FAM 335 MIDTERM
(T/F)The notions of parenthood during the Middle Ages existed perhaps because of the likelihood that many children would die from diseases before they reached adulthood
TRUE
(T/F)The number of different methods of discipline used by different family systems illustrates how the concept of equifinality operates in this aspect of family functioning
TRUE
(T/F)The relationship between parents and children is described as being a bidirectional model of socialization
TRUE
(T/F)The systemic family development model explains changes in families as adaptations to stressors being experienced
TRUE
(T/F)There are fewer married couples today in the United States than 30 years ago
TRUE
Low birth weight is due to a number of facts including:
age of the mother, large multiple births, and improper or inadequate prenatal care of the mother
Childbirth may be managed medically via ______ administered to the mother
analgesics
(T/F)When applied to parenting, culture means the proper ways to raise children to maturity in accordance with cultural values and beliefs
FALSE
Which of the following is not an appropriate toy or play equipment for an infant or a toddler?
finger paints
(T/F)A central family function in the United States is producing future citizens by having children and becoming parents
FALSE
(T/F)Adolescents continue to have a higher number of children than other groups of women in the United States
FALSE
(T/F)Children usually are not affected in any way when one of their parents experiences a serious disease such as cancer
FALSE
(T/F)Colonial Americans held the views that children were either inherently evil or that they were ignorant of how to behave appropriately
FALSE
(T/F)Discipline is defined as effective methods for punishing children's misbehavior
FALSE
(T/F)Family systems theory explains how families arrange finances with banking institutions, interact with neighbors, and practice family traditions
FALSE
(T/F)Humans do not need extensive education or preparation for parenthood since these skills are instinctive
FALSE
(T/F)In the systemic family development model, families are recognized as being composed of several generations that interact with and thus affect one another. This illustrates the concept of reciprocal interaction from family systems theory
FALSE
(T/F)Morphogenesis describes the desire of a family system to remain stable over time by attempting to retain its organization, structure, and patterns
FALSE
(T/F)Parents socialize their children only through lessons given in formal, verbal instruction
FALSE
(T/F)Strict, strong discipline has even found to be the most effective with children
FALSE
(T/F)The contemporary concept of parenthood focuses exclusively on the reproductive aspect of this family role
FALSE
(T/F)The dominant culture of the United States is considered to be collectivist rather than individualistic in nature regarding parenting and childrearing
FALSE
(T/F)The median age at first marriage is higher for women than for men
FALSE
(T/F)There is no such thing as a normal behavior problem. Behavior problems indicate that something's not right developmentally for a child
FALSE
(T/F)There was little thought given to what parenthood should be like in ancient Greece and Roman cultures
FALSE
(T/F)A competent parent may be characterized by the ability to teach and encourage children to be flexible in their approach to dealing with their world
TRUE
(T/F)A hallmark feature of American family life by the end of the twentieth century is the diversity in family forms and structures
TRUE
(T/F)A healthy family will seek to maintain its health by changing rules that are no longer effective in managing family functioning, for example
TRUE
(T/F)Boundaries serve the purpose of maintaining the delineations of family systems from one mother. They also help to distinguish one person from another within a family sytem
TRUE
(T/F)Communication styles observed in family systems usually consist of verbal, nonverbal, and contextual forms
TRUE
(T/F)Culture is a significant influence on parenting because this defines what families value and believe to be important that guides behavior of all members
TRUE
(T/F)Discipline can defined as ways that help a child learn to get along with others as well as behaving in acceptable ways
TRUE
(T/F)Discipline is the most effective when provided to children within an atmosphere of nurturance
TRUE
(T/F)Ecology of parent-child relations refers to an understanding of the various environments that influence the behavior and development of both parents and children
TRUE
(T/F)Ethnocentrism can be problematic when studying cultures because of the tendency to judge the through the lens of one's own cultural experiences
TRUE
(T/F)Family systems are continually challenged to maintain their stability in the face of constantly changing conditions
TRUE
(T/F)Generally speaking, morphogenesis is preferable to morphostasis when a family is experiencing stress
TRUE
(T/F)In providing a healthy program of discipline for children, it is appropriate for parents to teach structure through rules that are both negotiable an nonnegotiable
TRUE
(T/F)One of the major schools of thought about the nature of children that emerged in the eighteenth centaur was that an adult's nature was determined by childhood experiences
TRUE
(T/F)One reason why children misbehave is that they wish to have their parents' attention
TRUE
(T/F)Prior to modern times, parents did not believe that children had special needs or needed special treatment
TRUE
(T/F)Spanking and other forms of physical punishment are ineffective means for achieving desired behavior from children
TRUE
(T/F)The basic contextual nature of parenting children provably has not changed over time
TRUE
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in childhood in the United States?
accidental death in relation to cars or being a pedestrian
In meeting the needs of preschoolers, parents should:
be supportive of their desire to learn and to be curious about their world in a safe manner, understand that they have small appetites and help them learn healthy eating habits, and childproof their home to help protect their child from accidents and injuries
Which of the following applies as a meaning given to the role of parent?
becoming a parent meets a moral obligation to procreate and parenthood is a statement of one's sexual identity and papability
Which of the following is a procedure used to analyze amniotic fluid to detect the presence of genetic illness before a baby's birth?
chronic villi sampling
Prosocial behaviors include:
comforting others when they are hurt, empathy, and sharing one's belongings
Which of the following applies to adjustments to pregnancy?
coping with the stresses involved in a woman's pregnancy such as changes in body image, experiencing favorable feelings and reactions to becoming a parent, and dealing with any negative emotional reactions such as not wanting to become a parent
Economic considerations in deciding about parenting focus on:
costs, relating to pregnancy and childbirth, long-range costs, and losses to family income due to the mother's unemployment
Which of the following should a woman avoid when she is pregnant?
smoking cigarettes, being under 20 and over 40 years of age, and not having adequate prenatal medical supervision
The process of transmitting cultural attitudes, beliefs, values, and social rules is known as:
socialization
Which of the following are types of supplemental child care used by parents of young children?
day care, preschool programs, and specialized curriculum programs
In meeting the needs of infants and toddlers, parents should:
decide whether to breast or bottle feed and provide well-baby care
Which of the following may occur as a normal behavioral problem in early childhood?
difficulties in going to bed and in sleeping & eating difficulties
Cognitive changes in early childhood may be characterized by:
egocentrism, an inflexible and rigid perception of the environment, and reasoning that is based on intuition and cognitive distortions such as jumping to conclusions
Which of the following applies to research conducted on first-time parenthood?
first-time parenthood is a transition even in a couple's marriage career
Which of the following is accurate regarding an infant or toddler's sleep?
for the first several months following birth, an infant is awake only long enough to feed, around two years of age, many infants are sleeping only 10-14 hours a day, and toddlers continue to need both a morning and afternoon nap
Erikson proposes that people become parents in order to fulfill a sense of:
generativity
Which of the following would represent a fatalistic reason for becoming a parent?
having a child because it is one's destiny as a man or woman
Good parenting begins with learning about one's pregnancy. Good parental care prior to a child's birth includes:
having adequate prenatal medical supervision, having proper, adequate nutrition, and appropriate exercise
Which of the following is a developmental landmark of early childhood?
having all primary teeth erupted, experiencing a high degree of egocentrism in thought processes, and learning quickly
Which of the following are trends in childbirth currently observed in our society?
increased medical support in providing prenatal care and delivery services, birthing rooms in medical facilities that make the experience more informal and comfortable for all concerned parties, and use of methods that are more considerate and the humane treatment of the baby at birth
Attachment in infancy is promoted by:
interactions with parents that reinforce the desire to be near them, providing the child with opportunities to visually inspect the faces of their parents, and having opportunities to touch and be touched by their caregivers in nurturing ways
In early childhood, parents provide structure to children by:
introducing and enforcing rules for appropriate behavior
Prepared childbirth methods have advantages that include:
involvement of the father in childbirth preparation and delivery & less negative health implications for the infant born using these procedures
Which of the following is accurate regarding the concept of responsible fathering?
it includes nurturance within a traditional male gender family role, it emphasizes the moral duties of men to children once they have taken the steps to create a human life, and it refers to the duty of men who father children to support women and children financially
Which of the following is more accurate regarding infant day care?
non-parental care of infants can offer an enriching experience that enhances stimulates their developmental progress and children who have attended infant day care may display some less desirable behaviors at older ages
An infant should be expected to accomplish which of the following?
none of the above (this is an obvious one, you will know it on the test)
Which of the following is accurate regarding the use of structure with infants and toddlers?
parents should be providing mostly assertive care with infants and toddlers, using authoritative style to provide structure for children these ages works best in securing cooperation rather than an authoritarian style, and parents need to be aware that children over two can be negative and not punish them accordingly; the negativism is a means for how they learn about personal boundaries
Which of the following not a structural factor discussed in relation to the decision about assuming parenthood?
place of residence
Which of the following are values or functions of children for adults?
providing for continuation of a family name, providing a major source of affection, and adding an element of delight and excitement to adults' lives
Parents can promote an infant or toddler's cognitive development by:
providing them with a wide variety of play materials, playing with them, and talking with them
Which of the following is an outcome that may occur from becoming a parent for the first time?
the adults can expect to experience changes in their committed relationship after becoming parents, new routines, roles, policies, and rules will need to be evolved, and a new psychosocial attitude will now be developed by most adults
The notion of goodness of fit is:
the closeness of match between the temperament of the baby and that of their parents and family system
Certain environmental agents or conditions can harm the healthy development of a baby during pregnancy. These have their greatest and most detrimental effect during the _____ of pregnancy
the embryonic stage
Gender identity is:
the knowledge that people are either male or female, based first on parents' interpretations of masculinity and femininity for preschoolers, and composed of both behavioral and cognitive components
Which of the following does not apply to caesarean deliveries?
these can only take place once during a woman's reproductive years and the procedures is administered only in emergency situations that threaten the well-being of the baby being delivered
A toddler should be expected to accomplish which of the following?
toilet learning, resist cooperating with parental demands, and speaking well enough to understand simple directions and communicate with parents and others
Which of the following is an example of a prenatal diagnostic tool or equipment?
ultrasound and screening through blood tests