Fed Gov Chapter 5

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

- Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average. - They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

- It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. - It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

- Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. - Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. - Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

- The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers. - Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on

- the performance of a particular employee. - the nature of the job.

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

- the right to openly enlist in the military - the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

- women - Asian Americans - Catholics

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

19th

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

Since the 1950's, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby v. Holder

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v Virginia

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960's began to require agencies and businesses to

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs.

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

family structure

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups often fight for more civil rights

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

less than a quarter

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 30

In a 1930's Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that blacks ______ be allowed to use public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

true

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

- Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. - The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

- boycotts - marches in nonviolent protest

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

- discriminatory practices in mortgage lending - discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods - discriminatory practices in housing

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

- employers - educational institutions

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

- have a high median income. - be college educated.

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination