family and society midterm
How have US policy changes affected LGBTQ individuals?
'93: hiwaii-SC rules that banning same sex marriage is uncont. '96: DoMA, Clintion, defined marriage as 1 man and.1 woman' 04: Mass SC legalizes same sex marriage '13: SC strikes down DoMA' 15: same sex marriage legal in all 50 states
Dozier, "The Power of Queer: How 'Guy Moms' Challenge Heteronormative Assumptions about Mothering and Family" (pg.458)
- Dozier's use of "queering" - Doing gender - How do LGB families trouble the biological argument about childcare and mothering? - Gender division of labor at home tied to economic inequality - Heteronormativity and its assumptions -How do LGB families queer family structure & examplesoBeneficial effects of lesbian mothering upon children - Homonormativity and perpetuation of hierarchyoTransgressive mothering - Social position of single mother
How does social class affect parenting (e.g. concerted cultivation vs. accomplishment of natural growth)?
-Middle class parents: concerted cultivation-> more structured from of parenting; able to dedicate more time b/c of economic stability- Working class: accomplishment of natural growth; less structured; don't have many resources available w/I their reach
monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time being with one person
what law happened in 2004
Massachusetts supreme court legalizes same-sex marriage
Functionalism Theory
Social practices support society's structure or *fill the needs* of individual
What is heteronormativity?
The presumption that heterosexuality is the norm needs to be recognized and studied a s a political institution
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
what law happened in 2013
U.S. Supreme court strikes down DOMA (the defense of marriage act/same sex marriage)
What are common challenges faced by adults and children in interracial families?
• Children in a multiracial family may have different racial identities from one another. Their racial identity is influenced by their individual physical features, family attachments and support, and experiences with racial groups. • To cope with society biases, mixed-race children may develop a public identity with the "minority" race, while maintaining a private interracial identity with family and friends. • Some interracial families face discrimination in their communities. Some children from multiracial families report teasing, whispers, and stares when with their family. Children may also face pressure from society, peers, or their families to identify with only one race.
How does gender shape residence patterns (patrilocal/matrilocal), distribution of inheritance (patrilineal/matrilineal), and power arrangements in families (patriarchy/matriarchy)?
patrilocal: family lives near husbands family matrilocal: family lives near wife's fam patrilineal: the father dies his side of fam gets inheritance or first born son matrilineal:when mother dies inheritance goes to her side or daughter
How have US families and childhood changed over time?
people are living longer, not everyone is having kids, more diverse, childhood views have changed(child labor laws, education, and transitions to adulthood) Children have become "economically useless" as they no take undertook wage labor Have become emotionally priceless
What is sexuality?
refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior describes sexual identity, attraction, and experiences which may or may not align with sex and gender. This includes but is not limited to heterosexuality, homosexuality (gay or lesbian), bisexuality, queer and so on.
gender policing
responses to the violation of gender rules aimed at promoting conformity
How have different laws/policies related to immigration and deportation affected families?
• The resistiance of letting immigrants live in the us rubs off on families, gets a sense of feeling unwanted/wrong, trump's border wall idea has reignited the opposition of letting immigrants in • -end of DACA under trump, no longer protection from deportation and temp permission to work• -number of visas given out is lowest level than more than 10 years under trump • Being separated from their families both parents and children often face many psychological issues. In response. Feelings of unstably during formative years of childhood has a lasting affect
Matrilineal
when mother dies inheritance goes to her side or daughter relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother
Conflict Theory
*competition and conflict* the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general
Green, "From Outlaws to In - Laws: Gay and Lesbian couples in Contemporary society (pg. 214)
- Heterocentrism - Similarities and differences between same sex and heterosexual couples - Social treatment of gay and lesbian relationships and its effect on their longevity - Mismatch between treatment of gays and lesbians and straight people's beliefs in their social treatmentoLack of a normative and legal template and its effect on same-sex couplehood - Fragmented social support systems Heterocentrism is viewing and evaluating the behavior of homosexual people out of cultural and historical context and using heterosexual relations as the presumptive ideal
legal family
- carries legal rights and responsibilities -group of people related by birth, marriage, or adoption - A group of persons who are connected by blood or by affinity or through law within two or three generations. A group that consists of Parents and their children. A group of persons living together and having a shared commitment to a domestic relationship.
How is childhood socially constructed?
- children are constrained by structures and culture, such as age, behaviors, emotional connections - society which decides when a child is a child and when a child becomes an adult. - different meanings in different contents in different settings
The conjugal family?
- modern term for nuclear family - MARRIAGE ties the family together -is the parents and kids also functionally independent of extended family members; ex: family with grandparents living w them - emotional bonds -consist of two adult spouses and their unmarried, minor children - a family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife (a spousal pair) and their children
How is sexuality socially constructed?
- varies across time, place and time -its out of the norm to be with someone of the same sex. the social construct is to be straight and monogamous.
personal family
-people whom we feel related to and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well - the people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well - a domestic group with a lasting association, which the members may or not be biologically related. It functions as a unit for the purposes of resource sharing and providing mutual emotional support while perpetuating tradition and values.
Which groups (e.g. by region, race/ethnicity, family structure) are most likely to be in poverty?
African americans are more likely to be in poverty than white people (39%); latinos(33%); 14% for white/Asians \\
Structuralism Theory
Devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought--looking for the elements of conscious experience
Powell et al., "Changing Counts, Counting Change: Americans' Movement toward a More Inclusive Definition of Family" (pg 84)
Family arrangements and what constitutes as a family. How that public opinion on these arrangements is changing and the types of people that view family in certain ways. Exclusionist, Moderate, Inclusionist (me).
How does the family as an institution relate to other institutions, like the state and the market?
Family as an institutional arena is defined as a framework to identify how families are defined; social space in which relations b/t people in common positions are structured by accepted roles of interaction(media, healthcare, economy, etc.)-famliy: intimacy, childbearing, socialization, care work-the state : legally regulates behavior, distubutes resouces; -the market: labor for pay, wealth accumulation, economic exchang(intesections): marriage licenses, daycare, welfare it relates in how it legally regulates behavior, distributes resources in (the state) and the labor for payed wealth accumulation, economic change in (the market)
had law happened in 1996
Federal defense of marriage act DOMA 'social security benefits'
had law happened in 1993?
Hawaii supreme court rules that banning same sex marriage is unconsitutional
Aldarondo and Ameen, "The Immigration Kaleidoscope: Knowing the Immigrant Family Next Door" (pg 480)
Health, Mental Health, Civic Life, Work and Economy, Education and Language Use, Crime, Immigration, Perception of Life.
How do individuals "do gender" regarding the division of household labor?
Mother does the cleaning, cooking, childcare; while the father does yard work, trash, etc.
Cohen, "The Family in Sociological Theory" (iCollege)
Social institutions provide a basic pattern or framework that provides Norms, Values, Beliefs, Social Stability
How do the different sociological theories study families?What are the key assumptions and aspects about families that they are interested in?
Structural functionalism/ consensus: the fam performs essential functions for society, focus on order and stably; male breadwinner, female homemakers, critique on family diversity Confict: social and eco relations are not equally beneficial to the parties; conflict and exploitation leads to inequality Feminist: male dominance in society in the family is oppressive to women; gender is central to the analysis of the family Exchange: more similar to consensus theory, enter relationship to max gains; the exchange benifits families; consider costs/beinfits Symbolic interactions: internal dynamics of interacting individuals construct the family; people perceive how others see them; act according to others expectations; sense of self identity Demography: study of population growth and change, including marriage birth and death; how family behavior/sturctures relate to larger population processes life course perspective: individuals and families experience predictable changes over time; looks at patterns of whats normal; historical context
How is the poverty line measured?What are the flaws with the measurement?
The Census Bureau determines poverty status by using an official poverty measure (OPM) that compares pre-tax cash income against a threshold that is set at three times the cost of a minimum food diet in 1963 and adjusted for family size. People say its too low, and it doenst take into account different cost of livings throught the country Poverty and family structure, racial/ethnic disparities
What are life chances? How are individuals' life chances affected by their family background?
Weber: life chances, opportunity one has to access valuable resources and improve their life// resources of parents affect the life chances of children
Symbolic Interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions people perceive how others see them, act according to others expectations sense of formed through our actions / others reactions
Risman and Seale, "Betwixt and Be Tween: Gender Contradictions Among Middle Schoolers" (pg 570)
as a policing mechanism to keep boys within gender norms
Lareau, "Unequal Childhoods: inequalities and the rhythms of dail life (pg.539) Which of the following goes with her findings about middle-class parents?
concerted cultivation
sex assigned at birth
doctor record in the birth certificate, biological part The identity that somebody else gave you the day that you were born label that you are given at birth in medical factors, including your hormones, chromosomes and genitals.
Brainer, "Growing Up with a Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual Sibling" Brainer uses the example of educating family members about LGB issues to show the importance of: (pg 164)
emotion work Courtesy stigma, family disability, disability by association Why did Brainer choose to recruit straight siblings of LGB people? Emotion work, coping with antigay beliefs and practices, issues of belonging and group membership, gay by association
How are masculinity and heterosexuality policed in society?
enforces heterosexuality and regulates those who are heterosexual and marginalized/ sanctions those who are not to devalue or delegitimize expressions that deviate from normative conceptions of gender, thus reinforcing the gender binary.
gender expression
external presentation. The clothing, how you act, what you wear, ideas of what is appropriate or influential. "to sit like a lady"
Patrilocal
family lives near husbands family refers to the pattern in which married couples live with or near the husbands' parents
Matrilocal
family lives near wife's fam refers to the pattern in which married couples live with or near the wives' parents
What is a family?
groups of related people, bond by biological legal or emotional connection groups of related people bound by biological, legal, or emotional ties
Coontz, "Evolution of American Families compared to immigrant families in the 1920" (pg 3
had wives work outside homes 36 Family definition, through time
Polygamy
having more than one spouse at a time gender being with multiple partners
What is border patrolling?
helps maintain borders that work - facilitating the flow of legal immigration and goods while preventing the illegal trafficking of people and contraband occurs for both black and white partners, although the way it manifests is differentiated by race and gender. one race discourages others of the same race from becoming involved in interracial relationships and sanction those who cross the color line
What does it mean to say that we "do gender"?
how we display gender. we start doing gender in families and kids before children are born. - practices based on cultural norms or femininity and masculinity. such as when a male opens a door for a female , it considered being a polite "gentleman
How do conflict perspectives view social class and inequality?
inequality is not necessary of beneficial; results from economic exploitation; society is not a meritocracy
gender identity
internal, personal sense of being a man or women. HOW YOU identify yourself within as a person
what is a nuclear family?
is the parents and kids(not extended family) couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
How is gender socialized?
is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially behave in accordance with their assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on their sex phenotype. men are suppose to cry or share they care. They are allowed to be angry.
What are the assumptions of the traditional family?
suburbs, mother and father, 2 kids, father is breadwinner, mother at home a man, women and one or more of their biological or adopted children. Parents are married, this is also know as the nuclear family
had law happened in 2015?
supreme court rules same sex marriage legal all 50 states.
How have attitudes toward same-sex marriage and relationships changed over time?
supreme court rules same sex marriage legal all 50 states. The approval rate for homosexual realtionships have increased dramatically over the past couple decades; the untied states went from having don't ask don't tell to all marriage being legal within a couple years; younger people tend to approve of it more than the eldery population which is dying off
Patrilineal
the father dies his side of fam gets inheritance or first born son
Compulsory heterosexuality?
the idea that heterosexuality is assumed and enforced by a heteronormative society. This refers to the idea that heterosexuality can be adopted by people regardless of their personal sexual preferences a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men means required or obligatory the expectation that everyone should be heterosexual
What is the second shift?
the idea that there are two work shifts for females. They go to work, come back and feed, bathe, and put the kids to bed. They have to cook, clean, and do laundry
Mintz, "American Childhood as a Social and Cultural Construct" (pg 56)
the role of children in families has changed drastically since the 1800s to modern times. This article details those changes.
exchange theory
theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people consider cost/ benefits of actions enter into relationships to maximize own gains
How do functionalist perspectives view social class and inequality?
thinks society is a meritocracy; social inequality is a necessary part of different rewards for different jobs; leads to a functional society
Feminist Theory
to reduce gender inequality a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world
Burns, "FAFSA Form Will Now Recognize College Students' Same Sex Parents" (pg 96)
using the terms parent 1 and parent 2
How much mobility is there in the US? What factors affect mobility?
• US income inequalities have increased substantially, the consequences of the "birth lottery" - the parents to whom a child is born - are larger today than in the past. US wealth is increasingly concentrated in the top 10% of American families, so children of the remaining 90% are more likely to be born at lower starting incomes today than the same children in the past. Even if they are equally mobile and climb the same distance up the US socioeconomic ladder as children born 25 years earlier, the bottom 90% of the ladder is worth less now, so they gain less income value from their climb ... especially when compared to the top 10% • One report found that 53 percent of blacks born in the bottom income quintile remain there as adults, while only 33 percent of whites do.[58] Research has also found that the children of black middle-class families are more likely to fall out of the middle class.[46] • Despite the increased presence of blacks and women in the work force over the years, women and non-whites hold jobs with less rank, authority, opportunity for advancement and pay than men and whites,[59][60] a "glass ceiling" being said to prevent them from occupying more than a very small percentage in top managerial positions.
How have views about intermarriage (interracial/interethnic marriage) changed over time?
• Until 1967, the states upheld anti-miscegenation laws to forbid interracial marriages (mainly between Whites and Blacks). This was struck down in Loving vs. Virginia. • Interracial & interethnic marriages have reached an all-time high and continue to grow. - Attitudes toward interracial & interethnic marriage have become more favorable in the past 30-40 years, especially among minorities, younger persons, and those who are more educated, liberal, and live in the Eastern/Western states. growing share of adults say that the trend toward more people of different races marrying each other is generally a good thing for American society. At the same time, the share saying they would oppose a close relative marrying someone of a different race has fallen dramatically.
