Film Psych 2
Neuropsychological assessment
1) Process that involves administration of psychological tests to indicate whether a person has a brain disorder 2) Designed to measure sensorimotor, perceptual, and speech functions 3) Some tasks require the person to copy single objects or drawings
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
1) The speed of onset serves as the main feature to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from the other types of dementia 2) A definite diagnosis can only be determined by autopsy. 3) Neurofibrillary tangles (Cortex and hippocampus), amyloid plaques, and beta-amyloid Diseased neurons are tangled and have interrupted transport
The DSM-V
200 specific diagnostic categories 22 primary headings Lists specific criteria for each diagnostic category Duration of the problem is considered Inclusion criteria vs. Exclusion criteria
Statistics of Alzheimers
65-69 1% 75-79 6% 90+ 40% Average time between onset and death is about 6 years Men have lower rates due to not living as long as women
Social Identity Theory
A theory concerned with the consequences of perceiving the self as a member of a social group and identifying with it People easily divide the social world into us (the in-group) versus them (the out-group) People considered part of the 'us' category are thought of more favorably than those in the 'them' category Addresses how we respond when our group identity is most noticeable
Juror 9
According to the ally in dissent component of social impact and majority theory, in the presence of one dissenter others are likely to follow. This occurs when Juror 8's vote of not guilty elicits dissention in others as well. The oldest juror is the first one to break from conformity and switch his vote to not guilty.
Treatment and Management
Accurate diagnosis is paramount with regard to treatment of cognitive disorders. The distinction between delirium and dementia is important because many conditions that cause delirium can be treated. When the person clearly suffers from a primary type of dementia, such as dementia of the Alzheimer's type, a return to previous levels of functioning is extremely unlikely.
Alzheimer age
Age is the largest factor in AZ-early onset is arbitrarily thought to be under age 65 Late onset Alzheimer's tends to have a greater impact on memory than early onset Early onset shows more dysfunction on executive function domains, written language, visuospatial activities and motor skills
Allison the Basket Case
Allison Reynolds is the so called 'basket case' of the group. Unsatisfying home life with parents who ignore her, voluntarily went to the detention out of boredom Pours out the contents of her bag in search of attention, which she eventually receives. She considers herself friends with the other students after a while, and allows Claire to dress her up Desire to be with others.
Alzheimer Disease
Alois Alzheimer Conducted a microscopic examination of deceased patient's brain and found neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
Genius Autism
An exceptional ability in a highly specialized area of functioning Typically involves artistic, music, or mathematical skills No adequate theory for savant performance RARE
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion
An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts (heuristics), (e.g., thinking, "Experts are always right")
Heuristic Processing (peripheral route)
An explanation of two ways in which persuasive communications can Involves the use of simple rules or mental shortcuts Argument strength does not matter like a respectful person saying it
Andrew The Athlete
Andrew Clarke is a wrestler because his dad wants him to be a wrestler. His father does not want his son to be a loser because he "doesn't tolerate those in his family". He admits he has been pressured to wrestle and indicates that it is not his choice.
Burn Book
Anthropologists believe that throughout human history, gossip has been a way for us to bond with others—and sometimes a tool to isolate those who aren't supporting the group. The darkest side of gossip emerges when it becomes the weapon—whether deployed by equal rivals fighting for a position, or by a senior executive protecting her territory.
The Placebo Effect
Any type of treatment that contains no known active ingredient for the condition at hand The recipient's belief in a treatment, and expectation of improvement, are responsible for much of what works in psychological as well as physical treatments
The Autism Spectrum
Asperger Syndrome (formerly in DSMV5) Fewer symptoms, no language delay Language Delay Shyness, social reticence Rigidity, focused interests Autism is characterized by profound indifference to social relationships; odd, stereotypical behaviors; and severely impaired or nonexistent communication
Neuropsychologist
Asses for cognitive impairments
Categorical Approach to Classification
Assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative Quality not quantity
Regina
Attractive, intelligent, socially adept which gives her the power to control others. She understands what makes others tick-bi strategic controller She deliberately plays people off against each other, manipulating them and their insecurities Makes her own rules
Causes for behavior in Autists
Autisms do a lot of actions and output due to the excessive input they have
Autistic Spectrum DIsorder
Begins early in life and involve impairments in relationship, communication and behavior Because it is a spectrum there is a lot of overlap with other disorders Can lead to social anxiety disorder due to not being able to form proper social bonds Autism is characterized by profound indifference to social relationships; odd, stereotypical behaviors; and severely impaired or nonexistent communication
Stereotyping
Beliefs (cognitive) about social groups in terms of the traits or characteristics that they are believed to share We do this automatically due to too much information process
Abstract Thinking
Bound to concrete interpretations of things that other people say Difficulty interpreting words that have more than one meaning Interpret things literally
Genetic causes for Autism
Brains of autistic are smaller For a broader spectrum of disturbances, the rates were 92% for MZ and 10% for DZ twins in the same study Mirror neurons (not substantiated) Structural abnormalities in the brain esp. limbic system Accelerated Brain and Head Growth-but overall smaller Under activated fusiform gyrus
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
Breaks down learning opportunities into well-controlled, discrete teacher-student interactions SD (discriminate stimulus) → Prompt (if needed) → Correct Response → Reward OR SD (discriminate stimulus) → Prompt (if needed) → Incorrect Response → Correction
The Brain
Brian Johnson is a typical 1980s, American nerd. He is part of the school math club and several other extracurricular academic activities. He is ignored by the "popular" kids He has a fake ID so he can vote. He is pressured to succeed in school by his parents Late physical maturity Sees himself as being friends with the others in detention
Cady
Cady Heron is a sweet girl who has just started public high school for the first time since moving from South Africa She has no preconceived notions of how people behave or ought to behave in cliques and groups. Unable to make sense of what is going on around her Cady has to learn about the politics of the high school
Cady Vs Regina
Cady has the social acumen that Regina possesses. Uses it to take out Regina. "This second pattern of aggression is among kids who are relatively popular targeting their rivals, and this tends to escalate until they climb to the very top rung of the social ladder
Social Mammoth
Caring too much about what others think about you The mammoth's hurricane of fear of social disapproval plays a factor in most parts of most people's lives. It's what makes you feel weird about going to a restaurant or a movie alone; It's what makes parents care a little too much about where their child goes to college; It's what makes you pass up a career you'd love in favor of a more lucrative career you're lukewarm about; it's what makes you get married before you're ready to a person you're not in love with.
Clair the princess
Claire is referred to as "a princess" who's parents use her to get back each other. Claire ends up in detention after skipping school to go shopping. Comes from a wealthy family: she goes shopping, wears expensive clothes, rides in a fancy car, eats fancy lunch and only cares about one person... Herself.
Reasons for diagnosis
Clinicians use it to match their client's problems with the form of intervention that is most effective Must be used in the search for new knowledge Insurance companies
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Collaborative therapist-client relationships. Focus on the present. Direct efforts to change problems. Use of research-based techniques. Early behavior therapist relied heavily on classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner). CBT is a practical approach oriented to changing behavior than focusing on personality. Embraces empirical evaluation
ASD Impaired Communication
Communication problems in ASD range from few difficulties in Asperger's disorder to profound impairments in many cases of autism Dysprosody Echolalia Failure to individuate not supported, but lack of understanding of pronouns Trouble understanding abstractions and metaphors
Clinical psychologist
Concerned with the application if psychological science to counsel individuals perform many roles: direct clinical services, research, teaching, and administrative activities. Therapist can LOOK for symptoms
Nurse Ratched
Controls the process of turning into machine and children The ward is run by Nurse Ratched, who controls the process of turning men into machines. This process of transforming the patients into obedient automatons involves the loss of their individuality Control through scheduling Will not let them watch the World Series Use ECT to try to subdue the patients Works temporarily
Dimensions approach to classification
Describes the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions How much of a characteristic that object exhibits
HUMANISTIC THERAPIES
Developed as a "third force" in psychotherapy A counterpoint to psychodynamic and cognitive behavior therapy Values humans' ability to make choices and being responsible for one's own life Encourages people to recognize and experience their true feelings Views the therapist-client relationship as the method of change
Temple Grandin
Diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder Did not speak until 3½ years of age Professor of animal science at Colorado State University Written more than 300 articles and several books
Normal Alice
Did not predict that her suicide guide was too many instructions for how much her mind deteriorated
What helps?
Different treatments work better for different disorders. Psychotherapy: the use of psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change. Adherents to different paradigms offer very different treatments
Apraxia
Difficulty performing purposeful movements in response to verbal commands
Dementia Personality
Disruption of short term memory, perceptual skills and higher level cognitive skills obviously causes disruptions of judgement Impulsive and careless behavior are often product of the demented person's poor judgement Actives such as shopping, driving and using tools can create many problems
Psychotherapy Process Research Common Factors
Do different psychotherapies share common factors that help make them effective? Motivational interviewing an evidence-based treatment developed to treat alcohol abuse Therapy as social influence Client's relationship with their therapist. YAVIS-young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful
Abnormality
Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnosis reside within the person themselves or in the environments or contexts. DSM indicates that those with mental illness can be distinguished from those without. In the minds of the observers Pseudopatients were detained in a hospital even though they acted in a "normal" manner. Rosenhan-Clinicians "look" for mental illness-stuck with the label of schizophrenia
Autistic Self Injury
Don't want to hurt themselves, but there is too much going on that they have to try to numb it out Endorphins are released which helps them Should not be misinterpreted as suicidal behavior One of the most bizarre and dangerous difficulties of autism Examples: repeated head banging, and biting the fingers and wrists Should not be misinterpreted as suicidal behavior
BIOLOGICAL PARADIGM
Draws an analogy with physical illness. Focus on diagnosis. Consider genetic predisposition or chemical imbalance. Recommend medication.
Cognitive Symptoms of Alzheimer
Earliest signs are often vague 1) forgetfulness increases gradually 2) Difficulty remembering names of people and familiar objects 3) Changes in emotional responsiveness and personality Late stage changes Intellectual and motor functions may disappear almost completely, not reversible
Motor Behaviors
Easily agitated Pacing restlessly or wondering away from familiar places May have trouble controlling muscles
Defense Attributions
Explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality.
Self Serving Attribution
Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
First, a diagnosis is developed and refined. Second, clues about causes are put together. Third, scientists experiment with various treatment for preventing or curing the disorder until an effective treatment is found. Treatments focuses on symptom alleviation.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR PARADIGM
Focus on cognitive behavioral patterns. Therapist is directive. Identify cognitive distortions. Assign homework. Change behaviors.
Psychological and Social Factors for Autism
For many years, parents were blamed for causing autism in their children Such harmful assertions are simply wrong Mounting evidence on biological causes
Group therapy
Forces patients to fight either each other Forces patients to comment on each other Not a licensed therapist Homosexuality used to be in the DSM-abnormality changes Not valid treatment
Freudian Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis
Free association reveals aspects of the unconscious mind. Free associations, dreams, and slips of the tongue—Freudian slips—are "windows into the unconscious" Techniques: Insight Interpretation Resistance Transference
Grade School
General school atmosphere creates an environment of exclusion, mockery and taunting, making life extremely difficult for a sizable number of students. Most high schools are cliquish places where students are shunned if they are "wrong"-wrong side of the tracks, wearing the wrong clothes, too short, too fat, too tall or too thin.
Relational Aggression Girls
Girls and women can be extraordinarily mean. When girls feel angry or resentful, they hurt one another by verbal insults, friendship manipulation, or nonverbal expressions of disgust or disdain." "Girls attack each other with behaviors that might be less overt and obvious than boys' fighting but are no less hurtful or injurious. Girls hurt each other's feelings by social exclusion via sneers, verbal comments, nasty notes, gossip and texting."
Normative Social Influence
Given this fundamental human need for social companionship, it is not surprising that we often conform in order to be accepted by others. The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them. This type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. Most of us are not slaves to fashion, we tend to wear what is considered appropriate at a given time
Clicker Problems 2
Guy has Aphasia and girl has Apraxia First Perceptual difficulties, second memory difficulties Alice had agnosia when talking to her daughter Dawn's Mother The group coming together is the contact Hypothesis Make fun of them to maintain esteem and social status Andrew's social master was his father Regina experiences Indulgent What type of learning occurs when an individual becomes sensitive to rejection? Heuristic is not a time consuming choice basing on heuristic of prejudice Changed his vote due to information influence Why was there no group polarization? systematic arguments and consistent/persistent Brains of autistic children are smaller Temple made the squeeze machine because she wants human closeness but is too sensitive for it The dsmv5 is not definitive about the preferred treatment options What prevents the volunteer patients from leaving the ward? They feel normal in the ward
Female Power Struggle
Having been raised in Africa, Cady commonly compares the rules of girl world to that of the African wilderness. Our society does not approve of females participating in open conflict, which essentially socializes them to use the hidden tactics inherent in relational aggression.
Disorder frequency
Highly frequent but few people don't want to admit they have a disorder
Squeeze Machine
I wanted to understand the gentleness others feel when they are hugged by their mothers It feels like a wire gets reconnected, like something gets repaired.
Disorder diagnosis
Identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristics Enables the clinician to refer to the base of knowledge that has accumulated with regard to the disorder Assigning a diagnosis does not mean that the etiology (cause) is known
Abnormal Behavior
Inconsistent with societal norms Emotional Distress Inconsistent with developmental norms Harmful dysfunction-Interferes with daily functioning Inconsistent with cultural norms
Contact Hypothesis
Increased contact can decrease prejudice by increasing familiarity and reducing anxiety Can recognize similarities between groups Cross-group friendships can reduce anxiety associated with interacting with the out group.
Applied Behavior Analysis
Intensive behavior modification using operant conditioning techniques ABA therapist focus on treating the specific symptoms of autism, including communication deficits
Systematic processing (central route)
Involves careful consideration of message content and ideas Argument strength matters
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Involves causing seizures by passing electricity through the brain. ECT involves six to 12 sessions over the course of a few weeks Bilateral ECT (more effective, more memory loss) Unilateral ECT (less effective, less memory loss)
Girls Bullying
It has been reported that in childhood and adolescence, girls typically begin to experience a decrease in self-esteem whereas the self-esteem of boys typically increases or stays the same Pollastri et al. (2009) finds that girls who bully reported an increase in self-esteem The social advantage for girls of bullying appears to be related to an increase in these girls' sense of global self-worth.
What might explain the self-stimulation behavior of children with ASD?
It may help to make a terrifying world more constant and predictable.
John Bender the Criminal
John Bender is an adolescent with an aggressive attitude. He is subject to domestic abuse by his father Negative relationship with Mr. Vernon who may be a reminder of his father causing the antagonism between the two. John's intimidating personality most likely comes from his relationship with his father. Prefers going to attention because he'd rather be there than home
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging by Resemblance Making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories "The more similar an individual is to typical members of a given group, the more likely she or he is to belong to that group." Making a comparison to a prototype. Judgments based on this rule can be wrong because base rates are often ignored
Dementia Cognitive Symptoms
Judgment and Social Behavior 1) The disruption of short-term memory, perceptual skills, and higher level cognitive abilities obviously causes disruptions of judgment. 2) Impulsive and careless behaviors are often the product of the demented person's poor judgment. 3) Activities such as shopping, driving, and using tools can create serious problems. 4) anterograde amnesia
Juror 10
Juror 10 urges the other jurors to construe an attitude based on peripheral ethnic and racial cues. Eventually shunned by fellow jurors, he encourages his confederates to convict the man because, "we know they how act. They are all the same. They lie, they steal they drink."
Juror 3
Juror 3 based his argument on the old man's testimony "He's an old man how can we be sure of what he says"
Juror 3 changes his mind
Juror 3 is adamant that the woman's eye witness is questionable due to her questionable eye sight Basing his argument with his emotional conflict with his own son Has an emotional investment-stronger than logic. Entitled to his opinion-sometimes we cannot distinguish fact from opinion
HUMANISTIC PARADIGM
Likely to focus on lack of emotional genuineness. Therapist is nondirective. Encourage the client to own her feelings.
PSYCHODYNAMIC PARADIGM
Likely to focus on the defensive style. Develop the client's insight. Expect changes as a result of increased emotional awareness.
Aphasia
Loss or impairment in language even if you can recall what you can see
Janis and Damian
Loveable loser Underesimates Cady's social acumen but knows she is a threat to the plastics and uses that for her own purposes Rejected by the plastics so acts more defiant Damian deals with being gay rejection by using humor
Specific Disorders Associated with Dementia
Many specific disorders are associated with dementia. They are distinguished primarily on the basis of known neuropathology— specific brain lesions that have been discovered over the past 100 years.
Billy
McMurphy brings a woman in for Billy It is not McMurphy, but the shame from Ratched that affects Billy. McMurphy tries to choke her because she represents the oppression of those who do not fit into society's standards. He would not be considered mentally ill if he was not there
Male Bonds
McMurphy tries to restore their manlihood Not as "free" as he thought McMurphy tries to restore the men through various forms of male bonding-gambling, drinking, fishing serve to unite men, and McMurphy succeeds in initiating some of the ward into these activities as well
Creation of asylum
Meant to help families and not have to take care of the patient Insane asylums established in 1600s and 1700s
Memory and Learning AZ
Memory loss is diagnostic hallmark Retrograde amnesia: inability to retrive memories from the past Anterograde amnesia: inability to learn or remember new information most obvious in beginning stage
Self Esteem Minorities
Minorities associate themselves with negative words quicker due to being more likely to grow up in discriminatory environment
Majority Rule
Minorities can influence majorities when they are consistent and flexible Provoke majorities to engage in systematic processing of the issues Often must form strong arguments to defend their position Can increase their perseverance resulting large scale social change
Why doe we make self serving attributions?
Most people try to maintain their self-esteem whenever possible, even if that means distorting reality by changing a thought or belief. We want people to think well of us and to admire us. Telling others that our poor performance was due to some external cause puts a "good face" on failure; many people call this strategy "making excuses."
Prejudice
Negative attitudes (affective) toward the members of a specific social group
Discrimination
Negative behaviors (behavioral) directed toward members of different social groups
Autism
Neuro cognitive disorder Developmental disorder because it begins early in life Contrary to some views, most people with ASD also have intellectual disabilities
Early Onset of ASD
Normal physical appearance is one reason why autism, which begins early in life, may go unrecognized In 20% to 40% of cases, children develop normally for a time but either stop learning new skills or lose the skills they have acquired
People with ASD might in Social Communication
Not point at objects to show interest Not look at objects when another person points at them Have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all Appear to be "in their own world" Avoid eye contact and want to be alone Have trouble understanding other people's feelings or talking about their own feelings
Belief in a Just world
One form of defensive attribution is to believe that bad things happen only to bad people or at least, only to people who make stupid mistakes or poor choices. Therefore, bad things won't happen to us because we won't be that stupid or careless. Melvin Lerner called this the belief in a just world—the assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get to prevent thinking that bad things can happen to good people.
Contingency Management
Operant conditioning: technique that changes rewards and punishment for identified behaviors
Environmental and Behavioral Management
Patients with dementia experience fewer emotional problems and are less likely to become agitated if they follow a structured and predictable daily schedule. It is useful to help the person remain active and interested in everyday events. Preserve familiar routines and surroundings
Cognitive Processes
Perception and attention Memory Reasoning and decision making
Symptoms
Personality and Emotion Changes and disturbances frequently associated with dementia-44:45 Loss of identity - 57:00 Hallucinations and delusions are seen in at least 20% of dementia cases; more common during the later stages of the disorder Emotional consequences are varied Apathetic or emotionally flat Exaggerated and unpredictable Depression
Neurologists
Physicians who deal with disease of the brain and nervous system
Very Popular Kids
Popular kids are generally "alpha males" and "queen bees" who may be more athletic, talkative, attractive or simply controlling than other members of a group. These kids generally have social skills that draw others to them to have fun, and are considered leaders of a group Bi strategic controllers
What is most difficult problems faced by people caring for a person with dementia
Profound loneliness and sadness Learning to cope with more tangible stressors, such as the patient's incontinence, functional deficits, and disruptive behavior 80% of the care is provided by family members or spouses Relationships among other family members and the psychological adjustment of the principal caregiver are more disturbed by caring for a demented person than by caring for someone who is physically disabled. Alice's husband leaves her with her daughter
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Psychotherapists are more directive and engaged, and treatment may be brief. Therapists more actively involved with patients than psychoanalysts Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy Interpersonal therapy
Voluntary Patients
Realizes that he just cannot leave Many of the men are there voluntarily-they were made to feel ill because they do not fit into society. "No crazier than people walking around on the streets"
Boob Hole Shirt
Regina does not care about the holes in her shirt because she sets the trends anyway
Rejected kids
Rejected-submissive kids who become sad and withdrawn to avoid attracting attention Rejected-aggressive kids can become emotionally explosive if teased excessively. "These kids are not necessarily violent kids, but they are the kids who frequently act up and may wind up in the principal's office,"
People with ASD might in Restricted & Repetitive Interests
Repeat actions over and over again Play with toys or objects non-functionally Have trouble adapting when a routine changes Have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound Have unusual motor movements
Decline of Freudian psychoanalysis
Requires substantial amount of time, expense, and self-exploration-more for self-exploration. Very little research has been conducted on its effectiveness.
Systematic Desensitization
Research focused on eliminating phobias Assumed that some phobias were learned through classical conditioning Developed systematic desensitization for eliminating fears: Progressive muscle relaxation Hierarchy of fears Learning process
ASD APPARENT SENSORY DEFICITS
Respond to auditory, tactile, or visual sensation in a highly unusual and idiosyncratic manner Apparent sensory deficits Higher level of perception problems
Narcissim
Social dominance may be more central to an adolescent girl's global self-esteem. Regina-High explicit self-esteem/Low implicit self-esteem Fragile self-esteem At the end Cady gains a sense of implicit and explicit self-esteem-happy with who she is.
Informational Social Influence
Social influence based on the desire to be correct Especially strong source of conformity when the task is important and difficulty and uncertainty are high
Normative Conformation
Social influence based on the desire to be liked or accepted
History of Therapy
Some common treatment modalities were the use of bloodletting, purging, and the use of heat and cold.
Environmental Factors
Some types of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, may be related to environmental factors One example is head injury, which can cause a sudden increase of amyloid plaque
ASD Theory of Mind
Someone without theory of mind don't know people have different perspectives
Pseudomentia
Sometimes dementia is produced by depression We can see Alice's apparent depression is from her dementia Alice's depression is from her dementia - not pseudo dementia because she really has Alzheimer which is biological
Causes: Neurotransmitter
Specific mechanisms that are involved have not been identified Alzheimer's disease-Acetylcholine (Ach) Deficits of Ach in the temporal lobe are associated with Alzheimer's
Psychosurgery
Surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain- lobotomy Nearly 10,000-20,000 procedures were done in the United States. Eventually discredited Cingulotomy is used to treat very severe cases of OCD.
Social Skills Training
Teaches clients new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life. Assertiveness training Social problem-solving Cognitive Techniques Attribution retraining Self-instruction training
Group Polarization
Tendency of group members to shift toward more extreme positions after group discussion If almost all members of a twelve-member jury are inclined to convict the defendant, the jury is overwhelmingly likely to convict that defendant. 1) The arguments favoring that initial position will be more numerous than the arguments pointing in the other direction. 2) People usually want to be perceived favorably by other group members, even on a jury. Sometimes people's publicly stated views are, to a greater or lesser extent, a function of how they want to present themselves and to be perceived. 3) As people gain confidence, they usually become more extreme in their beliefs. Agreement from others tends to increase confidence, and for this reason like-minded people become more extreme as they become less tentative.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes We tend to think of others in terms of global traits and tend to discount externa causes of behavior
Mean Girl Reformation
Th mean girl has been absorbed as a pop culture figure while any insight regarding how she got that way is forogtten Rather it is a former mean girl herself who is able to deal with the problem
Bullying
The girls find out that nearly every girl has been victimized in this way. The teacher responds: "There has been some girl-on-girl crime here." She has them write apologies and play trust games; however, this intervention is not successful in bringing these girls together. Why doesn't this work? Can adults help? "...scoffs at the act's potential to heal wound—in fact, it shows the possibly more realistic outcome of dividing the girls further" (p. 25). Instead it is the reformation and empowerment of one girl, Cady, that brings peace to the girls in this school.
12 Angry Men
The jurors who lean toward the innocence of the defendant tend to have more information and make better arguments Juror 8 is confident, knowledgeable and knows what questions to ask Juror 8 uses systematic processing and is consistent
Juror Competence
The least competent jurors are the most certain that the defendant is guilty; the most competent jurors are the most ambivalent (Brown 1985). This sets the stage is set for a reversal of opinion: if Juror 8 can convince the most competent jurors, who are already ambivalent, he might be able to create a cascade in the defendant's favor.
Immune System Dysfunction
The presence of beta-amyloid at the core of amyloid plaques is one important clue to the possible involvement of immune system dysfunction Immune system may try to break down amyloid plaques and ha lol lolrm neighboring cells
Comorbidity and Disease Burden
The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time. Disease burden is measured by combining two factors: mortality and disability
Aversion Therapy
The use of classical conditioning to create, not eliminate, an unpleasant response Used primarily in treating substances Effectiveness is not clear
Psychopharmacology
The use of medications to treat psychological disturbances. Psychotropic medications are chemical substances that affect psychological state. Often safe and effective. Many must be taken for long periods of time. All medications have side effects.
12 Angry Men Vote
This vote, taken publicly, was susceptible to normative social influence, an element of social influence, or conformity due to a fear of appearing deviant. Time constraints exacerbate informational social influence and possibly played a role in causing some of the jurors to cast guilty, conformist votes
Trial Complexity
Those who are not able to understand the complexity of the trial, are distracted and pressed for time tend to take the peripheral route.
McMurphy
Treats patients like normal people, inspires confidence McMurphy believes he is getting out of work detail in the prison by acting in an abnormal manner. Acts normal with handshakes which the patients do not expect-they are stripped of normalcy McMurphy distinguishes between "crazy" and "hung-up. This is the difference between someone who is truly "disturbed and someone who does not conform to the norms of society.
Juror 4 and 8
Two men, Juror 8, supporting the not guilty side Juror 4 arguing for a guilty verdict, elicit a certain power and strength. He stipulates his points through empirical evidence and eventually sways the other jurors. 40:00 Although the jurors had no prior relationship, these two sources of influence are powerful. Each builds respect and admiration for the faction leader prior to changing their vote. 8 convinces juror 4 for with systematic processing
Juror 3 and 10
Two of the jurors appeal to normative social influence. Juror 3 quickly bolsters his position when he says, "of course he is guilty," prior to the vote being taken Juror 10 exclaims after the vote and Juror 8s deviation, "there's always has to be one." Both men attempt to harness the power of normative social influence to convince all that a guilty vote is applicable.
Improvements without treatment?
Two-thirds of clients improve as a result of psychotherapy Spontaneous remission (e.g., improvement without treatment)
Central route to persuasions
Under certain conditions, people are motivated to pay attention to the facts in a communication, and so they will be most persuaded when these facts are logically compelling. The case whereby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication.
Peripheral Route to persuasion
Under other conditions, people are not motivated to pay attention to the facts; instead, they notice only the surface characteristics of the message, such as how long it is and who is delivering it.
Client-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist: Warmth Genuineness Empathy - emotional understanding Encourages therapist self-disclosure Therapists do not act as experts Unconditional positive regard Therapeutic alliance
Relational Aggression
Viewing media images of relational aggression impacts subsequent aggression. Girls hide their aggression because they are taught not to be openly aggressive. The victim may desire an end to the cruelty, but she may still endure it in order to maintain her position within the group Mix of popularity and aggressive behavior "...girls are socially competitive creatures and that, in their efforts to be popular and powerful, they inflict lifelong damages on their victims." While films typically portray aggression by teenage males as a serious moral issue, the mean girl is typically depicted in a comedic fashion.
Attribution
We all have a fundamental fascination with explaining other people's behavior, but all we have to go on is observable behavior: 1) What people do 2) What they say We can't know, truly and completely, who they are and what they mean to you. Instead, we rely on our impressions and personal theories, putting them together as well as we can, hoping they will lead to reasonably accurate and useful conclusions.
Social Cliques
We join different clubs and cliques to express our identity They all come together and forget all of the social differences and realize they are all the same. Their experience together proved that not everyone is as easy to figure out as one may of thought. Students in middle school or high school tend to focus on themselves a lot.
Trial Evidence
Woman had the same marks on the side of her nose because she wore glasses. Information convinced him Could not remember the names of the movie he saw "He never would have stabbed downward into his father's chest. Here's how. Underhand. Anyone who's ever used one wouldn't handle it any other way."
Delirium
a confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is often associated with agitation and hyperactivity (disorganized thinking, reduced ability to maintain and shift attention). Reversible
Dementia
a gradual worsening loss of memory and related cognitive functioning-gradual loss of neurons in the brain Non reversible. Dementia is often associated with specific identifiable changes in the brain tissue-this is the defining feature.
Psychiatry: (MD)
branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders. Licensed to practice medicine, also known as psychiatrists Prescribe psychotropic medication
Social work: (LCSW)
concerned with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning.
Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder DO NOT include
deficits in sensory functions
Donepezil Medication
inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine esterase which breaks down Ach Unfortunately, it usually works for only six to nine months and is not able to reverse the relentless progression of the disease
Female Groupings
it becomes clear that girls depend on their female friends to navigate their way through life. These friendships can be strong and based on trust and support. On the other hand, one learns that girls can be extremely cruel to one another Pairing personal information with positive social feedback (Likes on Instagram or Facebook) can increase self-esteem. What type of learning? The relationship with aggression is strongest when high explicit self-esteem is combined with low implicit self-esteem, as it is in narcissism.
Neuroimaging
most promising areas of research focused on early detection of Alzheimer's, but for now, these tests are appropriately used only to clarify a difficult diagnosis when it is not clear what is causing the dementia symptoms. It's also used for unusual cases, such as early onset of symptoms.
Acetylcholine Medication
neurotransmitter that is involved in memory and whose level is reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Actor-Observer Effect
own behavior mainly to situational causes behavior of others mainly to dispositional causes "You Fell; I Was Pushed"
Ego analysts are particularly concerned with the influence of _______.
past and present relationships
Agnosia
perception without meaning Can be associated with visual, auditory, or tactile sensation Can be specific or more generalized Example-not recognize what they are seeing
Social Master
person or group of people whose opinion matters so much to you that they're essentially running your life. A "Social Master" is often a parent, or maybe your significant other, or sometimes an alpha member of your group of friends.
The variation of psychoanalytic theory in which therapists are more active and emotionally supportive are collectively referred to as _______.
psychodynamic psychotherapy
ASD STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR, INTERESTS
restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Personal versus social identity continuum
signifies the two distinct ways that we can categorize ourselves Individual vs social Even though you like the affiliation but want to remain individual