Fall of Rome and the Dark Ages

Octavain Augustus (63 BC-14 AD):

Augustus, also called Augustus Caesar or (until 27 BCE) Octavian, original name Gaius Octavius, adopted name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, (born September 23, 63 BCE—died August 19, 14 CE, Nola, near Naples [Italy]), first Roman emperor, following the republic, which had been finally destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, his great-uncle and adoptive father. His autocratic regime is known as the principate because he was the princeps, the first citizen, at the head of that array of outwardly revived republican institutions that alone made his autocracy palatable. With unlimited patience, skill, and efficiency, he overhauled every aspect of Roman life.

Monotheistic Religion assumes

good will prevail over evil

The middle ages

image

Austier life lived by the monks

lacked many comforts

Tertullian critizes

man vs man

Roman government moved to

Vienna in 403 they abandoned ruling from Rome because of their selfishness

Christian Value of Charity

Vist prisoners bury the dead house the homeless feed the homeless clothe the homeless

Octavian Augustus Ruled 27BC-14AD secure Emporership step by step

1.Bring Peace 2.Bring stability (law & order/Justice) 3.Tries to build back Roman Middle-Class 4.Takes the title of Caesar 5.Secures support of upper classes

Christian values

1.Charity 2.Citizens of Gods kingdom 3.Appeals to oppressed 4.Promise of a better future

Romes imagined community

1.Unity 2.Family (2-3)(tradition) 3.Religion 4.Military that serves Rome 5.Macho 6.Govt=Law&Justice 7.Free People (have liberty)

Acacian Schism

Acacian Schism, (484-519), in Christian history, split between the patriarchate of Constantinople and the Roman see, caused by an edict by Byzantine patriarch Acacius that was deemed inadmissible by Pope Felix III.With the support of the Byzantine emperor Zeno, Acacius in 482 drew up an edict, the Henotikon (Greek: "Edict of Union"), by which he attempted to secure unity between Chalcedonian Christians and miaphysites. The Henotikon's theological formula incorporated the decisions of the general Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381) and recognized Christ's divinity, but it omitted any reference to the distinction of Christ's human and divine essences, as enunciated by the Council of Chalcedon (451), and in so doing made important concessions to the miaphysites. The Henotikon was widely accepted in the East but proved unacceptable to Rome and the Western church. Consequently, Acacius was deposed (484) by Pope Felix III in an excommunication that was reaffirmed and broadened in 485 to embrace all of Acacius's accomplices, including a substantial part of the Byzantine hierarchy. The condemnation by Pope Felix precipitated the Acacian Schism, which was not resolved until 519.

Clement of Alexandria defended Greek learning

Because it supported the fact the humans are little and God is big man is made in Gods image

Byzantine Empire (476-1453)AD

Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453. The very name Byzantine illustrates the misconceptions to which the empire's history has often been subject, for its inhabitants would hardly have considered the term appropriate to themselves or to their state.

Romans affect Christianity and

Christianity affects Romans

In the Eastern Empire the

Church and state were one

Constantine (277-337)AD:

Constantine I, byname Constantine the Great, Latin in full Flavius Valerius Constantinus, (born February 27, after 280 CE?, Naissus, Moesia [now Niš, Serbia]—died May 22, 337, Ancyrona, near Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Turkey]), the first Roman emperor to profess Christianity. He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture that prepared the way for the growth of Byzantine and Western medieval culture.

"Lifeboat mentality":

Created a 'lifeboat mentality' for the Latifundia caused the fall of Rome

Rome is

Decadent

Apostolic Sees

Eastern rite church, also called Eastern Catholic Church, any of a group of Eastern Christian churches that trace their origins to various ancient national or ethnic Christian bodies in the East but have established union (hence, Eastern rite churches were in the past often called Uniates) or canonical communion with the Roman Apostolic See and, thus, with the Roman Catholic Church. In this union they accept the Roman Catholic faith, keep the seven sacraments, and recognize the pope of Rome as supreme earthly head of the church. They retain, however, all other characteristics—e.g., liturgy, spirituality, sacred art, and especially organization—proper to themselves.

The Council of Nicaea (325) AD

First Council of Nicaea, (325), the first ecumenical council of the Christian church, meeting in ancient Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey). It was called by the emperor Constantine I, an unbaptized catechumen, who presided over the opening session and took part in the discussions. He hoped a general council of the church would solve the problem created in the Eastern church by Arianism, a heresy first proposed by Arius of Alexandria that affirmed that Christ is not divine but a created being. Pope Sylvester I did not attend the council but was represented by legates.

The Public Sphere:

Forum, in Roman cities in antiquity, multipurpose, centrally located open area that was surrounded by public buildings and colonnades and that served as a public gathering place. It was an orderly spatial adaptation of the Greek agora, or marketplace, and acropolis.

Tiberius Gracchus (133)BC:

Gaius Gracchus, in full Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, (born 160-153? BCE—died 121 BCE, Grove of Furrina, near Rome), Roman tribune (123-122 BCE), who reenacted the agrarian reforms of his brother, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and who proposed other measures to lessen the power of the senatorial nobility.

Christianity tells Romans that

God is above all

Alexander the Great (356-323)BC:

Hellenistic (Greek-like); invades Persia and takes over chunk of land creating a "World Community" - different nationalities, religions, cultures - allows conquered areas to become allies; Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 BCE, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessaloníki, Greece]—died June 13, 323 BCE, Babylon [near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336-323 BCE), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms.

Hellenistic Period (323-31)BC:

Hellenistic age, in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the conquest of Egypt by Rome in 30 BCE. For some purposes the period was extended for a further three and a half centuries, to the move by Constantine the Great of his capital to Constantinople (Byzantium) in 330 CE. From the breakup of Alexander's empire there arose numerous realms, including the Macedonian, the Seleucid, and the Ptolemaic, that served as the framework for the spread of Greek (Hellenic) culture, the mixture of Greek with other populations.

Roman Upperclass

Ideas of stoicism think without emotion critizied slavery and gladiators

Split of the Roman Empire (285)AD:

In 285 AD, Emperor Diocletian decided that the Roman Empire was too big to manage. He divided the Empire into two parts, the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. Over the next hundred years or so, Rome would be reunited, split into three parts, and split in two again. Diocletian split the empire in two at the end of the Third Century Crisis, and by then, it was swiftly heading in the wrong direction. Internal and economic factors helped weaken Rome, and the invading tribes were able to take advantage. Realistically, the empire was finished a long time before the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed in 476 AD.

Since Christianity is monotheistic it promises good will prevail over evil and it

gives hope and the promise of a good afterlife and that all the wrongs will be made right

Odoacer (476)AD

Odoacer, also called Odovacar, or Odovakar, (born c. 433—died March 15, 493, Ravenna), first barbarian king of Italy. The date on which he assumed power, 476, is traditionally considered the end of the Western Roman Empire.

Justinian I (r.527-565) AD

Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]—died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527-565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of JustinianJustinian was a Latin-speaking Illyrian and was born of peasant stock. Justinianus was a Roman name that he took from his uncle, the emperor Justin I, to whom he owed his advancement. While still a young man, he went to Constantinople, where his uncle held high military command. He received an excellent education, though it was said that he always spoke Greek with a bad accent. When Justin became emperor in 518, Justinian was a powerful influence in guiding the policy of his elderly and childless uncle, whose favourite nephew he was. He was legally adopted by Justin and held important offices. In 525 he received the title of caesar and, on April 4, 527, was made co emperor with the rank of augustus. At the same time, his wife, the former actress Theodora, who exercised considerable influence over him, was crowned augusta. On Justin I's death on August 1, 527, Justinian succeeded him as sole emperor.

Latifundists:

Latifundium, plural Latifundia, any large ancient Roman agricultural estate that used a large number of peasant or slave labourers; Squabbled over power in the empire and only led to a quicker destruction of Roman Society

Library of Alexandria:

Libraries and archives were known to many ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece, but the earliest such institutions were of a local and regional nature, primarily concerned with the conservation of their own particular traditions and heritage. The idea of a universal library, like that of Alexandria, arose only after the Greek mind had begun to envisage and encompass a larger worldview. The Greeks were impressed by the achievements of their neighbours, and many Greek intellectuals sought to explore the resources of their knowledge.

Lords and Barons

Lord, in the British Isles, a general title for a prince or sovereign or for a feudal superior (especially a feudal tenant who holds directly from the king, i.e., a baron). In the United Kingdom the title today denotes a peer of the realm, whether or not he sits in Parliament as a member of the House of Lords. Before the Hanoverian succession, before the use of "prince" became settled practice, royal sons were styled Lord Forename or the Lord Forename.Baron, feminine baroness, title of nobility, ranking below a viscount (or below a count in countries without viscounts). In the feudal system of Europe, a baron was a "man" who pledged his loyalty and service to his superior in return for land that he could pass to his heirs. The superior, sovereign in his principality, held his lands "of no one"—i.e., independently—and the baron was his tenant-in-chief. In early feudal times the baron in turn, in a process of subinfeudation, might have had his own subordinate barons. This practice was discontinued in England when King Edward I recognized the political

In Rome man is at the mercy of

Man

Migrations and De-urbanization

Migration, the permanent change of residence by an individual or group; it excludes such movements as nomadism, migrant labour, commuting, and tourism, all of which are transitory in nature.Urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

The Pax Romana:

Pax Romana, (Latin: "Roman Peace") a state of comparative tranquillity throughout the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 -180 CE). Augustus laid the foundation for this period of concord, which also extended to North Africa and Persia. The empire protected and governed individual provinces, permitting each to make and administer its own laws while accepting Roman taxatio

The Pope (Bishop of Rome)

Pope, (Latin papa, from Greek pappas, "father"), the title, since about the 9th century, of the bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. It was formerly given, especially from the 3rd to the 5th century, to any bishop and sometimes to simple priests as an ecclesiastical title expressing affectionate respect. In Eastern Orthodox churches, it is still used for the patriarch of Alexandria and for Orthodox priests.

Christians who abbicated Greek Philsophy prevailed and preserved

Rational thought and reason

Christians tried to create a worldview outside of the

Roman Worldview

Christians spoke Greek originally but this was a problem because the

Romans spoke Latin

5 Patriarchs

Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem,Alexandria and Antioch

Tertullian refers to the

Sophists and their flaws

Greek and Roman Humanism

Survived because of the monasteries

Byzantine Diplomacy

The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean area after the loss of the western provinces to Germanic kingdoms in the 5th century. Although it lost some of its eastern lands to the Muslims in the 7th century, it lasted until Constantinople—the new capital founded by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great in 330—fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

The Huns

The precipitating factor in this collapse was the arrival of new people from the east, known in European history as the Huns. They crossed the Don about AD 370 and quickly defeated the Sarmatian and Gothic tribes that were then occupying the westernmost steppe. (The Goths had migrated from the forested north earlier in the 4th century, just as Mongols did far to the east perhaps at nearly the same time.) The Huns incorporated the fighting manpower of their defeated enemies into their expanding confederation by making them subject allies. This new and formidable predatory power provoked the flights and raids that broke through the Roman frontiers in 376, starting a migration of peoples that lasted, on and off, for half a millennium and brought far-reaching changes to Europe's ethnic boundaries.

Early christianity (in late Roman Empire):

The situation of the early church improved further the following year, when the emperor Constantine, prior to a battle against a rival emperor, experienced a vision of the cross in the heavens with the legend "In this sign, conquer." Constantine's victory led to his eventual conversion to Christianity. In 313 the joint emperors Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan, a manifesto of toleration, which, among other things, granted Christians full legal rights. The persecutions had two lasting consequences. Although the blood of the martyrs, as contemporaries declared, had helped the church to grow, schism eventually arose with those who had yielded to imperial pressure. Groups such as the Donatists in North Africa, for example, refused to recognize as Christians those who had sacrificed to the emperor or turned over holy books during the persecutions.

Christianity appealed to people because it states

good will prevail over evil

Stoicism:

a school of thought that flourished in Greek and Roman antiquity. It was one of the loftiest and most sublime philosophies in the record of Western civilization. In urging participation in human affairs, Stoics have always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to provide a mode of conduct characterized by tranquillity of mind and certainty of moral worth. For the early Stoic philosopher, as for all the post-Aristotelian schools, knowledge and its pursuit are no longer held to be ends in themselves.

Two powers heavenly and Earthly

both are separate in the Western Empire

overtime in the Western Empire the

church and state were separated

Alexandria was the

cultural center of humanism

The Goths:

members of a Germanic people whose two branches, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, for centuries harassed the Roman Empire. According to their own legend, reported by the mid-6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia and crossed in three ships under their king Berig to the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, where they settled after defeating the Vandals and other Germanic peoples in that area. Tacitus states that the Goths at this time were distinguished by their round shields, their short swords, and their obedience toward their kings. Jordanes goes on to report that they migrated southward from the Vistula region under Filimer, the fifth king after Berig and, after various adventures, arrived at the Black Sea.

Marytrs were the

most effective converting force due to their tales

Saint Augustine gives respect to Socrates and Plato but doesn't agree with their conclusion

that an individual relied on reason alone in the search for truth

Christianity and Greco-Roman learning agreed

that man is the measure of things

Christianity apeal's to the Roman real community

the Roman real community

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. Feudalism, also called feudal system or feudality, French féodalité, historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe during the early Middle Ages, the long stretch of time between the 5th and 12th centuries. Feudalism and the related term feudal system are labels invented long after the period to which they were applied. They refer to what those who invented them perceived as the most significant and distinctive characteristics of the early and central Middle Ages.

Barbarian invasions:

the movements of Germanic peoples which began before 200 BCE and lasted until the early Middle Ages, destroying the Western Roman Empire in the process. Together with the migrations of the Slavs, these events were the formative elements of the distribution of peoples in modern Europe. The Germanic peoples originated about 1800 BCE from the superimposition of Battle-Ax people from the Corded Ware Culture of middle Germany on a population of megalithic culture on the eastern North Sea coast.

The early christian marytrs were the most effective tool of conversion because of

the way they handled persecution

Saint Matthew tells the oppressed classes that

they will be blessed and rewarded for their suffering

Saint Augustine says

this is Gods kingdom and it is breaking down the Roman imagined community this is the essence of separation between church and state

Saint Augustine falls into two categories of teaching

those are oral which is the lesser and is a tradition of miracles and written tradition which is the way of monks and is considered greater

Everything is tied

to Gods divinity

The upperclasses went

to the monasteries the life boat mentality they were trying to save themselves some may have actually wanted to convert for faith based reasons

The Greek Humanism helped people

understand that Jesus died for them

Power Vacuum

when someone has lost control of something and no one has replaced them

Pope Gelasius the Ist essentially said in his letter to Emperor Anastasius

you cant overthrow the kingdom of God