Federal Indian Policy

how many Indians are there in America?

5.5 million

the Native Americans lost over 3 millions acres of land, but kept?

529,682 acres

there are how many recognized tribes by the federal government in America?

573

what is a treaty?

A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states

What is a native tribe?

A group of indigenous people related by blood or biologically, kinship, culturally

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Ex Parte Crow Dog (1883)

Supreme court recognized that Native American Nations have authority regarding criminal jurisdiction on their lands. However, the federal government can intervene for 16 serious crimes on Indian lands (Murder, manslaughter, maiming, kidnaping, sexual abuse, assault to commit murder, assault with a deadly weapon, etc.). The Indians will not be benefited if they commit a crime worthy of federal intervention since they have to deal with a higher court.

Under President Nixon

Taos Pueblo got access again to Blue Lake

Which era of federal Indian policy best matches the following description: Tribes that were thought to be sufficiently acculturated and no longer needing the protection of the U.S. lost their "Indian" status and were moved urban areas to help in their assimilation process

Termination and Relocation

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

What is the keyword for this module?

Blue Lake

Which Supreme Court case best matches the following description: Described the Federal and Tribal government relationship

Cherokee v. Georgia

Which Supreme Court case best matches the following description: Native American tribes are "domestic Dependent Nations" in a state of pupilage subject to the guardian ship and protection of the federal government

Cherokee v. Georgia

General Allotment Act

Dawes Act, Gave Native Americans certain amount of land, anything that the Indians didn't pick after a certain date, were given to the white settlers

Which Supreme Court case best matches the following description: Introduced the doctrine of discovery

Johnson v. M'Intosh

indigenous self-determination (1960-Present)

Legal political, and cultural battles that ended termination and ushered in something more of a real self-determination. Native Americans had the right to fish in the NW. Wounded Knee Occupation, Alcatraz Occupation, and American Indian Movement

Larry Echohawk

Prominent NA today, first Native American Attorney General of State of Idaho OR Native American who holds the highest office in Idaho. Works at BYU School of Law

Public Law 280

Public Law 280 is a federal statute enacted in 1953, allowing states to assert criminal and civil jurisdiction over American Indians on reservations. Before Public Law 280, these issues were dealt with in either tribal and/or federal courts. This law allowed the federal government to diminish its role in Indian affairs and thus hurt sovereignty. Tribes have fewer abilities now to police their own lands and people. (California, Minnesota, Oregon, Wisconsin, Nebraska)

Which era of federal Indian policy best matches the following description: Through the Meriam report and the Indian Reorganization Act, the sovereign powers of the tribes to rule themselves was recognized

Revival of Limited Tribal Self-Rule

Why reservations?

it was an effort to civilize tribes and kept the Indians in one place. Indians could be arrested if they were caught off of the reservation lands

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Indian Removal, Relocation, and Reservation

1830-1880

In 1956 the U.S. spent over $1 million to relocate...

12,500 Indians to cities

the formative years were during what time frame?

1775-1820's

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Revival and Limited Self Rule Period

1920's-1940's where given lands to Indians and tribes inherited sovereign powers rule themselves

Indians were not recognized as American citizens until?

1924

Meriam Report

1928; led to 1934 Indian Reorganization Act; officially titled "The Problem of Indian Administration;" total damning of all policy towards American Indians; attacked Dawes Act and Indian boarding schools

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. Did away with land allotment

Termination and Relocation Period

1940's-1960's native Americans lost 1,362,155 acres and 11,466 individual Indians were terminated. The federal government thought that native Americans progress was being retarded by racial discrimination and by the BIA colonial recognition of tribes. They were looking for ways to advance Indian assimilation.

Which era of federal Indian policy best matches the following description: The federal government began breaking up reservations into individual Indian parcels of land as an end to tribalism, with surplus lands being sold to Non-Indian settlers.

Allotment, Americanization, and Acculturation

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes. The states do not have the right to take Indian rights. Purchase by Christianity and western civilization. Tribes only have the right to occupancy their land, and the federal government has to enter into an agreement with the tribes.

Joseph Medicine Crow

First to graduate from college among his people, became a soldier during the second world war. Became worthy of becoming a chief.

Which era of federal Indian policy best matches the following description: The federal government sought to move all Indians on the east coast to west of the Mississippi River, in order to open up eastern lands for states and private US citizens, and "get rid of the Indian problem."

Indian removal, relocation, and reservations

Which era of federal Indian policy best matches the following description: An era of legal, political, and cultural battles that ended the termination era and ushered in the Indian Education Act, Indian Child Welfare Act, and American Indian Religious Freedom Act

Indigenous Self Determination

U.S assimilation policy

Native Americans sent to schools and organizations to be Americanized. Allowed Indians to own land privately. They granted conditional citizenship. They regulated marriage, dispute settlement, and religion possible. Tribes could be self governing if they adopted the U.S. Constitution. This was an expansion of federal power over Indian land

today there are 350,000?

Navajo Indians

1871 Termination of Treaty Powers

No tribe could be recognized as a sovereign nation and they could not make treaties with the United States

In 1830 the Cherokee nation moved to where?

Oklahoma

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. The United States wanted the fertile land in George.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

The United States selected two individuals to be the Cherokee leaders and had them sign the Indian removal act instead of the real Cherokee Chief. What happen to the two U.S. Elected individuals to rule the Cherokee Nation?

They were killed by the Cherokee

What were contact/civilized tribes?

They were tribes that had lots of exposure to western civilization and the first contact in 1607

Watch a film titled

Trudell

Mitchell Red Cloud Jr.

Was the third Native American to receive the Medal of Honor after being shot eight times.

Which Supreme Court case best matches the following description: Described the state government and tribal government relationship

Worcester v. Georgia

Which Supreme Court case best matches the following description: Native American tribes are "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive" AND have retained enough sovereignty to exclude states from exercising any power over Indian People or their territories.

Worcester v. Georgia

Choctaw (Code Talkers) Nation fought in what war?

World War 1

What is an Indian?

an indigenous person that has citizenship in a tribe

Sharice Davids & Deb Haaland

both are from New Mexico became the first native American women in the house of representative

Surpremacy Clause

clause in the Constitution (Article VI) stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the U.S. are the "supreme law of the land"; federal law takes precedence over state law

President Nixon (1970)

enacted tribal self determination, Indian education act, Self-determination and education assistance act 1975, the Indian child welfare act 1978, American religious freedom act 1978, Menominee recognized again in 1973

popular government

government of the people, by the people, for the people

by 1934

over 118 of 213 reservations were allotted

Indian Civil Rights Act

passed by Congress in 1968, guaranteed reservation Indians many of the protections accorded other citizens by the Bill of Rights, but which also recognized the legitimacy of tribal laws within the reservations. Although some tribes did not want to put individual liberties in front of the tribe as a whole so this was not received well be the tribes

during the formative years America wanted what for Indians?

promotion of education, trade and commerce with tribes

1860's Christianity on reservations

religion was being forced upon the Indian tribes

What makes a government sovereign?

the right of the nation to govern itself and the ability to foster and nurture relationships with neighboring sovereign nations

federal tribe relationship

the states have no jurisdictions on Indian lands, but they can have a relationship with them. Only the federal government can exercise authority over the Indian lands

Tribes like Klamath and Menominee

were able to do ok despite being terminated by the United States government due to their size and ability to have access to natural resources

When you are terminated as an Indian...

you lose you tribe rights and land which is returned to the federal government