Film 100 (Units 6-10)
the most popular Neorealist film
"The Bicycle Thief" --> it was also an international hit
2 films that exhibit Neorealism
"The Bicycle Thief" and "Open City"
Alfred Hitchcock was known as...
"The Master of Suspense"
(Walt Disney) was still paying some of the those girls (cartoonist) ____ a week
$20
Un Chien Andalou
- 1929 - directed by Luis Bunuel & Salvador Dali
Open City
- 1945 - started Neorealism - directed by Roberto Rossellini
The Bicycle Thief
- 1948 - directed by Vittorio De Sica
Breathless
- 1960 - directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Amelie
- 2001 - directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Cinema-Verite
- A style of filmmaking used in French New Wave films in the 1950's - It featured the use of a light-weight camera that could be handheld, simulating a documentary or spontaneous feeling - In French, the term means camera truth or film truth.
Some elements of Neorealism are:
- Black and White Grainy Film. - Ordinary people as Actors - Everyday Social Problems. - Shot on Location, Not a Studio.
Joe Breen
- Enforcer of the new rules starting in 1933! - He was much more strict then Will Hays - Breen was named the Director Of the PCA
Neorealism
- Shortly after WWII, Italian filmmakers found a shortage of almost everything needed to make prewar quality films - Forced to use nonprofessional actors, black and white grainy film, shooting on location, and post dubbing techniques, Roberto Rossellini started the neorealism movement with his film "Open City" (1945) - Open City's plot and other neorealism films often dealt with everyday social issues
Surrealism
- Starting in France in the late 1920's - This film movement was inspired by Paris painters and writers - It is best described as a dream-like state attempting to place the viewer far from reality - The images are often bizarre, shocking and aim to communicate with the subconscious. - The most notable of the surrealist films was Un Chien Andalou.
French New Wave
- Starting in the late 1950's, young French writers working for the magazine Cahiers Du Cinema bored with traditional French Cinema, decided to put their ideas to test by producing a new style of films. - The movement flourished until the early 1960's
Orson Welles deal at RKO studio
- scared the studio moguls - put the industry in crisis - and proved to be his undoing.
How many Academy Awards did Citizen Kane win?
1 --> best original screenplay
Organized Opposition to the Movie Industry came from three main things:
1# Church Groups. 2# Government / Law Enforcement 3# Women's Groups
Three forces collided in the Hollywood strike of 1945/6
1) CSU (Conference of Studio Unions) 2) IA (aka IATSE --> International Alliance of Theater & Stage Employees) 3) producers of the movies/studios
Greg Toland
1) He was the best cinematographer in Hollywood during the 1940's 2) He was part of the visual & creative team with Welles on Citizen Kane
Herman Mankiewicz
1) He was the screenwriter who came up with the idea for Citizen Kane 2) He and Welles worked on the script together
Characteristics of French New Wave
1) Used hand held cameras 2) Shot on location --> This gave the films Freedom of Movement and Immediacy
Citizen Kane is told out of chronological order. This was done so five individuals could retell the story of Charles Foster Kane. Who were they?
1) Walter Thatcher 2) Mr. Bernstein 3) Mr. Leland 4) Susan Alexander 5) Kane's Butler Raymond
Threats to the Movie Business Causing a Decline in Attendance
1. Film Industry Strikes 2. HUAC investigations 3. 1948 U.S. vs. Paramount Studios 4. American Soldiers coming back from WW II (1941-45) and are more interested in Foreign Films. 5. G.I. Bill is awarded (post WWII) Families Move to the Suburbs and out of big cities. 6. Television Becomes Popular - People Enjoy Staying At Home
What was the "deal" RKO offered Orson Welles?
1. Make Any 2 Films He Wanted 2. Could Produce, Direct, Write, Star or Any Combination 3. Final Cut Approval 4. Minimal Studio Input RKO's Big Offer It's important to note that this was an incredible deal that gave a great deal of power and control to Welles. RKO believed in him, and needed his talent. They thought it could save their studio. There's one other thing... Welles had never made a film before!!!
HOLLYWOOD FIGHTS BACK! To Regain Their Audience
1. Movie studios boycott TV. No movie stars on TV! 2. Would not show Movies on TV. Only TV programming! 3. Movies were shot in an aspect ratio that TV copied. now movies done in --> Cinemascope. Now movies are shot in Widescreen. 4. 3D 5. More Color Films --> TV was only available In black and white 6. Large Budget Productions that TV could not do! AUDIENCES DO RETURN TO THE MOVIES BUT NOT AT THE RATE THAT THEY ONCE DID.
1946 Box Office Peak in the U.S.
135 million Americans were going to the movies every week!
For almost ____ years, Congressional investigation of communist subversion tore the motion picture industry apart and reshaped Hollywood movies.
15
Censorship case, the Irwin-Rice Kiss
1896
When did concerns about censorship in films first start?
1896 (The Irwin-Rice Kiss)
How old was Orson Welles when he made his Broadway debut?
19
37 states had their own censorship rules
1921
Hollywood Union strikes
1945-6
GROWTH OF TV DURING THE 1950's
1959 - 50 million TV sets owned in the U.S. *Basically, in 1959 there are 50 million reasons not to go out to the movies. Make note of that!
Ratings System Started In
1968
How old was Orson Welles when he was given his first Hollywood film?
25
How old was Orson Welles when he first performed on stage?
3
There were ________ before MGM studios undertook the sound/color version of The Wizard of Oz in 1939
3 silent movie versions (1910, 1914, 1925)
The strike lasted on and off for a total of 19 months. It cost workers a total of ____ million dollars in lost wages.
32
1921
37 states had their own censorship rules
There were ___ used in making the movie. Only...
5 different film Directors, and only 1 was actually credited --> Victor Fleming
In 1959 there were _____ TV sets.
50 Million
How many Oscars was Citizen Kane nominated for?
9
Mise-en-scene
A French term meaning to dress a set. In this style of film-making the director has the actors perform the entire scene without editing.
What was the role of the PCA and who was in the administration?
A Group of old white males, no women, no ethnicity were in control of censorship in Hollywood. • Scripts needed approval • Completed film was screened • If it broke any of the following rules it was rejected
Dorothy meets a Scarecrow. What is he missing?
A brain
How does Dorothy kill the Wicked Witch?
A bucket of water
What form of transportation do Ben and Elaine use to escape the crowd after leaving the church?
A bus
What was the object Amelie takes from her father's yard?
A garden gnome
What was the object that Amelie's father puts near her mother's ashes?
A gnome
Era of the "Roaring 20's" films featured "VICES"
A lot of different groups started to organize against what was shown on screen such as Prostitution, Drinking/getting Drunk, Drugs. These things weren't necessarily portrayed negatively ----> Devil lived in Hollywood and was promoting SIN!
Cahiers Du Cinema
A popular magazine in which young French film critics like Jean Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut wrote about French cinema. In English, it means The Film Journal
What was the actual object Rosebud?
A sled
Deep Focus
A style of motion picture photography that has great depth of field and brings all plains of the image-foreground, middleground, and background into sharp focus.
What does Amelie find hidden inside her wall?
A tin box of a boy's childhood treasures
How long did Ben and Elaine date before he decided he was going to marry her?
After one date
5th Highest Grossing Foreign Film at Theaters in U.S.
Amelie
What was Marion Davies's profession?
An (struggling) actress
Mrs. Robinson - 42 years old Benjamin - 21 years old But how old were the actors?
Anne Bancroft was 36 years old Dustin Hoffman was 30
When Susan Alexander considered herself a failure, what action did she take?
Attempted suicide by sedative overdose
What is it called when one person's vision is captured on film?
Auteur Theory
What cartoon character was censored by the PCA?
Betty Boop
Hitchcock's ideal woman
Blond, subtle, and Nordic
What 1960's film caused Congress to hold special hearings?
Bonnie & Clyde
1946
Box office peak (total admissions in one year) + 100 million domestic movie audience each week
What was the name of Jean Luc Godard's first cinema-verite film?
Breathless
Before coming to Hollywood Orson Welles was a star on?
Broadway --> Because of his great mature voice and by using makeup, he could play roles far beyond his years.
At one time how many states had their own censorship laws?
By 1921, 37 states
JACK VALENTI AND THE MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY STOPPED...
CONGRESS FROM INACTING CENSORSHIP LAWS *NO FEDERAL CENSORSHIP*
Critics from what French magazine became filmmakers?
Cahiers Du Cinema (The Film Journal)
1896
Censorship case, the Irwin-Rice Kiss
What term means the arrangement of light & dark images?
Chiaroscuro
What style of filmmaking uses lightweight handheld cameras?
Cinema-Verite
1953
Cinemascope (Wide Screen) was first introduced
Considered the most important American sound film
Citizen Kane
Louella Parsons took three weeks off from reporting her column, instead, she devoted this time to killing...
Citizen Kane
What film is acclaimed by many as the greatest motion picture ever made? The most important sound film...
Citizen Kane
___________ would be acclaimed as the greatest talking picture ever made. But it would scandalize the life of Hearst, plunge the film industry into crises, and prove the undoing of the young Orson Welles.
Citizen Kane
Orson Welles at the age of 25...
Co-Wrote and directed Citizen Kane - @ RKO Studios in Hollywood
What is it that Amelie plays dirty tricks on?
Collignon, the grocer
Bonnie and Clyde caused...
Congress to consider censorship (1967)
What filmmakers today do Surrealism?
David Lynch & Darren Aronofsky
What is it called when foreground, middleground & background are all in focus?
Deep Focus
"The Bicycle Thief" and "Open City"
Examples of Neorealism
Whom was the comedian banned from acting in Hollywood films by the P.C.A?
Fatty Arbuckle --> he was acquitted after 3 trials
__________ charged with rape/murder in _____.
Fatty Arbuckle, 1921
Auteur Theory
Following the example of Orson Welles' Citizen Kane, French filmmakers developed the idea where a film should be like any other work of art, with the Film Director as "author" maintaining control of their vision for the film.
Orson Welles at the age of 23...
Formed "The Mercury Theater On The Air" - Radio & performed H.G. Wells' The War of The Worlds (1938) on radio
Orson Welles at the age of 22...
Formed the Mercury Players/Theater with John Houseman
Where did surrealism get its start?
France in the late 1920's --> inspired by Paris painters and writers
What French director popularized the auteur theory?
Francios Truffaut
Jean Luc Godard
French Critic who went to Italy to interview Roberto Rossellini. Rossellini challenged Godard (and all critics who didn't like current cinema) to "Put down their pen and pick up a camera". Godard did, and started the French New Wave. He also introduced Cinema Verite to The French New Wave.
What was the movement French movie critics started in the cinema
French New Wave
Writers working for Cahiers Du Cinema started a movement called?
French New Wave
a direct response to Italian Neorealism
French New Wave
What had a major influence on American Filmmakers?
French New Wave with Cinema-Verite technique
An interesting characteristic of Orson Welles...
From a young age, he looked and sounded older than he really was. He had a great voice too!
"I think Hitchcock was enormously influenced by that ________ experience."
German
Who was the cinematographer on Citizen Kane?
Gregg Toland
What Welles radio broadcast caused a world of problems?
H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (1938)
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT THEN DECIDED TO FORM THIS, REALIZING THE THREAT FROM COMMUNISM AND THAT THE MOVIES ARE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNICATIVE TOOL
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
What is so unusual about Amelie's father's gnome?
Has its photo taken at landmarks
What did Herman Mankiewicz do on Citizen Kane?
He was the screenwriter who came up with the idea for Citizen Kane
What men wanted Orson Welles to fail?
Hollywood Movie Moguls --> If Orson Welles is successful it could mean other Directors, Producers would want the same deal! And that could mean the end of studios absolute control. Welles being this popular had an effect on a lot of people. Welles was now a huge target and not respected by very many.
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee --> This committee was created in 1938 to investigate alleged Communist activities in privately and publicly owned organizations.
1947
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) --> Congress holds hearings & Hollywood Ten (Unfriendly Witnesses are sent to prison by Congress)
Cahiers Du Cinema Writers
In the 1950's a group of intellectuals were writing articles for Cahiers Du Cinema. They loved the cinema and were extremely knowable about film making. *To them the best filmmakers were working in Italy.
Who directed The Seventh Seal?
Ingmar Bergman
___________ films used symbolism to tell his stories. This can be seen in "_________" where a dark cloaked character is representing death.
Ingmar Bergman's, The Seventh Seal
The first censored film
Irwin-Rice Kiss 1896
Roberto Rossellini
Italian film director in the Italian neorealist cinema. Directed "Open City" in 1945. --> "Put down their pen and pick up a camera"
After WW2 the ____ film industry was gone. Much like the rest of What was once ______.
Italian, Italy (1930's)
In which country did neorealism get its start
Italy
Who created the rating system?
Jack Valenti
Who creates the film ratings board? (and when)
Jack Valenti in 1968
What French director introduced cinema-verite?
Jean-Luc Godard
Who introduced Cinema Verite to The French New Wave?
Jean-Luc Godard
Who started the French New Wave
Jean-Luc Godard
Who thought French Films were bad and Italian Neorealism great?
Jean-Luc Godard
Who was the director of Amelie?
Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Who was chosen by Will Hays to enforce the Production Code?
Joe Breen
________ named Director of the PCA in ____ --> _________ begins
Joe Breen, 1933, strict enforcement begins
Who was the enforcer of the censorship code
Joe Breen, a Catholic publisher
What film was the most censored film of the 1930s?
King Kong
___________ becomes one of the most censored film of the 1930's
King Kong, 1933
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a popular children's book written by who and when?
L. Frank Baum in 1900
What background did the star of The Bicycle Thief have
Lamberto Maggiorani was an unemployed construction worker without any acting experience.
What was the meaning (symbolism) of "Rosebud" in Citizen Kane?
Lost childhood
What person spent 3 weeks trying to kill Citizen Kane?
Louella Parsons
_____________ is the highest paid executive in the nation in 1945. His earnings averaged $20,000 a week.
Louis B. Mayer
__________________ assembled his fellow studio chiefs, in their name he offered $800,000 to buy the negative of Citizen Kane for the express purpose of burning it.
Louis B. Mayer
What camera angle makes the subject seem more powerful?
Low Camera Angle
Who was the director of Un Chien Andalou?
Luis Buñuel
The Wizard of Oz was done by what studio?
MGM
"Hollywood Ten"
MORE THAN 200 PEOPLE WERE BROUGHT TO TESTIFY. THESE TEN WERE THE MOST OUTSPOKEN AND YELLED BACK; WOULDN'T NAME NAMES
What was the play where Orson Welles used an all African American cast?
Macbeth
Citizen Kane's most savage portrayal was of this person?
Marion Davies
Who was W.R. Hearst's mistress?
Marion Davies
Director of The Graduate
Mike Nichols
Who directed the graduate? and what was the director inspired by?
Mike Nichols --> was influenced by the French New Wave movement.
What French term means to let the actors perform without editing?
Mise-en-scene
How long did Ben's affair with Mrs. Robinson last?
Months (the summers of 4 years)
Who started the PCA and why?
Movie Moguls started it in 1922 to self-regulate the movie business.
What was the reason Mrs. Robinson got married?
Mr. Robinson got her pregnant
Who was Benjamin's father's business partner's wife?
Mrs. Robinson
#1 Song In June 1968
Mrs. Robinson by Simon and Garfunkel
The little people that Dorothy meets in Oz were called ________
Munchkins
Neorealism =
New Reality & Real Life Social Issues (like watching a documentary)
What is the Miracle Decision?
New York state banned the film The Miracle, and the Distributor fought back and the fight went to U.S. Supreme Court in 1952. *The film won under the First Amendment The Supreme Court decision became known as THE MIRACLE DECISION.
W.R. Hearst set out to buy a future in politics by buying?
Newspapers
What person was offered the greatest contract in the history of Hollywood?
Orson Welles
Who directed Citizen Kane?
Orson Welles
_______ was offered the greatest contract in the history of Hollywood. It was just what he wanted and the worst thing that could happen to him.
Orson Welles
Who was the producer of Citizen Kane?
Orson Welles and George Schaefer
Who was the visual creative team for Citizen Kane?
Orson Welles and Gregg Toland
1954
Over 50% of films shot in color
Some of the studio executives were adamant that Dorothy singing _________ slowed the film down.
Over the Rainbow
What happened to film attendance at movie theaters after the Production Code went into effect?
PCA increased movie attendance because people felt safe!
After WW1 ended ____ became the center of the art world.
Paris (1920's) --> Artists from many different disciplines flocked to Paris to make art and share ideas!
What business was Ben told that there was "a great future in?"
Plastics
What does P.C.A. stand for?
Production Code Administration
After running away from home Dorothy meets...
Professor Marvel
What studio brought Orson Welles to Hollywood?
RKO
Who Rates Films?
Ratings are determined by a ten-member, full-time Rating Board, located in California. All have had "a shared parenthood experience", according to Jack Valenti, who was instrumental in establishing the rating system.
What film won Hitchcock his best picture oscar?
Rebecca
1960's =
Rebellion Against The Lifestyles of Their Parents
What job does the man with the red shoes have?
Repairman
What was the film that started neorealism in Italy?
Robert Rossellini's Open City (1945)
What film caused Hollywood to abandon the Production Code?
Robert Rossellini's The Miracle (an Italian film brought to the U.S.)
What caused Joe Breen's rules to be history And caused the PCA's collapse?
Robert Rossellini's The Miracle + Supreme Court's Miracle Decision
What Italian filmmaker said to a French film critic "put down your pen and pick up a camera?"
Roberto Rossellini
Who wanted to make a film about transition taking place in Rome at the end of WW2. & wanted to show the opening back up of the city.
Roberto Rossellini
________ became a driving force in persuading the actors to oppose the strike. (Thus breaking the CSU strike)
Ronald Reagan
Charles Foster Kane's dying word was?
Rosebud
Origin of the term - COUGAR
Set Design - "Jungle" + Costume Design -> Animal Prints = Mrs Robinson
What does Mrs. Robinson say to provoke Ben into having sex with her?
She calls him inadequate/virgin
Child Actor ________ had one of her films banned.
Shirley Temple
The Wizard of Oz was at a crossroads. If the Executives in New York had their way _______ would star in the film.
Shirley Temple
Orson Welles at the age of 6...
Showed Talent in poetry, painting, acting, magic, and piano --> a child prodigy !!
How does Amelie's mother die?
Someone fell on her while attempting suicide
Luis Bunuel
Spanish Filmmaker: He wanted to bring Surrealism to the cinema. --> made Un Chien Andalou w/ Salvador Dali
In what genre would Un Chien Andalou be classified?
Surrealism
What movement was started in the 1920s by European painters
Surrealism
Not all _______ films are dark this was proven with...
Surrealist, Bird Man (2014)
The Wicked Witch flies on her broomstick and spells out...
Surrender Dorothy
What is it called when something or someone conveys a meaning of greater importance than the actual object or person?
Symbolism
ALFRED HITCHCOCK IS THE ONLY FILMMAKER WITH...
THREE FILMS IN THE AFI TOP 50 LIST VERTIGO #9 PSYCHO #14 REAR WINDOW #48
Where did Ben have an affair with Mrs. Robinson?
Taft Hotel
In order to keep Ben from seeing Elaine, Mrs. Robinson threatened to do what?
Tell Elaine about their affair
Which American film is considered the most banned film in history?
The Birth of a Nation
__________ becomes most banned film.
The Birth of a Nation, 1915
___________ sparks controversy over an adulterous affair.
The Graduate, 1967
What was the name of Orson Welles' theatrical company?
The Mercury Theatre
What Swedish film helped to popularize symbolism?
The Seventh Seal
Who decided to enforce the production code and why?
The public was turning on Hollywood! --> So The Production Code Administration (PCA) was established by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1934 to enforce the Motion Picture Production Code.
What halted the release of The Wizard of Oz just two weeks after being in theaters?
The start of World War II in 1939
(Mervyn LeRoy) "The Wizard of Oz is a very simple story. The whole story is..."
There's no place like home
Dorothy says at the end, " _______ ."
There's no place like home
Chiaroscuro
This Italian term refers to a lighting technique where the use of bright and dark images are arranged in pictorial composition.
What promise did Ben give to Mrs. Robinson?
To never go on a date with Elaine
Who pulls back the curtain to reveal that the Great Oz is only a man?
Toto
What sport did Ben star at in college?
Track
1948
U.S. vs Paramount Studios (Paramount forced to sell theaters due to monopoly) & TV's enormous growth
What was Will Hays' background?
US Postmaster General + Presbyterian Elder
THIS FILM WAS MADE TO SHOCK AUDIENCES WITH SURPRISING CUTS AND BIZARRE ACTIONS
Un Chien Andalou
An example of surrealism is...
Un Chien Andalou --> made by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dali
Who directed The Bicycle Thief?
Vittorio De Sica
Orson Welles duties in Citizen Kane
Welles co-wrote, produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane. He was not the editor.
Symbolism
When something or someone conveys a meaning of greater importance than the actual object or person. For example, the sled (Rosebud) in Citizen Kane was a symbol for Kane's lost childhood.
Low Camera Angle
When the camera is lower than the actor and is shooting up at the actor he/she appears more powerful and dominating
_________ was a Church Elder and Postmaster General before heading the PCA
Will Hayes
Whom did the Hollywood Moguls put in charge of the PCA?
Will Hays
What were the backgrounds of the 2 men who wrote the production code?
Will Hays & Joe Breen Will Hays = Presbyterian Elder Joe Breen = Catholic Publisher
_______ hired to "clean up" Hollywood's image in _____.
Will Hays, 1922
________ creates the Production Code Administration (PCA) in _____.
Will Hays, 1930
The film Citizen Kane is based on what person's life?
William Randolph Hearst
Mike Nichols Age 36
Wins Best Director Oscar for The Graduate
Has the Federal Government ever censored movies?
Yes(?) until Jack Valenti created the Film Ratings' Board
Many intellectuals thought Hollywood was...
an intellectual wasteland --> Films Did Not Challenge Audience To Think
Hitchcock had made the mistake of regarding film as ______, it may have been elsewhere but in England it was an insult.
art
(Robert Wise) Well, I thought often in recent years (about Citizen Kane) for the 50th anniversary. I certainly thought to myself that Orson was doing an __________ film and didn't realize it.
autobiographical
Hearst was set out to buy a future in politics by...
buying papers
Supreme Court decision that cities/states could...
censor films, 1915
Orson Welles built his career on?
controversy
Hitchcock could exploit our worst fears, he did it better than any _______ before or since.
director
The Miracle Decision
film comes under 1st & 14th Amendments, 1952
The Bioscope called it (The Lodger) possibly the _____ British production ever made.
finest
In 1941, Disney workers received union recognition. Disney reacted by _____
firing all of them
Jean-Luc Godard admired Rossellini, so...
he became a filmmaker
The collision between Hearst and Orson Welles' the battle over Citizen Kane was in large part over the honor of...
his woman
The most revolutionary aspect of Citizen Kane was
its style. --> Drawing attention to itself using the camera and lighting as poetry unlike any American film up to this time.
Many of them (Picture Palaces) equaled the ornate and beautiful _________ halls of the 19th century.
opera houses and concert halls
Ironically the most gifted director of our time (Hitchcock) never won an _______
oscar. (for directing)
The PCA required all filmmakers to...
submit their films for approval before release.
Salvador Dali
surrealist artist from Spain --> famous for painting floppy watches/clocks --> made Un Chien Andalou w/ Luis Bunuel
It would take two decades and the invention of a new medium called ______ to give The Wizard of Oz its immortality.
television
What radio character did Orson Welles make famous?
the all-knowing "Shadow."
Production Code would dictate...
the content of American motion pictures for next twenty years
Glinda the Good Witch says to Dorothy, "Just follow ________."
the yellow brick road
Dorothy says, "Oh Auntie Em, _________."
there's no place like home
Amelie leaves home and gets a job as a _______ in a Montmarte cafe.
waitress
"Rebecca" was Hitchcock's only film to...
win the BEST PICTURE Oscar
During the last shot in the movie, Ben and Elaine's expression slowly changes from joy to?
worry/anxiety