Fahmy 2017 English - =Christian book - = "Deuteronomy "
(Deut. 4:1-40); followed by an annex concerning the cities of refuge (Deut. 4:41-43). 2. The second sermon (Deut. 5-28). Presents an application of the covenant with God, and the statutes mentioned in the book of Exodus, that suits the people as they enter the Promised
Land. It concentrates on keeping away from idol worship and pagan abominations; on setting a sanctuary in the middle of the land; and on preparing for the kingdom. It is considered as the backbone, or the heart of the whole book, starting with the fifth chapter, after a short introduction
blessings, while the Levites proclaim the curses3; following the same procedure that was done for the new generation of God's people in the wilderness (Deut. 1:15). Among the scrolls of 'Qumran,' at least 14 were discovered for the book of Deuteronomy.
THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE NEW TESTAMENT Some scholars believe in the great impact of the book of Deuteronomy on the Christian society in the New Testament. This book is one of four important books of the Old Testament, to
THINKING Some believe that they would not be exaggerating on saying that the book of Deuteronomy is the fountain of the theological, biblical, and historical thought, of both the Old
and the New Testaments. When the prophets talk about God, they talk about God who sets a covenant with His people, as it came in the book of Deuteronomy. And the blessings that men of the Old Covenant experienced, as they lived by faith, love, and obedience to God, are those that
summarized the Law (Matthew 22:37). THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE MIDDLE EAST TREATIES Gerhard von Rad believes that the book gives the impression to have been a speech
during a certain religious celebration, probably in that of the renewal of the covenant5. He also believes that this book includes the following four main sections: 1 QS 1:16.
3. A sealing of the covenant (26:16-19). 4. A proclamation of the blessings and the curses (27, etc.). Some scholars, rejecting this theory, confirm that in the Old Testament, there is no
indication of any such religious celebrations as suggested by von Rad. Several Scholars believe that the book in its form, to a great extent, likens the form of the treaties done in the Middle East during the second thousand BC (especially among the Hittites1.) "E.
their God chooses to put His name" (Deut. 12:5, 11), and there, they shall rejoice (Deut. 12:7). f. The sin and purification: All sins are distasteful; especially that of idol worship, because it
is "an abomination" (Deut. 15:9; 7:25); the hearts of the rulers should never have compassion in dealing with such sins (Deut. 13:8). g. The promises of blessing: There are promises of God's blessings (Deut. 7:13). If they learn
proclaiming their love to God, with all their heart, and with all their soul, and with all their might (Deut. 6:5). 2. Although the book includes history, yet, it is not a book of history. It introduces history
just to reveal God's dealings, in order for us to receive His divine covenant. It is also counted as "a book of sermons," representing a concept of prophetic sermons, used later on by the later prophets like Jeremiah and Ezekiel.
wandering in the wilderness. Those talks, whose writing covered about a month of the year 1405 BC, began to be read on the first day of the eleventh month of the fortieth year, after the exodus from the land of Egypt (Deut. 1:3), following the victory over king Sihon of the Amorites, and
king Og of Bashan (Deut. 1:4). It is noteworthy that the author of the book of Deuteronomy does not refer to the events prior to the possession of Canaan; does not include anything about the division of the kingdom;
because in (Deut.17:18 LXX) it came as "a copy of this Law," or is intended to be a Second Law, beside what came in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. What came here, is not to be considered a repetition of what came in those three books, but is rather an explanation of
the Law in the light of what happened through the forty years in the wilderness. It is a parade, to the new generation, presented by the prophet Moses, a month before their entrance into the land of Canaan, and before his departure; in order that all of them would be qualified by obedience,
historical chapters were added later on to the book; as the historical introduction always formed an important part in the old treaties; and confirmed the correct location of chapter 27. Although chapters 31 to 34 of the book of Deuteronomy do not belong to the skeleton of
the covenant, yet they touch the essence of the renewal of the covenant. As it was important to 1 V. Korosec: Hethitische Staatvertrage, 1931. 2 D. J. McCarthy: Treaty and Covenant Analcta Biblica, 21, 1963, p. 131 ff.
into the Promised Land, under the guidance of Joshua the son of Nun. The Holy Spirit inspired these talks, in order that the commandment of God would be their guide and Law in the new land.
They were talks by a father to his children or grandchildren; to give them his practical spiritual experiences, as conforming to the new generation; in a simple historical and behavioral way; aiming with the goal of becoming a support to every soul, to cross over and to inherit.
held on Mount Ebal, where they swear to be, together with their children, faithful to the covenant.
THE COVENANT AND KEEPING THE RIGHTS OF THE CREATION Desiring to enter into a covenant, in which God proclaims an exchange of love between Him and man, on an eternal level; this covenant came to care for the rights of man, beasts and
cared very much for his people to enter into it; as though through their entrance, he would personally enjoy it. His fatherhood also appears in his farewell talks to Joshua, to fill him with joy and courage, to fulfill his mission.
THE DIVINE COVENANT This book presents the divine Law (the Torah); the body of consummated teachings; proclaimed through the fellowship with God, and in between the believers; so that they would
February, 1999 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY
THE NAME OF THE BOOK The name of this book, in almost all the modern languages, came derived from the two Greek words: 'Deutero,' meaning "two" or "the second;" and 'nomion,' meaning, "law." That is
THE DIVINE COVENANT AS A SUPPORT FOR OUR DAILY LIFE
The Book of Deuteronomy is a group of farewell talks by the prophet Moses, the first leader of the people of God, when he was 120 years old, before his departure from this world. He presented them to the new generation, which was born in the wilderness, and was about to enter
7:24) which they have not known (Deut. 11:28). d. The Lord's people: All Israel should be united together to listen to the word of God (1:1; 5:1); as they are a "holy people to the Lord" and "above all the peoples on the face of the
earth" (Deut. 7:6); and they should care for the poor, the orphans, the widows, and the strangers, because they are all their brethren (Deut. 1:16; 10:18). e. The Lord's altar: They should bring their gifts and sacrifices to "the place where the Lord
those who break it. 5. The witnesses: usually the gods who guarantee the fulfillment of what come in the treaty. 'Mendenhall' added a sixth factor: putting a copy of the treaty in the temple; to be
publicly read before the people, every now and then. By this view, some scholars, like 'Merdith G. Kline' believe that the book of Deuteronomy conforms to the general form of any treaty at that time. That is why, the book
presents to us a covenant, in which He proclaims that He carries us on His arms, the way a father carries his son. It is a covenant, in which God presents to us the "Spirit of adoption;" and reveals to us our new position as His chosen and treasured possession; who have exalted rights, with a
spirit of commitment on our part (Deut. 7:6-15). This covenant governs our inner life, our feelings, and our family, social, religious, and national behavior; and even our relationship with beasts and birds.
to touch the beings of strangers (Deut. 1:16-17; 10:18-19); the widows and the orphans (Deut. 10:18; 14:28-29); the priests and the Levites within the gates (Deut. 14:27-29; 18:1-8); the bond servants (Deut. 15:12-18); the raped women (Deut. 22:23-29); the people in debt (Deut. 15:1-3);
the poor (Deut. 15:4-11); the female war captives (21:10-14); and the poor hired servants (Deut. 24:14-15). ITS DIVISIONS
who would open the door of salvation before the whole world. The people of God have always been strongly influenced by the nations surrounding them. Despite God's warnings and His provocations to demolish them, they were diverted to share with those peoples their idol worship,
their abominations, and violence in offering human sacrifices. How would then be the case if they were not given those divine commands? God intended to prepare out of them a divine pure people, who would minister to the nations later on.
(Chapters 12 to 26) came to represent the backbone of the book. Yet, we should not consider it as a Law book in the narrow sense; as the Law is put according to salvation dimensions with a spacious goal; Whereas this book comes to interpret faith; And if it does include laws or statutes,
their goal is, for the believer, to accept God's will working in him, and to bear the spirit of obedience to the Lord. It is the book of the people, who enjoy salvation, and who are liberated from servitude; in order to be bound by a covenant of love with God; to practice the blessed life
a king, whom the Lord your God will choose... When he has taken the throne of his kingdom, he shall have a copy of this Law written for him in the presence of the Levite priests. It shall remain with him, and he shall read in it all the days of his life, so that he may learn to fear his God"
(Deut. 17:14-20). The prophet Moses often reminds them of God's promises to their fathers; From one aspect, he opens the eyes of their hearts to realize God's dealings with His believers along all
* A book of the Law. * Farewell speeches by the leader of the people. * A covenant between God, the King, and his people.
* Instructions from God to His people prior to their entrance to the Promised Land. The Law, undoubtedly, plays a major role in the book of Deuteronomy; which is Called "the Law" (Deut. 1:5), or "the book of the Law" (Deut. 30:10). The context of the Law
* The love of Israel - like that of the Christian, as it came in (1 John 4:19) - is based on the experience of love of God the Savior. * Our love for God is shown in our love for others (1 John 3:18; 4:20, 21; Deut. 10:19).
* The Ten Commandments are based, not only on man honoring God (Deut. 5:6, 15), but on his honoring others as well (Deut. 6:16, 21). THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE THEOLOGICAL
him who abides by the constitution; and Blessing and curses: (27-28) A list of blessings for those who keep the covenant
1 Moshe Weinfield: Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, 1972. curses on him who breaks it. and of curses for those who break it. The oath and celebration: Both parties
birds; so that the believer would not live with a closed heart, but spacious with love. In the book of Deuteronomy we shall see the important aspects on which the divine covenant concentrates, of which are:
1. Caring for everyone; Together with the bond between man and the congregation and his love for them; the congregation on its part keeps the right of every man; whatever his age, or his religious or social position are. The congregation sanctifies and respects the right of
swear on faithful obedience by the Constitution. The oath and celebration: (27:1-8; 29:10-
15) Placing a stone of testimony, on which the Law is written, once the people enter the Promised Land; and a public festival is
Mendenhall,' depending on 'V. Korosvec' (1931), believed that those treaties were usually done according to the following lines: 1. An introduction for the treaty or the constitution, proclaimed by the king.
2. A historical introduction that clarifies the old relationships between the two parties. 3. The main general and special principles of the treaty. 4. The blessings that would dwell on those who abide to it; and the curses that would dwell on
representing one unit - an authentic Mosaic work - presents a salvation treaty, done by God with His people; and follows the same lines: 1. An introduction to the treaty or the constitution, by the intermediary of the covenant (1:1-5).
2. A historical introduction; or a history of the covenant (1:6 - 4:49). 3. The main foundations of the covenant - the greatest commandment (5:1 -11:32). 4. Additional special commandments.
which the Christians refer: The books of Genesis, Deuteronomy, Psalms, and Isaiah4. The New Testament quoted 81 times from the book of Deuteronomy. Out of the 27 books of the New Testament, 17 books were quoted from the book of Deuteronomy.
This book has an impact on the theology according to the Gospel of John. The overall concept of the new commandment of love (John 13:34; 15:12), conforms to the concept of the commandment in the book of Deuteronomy, as a principal divine command to love; that seeks
and that Jeremiah is the author of the book of Deuteronomy; as, together with several words that are mutual in the two books, there are likewise, several differences in words and expressions. We can only say that Jeremiah was influenced by the first book and quoted it.
The assumption that Jeremiah wrote the book of Deuteronomy and referred it to the prophet Moses, implies that Jeremiah was a swindler and deceptive; something that is not conforming with his straightforward and strong personality; He, who stood firmly against the
13. The beasts: The beasts having been created to serve man; man on his part should care for them. THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE HOLY WAR
The book deals with the issue of the holy war, sets a system for the behavior of warriors in war (Deut. 20:1-9); for dealing with the cities that fall in their hands (Deut. 20:10-18); with the female war captives they take (Deut. 10:10-14); with their personal cleanliness (Deut. 23:10-
sanctify humanity. They had to be freed from servitude, and from all traces of sin, to bring them forth from the land of bondage to where the inheritance is, and to the realization of the divine promises.
The book of Leviticus came to present the divine Law pertaining to worship, to reveal the sanctification by blood and the enjoyment of redemption; As God desires that man becomes sanctified according to His image.
it in the fact that, while the book of Leviticus cares for the statutes concerning the priests; that of Deuteronomy, on the other hand, cares for those pertaining to the people. Most of what came in chapters 12 to 26, constituting more than half of the book are laws and statutes that concern the
believer. 1 In Hebr hom. 28:3. 8. This book as a whole is considered as a call to obedience to God; a call to the new
set Joshua as the prophet Moses' heir, to proclaim the continuity of the covenant; the song of Moses came in harmony with the idea of the covenant. Finally, Moshe Weinfield, together with some later authors, clarified that the form of the
book literally follows the tradition of a written covenant at that time; and is not, as 'von Rad' claimed, a mere parade of what came during a certain religious celebration1. God always desires to renew His covenant in every era; and always seeks the loyalty
b. The good portion: God granted them a good land (Deut. 1:25); flowing with milk and honey that He swore to their fathers to give them and their descendants (Deut. 1:8), as an inheritance (Deut. 4:21).
c. The love of God: They should love the Lord their God (Deut. 5:10) with all their hearts and their souls (Deut. 4:29); as He loved them first (Deut. 4:37); they should fear Him (Deut. 4:10); hold fast to Him (Deut. 10:20); should destroy the names of other gods (Deut. 5:7;
The book clarifies the need for four things, in order for the people and their descendants to keep the covenant: 1. The need for the heart: Mentioning many details concerning the Law, yet it
concentrated on the heart (Deut. 6:4-5), in which the whole being of man, with his energies and possibilities are dedicated to the Lord. 1 S. R. Driver: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy, 1902, p. Ixxviii-Ixxxiv.
(d) God was preoccupied with the eternal perdition of those pagan peoples, more than by their demolition in the present world. However, we notice that God has often showed compassion toward individuals or
congregations that surrounded His people, when they responded to their natural Law, or whenever they abided to His warnings. He did not allow for Abimelech king of Gerar to perish, when he tried to take Abraham's wife for himself; but said to him: "Yes I know that you did this
enter the Promised Land, Moses received a copy of the covenant made between God and their fathers, to let the new generation sign it themselves; in order to realize that it was not just a covenant between God and their fathers, who have already departed; but it is a contemporary
covenant made personally for them, to enjoy its blessings, and to be committed to its responsibilities. THE LAW AND THE CALL TO LOVE
this carries a certain theological significance. 10. Some scholars, who claim that this book had several sources, depend on the presence of certain general and side introductions (Deut. 1:1-5; 5:1; 27:1). Yet others believe that that was
customary when talk was directed to other persons, or when the one who talks himself changes, as it is the case in Deut. 27:1, 9, 11; 31:14, 24 etc. 11. In certain sections of the book, it is noticed that the author presents the statutes first in
ITS CONTENTS 1. God's historical works of salvation (Deut. 1-3). 2. A call to abide by the commandment (Deut. 4).
3. God's main requirements (Deut. 5-11). 4. The main basics of the practical life (Deut. 12-26). 5. How does a nation that practices these basics live.- (Deut. 27).
everyone. Everyone should be responsible for his own actions. 2. The false testimony: The covenant gives security to the believer, protects him against false witnesses, and vain accusations; and lets him live safely and without fear.
3. The Woman: The covenant is keen not to abuse the weakness of women's position in society at that time. 4. Man's freedom and dignity: The covenant seeks to abolish the notion of bondage
2 QS 10:10. 3 QS 1:18 ff. 4 J. A. Thompson: Deuteronomy (Tyndale O.T. Commentaires), 1974, p. 11.
5 Grhard von Rad: The Problem of the Hexateuch and On the Essays, 1966, p. 27-33. 1. A historical parade of the events of Sinai, together with some comments (1-11). 2. A reading of the Law (12-26:15).
this book; in a way that killed its real meaning and significance; Whereas in the New Covenant, we seek from these commandments and statutes, deep spiritual concepts, that grant life in the Lord.
6. For the first time, we hear about the curse of being hanged on a tree (Deut. 21:22, 23); and a reference to the anticipation of the coming of the Lord Christ (Deut. 18:15, 19). 7. While this book likens that of Leviticus, in its inclusion of several laws; it differs from
among the believers; as a prelude to its destruction on a general level. 5. The inheritance: The covenant would keep what the believer is going to enjoy of inheritance in the Promised Land.
6. The possession: The commitment of a believer to refrain from any abuse against the boundaries of others' possessions. 7. The fruit of labor and work: Keeping the right of a laborer or a hired hand to get the
generation to learn from the bad example of the one that preceded them, with their stubbornness, rebellion, and thick hearts. The generation that came out of Egypt was all dead, except for Joshua and Caleb, who, alone entered the Promised Land.
9. Of the unusual features of the book of Deuteronomy, was, that talking to the people of Israel, sometimes came in the singular tense, and some other times in the plural; which led some people to assume that this book has two different sources. However other scholars confirm that
wages on his day's work, with dignity and with no humiliation. 8. The Sabbath rest: It is the right of both the body and the soul to have rest; including those of the hired hand, the slave, and even of the beast.
9. The matrimony: The covenant cares for keeping the matrimonial and family relationships intact. 10. The justice: No accusation, however serious it may be, is to be accepted, without a
of the other book. There are several words, and phrases, common to both, and even thoughts that are similar in theme; in a way that is not noticed in any other book of the Holy Scripture. It is only logic to assume that Jeremiah, as a priest, was fully aware of the book of
Deuteronomy. So it is not strange for him to show a great interest in studying it and quoting much from it. It is however not acceptable to assume that the two books are written by the same author;
If this book concentrates on God's commandment, that reveals God's love and His longing to sanctify us; it is to proclaim to the believer his belonging to the people of God, as a royal kingdom and a holy nation.
Finally, the last month in Moses' life, reveals what the heart of that greatest among the prophets embraced; as man, when he feels that the moment of his departure from this world is very imminent, he pours out his depths. What does the heart of the prophet Moses embrace? Four
of Nineveh, saying: "They will rise at the judgment with the people of this generation and condemn them" (Luke 11:29-32). THE UNITY OF THIS BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY
Certain scholars tended to separate the chapters 1-4; 27; 29-31 from the book, with the claim that their sources are different from those of the rest of the book. But who studies the wordings and the nature of the language of the book, would realize its unity, beside the
from man to give his whole being to God. This book had a special place in the teachings of the Lord Christ; being the only book from which the Lord quoted during His debate with the tempter (Compare Matthew 4:4 with
Deuteronomy 8:3; Matthew 4:7 with Deuteronomy 6:16; and Matthew 4:10 with Deuteronomy 6:13); In His sermon on the mount (Matthew 5:31 with Deuteronomy 24:1); and in His response to one of the scribes (Mark 12:3 with Deuteronomy 6:5); He also quoted from it when He
simplicity, clarity, and sermonic nature that characterize it. The analogy of language in several of the historical books of the Old Testament is referred by some to the fact that their authors were influenced by the nature of the book of
Deuteronomy in the days of the kings. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, S. R. Driver tried to present a critical and exegetical commentary on the wording and nature of this book that remained of significant value up to this very day1.
Those four things (the commandment; the life of rejoice and praise; blessing others; and encouraging the spirit of leadership), are the secret of his success all along the days of his ministry.
Fr. Tadros Y. Malaty St. George and St. Anthony Church Ottawa - Canada
The witnesses: Summoning the gods as witnesses to the constitution. The witnesses: No need for witnesses, as
God is the Witness. God often swears by Himself as a Witness to His promises. The blessings and the curses: Benefits for
A historical introduction: Parades the king's works with his people. A Historical introduction: (1:5 -4:43)
God's dealings with His people since Horeb (Numbers 10:11-13). The statutes: What the king expects from
enter into the heavenly Canaan, under the leadership of our Lord "Jesus" the Savior of the world, to carry the divine commandment in a spiritual concept. It prepares his depths, as well as his words and behavior, to set forth to the new heavenly life, through the work of the Holy Spirit of
God; to accept the entry into the divine covenant, set by God with His beloved people; who would pay back love for love; through joyful obedience to His commandment. It is a book that is convenient to every era; and that motivates every soul to cross over as
springing from faith, and by the practical divine love. It is a perpetual reminding of the Law of God: "Bind them as a sign on your hand; fix them as an emblem on your forehead; and write them on the doorpost of your house and on your gates" (Deut. 6:8, 9).
HISTORY OF ITS WRITING According to the Jewish tradition, accepted by the Christian tradition, it was written in the plains of Moab, east of Jericho, east of the River Jordan; by the end of the forty years of
The book of Genesis came to prepare humanity to realize God's love for man, providing him with the whole world to enjoy, possess, and dominate. Although He presented man with love, yet he responded with rebellion, and isolated himself from God, the source of his life.
However, God did not forsake him in his death, but presented to him the exalted plan of salvation. The book of Exodus came to proclaim God's choice of His people, as a 'leaven' to
Land. Keeping the documents of the constitution that include its conditions.
Keeping the covenant: (10:1-5; 31:24-26) Keeping the two tablets of the Law in the Ark of the Covenant.
concerned. It seems that this dignified old leader, realized that, being in his last moments, there was no more time for niceties with the people; but he had to be firm. It was fitting for the people to whom all that love was given; especially through the forty years of ministry of the prophet
Moses, to carry the fear of God; and to realize how frightful is the falling in His hands. 4. It is also called 'misneh hattotra' or 'misneh;' meaning, 'a copy' (see Deut. 17:18). In the Septuagint version, it is called 'deuteros namos;' namely, (the Second Law); probably
Reading the constitution: The constitution should be periodically read in a public place, so as not to be forgotten.
Reading the covenant: (6:6-9; 17:18-20) Commitment to read it at homes, besides being read publicly by the king.
14); And with relieving the newly married from taking part in war (Deut. 24:5); and with dealing with Amalek (Deut. 25:17-19). WHY DID GOD ALLOW HIS PEOPLE TO DEMOLISH THE
SURROUNDING PEOPLES WITHOUT MERCY? (a) Those peoples represented the sins that should be demolished. And as God's people, at the beginning of their spiritual life, were unable to discern between the sinner and the sin,
5. The consequences of the covenant: The blessings and curses; together with an oath of obedience (27-30). 6. The continuity of the covenant (Deut. 31-34).
Scholars introduced an abundance of comparative studies between the covenant proclaimed in the book of Deuteronomy, and the old treaties in the Middle East; Among those scholars were G. J. Wenham and D. J. McCarthy2 who rejected the claim that the first three
the prophet Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, his disciple Joshua was chosen as his successor. Finally in chapter 34, the author mentions the death of the prophet.
THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK Both the Jews and the Christians have, through tradition, agreed that the prophet Moses is the author of this book; with the exception of its last part that recorded the death of Moses,
king, his men, his family, the religious leadership, and all the people. Such a man who adamantly challenged everyone would not resort to lies and deceit. 1 Pulpit Commentary.
THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE JEWISH PEOPLE Of the most important results of the book of Deuteronomy, is probably the appearance of the community of the 'Essenes,' who moved from the wilderness of Judah, during the second
What did the prophet Moses present to his people before his departure from this world? He presented a convention, or a constitution of love; given by God to His very beloved people; whom He has chosen and sanctified to be dedicated only to Him.
The prophet Moses represents the "Law," that leads us to the Lord Christ and to His Kingdom; and reveals to us the royal way, which brings us to the bosom of God the Father. That is why the book of Deuteronomy came as an invitation, directed to every believer who longs to
assumed to be written by either Joshua the son of Nun, or Eleazar the high priest. Some believe that the book was first orally delivered by Moses, then, was written afterwards (Deut. 1:3; 31:24- 26).
The school of criticism tried to attack violently the reference of this book to Moses, claiming that some unknown authors has written it 600 years later. A theory appeared at the beginning of this century, claiming that an unknown prophet has set the material of this book
FORM OF A TREATY THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY The title: Refers to the king who sets a constitution with his people.
The title: (1:1-4) Moses as a representative of God, the King of kings, who seeks to set a covenant with his people.
The book of Numbers demonstrates how the people are trained and taught by God, during their wandering in the wilderness of this world, where God appear as their Leader, Who cares for them Himself.
Then, as the people came to be on the gates of Canaan, of which the old generation have been deprived, on account of their persistent rebellion; He presents them with the covenant, that leads them to enjoy the glory, if they proclaim their love of God, and their fellowship with
therefore killing the sinner implied the destruction and uprooting of the sin. (b) The corruption in those peoples was unbearable. In the worship of Baal, mothers used to offer their children to burn in fire amid the beats of the drums to override their screams.
Women and girls also dedicated themselves to adultery, to collect money for the temples. The perdition of those peoples with their vicious and corrupt life was therefore unavoidable. (c) There was a great need to prepare a people that are holy enough to produce the Savior,
referred to God; and to dedicate their hearts and life to Him. It is the book of dedication to God, through the response to the divine covenant with the spirit of obedience. Of the most important subjects that are dealt with in this book are
a. Servitude and redemption: Israel should not forget (Deut. 4:9) that he was a slave in the land of Egypt (Deut. 5:15), the house of bondage (Deut. 5:6); from which God redeemed him, by a strong hand and a stretched arm (Deut. 4:34).
into the land of promise; to get into the presence of the Lord, and to enjoy the fellowship with Him. 4. This book is considered an invitation by the prophet Moses to the future generations
after him, to find a new chance to enjoy, in faithfulness, a covenant with God, through a realization of God's will and His dealings with their fathers. This invitation is directed to everyone, and in particular to leaders like the kings; being said: "...You may indeed set over you
closely-connected things; that constitute the secret of the strength of his ministry; which are: * The divine commandment: by which he was preoccupied all along the days of his ministry until his last breath; being a divine heavenly treasure, through which we respond to God's love,
and enter with Him into an eternal covenant. * The praise: Before his departure, he presented a final praise, to proclaim that his soul would never cease to rejoice until his last breath.
ages; and from another aspect, remembering the faithfulness of their fathers in their relationship with God, would support them, and would become like a cloud that protects them from the heat of temptations. And as St. John Chrysostom says: [Remembering the saints, raises the soul that
became weighed down by calamities, and brings it back; It would be like a cloud to protect the soul from the intensely burning hot rays of the sun1.] 5. The Jews, in their spiritual infancy, committed themselves literally to what came in
century BC, to the northwest of the Dead Sea (Qumran); who were also called, 'The community of the eternal covenant.' The book that regulated that community starts with the following words: "Everyone abiding to the principles of this community, crosses over to the covenant
before God1." In one of their songs it came: "With every day and night, I will enter into a covenant with God2." And one of their main rites was the annual celebration of the renewal of the covenant, according to what came in Deuteronomy 27; where the priests proclaim the
a very simplified way; then proceeds to give advices, warnings, and promises. This shows that this book is not meant to be a constitution of statutes; as much as it is meant to be talks and sermons of salvation. As an example of this is what came concerning the release of debts at the
end of every seven years (Deut. 15:1-11); in which it began as a provocation to the release of debts, followed by a definition of this action (Deut. 15:2); then by a personal provocation to the listener to apply it generously1. This same trend was used in talking about the principles of
Himself to His people; as well as to every single member of His people; A philanthropic God; A holy God who does not stand sin; A righteous God, who does not stand iniquity or oppression; A King who leads His people to inherit and rejoice; and A God, faithful in His promises; and in His
exalted care. In His love for man, He desires to proclaim to him His secrets; the One and only God. Of the most prominent aspects of this book, is that the people are committed to be
We may say that the book as a whole is set, with a well-defined exalted plan, on three sermons: the first and third sermons are abridged, whereas the second sermon is very long. 1. The first sermon (Deut. 1-4). Concentrates on God's dealings with His people on their
exodus from Egypt, His care and protection for them, together with chastising the rebellious. The sermon starts with an introduction to the whole book (Deut. 1:1-5); and ends with a provocation by the prophet Moses to his people, to pay back God's love, by abiding by His commandment
Israel." The children of Israel knew the works of God; yet they did not recognize Him according to the knowledge of a living encounter; Moses, on the other hand, knew God's ways; namely, through a practical knowledge. This book came as a fruit of this knowledge; combined with an
experience of forty years in the wilderness. ITS FEATURES 1. The book of Deuteronomy should be considered from four angles:
2. The need for action: As the living testimony to the commandment springs from the heart, and is practiced in the daily life; It often repeats the words: "Keep the commandment." 3. The fatherhood: A certain generation could not present the commandment to the
following generation, unless it bears the spirit of true compassionate fatherhood (Deut. 6:7-9), by which the successive generations would taste the fatherhood of God. 4. Care for everyone; especially the needy, the outcasts, and the afflicted. Statutes came
though to heaven; to strive incessantly, in the sweetness of spirit; to continue her journey under the exalted shadow of God; to grow incessantly; and to fight with no fear or disturbance; in the shadow of a new covenant, presented to her by her Christ; to live free of any bondage, and to set
forth to heaven. These talks concentrate on the "divine covenant." Our constitution in our daily journey is not bare ethical laws, but a living confrontation; and a union with God, who, from His side,
(Deut. 4:44-49). 3. The third sermon (Deut. 29-30). Prophesying the fall of the people in the near future, the prophet Moses speaks of the blessings and the curses, and prophesying their fall in the far
future, he speaks of their scattering among the nations, then, their eventual return. The sermon ends by a proclamation of the choice between death and life (Deut. 30:15-20). 4. Final actions and commandments: (Deut. 31-34). An annex to the three sermons. As
his people with whom he sets a constitution. The statutes: (3:33- 26:19) a review of the
general statutes (4:44-11:32), together with special statutes (12-16), by which the people are going to live in the Promised
just trial, and a thorough investigation. 11. The collective system: Beside the complete equality of all believers in the sight of God; every believer should respect the collective system, recognize the position of others, and
give dignity to whom it is due. 12. The submission to the Law and the commandment: No one, whatever his religious or civil position may be, is above the Law or the divine commandment.
them and be careful to observe them (Deut. 5:1), to give them rest from their enemies (Deut. 3:20), to prolong their days on the land which the Lord their God is giving them to possess (Deut. 4:26); it may go well with them (Deut. 4:40); to bless them in all the work of their
hand (Deut. 2:7); to let them eat and get fulfilled (Deut. 6:11); and whatever their hearts desire (Deut. 12:15). THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AMONG THE BOOKS OF MOSES
* Blessing his people: Despite all the troubles he suffered from his people, he ended his life by words of blessing to each of the tribes. * Creating the spirit of leadership: In the form of a cross, he placed his hands on the head of
his disciple Joshua the son of Nun; to encourage him not to fear or be dismayed, until he brings all the people, together with the civil and religious leaderships, to the land of Canaan, the symbol of heaven. By that he left after him great leaders.
in the integrity of your heart. For I also withheld you from sinning against me; therefore I did not let you touch her..." (Genesis 20:6). God also showed compassion toward Rahab the harlot with her whole household, and
let her live among the children of Israel, because she hid the two messengers who were sent by Joshua to spy Jericho (Joshua 2-5). She eventually even came to be among the genealogy of the Lord Christ in the flesh! The Lord Christ also commended the queen of the South and the people
The key of this book is the covenant of love and obedience. The word 'love' comes 22 times in this book. As to obedience, as presented by this book, it is a practical response to God's love for man. Without obedience, man loses the taste of love; As man longs to be loved, he also
longs to love; Obedience is a sign of the freedom of human will, that expresses its love in a practical way. In Psalm 103:7, it came: "He made known His ways to Moses, His acts to the people of
through being attached to God; and being united to one another. According to what came in Deut. 30:11-14, the "Law" is the sign of the divine presence in the hearts of the people of God; Whoever keeps it, is practicing the spiritual life. In other words, this book reveals the mutual
love exchanged between God and His people; By His divine love, He chose His people presenting to them salvation; And they, in turn, pay Him back love for love; through dedicating their hearts by obedience to His commandments, and the liturgical worship, as a practical way of
tithing (Deut. 14:22-27); and about setting the Hebrew slave free (Deut. 15:12-18). 12. The book proclaims the importance of leading a sound spiritual life and behavior; not only in serious matters, but also in those that seem of minor importance. It mixed major and
minor statutes together with no distinction between this and that. 13. The book reveals the spirit of fatherhood of the prophet Moses toward his people. While expressing his yearning to enter the Promised Land, that he was denied, he nevertheless
why it is called in English 'Deuteronomy.' In the Hebrew language, this book carries four names: 1. In the Hebrew origin it is called 'elleh haddebarim;' and abridged to 'debarim;"
namely, 'these are the words," which are the first words of the first chapter of this book. 2. 'Kith;' namely, the fifth book of the Law. 3. The book of rebuke or advices 'seper tokahoth;' especially as far as chapter 28 is
about the persecution and affliction by the Philistines; nor about the events mentioned in the book of the Judges. Moreover, the two phrases "All Israel," and "the portion given to you by God," both reveal that the writing of this book conforms to that particular time. And it is also
obvious that the two chapters 33 and 34 were written shortly after the departure of Moses from this world. THE KEY OF THIS BOOK
of His people (6:5; 10:12, 13). He prepares every believer to live by the spirit of responsibility; with the perpetual joy under the leadership of the King of kings, who granted him the enjoyment of Canaan. This book presents an important fact that God, the
only real King, who saved the people from the bondage of Pharaoh, is bringing them over to the heavenly life. THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AS A COVENANT WITH GOD
The book of Deuteronomy - which is the book of the Law - reveals the concept of the Law, to be a call to love God (Deut. 6:5; 10:12; 11:1; 13:22; 19:9; 30:6, 16, 20); the love that moves our hearts and our behavior in our dealings with God, with the people, and even with
ourselves. * When the Lord Christ was asked about the greatest thing that came in the Old Covenant, He quoted (Deut. 6:4,5).
came in the book of Deuteronomy. God, who gave a promise to Abraham, has realized it, as it came in this book. In the book of Deuteronomy, came the origins of those teachings of the New Testament,
pertaining to God's love and His salvation work by Christ Jesus; to the enjoyment of the eternal inheritance; and to the realization of God's promises to those saved. God as revealed in this book, is both a collective and a personal God; who wishes to refer
enjoy the blessings of the covenant with God. The divine covenant is the main line in the whole book; proclaiming its activity in the life and blessings of the believer; in his commitments as the one chosen by God; in His future
plans for him; and in how the covenant is transformed from recording historical events, into one that touches the life of the new generation. It is as though, as the new generation was about to 1 Gerhard von Rad: Deuteronomy, 1966, p. 105-107; studies in Deuteronomy` 1953, p. 15-16.
3. This book includes a sermon presented by the prophet Moses in three installments, or let say three sermons; although some divide them into eight talks. Yet, it should not be considered as mere sermons, but rather as a presentation of the Law in an attractive sermon-like
way; whose goal is enjoying salvation; practicing the practical love for God (Deut. 6:4); presenting thanksgiving (reminding them of God's works with them and with their fathers), by the spirit of righteousness (Deut. 9:6); and practicing obedience, as a pretext of their entrance
ITS MOST IMPORTANT INCLUSIONS • The Ten Commandments (Deut. 5:6-21). • The 'Shema': "Hear, O Israel!" (Deut. 6:4-9).
• About the false prophets (Deut. 13:1-5). • About the false diviners (Deut. 18:9-15). • About the Philistine era (Deut. 29:1-30:20).
• The book of Numbers presents God the Leader of man in his journey of sojourn toward heaven. • The book of Deuteronomy presents God who sets a covenant with man.
• And the book of Joshua presents God glorified in man by the eternal inheritance. THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY AND THE BOOK OF JEREMIAH1 Who studies the two books will notice how the author of one of them has been full aware
Him through obedience. This is the theme of the book of Deuteronomy that brings them up to the book of Joshua where they see God presenting to them the inheritance and the glory. In summary we can say:
• The book of Genesis presents God the Philanthropic. • The book of Exodus presents God the Liberator of man from servitude. • The book of Leviticus presents God who sanctifies man.