Female Physiology Final: Lactation and Breast
Breast cancer statistics
second most common after skin cancer, <1% in men, upper outer quadrant most common area, ducts most common anatomical part involved
Fibroadenoma
solid lump usually 30-35 years, usually painless
Milk Production After Childbirth
sucking acts as stimulus to hypothalamus PRF acts on pituitary ant. releases prolactin post. releases oxytocin
Modified radical mastectomy
surgical breast procedures- breast tissue, the nipple, and the lymph nodes in the armpit are removed. The muscles are left intact
lactiferous sinus
the expanded storage area that the ducts with the milk produced by the alveoli converge into as they approach the nipple. these open to the outside of the nipple
Breast cancer Risks
varies with age, family history for 5-10% cases, prior radiation in the chest, >15 types,
Sebaceous Gland
around nipple, secrete oils that keep it soft and supple
Milk Production Before Childbirth
colostrum forms 2nd trimester high in protein, vit A, antibodies low in fat
milk ejection
Due to oxytocin
Hyperplasia
Abnormal increase in number of cells
milk secretion
due to hormone prolactin
Papiloma
benign & from epithelial; finger-like projections
milk stasis
Breast milk retention causing uncomfortable breast fullness. Results in slower milk production
Simple or total mastectomy
entire breast removed including nipple and areola; no removal of lymph nodes or muscle tissue beneath breast
Lymphatic system
open system that connects with the circulatory system, immune
mastitis
- Infection of the breast connective tissue d/t bacterial invasion following trauma to nipple, common from breast feeding
Milk Composition
88% water, 1.2% protein, 4% fat, 7% lactose and maternal antibodies 1st 6 months baby lives off of IgA-in breast milk, survives babies gut and helps it fight infection Raw materials from blood and adipose tissue Composition affected by maternal diet
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin
lactose
A disaccharide that is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk.
Carcinoma
A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
Lumpectomy
A surgical treatment for breast cancer in which only the lump and a small bit of surrounding tissue are removed. Also, 5-8 week radiation to treat remaining breast tissue
colostrum
A translucent yellow fluid rich in protein, antibodies and other substances to meet the needs of the newborn, produced in the breasts
areola
Circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple
myoepithelial cells
Contractile cells that surround the milk secreting alveoli creating the milk letdown
Prolactin releasing factor
Function: stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release prolactin
Prolactin inhibiting factor
Hormone that inhibits Prolactin Production. Targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit milk production at the mammary glands
Partial or Segmental mastectomy
cancerous area and a surrounding margin or normal tissue are removed and radiation therapy is given 6-8 weeks after
Breast cancer diagnosis
Self exam, clinical exam, mammography
mammary gland
Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young
Radical mastectomy
The entire breast is removed along w/axillary lymp nodes, the pectoral muscles, and all adjacent tissues.
lactiferous duct
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
Hormones Involved in Lactation
estrogen and progesterone prolaction releasing factor (hypothalamus) prolaction inhibiting factor (inhibits until ready to breast feed) prolaction (ant. pituitary) oxytocin (post. pituitary)
Milk Production During Pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone levels high prolactin levels increase PIF block action of prolactin at breast
Mammary Gland Growth and Development
estrogen-ductal growth, branching of lobes and suspensory ligaments, fat deposition progesterone-alveolar development
Nipple discharge when not pregnant/breastfeeding
high prolactin
Alveoli
hollow, lined with milk secreting cells
Lymph nodes
in underarm, axillary are the first place cancer is likely to spread
Fibrocystic breast
irregular nodular lumps and cysts, may be painful
Milk Production
milk secreting epithelial cells in alveoli milk moves from alveoli to lactiferous duct to lactiferous sinus to nipple