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(4), 337-343.

1RM strength, peak power, total leg lean mass

What percentage of people do not survive the first year after a hip fracture?

20%

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cancer mortality for men with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cancer within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish men who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

27

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, how many men with low physical activity levels died of cardiovascular disease within the average follow-up period of 17.7 years? Enter your answer as a whole number without decimals.

292

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

41

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cardiovascular mortality for women with moderate physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in moderate physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

43

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for men with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish men who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

47

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of total mortality (all-cause mortality) for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from any cause within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

48

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Calculate the percentage of risk reduction of cardiovascular mortality for women with high physical activity levels using the hazard ratios listed under Model 1. In other words, how much lower (percentage) is the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease within the follow-up period for middle-aged Finnish women who engage in high physical activity levels compared to the reference category? Note: The numbers you need to calculate the percentage of risk reduction can be found within the red box. Hazard ratios are shown in that column, but they can be interpreted and used the same way as risk ratios (relative risk), at least for our purposes. The numbers that you see in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Provide a whole number without decimals or units (i.e., no percent sign) as your answer.

53

On average, how much time is a person with a sedentary occupation spending sitting or reclining?

9-11 hours

What is the difference between a disorder and an episode?

A disorder is a chronic condition while an episode is a single acute instance.

Which part of the brain is associated with early and profound deterioration of the hippocampus?

Alzheimer's disease

What is meant by the phrase, "Clear and strong evidence supports an inverse association between levels of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all cause, CVD, and all cancers combined."?

As your level of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness increases, mortality decreases.

When trying to identify how much exercise is sufficient for benefits to brain function, which of the following is true according to your text?

Baker et al. (2010) found that 6 months of moderate-intensity PA several days per week showed to enhance cognitive function in older adults who had previously been shown to have cognitive impairments.

According to your textbook, which of the following are in the list of risk factors in older people which can be improved through physical activity?

Bowel Immotility

Which of the following is best defined as a lung disease in which the lung is damaged and the airways are partly obstructed, making it difficult to breathe?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Regular exercise is associated with an increased fall risk (~37%).

false

What does EPOC stand for in relation to time following exercise?

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption

According to the text, how might exercise improve the brain through socioemotional mechanisms?

Exercise influences mood; emotion and mood influence cognitive function; therefore, exercise improves cognitive function

who is credited as being called the father of preventive medicine?

Hippocrates

Which of the following is true of an experimental study as opposed to an observational study when investigating the effects of exercise on parameters of health?

In an experiment, the exposure/independent variable (i.e., exercise) is manipulated/controlled by the researchers

In relation to weight gain, what did the panel from the U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee determine?

It may be necessary to get more than 30 minutes of daily physical activity to prevent excessive weight gain.

What is a reason given in the book as to why we might not be seeing a clear relationship between physical activity and decreased prostate cancer risk?

Physically active men might be more likely to get health screenings which leads to higher rates of diagnosis.

Which study design is said to be the "gold standard" for epidemiology studies?

Randomized clinical trial (RTC)

In a hypothetical study, participants are randomly allocated to receive a 12 week resistance training, an aerobic training, or a stretching intervention (control group). Blood glucose levels are measured before and after each intervention. What kind of study is this?

Randomized controlled trial

What is the difference between a "state" and a "trait"?

State = transitory, can change often, how you feel RIGHT NOW. Trait = stable emotion, how you feel IN GENERAL

In the text, looking specifically at Exercise Traits among Sedentary People, what is suggested as the most comprehensive family studies?

The HERITAGE Family Study

For this textbook, what is the definition of cardiorespiratory fitness?

The maximal physical working capacity or aerobic power -- an integrated assessment of the function of the heart, lungs, vascular system, and skeletal muscles.

Which of the following describes prevalence?

The number of cases within the population at given point in time or time window

A "relative risk" of 1.0 indicates what?

The risk is no different between those with greatest exposure and those with the least.

The general physical activity recommendations call for 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on at least 5 days of the week.

True

Locate the following study to answer the question below: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2019/9028714/abs/ (Links to an external site.) APA reference to the study: Holzapfel, S. D., Bosch, P. R., Lee, C. D., Pohl, P. S., Szeto, M., Heyer, B., & Ringenbach, S. D. (2019). Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9028714 (Links to an external site.) Question: What is the independent (i.e., exposure) variable in that study?

Type of cycling intervention (ACT, VC, or NC)

What is a reason given in the book to explain why lung cancer is only the second most common newly occurring cancer to be diagnosed (in Table 14.1) but listed as the first most fatal cancer?

all of the above

Which of the following is the most common cause of disability in the United States?

arthritis or rheumatism

A reduction in muscle cross sectional area due to the breakdown of muscle protein exceeding the synthesis of muscle protein is generally referred to as:

atrophy

Mark all that apply. Which of the following are suggested as being important aspects of treating the female triad problem?

decrease training intensity, increase periods of rest, regaining body weight

Mark all of the following that are a elements of the "Female Triad". (there are only three correct answers)

disordered eating, osteoporosis, amenorrhea

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: People who accumulate 40 MET/hrs per week of aerobic training tend to have better cardiorespiratory fitness compared to people who accumulate only 20 MET/hrs per week of aerobic training.

dose response

When looking at physical inactivity as a risk factor, the term "hypokinetic diseases" was a previously used term about 50 years ago. Based on the informaiton discussed in the text, what does this term mean?

due to decreased or less movement

Regarding meeting activity recommendations, the Harvard Alumni Study wanted to see if there was a benefit to spreading activity out across the whole week as opposed to just on the weekends. What criteria did they use to define the "Weekend Warrior"?

expending >1,000 kcal/week during one or two sessions

"Lean" athletes are less likely to have female athlete triad than "non-lean" athletes.

false

A hemoglobin A1c level of 5.8 is considered elevated an indicates impaired glucose tolerance.

false

A triglyceride level of 190 is considered 'normal'.

false

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2008), participation in moderate types and amounts of activity, such as running, walking, or cycling, poses as substantial risk of osteoarthritis.

false

According to the training principle of specificity, exercising only the left leg will translate to similar training adaptations in the right leg due to the transfer of training adaptations.

false

Although recent trends indicate increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity in the past 20 years, greater public awareness of health benefits of physical activity is NOT noted as a potential contributer to this trend.

false

Children's BMI tends to increase during the preschool years.

false

Cognitive function and risk of falling are unrelated in elderly persons.

false

Energy expenditure increases as exercise intensity decreases.

false

Exercise is not an effective treatment for PTSD.

false

Exercise will increase blood pressure by about 7 mmHg for at least 12 hours following the exercise bout.

false

High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) of 1.0 mg/L indicate an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.

false

If you are classified as "unfit" according to the Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study, becoming "fit" does not improve your CVD mortality risk because the disease process was already in progress before you became "fit."

false

Moderate intensity PA seems to be more effective in decreasing all-cause mortality risk compared to vigorous intensity PA.

false

Mortality risk is lower when you expend 500 kcal/wk through physical activity compared to 2,000 kcal/wk.

false

Muscular endurance can best be improved with 1-6 reps of 80-100% of 1RM.

false

NHANES has determined world-wide disease and risk factor prevalance.

false

NHANES stands for National Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Survey.

false

Occupational physical activity energy expenditure is the same today as it was 35 years ago.

false

Only specialized cells in organs contain a complete copy of the human genome.

false

Which of the following are given as examples of additional demands that often accompany heavy work.

high environmental temperature, awkward posture, heavy loading of mall muscle groups

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. The number with the red box around it shows the number of women with high physical activity levels who died within the average follow-up period of 17.7 years. What does this number represent?

incidence

Does lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activation increase or decrease with physical activity?

increase

Locate the following study to answer the question below: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2019/9028714/abs/ (Links to an external site.) APA reference to the study: Holzapfel, S. D., Bosch, P. R., Lee, C. D., Pohl, P. S., Szeto, M., Heyer, B., & Ringenbach, S. D. (2019). Acute Effects of Assisted Cycling Therapy on Post-Stroke Motor Function: A Pilot Study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9028714 (Links to an external site.) Question: What are the dependent (i.e., outcome) variables in that study? Select all that apply.

lower extremity motor function, upper extremity motor function

How strong is the effect of exercise in general on VO2max compared to usual care in patients receiving cancer treatment, based on the referenced study below? The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study. Pick the best answer. APA reference to the study: Bjørke, A. C. H., Sweegers, M. G., Buffart, L. M., Raastad, T., Nygren, P., & Berntsen, S. (2019). Which exercise prescriptions optimize VO2max during cancer treatment? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. epub

medium

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from moderate physical activity levels when it comes to cancer mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

men

In a hypothetical study, it was found that the correlation between physical activity levels measured in kcal/week and cardiorespiratory fitness measured as VO2max was r = 0.47 (p = 0.011). How strong is the relationship between physical activity levels and VO2max based on the Research Methods Powerpoint?

moderate

Which of the following are part of the 5 components of health-related fitness?

morphology/body composition, cardiorespiratory, muscular fitness

A study reported that increased physical activity levels are associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. According to that study, what kind of relationship do physical activity levels and risk of colon cancer share?

negative

Based on the referenced study below, the relationship between levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and risk of mortality is ______________. Note: The abstract of this study is sufficient to answer this question.

negative

Based on the study below, is high intensity resistance training (HIT) more effective, based on statistical significance, than whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) in increasing lean body mass (LBM)? Note: The answer can be found in the abstract.

no

What does PAL stand for?

physical activity level

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: Aerobic training increases the stroke volume of the heart and the mitochondrial density in muscle fibers. These factors allow for more oxygenated blood to be delivered to working muscles and for those muscles to extract and use the oxygen. This leads to an improved VO2max.

plausibility

Based on the figure below, the relationship between X and Y is ___________.

positive

Who is at greatest risk for osteoporosis?

post-menopausal white women

Which term is best described as being a measure of the magnitude of association between the exposure and the disease?

relative risk

How strong is the effect of regular exercise on resting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels based on the referenced study below? Note: Hedges' g can be interpreted the same way as a Cohen's d. The answer to this question can be found in the abstract of the study.

small

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: Drug X is associated with decreased LDL cholesterol levels, but not with decreased triglyceride levels.

specificity

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: The correlation between physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness is 0.5, which makes this a moderately strong relationship.

strength

Which kinds of exercises are recommended for people with osteoarthritis? (select all that apply)

stretching, core strength exercises, low impact aerobic exercise

Select the Hill's Criterion which fits this description best: In this experiment, 100 people were randomized either to a control group or a strength training group. At baseline, both groups had the same average muscular strength. After 12 weeks of intervention, only the strength training group showed improvements in muscular strength.

temporality

The independent/exposure variable is displayed on the x-axis in most graphs.

true

A case-control study requires researchers to find people with the outcome and people without the outcome and to retrospectively ask those people about or to try to find out some other way about their past exposure to the independent variable, for instance exercise.

true

A hemoglobin A1c level of 8% is considered elevated.

true

According to your text, the data we have right now that shows a decreased risk of colon cancer in those who are physically active, are limited in the sense that they have not included many racial or ethnic minorities. Therefore, we can't say that the results will stand for all individuals.

true

Acute of effects of exercise have to be accumulated with sufficient frequency to attain chronic adaptations.

true

African-American men have the highest cancer incidence and mortality rate.

true

Both resistance and aerobic exercise can reduce serum triglyceride levels.

true

Diabetes prevalence in the US has increased between 2005 and 2008.

true

During a single bout of exercise, we can expect to see the heart rate increase steadily as the demands increase.

true

Elderly women tend to be the most sedentary population.

true

Exercise can lead to thrombogenesis.

true

High cardiorespiratory fitness seems to be protective against sudden cardiac death.

true

High intensity exercise suppresses the immune system more than moderate intensity exercise.

true

Incidence refers to the number of new cases within a given time period.

true

It is possible for the validity of information collected about ethnicity and physical activity is affected by questions in surveys and questionnaires that may not be ethnically specific.

true

Lower estrogen and androgen levels are associated with a reduced cancer risk.

true

Meeting the physical activity recommendations is probably more important than weight loss for most people (not based on their opinion, but based on the health benefits of meeting the PA recommendations vs. achieving weight loss).

true

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors rather than a disease in and of itself.

true

Most people who we traditionally classify as non-responders to exercise, can experience improvements with increasing doses of exercise.

true

Muscle contractions facilitate glucose uptake into skeletal muscle.

true

NAHNES began in the early 1960s.

true

NHANES data has been used to establish national norms, such as growth charts.

true

One way in which exercise reduces the risk of CVD is by reducing the chance of blood clotting (thrombogenesis).

true

Our behavior does not change our genome but it does influences our epigenome which in turn regulates the transcription of genes. We can pass our epigenome on to our children.

true

Our brains appear to lose gray and white matter volume as we age.

true

People tend to inflate their self-reported physical activity levels, which is a reason why objectively measured physical activity levels tend to be lower compared to physical activity levels which were measured subjectively.

true

Recommended hemoglobin A1c leves are 7% or less.

true

Research has shown a positive correlation between fitness levels and size of the hippocampus.

true

Resistance training may be more effective than aerobic training in reducing serum triglyceride levels.

true

Smoking is a risk factor CHD because it damages blood vessels.

true

Stroke volume (SV) tends to plateau at a certain exercise intensity in untrained persons but it may not plateau in trained persons.

true

The 95% confidence interval comprises data from -2 to +2 standard deviations.

true

The National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and CDC are among the agencies that rely upon NHANES to provide data essential for the implementation and evaluation of program activities.

true

The United States physical activity recommendations suggest that adults with arthritis engage in low-impact, moderate-intensity activity at least 150 minutes per week and engage in resistance training at least two days per week.

true

The compression of morbidity refers to less time spent with diseases (morbidities) and better health-related quality life during the later years of life.

true

The current "Play 60" initiative to get children exercising for at least 60 min per day would fit within the recommendations for children and adolescents given in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.

true

The dependent/outcome variable is displayed on the y-axis in most graphs.

true

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from high physical activity levels when it comes to cardiovascular mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

women

The following table is from a large cohort study about the effects of physical activity and body mass index on cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Based on the table, do men or women seem to benefit more from moderate physical activity levels when it comes to cardiovascular mortality? Note: Use the hazard ratios from Model 1 for men and women.

women

Which of the following functions fall under the umbrella of "Executive Functions" in relation to the brain? (Mark all that apply)

working memory, control of directed attention, switching between multiple ongoing tasks

Does someone with LDL levels of 170 and total cholesterol levels of 250 have dyslipidemia?

yes

The meta-analysis referenced below (Oberlin et al., 2017) sought to determine the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people who had a stroke. Based on the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the overall effect (ES total) of exercise on cognitive performance, is the effect of exercise on cognitive performance statistically significant?

yes