Final- A & P II

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50 mmHg.

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be

80 mmHg.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

A) increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

An increase in afterload

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

Aortic semilunar valve

Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles?

Arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period?

Cardiac muscle cell

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?

Chronotropic agents

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Contraction of the right ventricle

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

Which are not tonsils?

Palatoglossal tonsils

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Protection

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Right side of abdomen

Which lymphoid organ contains red pulp and white pulp

Spleen

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Systemic circuit

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata

Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

a, b, e

Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force

a, c

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)

a, c, d, f

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which action potentials fire spontaneously.

action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine.

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins.

The plateau phase of an action potential

allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up.

Renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.

antagonistically

According to the Frank-Starling law

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

In an ECG, the P wave is generated when the

atria depolarize.

Which are characteristic of type A blood?

b, c, f

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.

decreases, increases

Vagal tone refers to the

decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes.

Lymph nodes

filter lymph.

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

Cardiac output equals the

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

increase, increase

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase, increase

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

increase.

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,

intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

iron ions, antibodies

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure.

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

paraventricular nucleus.

The heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction.

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

platelets and leukocytes.

Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a

positive chronotropic agent.

The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by

pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.

"Mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a

prion.

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

proplatelets.

The right border of the heart is supplied by the

right marginal artery.

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _________ lymphoid structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

small intestine.

A virus is ______ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of _________.

smaller; nucleic acid within a protein capsid.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

The term "primary lymphoid structure" applies

to the red bone marrow and thymus.

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials?

S-T segment

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform

a white blood cell differential count.

Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

a, b, c, d

Which are characteristics of type O blood?

a, b, e

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers

c, d, a, b, f, g, e

Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which

calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

Eicosanoids are synthesized from

cholesterol.

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

The term "epicardium" is another name for the

visceral layer of the serosal pericardium.