Final AP Human Geography Exam Voight Study Guide

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans the ocean duh

Cereal grain (cereal)

A grass that yields grain for food.

Official Language of the US

Is it our hertiage, practical, whaaat??? Tried to make a national language at several points, but a lot of places are creating laws that english is the official thing in their state Some states make it official others suppress Louisiana is French 'English Language Empowerment Act of 1996'. The Congress finds and declares the following: (1) The United States is comprised of individuals and groups from diverse ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. (3) Throughout the history of the United States, the common thread binding individuals of differing backgrounds has been a common language. (4) In order to preserve unity in diversity, and to prevent division along linguistic lines, the Federal Government should maintain a language common to all people. (9) English should be recognized in law as the language of official business of the Federal Government. Excerpts from HR 123, July 30, 1996 (Available http://ftp.loc.gov/pub/thomas/c104/h123.rh.txt) 'National Language Act of 2007'. English shall be the official language of the Government of the United States. The Government of the United States shall preserve and enhance the role of English ... no person has a right, entitlement, or claim to services, or ... materials in any language other than English. This ... does not apply to the use of a language other than English (1) for religious purposes; (2) for training in foreign languages for international communication; (3) to programs in schools designed to encourage students to learn foreign languages. This ... does not prevent the Government ... from providing interpreters for persons over 62 years of age. BILINGUAL ELECTION REQUIREMENTS ... [are] repealed. Excerpts from HR 769, January 31, 2007 (Available http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.769:) English Language Unity Act of 2009 Section 2 (1) The United States is comprised of individuals from diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds, and continues to benefit from this rich diversity. (2) Throughout the history of the United States, the common thread binding individuals of differing backgrounds has been the English language. (3) Among the powers reserved to the States respectively is the power to establish the English language as the official language of the respective States, and otherwise to promote the English language within the respective States, subject to the prohibitions enumerated in the Constitution of the United States and in laws of the respective States. Section 3 [Amending Title 4, USC] Representatives of the Federal Government shall have an affirmative obligation to preserve and enhance the role of English as the official language of the Federal Government. Official Functions- The official functions of the Government of the United States shall be conducted in English. Excerpts from HR 997, February 11, 2009 (Available http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/query/z?c111:H.R.997.IH:) California's Proposition 63 (1986) This section is intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the English language, and not to supersede any of the rights guaranteed to the people of this Constitution. English is the official language of the State of California. The Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced. The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of the State of California. Any person who is a resident of or doing business in the State of California shall have standing to sue the State of California to enforce this action, and the Courts of record of the State of California shall have jurisdiction to hear cases brought to enforce this section.

Agricultural villages

-A lot of settlements start with agricultural systems so for example the nucleated settlement has intense cultivation where everyone works at subsistence levels and home clustered in a small area and land outside that -The us does not work like that, also canada and australia have dispersed settlements. Dispersed because you had a ton of space and you have a house and land all around you so you can just have it all -Nucleated might have a linear village along a road or river, clustered village because the intersection of roads, walled villages where the village is inside a wall, grid villages where you have places where a colony suddenly developed with how to impose a settlement on the landscape, and round in a circle. -All the villages have different purposes and reflect social stratification and how things are dispersed within the villages, differentiation of building, homes in village or services

Ethnic Diversity in Afghanistan

-Pashtun - taliban -Tajk -Hazara - Struggle for control before and after Taliban

Second Agricultural Revolution

-Series of improvements in innovation and technique -Improves agricultural surpluses -Seed drill -New methods to plant stuff in the new world --Corn-No nutrients earlier because you have to process it with a base. Ground down corn with limes and masa so you have tortillas and the native americans knew this and the europeans didn't know and people died --Potatoes- Eat everyday everyone had it -New fertilizers -New methods -Made growing food easier -Made it profitable -Leads to the industrial revolution-All of this concentration on innovation ends up leading to them concentrating efforts on other processes

What are E. G. Ravenstein's two laws for distance in relation of migrants? 19th century

1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity Ravenstein's Laws of Migration - does not really apply right now Distance of migration Most migrants move a short distance, within a single country Long distance migrants usually go to major centers of economic activity - where jobs are Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Cultural and environmental factors may also be important but usually not as important as economics Characteristics of migrants Most long distance migrants are males Most long distance migrants are adults, not families with their children *aspect not true because many women and children and families travel*

• carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Define city: What are the three basic characteristics of a city? Define urbanized area:

(Legal Entity) An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self governing unit. Has locally elected officials, the ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for providing essential services. An urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.

Folk and Pop culture elements

*Folk Culture Elements* o Folk music (unique, isolated, usually anonymous) o Folk art (handicrafts, clothing, tools; traditional forms) o Folk housing Local materials, distinctive forms (no "perfect" design) Vernacular - not professionally designed o Folk food (locally available - BUT taboos, religion, etc.) o Folk sports (unique local forms of recreation and play) o Folk beliefs (myths, ways to live, etc.) *Popular Culture Elements* o Vary more over time that from place to place o Popular Music Development in US Vaudeville, UK music halls Media - radio, World War II spreads worldwide Individual artists, ownership of music, "commodity" o Popular Art "Movements" (new ways, new methods, change) Art as commodity (for sale as art); shock value! Individual experience & artist's vision emphasized o Popular Housing (Standardized materials, designs; Not much tied to place, environment; Professional architects (individuals) as designers) o Popular foods are based on trends, fads, global shipping o Popular sports Small number of sports become hugely popular Spectator sports Regional variations - popular in some areas, not others o Popular Media Most important way popular culture spreads: Television Spread of TV from US to world - nearly everywhere now! Internet (still rare in less developed, but spreading)

2005 map -TV universal common and rare 2011 widely available internet In what regions are there populations untouched by the Internet? 3 countries that dominate the world's tv markets

*Universal* - the Americas and Europe, a majority of Asia (China), and Australia *Common* - Oceania and some parts of Africa (N) and Asia (Middle East S. and SE.) *Rare* - Africa (Central and S), South Asia, and Arctic areas The *Americas, Europe, Oceania,* and most of Asia Africa and South Asia *US UK and Japan* U.S dominates Latin America. Great Britain dominates Africa. Japan dominates South & East Asia.

East Asia

- About 1.4 billion people - Nearly 1/4 of the world's population is here/of humanity - The People's Republic of China is the world's most populous country with more than 20% alone - About 2/3 rural - Fertile river valleys are inhabited greatly

Belgium: Political & linguistic divides

- Belgium divided into 2 different regions (Flanders in north & Wallonia in south) - Flanders : Flemings speak Flemish (dialect of Dutch) - Wallonia : Walloons speak French - Many in Flanders want Belgium divided into 2 separate countries - Flanders would be one of Europe's richest, while Wallonia would be one of Europe's poorest - Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language - Brussels ---> French and Flemish - 2 autonomous regions - Each elects assembly to deal with affairs

Notes about Confucianism Taoism Primal-Indigenous Animism Spiritism Judaism

- Chinese traditional, confucius, prescribed ethical principles for the orderly conduct of daily life like following tradition, fulfilling obligations, and treating others with sympathy and respect - everyone follows - Chinese traditional, lao zi, mystical, magical aspects of life rather than public service, tao is the way or path and cannot be comprehended by reason and knowledge because not everything is knowable - Like shamanism and paganism, little is known because few written works are passed down, only rituals orally, belief is that because god dwells within all things, everything in nature is spiritual - African traditional, inanimate objects or natural events are animated or have discrete spirits and conscious life, monotheistic concepts - supreme god and below is a hierarchy of divinities - Brazil, belief that the human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through the agency of a medium or psychic - 14 million followers, 2/5 in us and 2/5 in israel, 1st monotheistic religion, christianity and islam have roots here, abraham...

Identify some of the problems the UN faces as it attempts to operate and influence world affairs.

- Lack military power to keep peace because it has to use other countries' military - Have difficulty keeping neutrality between warring factions, especially in places where people believe one ethnicity is undertaking ethnic cleansing against weaker groups

What problems do landlocked states have?

- need a form of transportation to and from the sea - need to use another country's seaport to transport goods for trade

Thomas Malthus (Malthusian)

British clergyman Economist In 1798 he wrote an essay on the principle of population He is concerned because there's the industrial revolution High birth and death rate Concerned about food The world's population is expanding more rapidly than food production Geometric - linear growth with food Population - exponential with a j curve Concerned with decreasing the birth rate Moral restraint - no artificial birth control Food supply as limit 2 ways of controlling growth - war, famine, etc. or moral restraint

Universalizing religion year of origin, founder, and branches and beliefs

Buddhism - 2500 years ago - Siddhartha Gautama - theravada is the oldest and closes to Buddha's original approach of becoming a monk and such, mahayana is less demanding and all encompassing and focuses on helping and teaching of the Buddha, vajrayana is rituals (tantras) like Buddha Christianity - 2000 years ago - Jesus - roman catholic which follow the bible and teachings of the church and pope, orthodox which has faiths from many churches that arose in the east part of the roman empire, protestant that have principles of the reformation and grace is achieved by faith and personal salvation Islam - 1500 years ago - Muhammad - sunni where everyone who followed the prophet's customs are acceptable, shiite where only muhammad's successor can be from his bloodline

Buddhism

Buddhism [Universal, polytheistic (sort of!)] 300 million; mostly E and SE Asia Hindu origins (reform of Hinduism) Siddharta Gautama (c. 560-480 BCE), the "Buddha" downplay importance of gods; elimination of sacrifice, ignore caste; individual salvation 4 noble truths - Life is suffering; desire causes suffering; end desire to end suffering; end desire with 8-fold path Enlightenment, "nirvana" (end of reincarnation) Branches of Buddhism • Theravada (also called "Hinayana") o Mostly Sri Lanka, Burma, SE Asia o Conservative - Buddha's teachings are it! o Individuals work out salvation, monasticism • Mahayana o Mostly China, Korea, Japan o New teachings can also be valid o Zen; "Amida Buddha," etc. o Buddha divine, can be new "Bodhisattvas"

Explain the Latin American City Model in the chart below as you did for the models above. Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities.

Concentric Zones in Cities of LDCs - Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford Most intensive land use and highest land values toward the center along the commercial spine Surrounding these zones is a ring of less developed, less valuable land LDC cities are unable to house their growing poor population Cities are growing because of population increase and migration from rural to urban for jobs Because of housing shortages, a large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live in squatter settlements Elites push out from the center in a well defined elite residential center. They cluster on either side of the spine which contains entertainment, offices, shops, amenities, and utilities, and all are accessible. They avoid living near sectors of disamenities or land use that is noisy, polluting, or for low income families.

• Boundary disputes

Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where exactly the border is between the U.S. and Mexico, especially along the Rio Grande because the river has changed course and moved, and it is the traditional border.

Zimbabwe

Constant concern Mugabe is no longer prez Prez for 1980 to 2017 Dictator Ethnic tension White farmers forced to leave zimbabwe Reaction to colonization Lowest life expectancy rates in africa

Agriculture and the environment

Constraints: By a lot of things like Climate, Terrain, Soil- Possible to grow most things in most places, but it is going to be expensive and sophisticated technology to grow lettuce in saudi arabia or tomatos in iceland, so you grow things that make the most sense Negative Impacts -Sometimes devastating -Slash and burn in vast quantities you can ruin your forest land -Overgrazing and soil loss and erosion -Desertification like the sahel and if you practice agriculture on marginal lands like kinda fertile but not too much and you can expand on the arid area if you take away the resources. You can technically do some stuff with it, but do it too much too often with too many people, you will turn it into desert and it can't be turned back. -If you are in an area that really needs water, you can irrigate, and you can run into problems...one is if you don't irrigate properly, you can waterlog the land, and if you do it can cause your plants to mold and die -Salinize your land, so if you pull from ground water or local sources that are mineral rich, and in a hot climate, when you irrigate it will evaporate quickly and leave those minerals and you will salt their land...you can't grow the land

Based on archaeological research, what services were most likely provided in history's earliest settlements? What early structures and permanent man made features were associated with the first settlements? What early structures and permanent man made features were associated with early public services? What early structures and permanent man made features were associated with early business services? Identify 4 potential hearth regions for the world's first urban settlements. List three characteristics of the world's first cities that emerged around 2000 BCE, as deduced from the excavations of Ur (modern Iraq) and Titris Hoyuk (moderl Turkey)

Consumer and public services like places to bury the dead, to house families while the males traveled for food, manufacturing services for tools, clothing, shelter, containers, fuel, and other material goods. Places for ceremonies and dwellings Walls for defense Storage for extra food Mesopotamia - Fertile Crescent of SW Asia and N Africa Egypt S Asia's Indus valley China City states, trading centers, and provided public services, government, and protection

Fonts Direction Non Written Writing

Convey a particular thing Inspire emotion Inspire anger And so on There is no particular reason for us to read or write in any one direction. Some languages, such as English, are written left-to-right. (Arabic as such) right-to-left written are Some. Traditional Japanese and Mongolian were written top-tobottom. bottomup. written were Greek of forms Some And one of the earliest ways of boustrophedon called is writing ("as the ox plows") in which then and direction one in read you in the opposite direction... The Quipu Use knots Not complex or official Just to keep tally of a variety of thing You had specially trained called remembers that memorized knots and strings and knew what stuff meant

• Core/periphery

Core countries have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows. Periphery countries usually have less development and are poorer countries.

1. Discuss 3 ways in which the concept of core periphery relations helps explain the development of the urban systems shown above. Be sure to use evidence form both maps to support each of your conclusions.

Core power diminished with distance from core distance decay - city size - argentina In the global periphery, road systems built for an export oriented economy - road systems - argentina In the global core, an integrated road system supports advanced/complex economy - road systems - germany Ports/entrepots are nodes of economic activity, control, and coordination - BA, Hamburd, border cities of Germany

Fixed costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Disposal of dead - hindus parsis micronesia

Cremation - body washed in ganges then burned and then you release the spirit Expose dead to scavenging bird and animals because no tainting the elements Bodies at sea so there is no dead contamination

In Russia/Soviet Union, how did each of the following attempt to limit the influence of religion, specifically the Eastern Orthodox Church?

Czar Peter the Great - he made the russian orthodox church part of the government and the patriarchy into a twelve member committee - holy synod - nominated by czar Communism - pursued anti religious programs that eliminated the church state connection, church used with permission, religious organizations prevented, religious values dwindled

Definitions, Terms, and Vocabulary

Defining City vs Town - There is no universally agreed on difference between a city and a town. Depending on state or country, there is different criteria because sometimes you have to have a cathedral, or a population of a certain number like 5 thousand or more. In terms of what being a city or town means is a city is a legal entity while a town isn't. A city has a responsibility and government set up based on that, while town doesn't. In california, town and city is synonyms, incorporated and unincorporated is the same. Town is a division of county, and city is an incorporated thing. There is no definition of city in VA. Towns have distinct boundaries in VA, but they are not independent from counties. Residents of towns in counties get to tax and get to vote for a mayor. City has to maintain their own roads, while vdot maintains town roads, counties compete for stuff and money while cities don't, cities can issue bonds or build roads, and counties have to loophole to do that. Williamsburg in 1722 first city in VA. Social Character of Cities Size and social relationship - Different relationship, only contractual, not personal Density and specializations - Specialization is open and more of it to function Heterogeneity and freedom - You can pursue something that may not be acceptable in a town or rural area Physical or Legal Criteria - A city is an urbanized area - visible city with skyline and a population density of over 5 thousand. Metropolitan area is a functional part of a city. "An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit." Metropolitan Statistical Area Since 1949, census bureau has been classifying to figure out influences - right now, in order to be an MSA, you need a central city of at least a population of 50 thousand and also including the county or counties within which and adjacent counties with high population density. Consolidated MSAs - multiple msas that overlap. You can have an MSA like baltimore overlapping with washington. If you have one city within that is predominant, then primary MSA and secondary MSA. Core Based Statistical Areas - divide into metropolitan areas and micropolitan areas. Metro is MSA but mSA is micro.

Industrial regions of the world

Definitely some in NW europe, E europe, E asia, and NE us. This region of the us is decreasing in manufacturing capacity so no the longer center, but has a new name - the rust belt - but we see some manufacturing in western europe and eastern europe has a fair, amount as well as east asia. But it is shifting to mexico and some in south asia as well.

Emerging cities

Definition: A city that is experiencing a high rate of population increase as well as increasing economic and political power. Example: Dubai, UAE

Geographic information system (GIS)

Definition: A computer system that stores, analyzes, organizes, and displays geographic data. Allows geographers more precision and more choices than before Example: Geographers can combine vector and raster data into a very detailed map. Most contemporary maps are examples

Choropleth map

Definition: A map in which the shading corresponds to an average statistical value for that region Example: This map where the shading corresponds to population density for each state

Gravity model

Definition: A model that predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

Definition: A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country. Example: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is measured by finding the values (in USD) of a basket of consumer goods that are present in each country (such as pineapple juice, pencils, etc.). If that basket costs $100 in the US and $200 in the United Kingdom, then the purchasing power parity exchange rate is 1:2

Location (absolute, relative)

Definition: A particular place or position. Absolute location is the latitude and longitude of a specific place. Relative location is the location of a place in relation to other places. Example: The absolute location of Washington, DC is 38.9072 degrees North, 77.0369 degrees West. The relative location of Washington, DC is in the South Atlantic region of the US. It is bordered by the states of Virginia and Maryland.

Population explosion

Definition: A population explosion is a sudden large increase in the size of a population. Example: There was a population explosion during the Industrial Revolution.

Weight-losing

Definition: A product that loses weight after production (one of the factors in the Industrial Location Theory) Example: Sugar cane to Sugar, Coffee beans to Coffee, Trees to Lumber

Grid

Definition: A set of numbered lines printed on a map so that the exact position of any place can be referred to Example: Grids on maps assist people in locating their destination.

Underpopulation

Definition: A sharp drop or decrease in a region's population. Example: Greenland is very underpopulated with a population of 56,000 compared to the 223,000 people living in the city of Richmond, VA.

Pandemic

Definition: A widespread disease that not only covers a great deal of land but also affects a whole lotta people. Example: The Black Plague, or the spread of English colonies, or the HIV epidemic in Africa.

Regional (cultural landscape) Studies

Definition: An approach to geography that emphasizes relationships among social and cultural phenomena Example: Regional Studies would focus on pop culture and language, rather than physical terrain.

Meridian

Definition: An arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles Example: longitude

Vernacular (perceptual) region

Definition: An area brought together by its cultural identity Example: "The South" is defined as a region by its accent, cuisine, civil war history, and religious background

Zone in transition

Definition: An area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD. Example: Chicago.

Squatter settlement

Definition: An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. Example: Settlement in Lagos.

Bulk-reducing industry

Definition: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. Example: Steel production.

Weight-gaining

Definition: An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs Example: two principal inputs in steel production are iron ore and coal.

Urban heat island

Definition: An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. Example: hot pavement and areas surrounding

Region

Definition: Any area or space distinct from another area The regions in this map are determined by their relative location

Dot map

Definition: Dot maps are a tool for analyzing spatial patterns and data distribution over a specific region. Example: A greater cluster of dots on a dot map can represent a greater amount of a specific feature relative to other areas.

Doubling time

Definition: Doubling time is the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Example: At the early twenty-first-century rate of 1.2 percent per year, world population would double in about 54 years

Trade (complementarity)

Definition: Exchange between two or more parties of one entity or another Example: when multiple countries trade

Expansion diffusion

Definition: Expansion diffusion occurs when a trend is spread outward from its originating place Example: Fashion undergoes expansion diffusion when trends spread from hubs like Milan and NYC outward to other urban and eventually more rural areas

Forced migration

Definition: Human migration in which the migrants have no choice but to move (due to violence, natural disasters, etc.) Example: The current Rohingya crisis is an example of forced migration.

Push factor

Definition: Negative conditions that lead people to leave their homes and migrate to a new location Examples of push factors: lack of jobs, poverty, war, political/religious persecution, pollution/environmental problems

Relocation diffusion

Definition: Spread of a feature through the bodily movement of people from one place to another over time. Example: Christianity has spread over the world, but did not originate in many countries that it is in today.

Sustainability

Definition: The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. Or, in the concept or resources, using enough resources for our generation, with enough to spare and sustain a future generation. The pillars of sustainability are economy, environment, and society. Example: Sustainable energies include wind and solar energy.

Remote sensing

Definition: The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods. Example: Remote-sensing satellites can scan the Earth's surface and digitally transmit images to Earth.

Greenhouse effect

Definition: The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface. Example: The Earth's atmosphere and clouds absorb and emit infrared (IR) radiation (sometimes called "heat" radiation). This is the source of the Earth's so-called "greenhouse effect", which both makes the Earth's surface warmer than it would otherwise be, and also allows the atmosphere to cool to outer space. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

Geographic information science (GIScience)

Definition: The development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies. Example: Geographers can use GIScience to compare Earth's land formations in the past and the present.

Brain drain

Definition: The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country. Example: During the tech boom in the US around 2000, many IT workers from India were attracted to the US under the H1-B visa program. At that time, concerns were raised in India that this was a form of brain drain as highly skilled workers were being lost.

Equator

Definition: The line that divides the Earth into two equal hemispheres at zero degrees latitude, and is equidistant from both poles. Example: Countries closer to the equator tend to have warmer climates because of their proximity to the sun.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Definition: The number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the given geographical area during the same year. Example: The infant mortality rate in the USA is 5.6.

Overpopulation

Definition: The number of people in an area is greater than the amount that the environment can sustain. Example: The region was overpopulated because there was not enough arable land to support and feed the amount of people living there. BE BELOW CARRYING CAPACITY or doomsday may or may not happen

Dependency ratio

Definition: The number of people who are unable to work (too young or too old) compared to the working population. Example: Austria's dependency ratio is about 49.2, meaning around half of their population is too young or too old to work.

Dispersion/ Concentration (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated)

Definition: The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries/the spread of something over a given area Example: The spacing between houses in a suburban neighborhood

Site

Definition: The physical character of a place Example: The site of Tennessee would be that there are an abundance of mountains.

Space

Definition: The physical gap or interval between two objects. Example: The space between two cities such as Richmond and D.C.

Enclosures movement

Definition: The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. Example: In the early 1700s, there was an "enclosure movement" that was a cause of the industrial revolution in England. The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.

Projection

Definition: The scientific method of placing locations found around the globe onto a flat map. Example: If you do not use accurate projection your map will most likely be disproportionate

Ecology

Definition: The scientific study of ecosystems. Example: Studying the food chain in a wetlands area.

New international division of labor

Definition: The spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries. Example: Outsourcing of jobs in china

Hierarchical diffusion

Definition: The spread of an idea from one place or group to other places or groups in which that idea can expand Ex. Fashion trends (This usually starts in Urban areas and spreads to other urban areas until it reaches Rural areas)

Stimulus diffusion

Definition: The spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected or fails to diffuse Example: Innovative features of Apple's Iphone have been adopted by competitors

Possibilism

Definition: The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. Example: A farmer with a tractor may regard a hilly piece of land as an obstacle, but he can adapt by using a hoe to produce food.

Annexation

Definition: To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city. This often occurs when combining two or more specific boundaries to create a larger state. Example: Antarctica. (terrible example, Texas is a better one)

Metropolitan area

Definition: Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas or suburbs that all act together as a coherent economic whole. Example: New York

Shopping mall

Definition: a large building or series of connected buildings containing a variety of retail stores and typically also restaurants Require 100+ acres of land Built by developer/land owner, space leased Frequently near road junctions Examples: Short Pump (North wood's mall)

Demographic transition model (DTM)

Definition: a model based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics - birth rate and death rate - to suggest that a country's total population growth rate cycles, as the country develops economically. Example: The United States is considered in stage 4 of the Demographic transition model.

Epidemiologic transition model

Definition: a model that expresses the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Example: a model would show each of the four stages of epidemiologic transition (stage 1- persistence and famine, 2- receding pandemics, 3- degenerative diseases, 4-delayed degenerative diseases)

Census

Definition: a periodic and official count of a country's population Example: The US census occurs every 10 years (next census in 2020)

Entrepôt

Definition: a port, city or other center to which goods are brought for import and export and for collection and distribution Example: Hong Kong, from French entreposer, or 'to store'

Blockbusting

Definition: a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into that neighborhood Example: real estate agents spreading rumors, making calls, or alerting homeowners that the neighborhood is 'changing'

Place

Definition: a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic Example: St. Louis and St. Paul are places distinguished by a toponym which shows its association with religion.

We wanna know how states organize their governments Democratic, Autocratic and Anocratic

Democracy - rule by the people Autocratic - rule by the ruler Anocracy - a mixture not either fully elements of both World map Some full democracies Some full autocracies Some somewhat democracy Some anocratic

There is little new land actually available for farming. In fact, the current trend is to reduce agricultural land rather than increase it. Identify and briefly describe three reasons why land is currently being removed from agricultural use.

Desertification - land being overused and turning into desert Overgrazing - reducing nutrients Urbanization - agricultural land used for cities Excessive water - waterlogging Deforestation - no nutrients Over crop planting - no nutrients

Origins of Agriculture Typically thinking about the middle east - no recorded though since it was prehistory

Domestication -Plants domesticated leads to --Gigantism: Larger plants - bigger seeds and fruits --Loss of seed dispersal mechanism: Plants no longer able to reproduce on their own since they don't have to need it --Lose bitter or toxic substances: no going out and eating random stuff and they look like that --Plants that we eat in different forms are toxic: Tomatoes-Balletonics?, Parsley-Fake parsley, Carrots-Giant hogweed --Lose anti-predatory mechanisms: We don't want them to fight against us like thorns out- Blackberry? -Animals --We want fast growing ones: Not elephants because the faster they grow, the faster we can eat or breed them --Good with captivity: we like things like sheep: sheep are happy --We want to modify their behavior: Dogs that obey not aggressive or horses no panicking when riding --Social hierarchy: Animals that have it it's easier for people to sort of insert themselves in a dominant position and the animals will be comfortable

Bullet major characteristics of global cities.

Economic - number of headquarters for multinational corporations and number of financial institutions and law firms. Political - headquarters for international organizations and capital of a country. Cultural - presence of renowned cultural institutions, influential media outlets, sports facilities, and educational institutions. Infrastructural - major international airport, health care facilities, and advanced communications systems.

Tertiary economic activity

Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

Secondary economic activity

Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

Structural adjustment program

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.

Define ecumene and non ecumene

Ecumene - refers to permanently inhabited areas of land (Greek - civilized space)...the settled area of Earth - Growth over last 7000 years - World population > 7 billion - US population > 316 million Non-ecumene - refers to uninhabitable areas of land Unpopulated areas today? Only too wet, dry, cold, or high

Geothermal energy

Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth

Articificial Language to Urge to Understand

English For of the things that humanity possesses in common, nothing is so truly universal and international as science. Esperanto Char el la komunaj posedajhoj de la homaro, neniu estas tiel vere ghenerale kaj internacia kiel la sciencio. Fun Fact! Incubus Ido Nam del kozi, quin la homaro posedas komune, nula es tam vere universala ed internaciona kam la ciencio. Latino Sine Flexione Nam, de commune possesiones de genere humano, nihil es tam generale et internationale quam scientia. English Esperanto Came out of a desire for everyone to speak a uniform language Some basis in Latin Ido Refined version of Esperanto Latino Sine FLexione Simplified version of latin

Standards for Redistricting

Equal population +- 2% of every other district within a state Reason it happened is in california they did districts by equal area COntiguity (touching) Everything must be connected Compactness Circle Keep you from reaching out and grabbing random districts Minor Political division Try to keep essentially don't allow voting blocks to be split up on purpose Its happened in chicago shapes like a pair of headphones and made to preserve minor political divisions Gerrymandering

Ethnic and universalizing religion calendars

Ethnic - celebration of the seasons with annual cycle of variation in climatic conditions: agriculture, rituals, prayers Universalizing - commemorate events in the founder's life

Ethnicity Race

Ethnic: from the greek ethnikos or national Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth Tied to place Should not be complated with race Ethnicity is a combination of traits like language, religion, national origin, regional origin (isolated), and race could be a part of this Identity, but no single factor determines ethnicity (look above) *----------------------------------------------------* Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor THis is very different and conceptions of race have been challenged scientifically over time No single trait defines a person's ethnicity Very important to know that with research into race, and genetic diseases, race isn't a good predictor on who and who can't get said disease. The human genome has been sequenced and we know things that skin and eye color is not good at predicting genetic heritage. Ex. W African varies from 30 to 100 and White have less that 100 percent european ancestor

Ethnicity and Nationalism

Ethnicity closely tied to nationalism National: from a Latin word, nasci, to been born (the Greek ethnikos meant national) Nationality Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country A group do people ties together to a particular place though legal status and cultural tradition Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality. Typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others Sometimes nationalism and ethnicity are closely related or completely separate Nationalism and ethnicity is pretty distinct in the US and in other countries it is very different Very important is the idea of nation states which is a political states completely made up of a single nations Self determination where people have the right to choose their own government without outside influence interfering and pushing you towards a nation state A lot of states encourage nationalism with symbols, flags, songs, events Nationalism can be centripetal and unity but can create stereotypes and new enemies

Indo European Branches and Groups Indo European - Mutual COmprehension? The Worlds Major Language Families Today We have many major and minor

Europe Asia All over the place When looking at a language family, things are not mutually intelligable Dutch: "Onze Vader, die in de hemelen zijt ..." Spanish: "Padre nuestro, qe estás en los cielos ..." Polish: "Ojcze nasz, którys jest w niebiesiech ..." Greek: "Patera mas, poù eïsai stoùs ouranoùs ..." Albanian: "Ati ynë që je në qiell..." Kurdish: "Yä bäwk-ï ëma, ka la äsmän-ä-y ..." Romany: "Dáde amaré, kaj isién k'o devlé ..." Sanskrit: "Bho asmäkham svargastha pitah ..." English: "Our Father, who art in heaven ..."

4 Major Population Concentrations (+1 maybe NA) 2 Minor Population Concnetrations

Europe S. Asia E. Asia S.E. Asia S.E. Canada, E. Coast US, and Mexico (E. North America) Atlantic Coast of Africa (W. Africa)

Central Place Theory - Background

Every city provides consumer and business services, but not every city has the same number or same kind. They don't also have the same distribution from city to city either. Distribution of Services: Consumer services vary with size of settlements and business services cluster. Walter Christaller (1893 - 1969): He wants to figure out in S. Germany why the services and towns are arranged so he finds Central Places in SOuthern Germany and comes up with Central Place Theory. THe Basics: Central place - market center. Ideally it is in the center to maximize access from different places. If we had perfect situation, this would be circle and it would be in the middle and they compete against each other for market goods and services. Around every central place is the market area or hinterland where all of your customers are coming from. In order for any theory to work perfectly, you have to work under theoretical conditions. A real example is christaller starts off with observations, we are looking Pennsylvania - Cumberland Valley - their section of the great valley of the appalachian (shenandoah valley in virginia of this and go down to alabama and north to hudson valley in new york)

Origins of everything from a hearth and tsc

Everything originates from a hearth Time space compression Helps connect more easily the hearth to other areas

Discuss 3 ways in which the concept of core periphery relations help explain the development of urban systems shown above. Be sure to use evidence from both maps to support each of your conclusions.

Evidence and Explanation Primacy BA - Primate cities are economically dominant. Primacy BA - Primate cities were colonial economic hubs. Rank Size Germany - Rank Size Rule reflects a mature, integrated, global core, economy. Road Systems Argentina - In the global periphery, road systems built for an export oriented economy. Road Systems Germany - In a global core, an integrated road system supports advanced/complex economy. Ports/entrepots BA, Hamburg, border cities of Germany - Ports/entrepots are notes of economic activity, control and coordination. City size Argentina - Core power diminished with distance from core (distance decay).

Intervening obstacles

Factors that prohibit or make difficult, migration Distance decay Easier to stay closer, not go far away Natural disaster Cultural thing Politics - the government makes a new law US Immigration laws 1790 - residence requirement - 2 yrs until citizen 1819 - report to government 18 - secretary of state has control 1875 - exclude people - prostitutes or convicts 1882 - chinese exclusion act - exclude people - sick people, head tax 1888 - expulsion provisions 1891 - beauro of immigration 1892 - poligamists and radicals are not allowed 1906 - knowledge of english is required for citizenship 1907 - increase head tax and people with physical and menatl defects were not allowed in 1917 - excluding illiterates, persons of psycopathic inferiority, any man entering for immoral purposes, alcoholics, stoaways, vagrants 1921 - more annual quotas by nationality 1924 - permanent quotas BERLIN WALL Intervening opportunity Found a job somewhere where you didn't expect to find a job, so you stay there

Fishing and Aquaculture

Fish farming: Happens in a variety of ways -You can have a big facility where you grow fish which is sometimes indoor and is very hands-on - You come in everyday, feed the fish by hand and obviously they do what they can to make them grow as big as possible as fast as possible -You can do that in land based areas, and do that in the ocean, very controversial practice -They create big netted areas, but it is better for the fish but it is a more natural environment, BUT BUT cutting off habitat for other animals, the nets cause problems, and so these fish are frankenstein, monster fish, so if they get out they go out and eat everything and bully other fish and it's very problematic for people doing wild fishing. Especially because it is not just one kind of fish, it is interfering with the wild habitats of all kind of wild fish -Controversial because it threatens commercial fishing -UNCLOS: 200 miles from coast you can exploit resources and problems is overlapping and US didn't ratify it Aquaculture farming of the seas-Fish is a much more popular meat

Texas Reapportionment

Focus on Texas' 25th district

Folk and Pop Beliefs

Folk Beliefs Shows explanation for how the world works How should you behave How should you live your life Everybody has stories A lot of these beleifs spread through relocation diffusion, orally Amish were originally a swiss menonite group, and now they are found in 28 states, but they tend to cluster Popular Belegs Shared Democracy, free markets, individualism, rule of law, private property are all examples...nuclear family, weekend, Popular beleifs are usually spread by media - TV Diffusion of tv has been pretty amazing TV in some countries is controlled by the state, but people are able to get satellites to make government control much more difficult TV is divided up into a categories Category 1 - universal Category 2 - common Category 3 - super rare Category 4 - rare or nonexistant Internet 1995 - only 10 percent of the adults had internet access Now, its nearly universal Technology use is growing Especially if we are looking in africa bc you can do things from your phone Activism spreads through cell phones Emergencies - this can help organize For agricultural areas, you can get info about weather, crop sales, vet services Health - It can cause problems Social media With the amount of fake news

Folk and Pop Food

Folk Food You go with what's available, and other aspects like cultures Horse is okay to eat - europe Dog is okay to eat - puppy Eating bugs... Nan tsao go zo Chinese stir fried puppy Look at slide Moonshine Ferment anything long enough = alcohol Nascar - moonshine transport Turns into pop culture - nascar Moonshine is closely related to mob activity Pop culture affect folk food China ending their dog eating Spam is shipped to polynesian cultural areas and they have that as part of their culture Variations from place to place Beer and where people consume it Rum - florida Bar B Que - most contreversial food Everybody does it differently Pork? Beef? Chicken? SALMON? Different sauces Vinegar? Sweet ketchup? Very sweet sauce that's tomato based? Mayonnase - GAG How you roast in, cut it up, etc Wine and swine - not in the middle east, but where there's christianity, there's a lot

Historic Migration Patterns of African Americans

Forced migration from Africa - 1st Africans were bought to the American colonies as slaves on a Dutch ship in 1619. During the 18th century - British shipped about 400,000 to the 13 colonies. @ the height of the slave trade, 1710 - 1810, at least 10 million Africans were sent on European ships to the Western Hemisphere. British & Portuguese each shipped about 2 mil. Began when people living on the east & west coast, took advantage of their superior weapons, & captured members of other groups to sell as slaves to European. At the close of the Civil War, African Americans were concentrated in the rural south. Today, many located in cities throughout the NE, Midwest, and West. Freed slaves worked as sharecroppers, but found themselves burdened with high interest rates & heavy debts (trying to pay back the landowners) As new farm machinery was introduced, many were pulled by the prospect of jobs in the north. Migrated north & west in two main waves, 1st before & after WWI, 2nd before & after WWII When they reached the big cities, many clustered in one or two neighborhoods where the small number who had arrived earlier were already living. Areas became known as the ghetto.

Forced Migration and Ethnic Cleansing

Forced migration has occurred throughout ethnicity - People feel compelled to move due to other ethnic group Ethnic cleansing in 1990s where ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful ethnic group and the big group is sole inhabitants of the area Balkans is a particularly devastating thing and ppl were worried about it because of ethnic conflicts and state would break down because of different histories, language, religion Balkans were threat to world peace and part of balkanization is a reason for WWI In the future balkanization created yugoslavia and the land of the southern slavs Diversity is enormous here, five based on ethnicity but b-h was a mixture Eventually there is ethnic cleansing between serbs croats and bosnians and there is a serious problems War crimes process indicted a variety of people and many people died before their trials, withdrawn, but overall it is tragic where many people lost lives Ethnic cleansing: forced removal of ethnicity (e.g. Post WWII relocation of ethnic Germans) • Yugoslavia examples (Serbs, Croats) Genocide: extermination of an ethnic group (Armenia, Nazi Germany, Cambodia, Rwanda) Balkanization: states collapse in ethnic conflicts

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Diffusion of the revolution

From england, it spreads first to western europe, then eastern europe, then east asia, and then eventually to north america, and essentially the rest of the world though there are some areas that aren't. As it spreads, you have iron and coal, so railroads and so concentration spreads to oil steel and chemicals - not as much in second revolution so germany and us take over the second revolution with this petroleum and stuff. They also produce a lot of ceramics and this meant you could have individual plates and bowls and it improved sanitation and it ends with ceramic sewer pipes and toilets yay!

• classic northern ghetto

From their early centers, the black ghettos grew, often surrounding the CBD and penetrating nearby areas with low-rent housing. Their growth was shaped by white neighborhoods or suburbs that strongly resisted blacks moving into their areas. The resistance tended to make the ghettos overcrowded, further contributing to the deterioration of the housing.

Possible Social measures

Generally when we use it - higher quantity of education and literacy higher level of development. Education and Literacy: Years of schooling and expected years of schooling and looks more at what the country is set up to do and provide the people - student teacher ratio. Literacy rate. Different with boys vs girls and education. Health and Welfare: Hard to measure the healthiness of a population - use surrogate measures and there's no global health index and ratio of people's hospitals, doctors, nurses, hunger, vitamins, etc. You can go into subtopics.

Renewable Energy Key Details Hydroelectric Biomass Fuel Wind Power Geothermal Energy Nuclear Fusion Passive Solar Energy Active Solar Energy

Generating electricity from water movement - 2nd popular - 30 q BTU - 2/3 developing and 1/3 developed - Brazil is where it is common, Canada some, US some (4th user) Fuel from plant material and animal waste like wood and crops - 3 q BTU - 1/3 N America, Europe, and developing - Brazil is where it is common but energy used and produced are equal, reduced forest fertility as well plus biomass has other purposes Windmills cause less severe environmental modification, but noisy - 3 q BTU - 1/3 N America, Europe, and developing but limited because construction cost Natural nuclear reactions create hot water or steam energy - feasible along plate boundaries - Iceland and Indonesia - < 1 q BTU Fusing H into He - occurs at high temperature but not practical yet H bomb Capture energy without special devices - S facing windows and dark surfaces or double triple pane windows and low emissivity help now Collect and convert to heath and electricity - photovoltaic cells capture (silicon) created DC current, indirect is heat turns to electricity using lenses and reflectors .3 q BTU

Origins of Indo European - Two Hypothesis

Geographic similarities used to see the origin, but indo euro is hard cuz its everythwere The Kurgan hypothesis Conquering barbarians People come from the Kurgan hearth RUssay and conquered and spread language The Anatolian hearth theory/Renfrew hypothesis Expanding farmers Started in Anatolian and migrated to South and East and South and West by farmer The Renfrew Hypothesis Anatolian He says that there were three hearths in the fertile cresetn Anatolia is the source of Europes languages Hemitic Semitic languages Another one in further NE that spreads into Pakistand and India

Johann Heinrich von Thünen

German agriculturalist who studied the distribution patterns of farms in Rostow, Germany, and developed a model of agricultural land use that predicts the spatial patterns of farming activities in relation to a central marketplace

Migrant Characters change

Global Migration Patterns International migration Lots more females now And a lot more children US Immigration Periods 1607 to 1850 90 percent of the immigrants were from Europe UK is in stage two Northern and western europe (frontier expansion) 1870s-1880s UK is in stage three N and W Europe are in stage two Southern and eastern europe (industrialization) 1890s to 1920s UK is still in stage three S and E Europe are in stage two Western europe (immigration pause) 1930s to 1960s Asia and latin america (post 1965 immigration) 1970s to present More immigration from less developed countries Lots more foreign born people in the US Negative attitudes Anti catholic Anti irish Anti chinese Anti japanese WWII Anti german WWI and WWII Anti polish Anti jewish Whoever is new, we hate them Chain migration Deals with people migrating because of their family or ancestors going there Intervening obstacles (deserts, borders, etc) Factors that prohibit or make difficult, migration

o Water pollution

Global scale: DDT, PCBs, etc. Regional scale: Aral Sea, etc. Local scale: • Industry (point & non-point) • Sewage (mostly point) o Primary, secondary, tertiary treaments • Agriculture (mostly non-point) • Eutrophication/BOD ("over-fertilizing")

o Air pollution

Global scale: global warming, ozone hole Regional scale: acid deposition ("acid rain") Local scale: smog • Sulfurous smog (uncommon today) • Photochemical smog (sun + pollutants) Different pollutants, different sources • (most Sox power plants, NOx vehicles, etc.)

Scale (again)

Globalization of Economy and Globalization of Culture Global uniformity (urban areas) Opposition movements

Euphemism

Good speech Positive - bigger more important The chief senior personal assistant instead clerk Negative The nuclear reactor melted down and saying it small She passed instead of died Several different forms Foreign words Abbreviations Abstractions Indirections Unserstatements Lengthening

Traditional Plant Breeding

Green revolution, exchanging genetic material for plant improvement DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. Traditional breeding involves exchanging all genetic material between two related plants.

The Hedonometer

Gross National Happiness Though exercise not comparing material wellbeing and compare happiness - just because you have something another person doesn't doesn't determine happiness Used variables like how understanding and controlling is your environment, social support, physical wellbeing, sensory satisfaction, satisfaction of being able to learn as much as you want, things like are you able to have the number of your children, sex life Perceptions of wellbeing - we have another comparison and education quality, health care quality, ideal job, standard of living, freedom of choice, feeling safe, we are at 7.2 HDI don't correspond. Nigeria happy but for the most part people are happy with their lives and so happiness is a strange thing. - Bhutan's gross national happiness index -

Define central place theory What does central place theory seek to explain? Define central place What is a market area? What other term is sometimes used to refer to a market area? What shape does central place theory hypothesize for market areas? Why this particular shape?

Helps to explain how the most profitable location can be identified. The number, size, and location of human settlements in a residential system. A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area...maximizes accessibility. The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted... HINTERLAND Hexagons....*sigh* A compromise between squares and circles - nest without gaps and little variation of distance from center.

Give three explanations for the diffusion of Christianity. Give three ways in which Islam spread Give two reasons for the expansion of Buddhism

Hierarchical - roman empire to elite, down to the common people Relocation - missionaries teach where they travel, migration Contagious - migration, resettlement, intermarriage, acceptance by poor especially Intermarriage, conquering, migration, relocation diffusion of missionaries, arab trade Asoka (emperor of Magadhan empire in India) put in Buddhist principles and converted everyone. Merchants and trading introduced Buddhism to China, which then further spread

Rise of States

History lesson here Nations have existed for a while now States have existed for thousands of years City states in mesopotamia and greece Early political empire like egypt and rome and chinese dynasties Modern concept of nation state can be traced back to the 17th and 19th cent Europe Earliest rulers regum kings rules over followers not territories Medieval concept of nation state began with catholic church that created dominion over defined territory Rise of modern nation state saw the development of distinction of territory As of like 1950, there were only about 50 internationally recognized independent countries Now 200, and more may be coming In the middle ages, we had fragmentation on mainland, dynastic rule, strong leaders, greater national cohesion, normans going into england and in the fragmentation of england, during the renaissance wsee the rise of political and economic nationalism in the form of mercantilism Concept of diplomacy develops in italy Reformation we see war as a religious struggle ending in state and dynastic struggle for rule We have powerful dynasties like the hapsburgs, tutors, bourbons, etc struggling for power Spain, dutch united provinces, france, holy roman empire achieve regional stability Peace of Westphalia that ends the war created defined boundaries and guarantees security Age of Absolutism with Louis the 14th monarchies become focal point of national awareness ending regionalism and aristocratic local control With french revolution and napoleonic wars spreading enlightenment we see french concept of nationalism Nationalism concept is strongest

What are the causes of squatter settlement? Define squatter settlements. Describe services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement. Make a simple flowchart which depicts stages in the development of a squatter settlement.

Housing shortages in urban areas in which poor immigrants migrate to for job opportunities. (Barriadas, Favelas, Bidonvilles, Gecekondu, Kampongs, Barong Barong) An area in a city in a LDC in which people illegally establish residencies on land they don't own and erect home made structures. Has no transportation and stolen electricity, lack schools, paved roads, telephones, and sewers, and water is carried from a central well or dispersed by truck. Camp on land or sleep in the street (seek refuge in stores during severe weather) --> Families erect primitive shelters with scavenged materials (cardboard/wood boxes) --> They add new materials if they discover new materials --> After a few years, they may build a tin roof and partition the space into rooms and becomes more permanent.

Threshold and Range

How big is the trade area of a service? Based off of the two below. Threshold: THe minimum number of people needed to support a central place function - not enough = no business. Common inexpensive items need cheap people. Expensive uncommon items need small with large money spender people. Business spend a lot of time trying to determine this - market area analysis. Range: The maximum distance beyond which a person will not travel to purchase a good or a service. Why go somewhere else when you have it here?

Language Families

How many languages are there? Living languages Dead languages New languages Discover languages that we thought were a part of something but are actually different Rooughly 4000 spoken today Dialect and language line? How many families are there? Vocab, sound, grammar, phonetics, 100 Structure of language families? Indo european family Germanic branch West germanic group THE LANGUAGE - English Most of english is in the germanic branch But we took a lot of vocab from the romance branch Dialects/accents

Urban Transportation

Huge aspect of sprawl and smart growth - Both as an environmental concern but also demographic You have vast portions of the population that need transportation. By the way you construct your urban transportation you create cities that grow more calculately. Most people in the US travel by CAR (93 perc had 1 car, ¼ have 3 or more)-A lot of people enjoy the freedom of this and it is a matter of policy - a lot of governments will subsidize motor vehicle use in some way or road construction in some way. They don't do the same for urban transport. There are different kinds - bus systems, rail systems (heavy rail is for coal, light rail for variety, and commuter rail for peoples), vanpool The problems are cyclical in nature - Most transit systems have increasing fares (Fair on customer is rarely enough to cover the cost of the services), you can have more passengers and if you fill up every time, you can cover it. But it is not easy since people don't like being crammed like sardines. If there are fewer people and so you need to have increased costs, so now it is down. This is a loop. People question why do we have it. This is problematic in the US - once your city is established, it is so difficult to go back to put in the infrastructure you need. THE PULSE ON BROAD STREET - controversial as it happened...people complained a lot because no parking...people can't come to businesses cuz they can't turn left...some people remember or don't and they will become irritated by inconveniense. This is only one phase of the pulse, it is supposed to go all the way from rocket's landing to short pump eventually...this would be great however the problem is that the city can't make henrico do anything and henrico is not receptive of any form of public transport. If people use the pulse, it's great, and it's easier to do it when you first expanded to create a hub, rather than go back. Another big thing that affects RVA is trying to get a high speed line between richmond and DC. People go from RVA to DC a lot and living in NOVA is impossible cuz of expense, and so it would allow SOUTH. If you open a rail system - you ride the train and you work then go home. BUT getting anyone agree to do this is impossible. Ashland is not happy about this cuz two rail lines which they don't want. In other places, heavy and light rail integrated and so public transport is like you can go to a lot more places than in the US.

What are the 2 major misuses geographers observe?

Humans deplete nonrenewable resources Humans destroy otherwise renewable resources through pollution

Chaff

Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.

Historical Background on the Hutus and Tutsis

Hutus - Settled farmers growing crops in the fertile hills and valleys of present day Rwanda and Burundi, or the 'Great Lakes' region of Africa - Make up Majority of population - 1994 = murdered Tutsis (mass genocide) - ended after 3 months in Hutu defeat Tutsis - Cattle Herders who migrated from the Rift Valley (Western Kenya) beginning 400 yrs ago to present day Rwanda and Burundi - Tutsis controlled the kingdom of Rwanda - Cleansed the Hutus after defeating them

• race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

Where did Amish culture originate, and how did it diffuse to the United States? What is happening to the Amish in the United States today? What are the areas of larger Amish settlements in the U.S.?

In areas of (Bern) Switzerland, (SW) Germany & (Alsace) France. Palatinate region as well. Diffused to U.S. in 1700's & 1800's because of cheap land in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois & Iowa. They migrated to North America in 2 waves. They are interregionally migrating from Pennsylvania to Kentucky in search of cheaper land due to metro areas & tourists in Pennsylvania. They still retain their traditional customs, are isolated from others, and are slowly diffusing within the US. Portions of Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania & upstate New York.

• Territoriality

In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.

Urbanized area

In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs.

What are structural adjustment programs? Why is this unpopular with citizens in LDCs?

Includes economic reform/goals, strategies for achieving the objectives, and external financing requirements. Because it leads to worsen poverty due to reducing government funding that and spending it on structural adjustments programs.

Four strategies have been proposed to increase the world's food supply in places where populations are underfed. Explain each of them.

Increasing exports from countries with surpluses - the extra can be sold to developing countries at cheaper prices Expanding agricultural land - use land for agriculture rather than urban settlements or desert Expanding fishing - only a small portion of seafood is consumed in comparison to other foods, but overfishing is an issue Increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture - new agricultural practices, green revolution, GMFs

What was a city state? What services did the city state provide to the surrounding hinterland? Large cities, such as Athens, began to supply what types of things not available in smaller settlements? Why did these large centers collapse with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE? What role did trade play in the revival of urbanism during the Middle Ages? What were the five largest cities in the world during the Middle Ages (Around 900)?

Independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby countryside. Government, military protection, and other public services. A concentration of consumer services - cultural activities. Lost the ability to trade in a secure environment. Markets were expanded through trade with other free cities and a dense network of small market towns was developed. Chang'an (Xian), Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Jinling (Nanjing), Beijing

India and China population policies

India - birth control devices, family planning programs, sterilization uncontrolled China - one child policy, contraceptives, abortions, sterilization limited

Indo Iranian Branch - 100+ individual languages

Indic (E) - Indian languages (Pakistan and Bangladesh too) - 438 languages - 22 scheduled ---> 15 indo euro, 4 dravidian, 2 sino tibet, 1 austro asiatic - Hindi/Urdu - Arabic alphabet Iranian (W) - Iran and neighboring countries - Persian, Pashto, Kurdish - Arabic alphabet

Human development index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

What did Richard Florida's research deduce?

Individuals with special talents gravitate toward cities that offer more cultural diversity.

Major Familys >100 million speakers

Indo-European: ~3 billion people (1/2 world population) • Once India-Europe; now worldwide • Examples: English, Russian, Hindi, Spanish, French Sino-Tibetan: ~1.5 billion people • East Asia (ex. Chinese, Taiwan) Afro-Asiatic (or Hamitic-Semitic): ~1/2 billion people • North Africa, Middle East (ex. Arabic, Hebrew) Austronesia: >1/4 billion people • Pacific, Madagascar (ex. Hawaiian, Malagasy) Dravidian: ~1/4 billion people • Southern India (ex. Tamil, Malayalam) Niger-Congo: ~200,000,000 people • Sub-Saharan Africa (ex. Zulu, Bantu) Altaic: ~200,000,000 people • Central Asia, Eastern Europe (ex. Turkish, Mongolian) Japanese: ~125,000,000 people • Japan (ex. Japanese, of course!)

Half of the worlds Muslims live in the Middle East. The other half live in 4 countries outside the Middle East. Name them. Give the percentage of each of Islam's 2 greatest branches: Sunni and Shiite. Only in four countries do Shiite Muslims number more than Sunni. What are they?

Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India 83 percent sunni 16 percent shiite Iran, Iraq, Oman, Bahrain

Basic industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

Nonbasic industries

Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.

Manufacturing COuntries - nominal GDP in 2011

Industry in china, in world they are a major manufacturing region, then us, then japan with mostly technology. Some areas for a long time that have been industrial are still like that and they aren't going away - germany, russia brazil, india 11, and south korea 12.

Footloose industry

Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants. also a movie from the 80s

Define basic industry Define non-basic industry What is the economic base of a community? Explain how a basic industry creates new types of jobs. Cleveland and Baltimore

Industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement. Enterprises whose customers live in the same community --> consumer services A community's unique collection of basic industries. New basic industry attracts new workers and their families to the settlement. Then creates need for non-basic industries and workers as well. Cleveland's economic base during the industrial period...Steel Manufacturing...Cleveland's economic base in post-industrial society is...Health Services. Baltimore's economic base during the industrial period...Fabricated Steel Product Manufacturing...Baltimore's economic base in post-industrial society is...Services to Research oriented Universities to Medicine to Biotechnology.

What are typical back office functions? Why have LDCs been able to attract back offices?

Insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work and other routine clerical duties. Also includes centers for responding to billing inquiries related to credit cards, shipments, and claims, or technical inquiries related to installation, operation and repair. Low wages and ability to speak English.

What is the difference between international and internal migrants?

International - permanent move from one country to another Internal - permanent move within the same country

Obstacles to migration

Intervening obstacles (see above) Immigration policies - US quota laws - Guest workers and contract laborers - Economic migrants vs. refugees

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Nutrition Deficiencies

Iron less in Africa Vitamin A less in Africa Iodine - salt Undernourished people SS Africa SE ASia E Asia

Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown? What is a food desert? How is the underground utilized in cities? How is "land use" distributed within a typical skyscraper? What is the only major U.S. city without skyscrapers?

Land values are very high in CBDs. Intensive demand for space has lead to skyscrapers (above) and underground network (below. An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain. > 1/4 miles to supermarket, income at or below 185% of federal poverty level, at least 40% of households with no motor vehicles, and average healthy food availability index score was low for nearby stores. Garages, loading docks, piped for water and sewer, phone/electricity/tv/broadband cables, subway trains Retail services on ground floor, business services in middle, apartment with great views and less noise are on top. Washington, DC

Complete the chart with several bullet notes detailing the characteristics of urban settlements according to Louis Wirth.

Large size - you don't know many people personally; the large size of an urban settlement produces different social relationships than those formed in rural settlements. High density - leads to specialization and people playing special roles to support everyone; also encourages social groups to compete to occupy the same territory. Social heterogeneity - more in large; freedom in urban to pursue an unusual profession, sexual orientation, and cultural interest and urban is tolerant of diversity, but also sometimes leads to loneliness and isolation.

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

List the largest regions and countries exporting agricultural products. What countries are the leading importers of food? What country exports the most grain? What kind and how much?

Latin America - Brazil and Argentina, North America, SE Asia, and South Pacific Japan, UK, China, Russia US - maize/corn - 1/2 world's exports

on the Law of the Sea

Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.

African Americans Legal Statues

Legal status has changed quite a bit over time We know that in the constitution slaves were considered of ⅗ of a person Later on, they were described as another class Later on, we had the emancipation proclamation and set slaves free in S states Jim crowe laws with separate v equal and plessy v ferguson Finally, brown v board of education says that this is Unequalllll Doesn't mean everything got better automatically One ways they still had trouble with legal status is home ownership and geogrpaic where they were allowed to live •"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons." US Constitution Article I •"[Persons of color have] no rights which any white man [is] bound to respect ... Persons of color, in the judgment of Congress, were not included in the word citizens, and they are described as another and different class of persons..." Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 •"... on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellionagainst the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free..." Emancipation Proclamation 1862 •"Every civil officer shall, and every person may, arrest and carry back to his or her legal employerany freedman, free Negro or mulatto who shall have quit the service of his employer ..." Mississippi "Black Code," 1870 •"... separate but equal... However apparent the injustice of such legislation may be, we have only to consider whether it is consistent with the constitution of the United States."Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 •"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Brown vs. Board of Education 1954

What is smart growth? Describe how "smart growth" laws have been designed in the following states? Maryland/Oregon & Tennessee

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. Maryland - Discourages the state from funding new highways and other projects that would extend suburban sprawl and destroy farmland. State money must be spend to fill in already urbanized areas. Oregon/Tennessee - Defined growth boundaries within which new development must occur. Cities can annex only lands that have been included in the urban growth areas.

• Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States

Lithuania - RC and Baltic group of the Balto Slavic branch of the Indo European family Estonia - Protestant (Lutheran) and Uralic language related to Finnish Latvia - 59 % ethnic that are Lutheran, RC minority and Baltic group

Financing Development - Less developed countries can't fund their own development so they have to get money from someone else

Loans for Development From bank or country or supranational organizations. You get investment for a transnational corporation - corp is like I build and get money while you develop and get money let's do this. The world bank or the international monetary fund - private banks or individual countries can take loans for certain project - the total value of all loans to all LDCs is 2 trillion dollars. Lots of countries contribute to the world bank. Lots of loans haven't turned out well because you have a really expensive failure - corruption and mismanagement in LDC and broken stuff. LDC can't repay loans or even the interest on their loans. If you can't pay off your loan on a damn, you can't and the bank or country can't seize your asset so the banks are forced to restructure their loans and harder for LDCs to get money since people don't trust them. Jubilee 2000 Proposal Idea that if we take the poorest of the poor countries and take the dept of 41 nations only 10 percent of stuff and write it off, and endorsed by lots of people church and pope and bono supported this, but it ends up dissolving because banks want their money back and what are we teaching this countries what is it doing. Structural Adjustment Programs IMF and World Bank and MDCs look if we cancel debts and give them grants and refinance debts with no strings attached we are perpetuating bad habits so if LDCs want debts reduces then they have to restructure their economy and make major policy changes to how the economy works before we give you money. Privatize public institutions - water and power Transnational corporations can take control of these resources Threatens sovereignty and their social and education systems Most foreign investment flows from one to another and most is transnational corporations Debt - baaaddd

Land Pollution

Lots of farmland is a problem, salinization and all of that. Solid waste disposal is a big problem Referring to trash and not sewage - Americans throw away more trash per person than any other person in the world We have variety of things to think about What is in our trash? Paper and paperboard, Plastic, Glass, Metals, Rubber and textiles and leather

Explain the difference between the number or people living in large cities and the percentage of people living in large cities as it related to MDCs and LDCs.

MDC - 3/4 LDC - 2/5 MDCs have a higher percentage, although LDCs have LARGE ones, LDCs migration and high RNI.

Compare life expectancy in MDCs to LDCs. Compare infant mortality rate in MDCs to LDCs. <

MDC - high at least 80 LDC - low around 68 and varies MDC - 99.5 perc are healthy and <1 ish die LDC - 94 live and 6 die

Preservation

Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible. turning off lights, not using fossil fuels

English Pleasures and KMSs

Many weirdnesses Pleasure Widely spoken Global dominance No gender Number and case changes are pretty easy Relatively simple verb formes Flexible vocab Perils "Though the rough cough and hiccough plough me through, I ought to cross the lough." Polish vs. polish; dove vs. dove; to, too, two; there, their, they're The stress on the word changes the meaning entirely Spelling is crap Irregular plural We have a ton of idiomatic expressions and preposition combonations Put up with you Get down o Good features Most widely spoken (widespread, around the world) Mostly simple grammar, huge vocabulary o Bad feature Many idiomatic expressions (ex. "get up") Irregular plurals, verbs ("ox, oxen"; "go, went") Insane spelling ("enough"; "through"; "thorough") Improving spelling? ("wun naeshun under gawd"?)

World systems theory check its learning

Marx's legacy in social theory does not lie in his predictions of future utopias but rather in his analyses of the workings and contradictions of capitalism. Within contemporary sociology this tradition is very much alive in world-systems analysis, a perspective developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s. According to Wallerstein, the modern nation state exists within a broad economic, political, and legal framework which he calls a "world-system." Just as individual behavior cannot be understood without reference the sociocultural system in which they are members, individual societies or nation states cannot be understood without reference to the world-system in which they are embedded. Modern nation states are all part of the world-system of capitalism, and it is this world-system that Wallerstein seeks to understand. Wallerstein believes that there are only three basic types of social systems. The Modern World-System Mini-systems World empires World-economies The first he terms as "mini-systems," these are the small, homogenous societies studied by anthropologists. Hunting and gathering, pastoral, and simple horticultural societies are relatively self-contained economic units, producing all goods and services within the sociocultural system itself. The second type of social system is a "world-empire." This system has an economy that is based on the extraction of surplus goods and services from outlying districts. Much of this tribute goes to pay for the administrators who extract it and for the military to ensure continued domination, the rest goes to the political rulers at the head of the empire. The third type of social system, according to Wallerstein, is the world-economies. Unlike world-empires, the world-economies have no unified political system; nor is its dominance based on military power alone. However, like a world-empire, a world-economy is based on the extraction of surplus from outlying districts to those who rule at the center. From the start, Wallerstein argues, capitalism has had a division of labor that encompassed several nation states. The capitalist world-system began in Europe in about 1500 and under the spur of the accumulation of capital, expanded over the next few centuries to cover the entire globe. In the process of this expansion the capitalist world system has absorbed small mini-systems, world-empires, as well as competing world-economies. The capitalist world-economy was created by establishing long-distance trade in goods and linking production processes worldwide, all of which allowed the significant accumulation of capital in Europe. But these economic relationships were not created in a vacuum. The modern nation state was created in Europe along with capitalism to serve and to protect the interests of the capitalists. What was in the interest of early European capitalists was the establishment of a world-economy based on an extremely unequal division of labor between European states and the rest of the system. Also in the interest of early European capitalists was the establishment of strong European states that had the political and military power to enforce this inequality. For Wallerstein, the capitalist world-economy is a mechanism of surplus appropriation that is both subtle and efficient. It relies upon the creation of surplus through constantly expanding productivity. It extracts this surplus for the benefit of the elite through the creation of profit. The capitalist world-system is based on a two-fold division of labor in which different classes and status groups are given differential access to resources within nation states; and the different nation states are given differential access to goods and services on the world market. Both types of markets, those within and those between nation states, are very much distorted by power. Core & Periphery Wallerstein divides the capitalist world-economy into three areas: peripheral areas. Semi-peripheral Core states The peripheral areas are the least developed; they are exploited by the core for their cheap labor, raw materials, and agricultural production. The semi-peripheral areas are somewhat intermediate, being both exploited by the core and take some role in the exploitation of the peripheral areas. In the recent past they have been expanding their manufacturing activities particularly in products that core nations no longer find very profitable. The core states are in geographically advantaged areas of the world—Europe and North America. These core states promote capital accumulation internally through tax policy, government purchasing, sponsorship of research and development, financing infrastructural development (such as sewers, roads, airports—all privately constructed but publically financed), and maintaining social order to minimize class struggle. Core states also promote capital accumulation in the world-economy itself. These states have the political, economic, and military power to enforce unequal rates of exchange between the core and the periphery. It is this power that allows core states to dump unsafe goods in peripheral nations, pay lower prices for raw materials than would be possible in a free market, exploit the periphery for cheap labor, dump in their environment, abuse their consumers and workforce, erect trade barriers and quotas, and establish and enforce patents. It is the economic, political, and military power of the core that allows significant capital to be accumulated into the hands of the few, the capitalist world-system that produces and maintains the gross economic and political inequalities within and between nations. World-Systems Map As with capitalism within nation states, this unequal power between nation states is not uncontested. It is the subject of struggle. There are internal contradictions that with the passage of time cause political and economic instability and social unrest. Eventually, according to Wallerstein, a world-wide economic crisis will be reached and the capitalist world-system will collapse, opening the way for revolutionary change. The coming crisis of capitalism, as predicted by Wallerstein's world-systems theory, will be the topic of the next short-paper.

Transportation and Delivery

Methods of transportation Ships - slow and cheap - slowness is practical sometimes especially if it is long distance. Railroads - low cost usually and slow to moderate speed - good for long or medium distance, but is limited on where they can go only rail lines. Trucking - high cost but can go moderate to high speed - very flexible and you can do this in all distances. Air - high cost and very high speed - medium or long distances and very good for quick transport. Pipelines - bulk liquids, oil, lng, and low cost, but only used for few things. Break of bulk points - As you transfer goods from one place to another, every time it transports to a different kind of transport or transporter - ship to truck or rail to truck or truck to truck - they are break of bulk points. You want few because every time you have one, it will take up time and money. Just in time delivery - deliveries timed out so that you get the shipment precisely when you need it. You get stuff at your factory just in time you need it. Pro - no stockroom or buying extra materials and you get what you want and for smaller factory, it reduces overhead cost. Con - anything environmental or difficulty or labor or anything that prevents the shipping or delays it (traffic, natural disaster, power failure) because you need that part to continue manufacturing, you can have a serious issue and it is all disrupted.

What is the functional area of a city? What does the MSA include? What is a Megalopolis? What is the Megalopolis from Boston to D.C. called?

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) An urbanized area with a population of at least 50000, the county within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city's county (25 ppl/mi^2 in county and 50% working in central city county). Continuous urban complex - county between 2 central cities - Greek word meaning "Great City" Boswash Corridor

Using Figures 10-3 and 10-4, indicate the crop hearths and animal hearths on the map below.

Mexico and North Part of South America - Sweet Potato, Potato, Squash, Pepper, Cassava, Cotton, Lima Bean, Maize Mid Africa - Coffee, Yam, Sorghum, Cowpa, African Rice, Finger Millet Northern Part of Middle East - Olive, Rye, Oats, Lentil, Barley, Einkorn Wheat, Emmer Wheat, Bread Wheat, Broad Bean China - Rice, Soybean, Chinese Chestnut, Walnut SE Asia - Mango, Taro, Coconut, Pigeonpea, Slender Millet Mexico - Turkey South America - Llama and Alpaca Middle East - Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog Russia - Horse India and Middle East - Cattle East India - Chicken

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country

The World's Top Ten Languages

Mother Tongue 1st language *Chinese* *English* *Spanish* Hindi Arabic Bengali Russina Portuguese Japanese German Official Status *English - bc of colonization* *Chinese* *Hindi* Spanish Russian French Arabic Benhali Portuguese Malay

soil erosion

Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.

Plant Biotechnology

Moving one or more desired genes across species possibly Strawberries and cold resistant - salmon Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Genetic engineering usually only involves moving one or two genes and can cross the species barrier.

o Official English? Top 20 Us Languages after english from 2009

NOT at national level, but ~27 states have English-only laws ~40 million Americans today speak non-English at home Top languages in the US: English, Spanish, Chinese, etc. US population 5 years and older: 285,797,349 English only spoken at home: 228,699,523 Other language spoken at home: 57,097,826 Spanish 35,468,501 Chinese* 2,600,150 Tagalog 1,513,734 French 1,305,503 Vietnamese 1,251,468 German 1,109,216 Korean 1,039,021 Russian 881,723 Arabic 845,396 African* 777,553

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of the regions on the maps. (Use maps on pages 396-397 as guides) North America New England - Middle Atlantic - Mohawk Valley - Pittsburgh-Lake Erie - Western Great Lakes - Southern California - Southeastern Ontario -

New England - Cotton textile center in early 19th century cotton was imported from the southern states and finished cotton products were shipped to Europe. Middle Atlantic - Largest US market, so it attracts industries that need proximity to large numbers of consumers and depends on foreign trade through the ports. Mohawk Valley - Linear industrial belt in upper NYS that takes advantage of inexpensive electricity generated at nearby Niagara Falls. Pittsburgh-Lake Erie - Leading steel producing area in 19th century because of proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore. Western Great Lakes - Centered on Chicago, hub of nation's transportation network and now center of steel production. Southern California - Country's largest area of clothing and textile production, second largest furniture producer, andmajor food processing center. Southeastern Ontario - Canada's most important industrial area, central to Canadian and US markets and near great lakes and Niagara Falls.

With the fall of Communist governments in the 1990s, what kinds of problems have arisen and why?

New boundaries created based on ethnic boundaries, new government trying to take control of countries, and countries with ties to the government now have no security, laws, etc.

According to the "Boserup Thesis", in what ways can subsistence farmers increase food supply? Look at the graphic below. What is basically happening? Forest Fallow<----------Time---------->Multicropping

New farming methods are adopted . Land is left fallow for shorter periods. Over time, to increase food supply, land is left fallow for shorter periods of time and being used more constantly.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

New organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in an attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism.

Explain the key components of apartheid system

Newborn baby was classified as being one of four races - black, white, colored (mixed white & black), or Asian. Each of the four races had a different legal status. Laws determined where different races could live, attend school, work, shop, & own land. Blacks were restricted to

Geopolitics and Supranational Organization

Next test 1 frq and required outline Indonesia most populous muslim You are talking about giving sovereignty outside of your own Supranational organization is an entity that has three or more states that have an association for some sort of pursued goal - can be economic, military, environmental There are many more beyond that One of the largest is the UN - most that wanna be a country Nato eu comicon or warsaw pact

1. Rostow's five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein's three-part world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. A. Identify and compare three differences between the stages of economic growth and the core-periphery model. B. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil. C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

Part A Rostow - Economic change that focuses on a single country Wallerstein - Economic change that focuses on spatial relationships between countries (e.g. trade, interdependence, interaction) Rostow - National level analysis Wallerstein - International level analysis Rostow - Does not emphasize the role of colonialism and imperialism or neocolonialism Wallerstein - Emphasizes the role of colonialism and imperalism or neocolonialism Rostow - International trade may help countries to grow economically Wallerstein - International trade strengthens development in core countries (e.g. exporting manufactured goods) and constrains development in peripheral countries (e.g. exporting resources) Part B Semiperiphery because newly industrializing countries (NICs) and countries able to exploit peripheral countries (LDCs) but are exploited themselves by the core countries (MDCs). Part C Core - City Periphery - Suburb/edge city or rural/hinterland Core - Large/primate city or metropolitan area Periphery - Small/medium city or non metropolitan area/region Core - Political center Periphery - Less powerful center/area/region

3. Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. A. Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map. B. Explain two impacts of coffee farming on producing countries. C. Identify and explain one way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production. D. Explain one change in the urban landscape in the developed world associated with coffee consumption.

Part A 1. Less developed, developing, peripheral, semi peripheral 2. Tropical regions or between tropic lines, low latitudes, equatorial 3. Former colonies 4. Utilize plantation or small scale agriculture Part B Economic development - increased employment; growth of GNP; development of infrastructure; cash/export crop; improved foreign exchange; increased global trade/better international relations Single commodity dependency - economic dependence on a single crop; coffee prices set by global traders; negatively impact farmers' income and quality of life; proliferation of low wage jobs' underdevelopment as a result of profits leaving the country Environment - harmful effects of agricultural chemicals; water use issues' deforestation' biodiversity loss; soil erosion Agriculture land use - coffee, or other cash crops, versus food; coffee production limits what other crops/livestock can be grown to meet local needs; shift from traditional to commercial agriculture Part C Increased production - increased resources dedicated to coffee production (land, machines, chemicals, labor); adoption of new techniques dedicated to coffee production; increased profit; new players in the coffee industry Increased fair trade production - increased farm earnings/workers' wages; fewer links in the commodity chain; more environmentally friendly farming techniques Increased organic production - mroe environmently friendly farmingtechniques; price premium Increased demand for certain blends - more acreage devoted to specialty varieties at the expense of traditional varieties Part D More coffee shops - discussion related to special concept/explanation/geographic theory; proximity to consumers (exit ramps, malls, office buildings, campus areas); central place theory (population threshold, range, density of coffee shops); diffusion (uniform/homogenous landscapes, placelessness) Multi function/specialty coffee shops - destination coffee shops used as gathering spots for the arts, business meetings, study, WI FI, coffee related merchandise like mugs, t shirts, beans, gift packs Coffee shop as catalyst - revitalization of CBD/neighborhood real estate value enhancer foot traffic multiplier, gentrification magnet, streetscape upgrades, agglomeration economics Environmental impact - change in the urban viewscape, litter signage, emissions and traffic congestion at drive through windows, open space loss and urban sprawl

1. The map above shows the main maquiladora centers in Mexico in the year 2000. A. Define maquiladora. B. Refer to the map above to explain the spatial distribution of maquiladoras within Mexico. C. Discuss 4 factors that explain why Mexico has emerged as an important location in the current global system of industrial organization

Part A Foreign owned plants located in Mexico that take advantage of cheap labor there and export assembled products to the US and import component.s Part B Located on the border of the US and Mexico because... Close to major cities/points of entry to the US Ease of transportation into the US Mexican government originally insisted that maquiladoras within 35 miles of the US border. Part C Labor - Inexpensive labor costs in Mexico - new/global international division of labor Political - Mexico's stable gov and economy and proximity to US markets. Weak environmental regulations in Mexico and NAFTA. Economic - Tax incentives - no Mexican tariffs on imported parts or for exporded products. Location - Transportation connections between US and Mexico. Infrastructure - US transportation structure.

3. Economic restructuring is transforming the world economy. A. Define and discuss the key features of the new international division of labor (also known as global division or labor). B. Explain an impact of the new international division of labor on the socioeconomic structure of the US. C. Explain an impact of the new international division of labor on the socioeconomic structure of developing countries such as Mexico, China, and India.

Part A The reorganization/relocation of economic activities (e.g. jobs) from national to a global scale. *Economic interdependence/globalization* - dependence of the core MDC on lower cost production from the less developed countries LDCs for mass produced goods. *Transportation/communications* - time space compression via communications and transportation efficiencies leads to separation of production and consumption. *Comparative advantage* - advantages to locations that combine lower operating costs (labor, taxes, relaxation of environmental regulations, specialization efficiencies) resulting in trade/sale opportunities. *Outsourcing/offshoring* - specialized jobs contracted to companies/locations in order to achieve comparative advantages. *Profit drive* - transnational/multinational corporations need to reduce costs. *Trade agreements* - formal agreements such as NAFTA and company/country pacts that reduce trade barriers (tariffs, borders). *Foreign management* - upper management is from MDCs and not the local economy. Part B Unemployment - Job losses affect the middle class. The remaining management and service jobs increase the income gap. Deindustrialization - Regional unemployment required retooling/reeducation into tertiary/quaternary sector jobs. Profit - Drive for profits via division to LDCs has combined with consumerism to swell retail jobs. However, these jobs are largely at the part time/non benefit level. *Internal migration - Migration from areas of unemployment to areas of employment (Rust Belt to Sun Belt)* Labor relations - Decrease in membership in and influence of labor unions. *Consumptions - Availability of less expensive goods changes the standard of living.* Part C Added job opportunities - Positive addition to personal and national income that raises societal status, family income, etc. Gender - Entry of women into work force means added income for household support, which improves the standard of living and lowers population growth rate. Child labor - Use of child labor discouraged further education. Wage gap - Increased wage gap between the local haves and have nots. *Migration - Migration of nationals to specialized manufacturing areas improves personal economic positions but weakens family and traditional cultural tied - coastal China maquiladoras or mexico.* *Environmental - Relaxation/lax enforcements invited new health ailments/problems.* Regional growth - Location of new jobs fosters regional growth and concentration of wealth, pollution, etc. Uneven nature of growth creates a spatial gap between have and have not areas. Cultures change - Westernization of production, management, etc., changes the social and cultural relationships (e.g. women in the workplace, language, cultural disruption).

X - fresh produce person Y - reaper The drawings above reflect agricultural activities in the hinterland of a large urban area. A. Apply the underlying principles of von Thunen's agricultural land-use model to predict the locations of the activities shown in X and Y relative to a large urban area. B. Choose either activity X or activity Y and apply the underlying principles of von Thunen's agricultural land-use model to explain the location of the activity. C. Discuss two factors that explain why agricultural land-use patterns today differ from those developed by von Thunen's model in 1826.

Part A X is located closer to the city or in the city and Y is located father away from the city. Part B *X - intensive agriculture, higher value land, perishable goods, accessibility to market, where the farmer can maximize profit* Y - extensive agriculture, lower value land, fewer perishable goods, less accessibility to market, where the farmer can maximize profit Part C *refrigeration and food preservation* *improved transportation* regional, global markets; corporate decision making governmental policy *agricultural products used for purposes other than food* (multiple use_ forests no longer occupy a zone close to the market

2. The map above shows areas of shifting cultivation, a form of subsistence agriculture. A. Define subsistence agriculture. B. Describe the practice of shifting cultivation. C. Explain one reason why shifting cultivation was sustainable in the past. D. Explain two reasons why shifting cultivation is expected to diminish during the twenty-first century.

Part A (1 point) Define subsistence agriculture. Any of the following is a correct response: • Food grown for the farmer or farmer's family/kin • Food grown for local consumption for village/community market • Food NOT grown for commercial purposes/sold for revenue Note: Students cannot earn this point by explaining the market alone. Part B (1 point) Describe the practice of shifting cultivation. Students must describe all three of the following processes to earn this point: Clearing → Farming → Moving (shifting) to another plot of land (e.g., slash-and-burn, swidden, milpa, patch, chitemene, ladang) (until land is no longer fertile because of nutrient depletion) Note: Referencing "crop rotation" is incorrect. Part C (1 point) Explain one reason why shifting cultivation was sustainable in the past. Either of the following is a correct response: • Must link lower/smaller/less population AND more available land/cultural adaptation/environmental adaptation. Note: References to global land are incorrect. • Lower physiologic/nutritional/agricultural density. Note: References to lower population density are incorrect. Part D (4 points) Explain two reasons why shifting cultivation is expected to diminish during the twenty-first century. Reasons (2 points) Explanation (2 points) Technological advancements (e.g., fertilizers, hybrid seeds, pesticides) • Leads to increased yields/food quantity • Leads to sedentary farming • NOT just "Green Revolution" Expanding/growing population (NOT just "world population") • Less available land • Higher physiologic/nutritional/agricultural density • Reduced soil fertility owing to shortened fallow period Commercial agriculture • Profitable • Efficient • Plantation/agribusiness/cash cropping/ranching Competing land-use activities (e.g., logging, corporate investment, other employment opportunities) • Students must state that these occur at the expense of shifting cultivation (e.g., that they lead to environmental degradation) Government/environmental policy • Controls on deforestation • Restrictions on land rights or usage • Limiting carbon dioxide emissions

3. Industrial location models are used to explain geographic patterns of economic activity. The maps above show automobile factories built before and after 1986 in the United States. A. Identify TWO changes in the geography of automobile factory construction shown by the maps. B. Identify and explain TWO factors related to industrial location that may have contributed to the changes.

Part A (2 points) *a. Increase in the number/investment of foreign-owned automobile plants* OR International-based change in the geography of plant construction b. Increase in both small and especially larger-size, foreign-owned automobile plants *a. Increase in the number/investment of automobile plants in the South or Southeast part (Sun Belt) of the United States. Domestic-based change in the geography of plant construction* *b. Increase in number/investment of automobile plants built away from the traditional core of the American manufacturing belt (Rust Belt)* c. Decrease in the number of American-owned automobile plants d. Decrease in the number/investment of automobile plants west of the Mississippi River Part B Low-cost labor (not low-skilled or uneducated workforce) • More nonunionized labor in the South (or Southeast or Sun Belt). • Right-to-work states in the South (or Southeast or Sun Belt). Government policies • Economic and development incentives — pro-industrial policies. • Connection to preexisting infrastructure systems — e.g., access to interstate highways, rail spurs, water/sewage/electricity. • State and local taxes — lower in the South, higher in the North. • Variances on zoning and environmental regulations. Cheap land • Accessible and available sites in the South cost less than accessible and available sites in the North.

1. According to Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, three factors determine the location of a manufacturing plant: the location of raw materials, the location of the market, and transportation costs. A. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under what conditions an industry would locate near the market. B. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under what conditions an industry would locate near raw materials. C. Using the map above and Weberian theory, explain the geography of ethanol plants in the United States.

Part A (2 points) Soft-drink bottling Bread products Weight/bulk are gained in processing/manufacturing; therefore the industry locates close to the market in order to minimize transportation costs. Part B (2 points) Copper smelting Lumber products used for paper or furniture Weight/bulk are lost in processing/manufacturing; therefore the industry locates close to the source of raw materials in order to minimize transportation costs. Part C (2 points) Plants are located close to the key raw material of corn *in order to minimize transportation costs*. Ethanol is a weight-/bulk-losing industry. Corn is bulky; thus plants are built close to the supply of raw material in order to minimize transportation costs and maximize profit.

3. Over the past 150 years, railroad and highway systems influenced patterns of urban growth in the United States. A. Identify and explain one way that railroads affected the size and one way that railroads affected the form of cities in the United States between 1870 and 1920. B. Identify and explain two ways that the Interstate Highway System affected cities in the United States between 1950 and today.

Part A (4 points) Identify and explain one way that railroads affected the size and one way that railroads affected the form of cities in the United States between 1870 and 1920. Size of cities: identify and explain one of the bulleted points below for a total of 2 points. Cities grew: *• Stimulate economic growth: railroads connectivity/accessibility accelerated economic activity in cities* • Migration/labor force: population increased due to increased connectivity • Corridors: cities increased in size along rail corridors due to increased connectivity *• Range: range of services and employment increased in distance from city center* • Commercial zone: industrial land use area increased to accommodate rail yards, stations, warehouses, engine shops Cities declined: • Bypassed cities: some cities declined that were not connected to the RR network Form of cities: identify and explain one of the bulleted points below for a total of 2 points. *• CBD growth: central business district emerged and expanded* • Corridors: industrial corridors/districts along railways, depots, rivers, ports • Urban pattern: star patterns or hub-and-spoke patterns, streetcar suburbs, wider roads *• Land values: real estate around passenger stations became more valuable and popular; railroads created socio-economic divisions* Part B (4 points) Identify and explain two ways that the Interstate Highway System affected cities in the United States between 1950 and today. Identify and explain two effects from below (only use each bulleted effect once for a maximum of 2 points). *• Relocation of economic activities: services, offices, retailing centers, transportation hubs, light industry and warehousing to highway interchange areas.* *• Suburbanization: larger suburban labor force could independently access downtowns by car without living there; contributed to decline or depopulation of city centers.* *• Land use change: sprawl, suburban area expands as highways radiated out of city; more land area to automotive uses (e.g., parking lots, more lanes, eminent domain); divides city and creates socioeconomic divisions* • Increased economic connectivity: increased accessibility between cities reducing travel time/costs leads to economic growth; increased trucking with reduced shipping costs leads to economic growth • Conurbations: highway corridors are spaces where conurbations form (I-95 in the northeast and South Florida; I-10 and 5 in Southern California) • Edge cities: highways promoted the growth of Edge Cities near interchanges • Environment: increased air, water, noise, and light pollution in cities, urban heat island • Bypassed cities: some cities declined that were not connected to the highway network

Forms of government

Pay attention to who has the power and its source Unitary United One government Strong central government Country governed as a unit Local governments have very little to no power or responsibilities except to implement what the central government want them to do Local is extension to execute Small homogenous state (history typically large states with dictatorships) Central governments bestows power upon local governments Confederation Not looking at one central government Instead all power in local governments Local governments give power to national gov or organizations Articles of confederation Local governments bestows power upon central governments Federal Power divided between central and local governments Allocated to them They cannot taKE POWER away from each other US is this Theoretically Constitution (outside of either) is where they get power We allocate all powers to them

Identify two ways in which the U.S. Government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens. List four ways demand for congested roads is being reduced. What is rush hour and how much of a city's traffic does it account for?

Paying 90% of the cost of limited access, high speed interstate highways, which stretch for 74000 km (46000 mi) across the country. Policies also keep the price of fuel below the level found in Europe. Congestion charges, bans, tolls, permits. 40% --> the 4 consecutive 15 minute periods that have the heaviest traffic. (Peak Hour)

Agrarian

People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest. An agrarian society is any society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. First developed in Mesopotamia.

Theme 1 - Place: location What does this place look like?

Physical Characteristics - Climate, vegetation, landforms, bodies of water, wildlife Human Characteristics - Bridges, roads, buildings, culture and customs, language, skin tone Place names - toponyms Sense of place - uniqueness vs sense of placelessness - all the same

Types of Boundaries

Physical or Natural Easily distinguished Permanent Ideally hard to cross Mountain Deserts Large bodies of water Sometimes rivers (but they change over time not forever) Cultural Anthro-Geographic/Ethnic (religious and linguistic) Easily distinguished and permanent, but not always possible Sometimes, we have ethnic boundaries between different religions or languages Geometric (mathematical) Often you look at and it is a straight line between two places Best boundaries are stuff that everyone accepts regardless of how they are drawn

Industrial Location - Site

Physical or fixed characteristics of a location. Different industries have different sites suited to their needs. Site factors: *Labor - skilled or unskilled* *Land - lot or little* Power - lot of external or little *Capital - money ??* Not always possible to find a perfect location that takes all factors into account, but some compromises have to be made. (Footloose industries - can locate anywhere and easy to locate anywhere.) Labor Intensive industries - manufacturers want to minimize labor costs. They look for lower labor costs in terms of unskilled or maybe transnational corporations and they will seek out the cheapest possible. New international division of labor - labors within a country not competing with each other, but across the world - outsourcing. Sending company elsewhere, so you can have the cheapest labor possible (maquiladoras - they aren't the cheapest source of labor anymore). Skilled labor - you need highly educated people with lots of training, you will seek out locations to where they are: companies have work visas that are highly skilled in the us. Note - high wage and high skill are not the same. Textiles area is labor intensive industry with some skilled and unskilled, so you won't exactly put the entire textile industry in the same spot - cotton and yarn, we have factories in some places in cotton fabric places which is different and with blouse production you have in another spot and stuff.

Food security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Place names, Places of worship, Pleaces of the dead, Religious settlements, Administration of space

Places are tied in with religion Saints Holy people Event Sacred spaces Quebec all place names are religious San in cali - religious names Sacred structures anchor religions Distinctive place of woshrip Churches - sanctified by god Mosques - community gathering Hindu/Buddhist temples - sacred not gathering Fate of the dead and principle of the dead is improtnat Proper disposal of the dead is importnat Several widely used methods Burial Chirsitans, jews, chinese, muslims Burial at sea Anamists Cremation Hindus, some buddhists Exposure Body left to become one with nature Zoroastrians, buddhists, and anamists Most settlemetns are established for economic reasons, but not all are Types Monastic Individuals abandon the world for a spiritual purpose Utopian Ideal community and built around life Can be divided up Hierarchical organization that have well defined geogrpahic structures Units organized in a hierarchy Some (baptists/islam) where you have a self governing organized aspect with little or no hierarchy

Cultural push and pull factors

Politics Political instability or wars can push people out Rwandan genocide - 2 million people fled to go to Zair Israel Slavery, forced push Many people live in slavery or dangerous and unhealthy work Challenges cultural traditions and views India and Pakistan, movement of people with different religions Israel and Palestine Soviet jews

The Growth of Suburbs

Population of the US has grown enormously since the 1950s. Much faster than overall population growth rate. About 50 percent live in suburbs, and 90 percent of people said they prefer suburb to inner cities. The percentage of people living in inner cities has had a 30 percent decline. Your outside edge cities are where we see population clusters. We also see issues of things like sprawl. Usually within a city, growth has to be meticulously planned. Suburbs tend to be land you can take over, and you grab rural areas. The progressive spread over the landscape is sprawl. If you continue to move out, you need to extend the services out there. You are going into rural areas and taking away fertile land. This creates dependence on transportation and automobiles. Edge cities don't want edge transportation - because it would allow people who they don't want there and also costs. There becomes a physical segregation from work, social segregation of a variety of sorts like race and 1970s and white flights and stuff, age, old people and families in suburbs. Inner cities is singles and couples without kids. Income also another segregator since the suburb is the solid middle class area. Issues like zoning - zones are created to limit land control use, but this is not always done logically. This is mixed, only residential, etc. and it contributes to sprawl and segregation from work, also property rights issues. We see the suburbanization of business. Many business move out of CBD because of land cost, accessibility, ex. Retail, business services, manufacturing. Industry happens mostly in the zone of transition.

Nuclear Power

Produces somewhere in the neighborhood of 6 ish percent of the world's electricity, but it varies. Lithuania uses it a lot. France has declined in the past years since that explosion. Nuclear power in the US varies - We bury our nuclear waste In nevada, there is a place where they wanted to put high level nuclear waste storage facility, but no one wanted it of course. There is a concern about the security of the nuclears used for fuels because they can also make boom booms and it is non renewable. Uses finite minerals and is very expensive to get started, especially set up. Radioactive waste is a huge problem Low or high level. Can be dangerous for thousands of years and there is a place for low level waste in the US (new mexico - waste isolation pilot project) and the one in nevada never happened (yucca mountain) they don't want high level.

WW Rostow - RDM

Proposed a model of development on international trade: Rostow's Development Model 1900s You have a spectrum (US) Traditional society - largely agricultural: basically colonial days up to late 17 early 18 hundreds, but nobody is there anymore. Precondition for takeoff - elite groups begin investing in technology and infrastructure: basically pre industrial revolution late 18 hundreds. Takeoff - growth in limited sectors: industrial revolution and Nigeria and Bangladesh - textile are here. Drive to maturity - diffusion of technology: India is here. Age of mass consumption - shift to consumer goods: 1950s consumer goods like refrigeration and China is here now. Post industrial sometimes happens....6th stage...

What are the advantages of living in the inner-ring near the city center? List three points about the conditions of European suburbs, where the poor live. List five ways that a European CBD differs from a North American CBD.

Provides proximity to shops, restaurants, cafes, and cultural facilities. Short commute. Beautiful homes. Long commutes by public transport. Shops, schools, and other services were worse. Center for crime, violence, and drug dealing. No large, private yards. Colored people from Africa/Asia who face discrimination and prejudice from native Europeans. Less dominated by skyscrapers for business. Prominent structures may be public/semi-public. Low rise structures and narrow streets. Contain more consumer services due to more people living in the cities. Motor vehicles banned from busy shopping streets.

Define public services

Provides security and protection for citizens and businesses

Microfinance

Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

According to geographer's where is the best location for a service (once range and threshold have justified its viability)? The gravity model helps explain this as.... Which 2 patterns are reflected by consumer behavior?

Proximity to consumers - directly related to the number of people in an area. the optimal location is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance they must travel. The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater is the number of potential customers for a service. The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it.

Ethnic Diversity in Pakistan

Punjabi = Biggest -Islam (Sunni) Border = Balucli/Pashtun -Pashtun = 2nd biggest

Environmental Push and Pull

Push - hazardous, adverse physical conditions Pull - physically attractive, safer

More on code languages

1337 (0r "31337") 5p34(h pr08481y d4735 84(k 70 teh 19805 0r 34r1y 19905. !7 d3v310p3d 45 4 k!nd 0f "!n 9r0up" 514n9 4m0n9 h4(k3r5 4nd 94m3r5. (0mm0n phr4535 "WHeRE @Re J00" (0r "Wh3re aer j00?") "wH4+'S j00R nAME" "1 4t3 j00r r4m3n n00d135" "j00 suX0rz!" (0r "j00 i5 t3h sux0rz") "PH34R MEH!!!" "ph33r teh 1337 h4x0r5" "n00b" (0r "noob" 0r "nubcake" 0r "nubcaek")

Creating nationalities

18th & 19th centuries, European empires tried to destabilize each other by encouraging nationalism 20th century, colonies become independent • South Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.) • Africa (Nigeria, Mozambique, etc.) • Near East (until WWI, Turkish ruled) o Lebanon - 17 nationalities! o Government organized on ethnic lines - collapse in 1975 - slow recovery o Israel o Creation of State of Israel o Creation of Palestinian nation Palestinian = People living in West Bank, etc; Israelis who are Muslim; People who left Israel after the 1948-1949 war; Peopl who left the West Bank/Gaza after the 1967 war; descendants of refugees from 1948 or 1967 Revival of nationalism in Europe (Wales, etc.)

How did they favor immigration from certain regions?

1924 - Europe - for each country that had native born persons already living in the US, 2 percent of their number could immigrate each year. European preference.

Sector Model

1939 - Hemer Hoyt A city develops into sectors, not rings. Through the environment or mere chance, certain activities are located in certain places. As a city grows, activities tend to wedge or sector from the center. Newer, more expensive things are built on the outer edge of a sector, similar to the concentric zone model. Center 1. - CBD Left most up and down 2. - Transportation and industry Left down on the right side of two 3. - Low class residential Big sectors 4. - Middle class residential Right most 5. - High class residential *the more expensive, the further back*

Multiple Nuclei Model

1945 - Harris and Ullman City is complex and includes more than 1 center around in which activities revolve (ex. University, airport, park, neighborhood, business center.) Some activities are attracted to specific nodes, whereas others try to avoid them (ex. University will attract educated residents and bookstores, airports will attract hotels and warehouses, high end housing and industry are rarely seen together.) 1. CBD 2. Wholesale and light manufacturing 3. Low class residential 4. Medium class residential 5. High class residential 6. Heavy manufacturing 7. Outlying business district 8. Residential suburb 9. Industrial suburb

When was the European Union (EU) formed? Members when the European Union (EU) formed? Why was the European Union formed?

1958 (during the cold war). 6 states - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. To heal Western Europe's scars from WWII.

Waves of Decolonization

2 big waves 1st = late 1700s through 1800s Us frees itself from gb Latin american from spain, france, portugal 2nd = mostly after WWII africa and asia Se asia bc japanese got rid of euro colonial powers Jap defeat lead to go back to that Euros can't hold onto empires Ssa 1960s forward Latest one was angola or mozambique 1980

Ethnic and boundary situation in Cyprus

2 ethnicities - Greeks and Turkish 78 and 18 percents Never peaceful integration of both nationalities Turkey invaded for minority and declared independent of North Wall in between with buffer and relocation necessary Destroy part of wall leading to slow reunification nowadays Northern Turkish and Southern Greek with British Military Bases South and Middle East

Smog

2 kinds Sulfurous - SOx in the air Photochemical - Produced by sunlight on certain chemicals in the atmosphere and one of the dangerous chemicals in this is ozone Much bigger issues in bigger cities - not really in RVA Developing countries and their pollution levels are like it is not safe to go outside Also with - temperature inversion - Air temperature declines with altitude - higher = colder and in a temperature inversion the colder air at the surface gets trapped below a layer of warm air and so cold air doesn't rise and anything in it are stagnant and the surface air pollutants are trapped - in 1948 in donora pennsylvania which trapped the pollutants from steel and zinc smelters you couldn't see anything and 6000 people were ill and died Sulfurous and chlorine = bad

Distribution of Business Services

2 ways to divide them up. One way is through this. System created by a guy named Freedman: WOrld Cities - outstanding centers for business, new york and london. So much business both political and economic happen here. Command and Control Centers - major business and financial centers, not quite as important with not as much clout, places like chicago, important but not as much as NY Specialized Producer Service Centers - have a narrow range of services and certain activities. Research, raleigh, derman, and chapel hill in NC. Dependent Centers - Dependent on everyone above them. Military, manufacturing, etc like Norfolk Another one created...Global Urban MetaGeography Created a different system, twice a year, they organize cities into three tears. Alpha, beta, gamma. Brings globalization into this. You can be a big city, but globally have no power Alpha - most integrated are london and new york and area still up here...then hong kong in alpha +, but not ++, once we get into Alpha - like amsterdam or stockholm but not international decisions Beta... Gamma... Sufficiency level Number of alpha cities in each country according to globalization and world cities research network

Water Pollution

3 main sources - water using industries (point source), municipal sewage (runoff from streets and point and nonpoint) and agriculture (nonpoint) ABout half of the water use in the US daily is used by industries - they will release a variety of chemicals and heat into the water and so there is a lot of pollutants that end up there (radioactive and petril chems and thermal pollution) Mining causes a lot of pollution because rain water and mine waste are creating toxic pollutants - kentucky, tennessee, west virginia and they all do strip mining, utah nevada and mexico because of gold, silver, lead, copper, uranium A particular problem in cali is leach mining is where you use cyanide and that runs of Municipal - cities have so much pollutants that come off of the streets and salts and heavy metals and biocides and all of that that ends up in your water and you smell treatment plants and they go through a variety of stages to make the water usable again a lot of the US is fed by them Agriculture is most and fertilizers, biocides, and animal wastes are the most - Too many plants nutrients into the water, it sets off a serious bloom bc algae loves the food so you have a bloom, sun feeding things die, bacterial decomposition happens and take away the oxygen, and then fish die, and you have a dead zone Everything DIES

Models of Internal City Structure - 3 main

3 popular models within the north american city structures - north american different than everyone else - social scientists started to create these models to understand how everything is related to each other. No one is completely accurate, but relate to each other. Concentric Zone model - you have a series of of concentric rings. Outside is commutor's zone because that's where land is cheap and people live and afford, then better residences, around the city is worker houses and lower income, and a zone of transition as you get closer to the CBD, then CDB. Secor model - transportation changes stuff, so you have linear and transportation corridors but emphasis on one central business district. CBD, then transportation, low class residence next to transportation, middle class residential is the middle, and far away from transportation is green area and high class residential. Multiple Nuclei model - There is a CBD, but other important areas as well. You have a residential suburb, industrial suburb, wholesale suburb, and you will have different areas with different purposes.

Indo European

3,441,210,000 45.7% of world pop Europe, S Asia, N and Latin America German, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Hindi, Bengali

Soviet Union

300+ countries have multinational issues 1989 end of cold war End of USSR 1991 Gradually falling apart Lots of things came out of perestroika and glasnost and reforming is opening and dangerous and nobody's happy Fall apart and after 50 years we ended the Cold war, and 85ish of the Soviet Union COup attempt in 91 that started all this Small states that are all gonna have issues Baltic states Estonia Latvia Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Russians abroad in satellite states Now cut off Autonomous homelands 16 Don't get recognition they want Chechnya Muslim pop Kaucasa Russia largest nation in the world and only 6th largest pop

2 models and information

Self Sufficiency Model - Encourage domestic production of goods and discourage foreign ownership of business and resources and protect their businesses from international competition. Popular in 20th cent. Barriers limit imports (tariffs, quotas, and licenses), fledgling businesses nursed without competition, investment spread equally, and incomes = everywhere and is fair. Problems is the protection of inefficient businesses and need for large bureaucracy. India - Import licenses, restriction of selling goods, heavy taxes on imports, no production of exports, money no conversion - business needed permission for new products, modernization, expansion, enlistment, etc., subsidies for private struggling companies, and government owned communication, transportation, power, and some business. International Trade Approach - Rostow's Development Model - Countries open themselved to foreign investment and international markets so it is popular right now. Traditional society to preconditions for takeoff to takeoff to drive to maturity to age of mass consumption and each country is in 1 stage. Problems is uneven resource distribution, increased dependence on developed countries, and market decline. 4 Asian Dragons - S. Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong concentrated on manufactured goods (textiles and electronics) with low labor costs. Arabian Peninsula States - Petroleum revenues finance large scale products and help them advance. THe most successfull is the ITM - International Trade Approach

Waste Disposal

4 methods - DUmp - we use it not in the original use - illegal in the vast majority of the US and they are notorious for bad smell and have disease and vermin and people just come together and dump there Sanitary Landfills are typically what we see - most common way to dispose of waste in the more developed world and improvement on old fashion dump. You essential dug it into the ground and you fill the land with your trash and you filled a liner to prevent stuff from getting stuff into your water and a system to pump it out and stuff to use it. Liquid from rain reacts with solid waste and created toxic substance that can easily contaminate groundwater and we don't want that. Another big problem is capacity. There aren't a lot of them because at a certain point you have to stop using it. 80 percent decrease since beginning. No one wants it in their backyard. Incinerations is something - designed to burn solid waste and turn problem into opportunity - burn to generate electricity and reduce volume of waste by 75 percent however there are problems. Air pollution - when you burn things you have things that go into the air and toxic. Another big problem is the ash and you reduce the trash but now you concentrate the toxins into the 25 percent of the ash, You throw the ash away in a landfill and it becomes leech it easily and infiltrates grand water. What do we do with hazardous waste..... Heavy metals and radioactive materials, toxic chemicals, paint, oils, batteries, and most hazardous we have special landfills for. Recycling - we should reuse, reduce, recycle. Separating, collecting, processing, marketing, unwanted materials. Reusing is also good. ⅓ of solid waste is recycled and there are a lot of different ways you can recycle there - deposit programs, drop off centers, curbside pickup, and buy back centers Homeless people - they collect cans and things and they can sell those cuz companies buy them. 5k recycling centers but only 50 perc are served by them. NE and about 80 perc of population has access up there- most common there. Also, some people think that recyclers throw it away, but you should find a reputable one in your neighborhood. Also, only certain things can be recycled. -Remanufacturing -Recycled into the same production process - with recycled stuff, you can recycle stuff into things like the same thing. Not only are you reducing pollution, but you are reducing the need to mine more aluminum or other products. -Sometimes things get recycled into a different production process - make plastic soda bottle into other things. Reduces waste, or need for new petroleum. Plastics are made from new petroleum.

Gerrymandering

= been around for a long time Done in a few different ways Gerrymandering species Packing or excess vote Packing so they can only win a couple districts Cracking or wasted vote Dilute the other party as much as possible Stacking Connect and concentrate groups together in particular areas They still have to follow the rules of before and solely benefit one party but they can be drawn on the interest of shared interest when is it gerrymandering or weird shaped districts

How are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of the developed and developing worlds? Compare and contrast reasons for variations in health care between developes and developing countries.

> LE in wealthy countries and < LE in poor countries < IMR in countries with good health care and > IMR in countries with worse health care Good health care means that you have money, and developed countries are wealthier than less developed ones, thus they have better health care. Also, less developed countries have more things to cope with, and health care isn't their number one priority.

1. a. i. Define the term green revolution as used during the period 1945 to 1985. ii. Explain the principal agricultural practices/technologies associated with the green revolution. iii. Name 2 regions in different parts of the world where the green revolution has had a significant impact on crop yields. b. Identify and discuss 2 social, political, or cultural conditions necessary for the success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution. c. Identify and discuss 2 significant economic or ecological factors that may limit the long term success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution

A - Invention and diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques, including seeds with higher yield, expanding fertilizer use, and commercialization. Artificial fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides, GMOs, mechanical machinery. South Asia - India became self-sufficient in grain production by the 1980s. Central America - Mexico no longer importing corn by 1960 because production within the country met demand. B - - Availability of finances - new technology, funding for GMO research, development of new pesticides/fertilizers - Cultural acceptance of crops and practices - new innovations need to be sold or else the money spent was for nothing, GMOs are controversial - Transportation system - the innovations need to travel to different countries to succeed - new grains, pesticides, mechanical machinery C - - Decline in soil fertility - low soil fertility leads to crop failure, thus making agriculture less attractive to foreign investment - Inequality between groups(female subsistence farmers in Gambia) - subsistence farmers are being overlooked when commercialization sweeps through, altering ways of life and creating tensions(85% of women in Sub-Saharan Africa work in agriculture - jobs being lost to machines)

Right-to-work law

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

• Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

Urban area

A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

Prime agricultural land

A designation assigned by U.S. Department of Agriculture defining land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these land uses.

• Territorial disputes

A disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land

What is pastoral nomadism? In what type of climate is it usually found? What regions of the world are currently occupied by this practice? How do pastoral nomads obtain grain (several ways)? What animals are chosen, and where? Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads What is transhumance? In what way do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. In the drylands, so dry climate. Central and SW Asia and N Africa Raise crops, trade with sedentary subsistence farmers in exchange for animal products, hire workers to practice sedentary agriculture in return for grain and protection, sow grain in recently flooded areas and come back a year later to harvest, stay in one place when rainfall is abundant and work on herd the rest of the time. --Camels- arid climates --Goats- need water; survive on any vegetation --Sheep- affected by the climate changes Camel-North Africa and Southwest Asia along with sheep and goats Horse-Central Asia Based on local culture and physical characteristics and prestige and adaptive ability Every group controls a piece of territory (size dependent on wealth/power) and will invade another groups territory only in an emergency or if war is declared. seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas They confine these people or try to force them to give up pastoral nomadism because they want the land for other uses.

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

World cities

A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce

Complete the chart below regarding public housing. Public Housing Who builds & maintains it? Percentage in the U.S. Reasons high-rise public housing is unsatisfactory How are recent public housing projects different?

A housing authority, established by the local government manages. Federal government pays the cost of construction and maintenance, repair, and management not covered by rent. 2 million people live here. The elevators are frequently broken, juveniles terrorize other people in the hallways, high drug use and crime rate, so poor conditions. Government has cut spending on public housing and now it is mostly non profit funding.

What is a pilgrimage?

A journey made for religious purposes to a place considered sacred

Define creolized language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

• Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

• Trade language

A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.

2. A large proportion of urban residents in the megacities of the periphery of the world system live in squatter settlements. A. Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery. B. Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements. C. Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political or environmental.

A large proportion of urban residents in the megacities of the periphery of the world system live in squatter settlements. Part A (1 point) Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery. *• Edge of city* *• Elsewhere in the built area other than the edge (with explanation)* *• Vacant or undesirable land, such as steep hillsides, floodplains, dumps/landfills, cemeteries, close to industries* *• Land with unclear title* Part B (2 points) Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements. *• Large-scale rural-to-urban migration* *• Poverty (with elaboration)* *• Lack of enough affordable housing (public/private)* *• Lack of, or failure to enforce, land use policy (government or private)* *• NOT immigration, unless clearly talking about rural-to-urban migration* *• NOT refugees* Part C (3 points) Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political, or environmental. *• Unhealthy living conditions leading to high morbidity and/or mortality rates in squatter settlements* • Increase in crime • Development of gangs or other nonlegal authority systems that use force to impose their rules • Development of political action and/or political unrest • Increased water pollution resulting from lack of sanitation facilities and refuse collection • Increased soil erosion on hillsides as existing vegetation is removed • Decreased air quality resulting from fires used for cooking and heating in settlements • Deforestation *• Visual pollution....Ex. Olympics* • Increase in the availability of cheap labor • Increased risk of disasters, such as fires, industrial accidents, mudslides, flooding *• Strain on the already inadequate infrastructure—such as water, electricity, education, sewer, and fire protection—resulting in an increased burden on existing taxpayers*

The Urge to Understand: Lingua Franca

A lingua franca is any widely used language used for commerce, diplomacy, science, and technology Language of diplomacy used to be French but is not English Examples Koine Greek - ancient Eastern Mediterranean Swahili - Eastern Africa French - international diplomacy English - science, commerce, travel English is hard to learn

Break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Core-periphery model

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

Gravity model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

• Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. A series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc.

Introduction

A service is an activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. There are services that aren't about money - charitable service is still a service. A better way to define it - useful labor that doesn't produce something that is a tangible commodity. People have always provided other people with services and from an early period people, providing services combine people into a community. We start off with agriculture early, people that are able to produce enough that other people can provide services as their sole activity...they can now focus on just services. This specialization of labor causes people to start gathering and to put them in one place makes it convenient to people who use them. Old services: Food storage, Trade, Defense, Entertainment, Education, Burial, etc. Economic Categories: Primary - extraction - taking from environment directly ; Secondary - manufacturing; Tertiary - services * Most people in the developed world work in service - 80 percent in US is in service sector. *

• Landlocked state

A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes

perforated state

A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.

Define nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

• Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

• metes-and-bounds

A term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles. Metes (length or measurements) and Bounds (boundaries) description is often used when a great deal of accuracy is required.

Define balkanized Define balkanization If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula soon, why would it be sort of tragic?

A term widely used to describe a small geographic area that couldn't successfully be organized into one or more stable state because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms towards each other The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Because it will only be due to ethnic cleansing and homogenization bringing peace in a once multi ethnic area

The graph shown above describes the residential density profile of a major North American city. The population pyramids labeled X and Y describe the demographic composition of places located at points X and Y on the graph of the population density. A) Use the concept of land rent (sometimes called bid-rent) to explain the profile of residential population density shown on the graph. B) Using the population pyramids labeled X and Y, identify and explain two differences in the demographic composition between the pyramids. C) Explain the relationship between the demographic differences identified in part B, and residential land use patterns at point X and point Y, respectively, in the graph of population density.

A. 1 point for *population density and/or land rent decline with increasing distance from the CBD because there is less competition for less accessible land*. 1 point for *the profile dips at the CBD because commercial/industrial land users are willing/able to pay higher rent for a central location than residential land users are willing/able to pay*. B. 1 point for each difference identified (see age cohorts and description in table below), 2 points maximum % of 0-20 - lower at X and higher at Y *% of 35-50 - lower at X and higher at Y* *% of 20-30 - higher at X and lower at Y* % >60 - higher at X and lower at Y % >55 Female - higher at X and lower at Y C. 1 point each for explanation of two bullets related to X, 1 point each for explanation of two bullets related to Y Y - *Families with children at Y. Lack of affordable single family housing and outdoor space at. Negative perception of neighborhood at X (eg crime). OOOORRRR Availability of affordable single family housing and outdoor space at Y. Cars enable low density development at Y. Positive perception of neighborhood at Y (eg safety and good schools).* X - *College, young workers, people without children at X. Distance form city amenities at Y. Cost of transportation to jobs in CBD at Y. OOOORRR Affordable high density housing at X. City amenities (museum, night life, music) at X. Peer group attraction at X.* OOOOR Retirees, older persons without dependents (not acceptable: just elderly) at X. Down sizing from larger housing at Y after retirement. Distance from city amenities at Y. OOOOORRR Aging in place at X. Affordable high density housing at X. Group and social housing (retirement and nursing homes) at X. In migration due to retirement, downsizing, amenities, affordability at X. Female longevity.

Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive)

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. -Allowed people to move away from farms- fueled industrial revolution Intensive Commercial Agriculture - any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield Extensive Commercial Agriculture - a crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output

Political World Today

All countries on there

Global Soil Degradation

All over the world with - erosion, salinization, the soil lost nutrient, losing groundwater, etc....this is problematic US - Breadbasket

hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Fair trade

Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

• United Nations Convention

An agreement between nations on a specific subject, such as piracy at sea.

Define clustered rural settlement Define dispersed rural settlement How are strips of land allocated in a clustered rural settlement? Illustrate a circular rural settlement. In a linear rural settlement, why are settlements clustered around roads and or rivers? Why did New England colonists prefer clustered settlements? Why did owning several fields around a clustered rural settlement become disadvantageous? Why did many European countries convert to dispersed patterns?

An agricultural based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. (North American rural) Farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements. Individual farmers own or rent the land OR the land is owned collectively by the settlement/lord and farmers don't control the choice of crops or use of the output. Central open space surrounded by structures. To facilitate communication. To stay in a group, to reinforce common cultural and religious values, and to defend against Native American attacks. Farmers lost time moving between fields, villagers had to build more roads to connect small lots, and farmers were restricted in what they could plant. To improve agricultural production - more efficient.

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

• International organization

An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination.

What are census tracts? What three types of data are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?

An area delineated by the US Bureau of the census for which statistics are published.... around 5000 residents in each tract Number of non whites Median income of all families % of adults who finished high school

Food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

• savanna

An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes

Functional Region (Nodal Region)

An area organized around a node or focal point Reception area of a TV station

What are centripetal forces? What are centrifugal forces?

An attitude that tends to unify people/enhance support for a state An attitude that tends to rip apart a state

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural or political feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Migration from rural to urban areas and increase in urban activity. Rural to urban The percentage of people living in urban areas increased from 5 (1800) to 50 (1920) to 80 (2010) percent in the US

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

How did the concept of political states developed during the following periods?

Ancient Times - City states - Walls that created boundaries to cities - City controls agriculture to make food for urban residents - Country sides provide defense from other city states Medieval Times - Provinces - Walls - Fragmented empire with kings, dukes, barons, nobles - Empires EUROPE = FIRST NATION STATES

FRQ Tackling it

Annotate the question - identify and underline task words; circle the number of things that you are being asked to give Outline the question - create a structure for yourself that you will fill in with your response and appropriate details Fill in your outline - using what you know about task words decide what exactly the question is asking; does it want you to say how something is or works? why? explain because? do they want to know what something is? WRITE IT

Race, Racism, and Prejudice

Another serious problem There is a particular set of human traits that are biologically defined that have created a superior race - Some people believe this and believe that certain people are genetically inferior which comes from social darwinism and creates prejudice A preformed unsupported judgement about a group of people that is based on stereotype and has nothing to do with reality There are a fair number of hate crimes that happen in the US Bias motivated Gov does not classify hate crimes State and local authorities get data to sent to FBI but they vary from place to plae and are questionable

Define service What sector of the economy do services fall under? What distribution do most services follow? What are the three subdivision of the service sector of the economy?

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. Tertiary. Proximity to market. Consumer services, business services, and public services.

FOOD DESERT

Area where you can't get to a grocery store. Particularly in areas that can't, no transport, to get to a grocery store. FOOD DESERT - CHURCH HILL ...there is no grocery store and you don't have a choice. Other areas have grocery store wars.

What are the two purposes that maps serve?

As a reference and communications tool

• Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

When the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 countries in the 1990s, the new countries were based on ethnicities. Other than Russia, they can be divided into 4 groups based on their location.

Baltic Region - Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia Eastern Europe - Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova Central Asia - Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan Caucasus - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia

Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?

Because of the California Gold Rush. Also, its bad environment - dry climate, no trees, and tough grassland sod.

Why do developing nations view tv as a new source of cultural imperialism?

Because they block off offending networks, censor the unacceptable, and push forward the beliefs and social forms of the country. LDCs consider TV as a threat by MDCs to their independence because the media presents American beliefs that force out LDCs social customs.

Why might some groups of people oppose globalism or globalization?

Because they might not be able to keep up with different trends, or their culture might fade away.

• diffusionism

the view that the diffusion of Western science, technology, and practices to other peoples would enable them to advance socially and economically

Street pattern (Grid, dendritic; access, control)

the way in which streets are designed; grid: streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion; dendritic: characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry; access: provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway; control: allows highways or housing projects to be supervised

• Cultural identity

the way people categorize their culture, sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat

Standard of living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

• Global commons

those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries

Environmental determinism

when the physical environment causes social development

Subsistence Agriculture

Shifting Cultivation (Slash and burn) -Common in tropical areas adapting to poor soils because the rain forests are greedy and no nutrient left over for farm. So you cut down a swath of rainforest and then burn it and till the ashes into the soil and have nutrient rich soil for a little bit and then shift and repeat. If you do it in small groups, then by the time you go to your first area, it is growing again. If you do this on a wide scale then it is a huge problem -Brazil: Small scale less machinery endeavors teamed up with lumbering in brazil -Temporary -Short term -Long fallow period -5 perc practice: Amazon, Equator, Brazil -Effects: Deforestation and pollution Pastoral Nomadism -Subsistence level agriculture form -Some people are going to be basing their entire lifestyle around domesticated animals and herding them from place to place this is pretty well adapted to dry climates where you have no other forms of agriculture -Scrub lands for animals so they can eat -Built for that area animals -North africa: Goats, Camels -Near east: Goats, Sheeps, Camels -Central Asia: Yaks -What animals you have close to you -Nomads are not wanderers till they happen upon a stuff. They have strong sense of territory and they practice transhumance and season migration and circular they know where to go -You use every part of the animal Intensive Wet Rice Dominant -Can be done on a really large scale or subsistence agriculture -In an area rice grows really well cuz lots of rain -High population density areas -S, E, and SE Asia -Subsistence done by hand and not by machine at all -When making and growing rice you start with rice seeds and plant em in a nursery, then take the seedlings and take the firls pre planned and flooded and plant each seedline individually. You can't afford machinery so subsistence do this by hand. Then you harvest it when its mature. -Called intensive because it takes a lot of effort. In areas with good climates, you can double or even triple crops -Water flooding of fields helps with pesticides, fish and natural manure, no watering Intensive Wet Rice Not Dominant -Really ancient forms of agriculture like medieval europe and not around much anymore because in most places where you would have intensive but not wet rice dominant, you have commercial agriculture now -In latin america and south asia sometimes -Emphasizes wheat, barley, or corn -You have to do interillage -You put a buncha things in the same spot, but they all grow at different times and complement each other

Cursing and Swearing

Shock Emotion Frustration When creating often refer to supernatural, excretion, sex Blasphemy Some languages have a lot or a little "... [thou art] a knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave; a lily-livered, action-taking knave; a whoreson, glass-gazing, super-serviceable finical rogue; a one-trunk inheriting slave; one that wouldst be a bawd in way of good service, and art nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch; one whom I will beat into clamorous whining if thou deniest the least syllable of thy addition." William Shakespeare, (c. 1608) King Lear (Act 2, scene 2)

Give reasons for why each of the following modes of transportation might be selected by a manufacturer to deliver their products to market. TRUCKS TRAINS SHIPS AIR

Short distance because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply, especially one day delivery before needing to stop for an extended rest. Longer than one day distance shipping usually between east and west coast of the US. It takes longer than trucks to load, but they aren't required to make daily rest stops like them. Long distance because cost/km is very low. Slower, but can cross oceans like to North America from Europe or Asia. Most expensive for all distances, so usually reserved for speedy delivery of small bulk, high value packages.

Briefly explain the Eurozone Crisis.

Single bank (European Central Bank) and common currently (euro) created to integrate Europe's nation-states. However hit by severe global recession 2008 which has called future of euro into question.

Ethnicities of Sri Lanka

Sinhalese 74% Language Indo European fam and Indo Iranian branch Buddhism From N India to S 2/3 of Sri Lanka Tamils 16% Language Dravidian Hinduism From SW Asia to N and other part of Sri Lanka Moors 10% Both languages above Islam Same as Tamil

Industrial Location - Situation

Site vs situation - In primary economic activity, you don't have a choice in where you go, you go to where ore is good and where fish are and where soil is good and stuff you need is what you follow. In a secondary economic activity like manufacturing or construction, you can choose the best possible location based on a variety of economic factors. Situation Proximity to inputs: Big one - how close do you need to be to the things you are manufacturing. If your inputs are heavy, bulky, fragile, and stuff, it makes sense to locate near those things. For things like copper, steel, or even canning tomatoes, it is cheaper to be closer to the input. This then means that what is put into the factory is heavier or bulkier compared to what is coming out. These are weight or bulk reducing industries - locate close to inputs. You want to travel the least amount of distance with the heavy stuff. Proximity to markets: If your outputs are heavy, bulky, or fragile, it makes sense to locate near your markets. What comes out is heavier than what is going in, so these are weight or bulk gaining industries - locate close to markets. You travel short distances with the heavy stuff. Air conditioners are an example because you take different pieces and put it together and it is big and bulky. Soda is another where you have water weight so you add water closer to the markets. Sand because glass is fragile so you will produce glass close to where you sell it. Single market manufacturing - auto parts, where you will locate near automotive car factories. If you have perishable manufacturing, you will be closer to markets like milk and bread before they spoil. These ideas about heaviness and all of that also goes into things like....industries and manufacturing shifting from developed to less developed world because you are trying to look at everything and economy isn't the only factor. Changing situation - changing locations If low labor offsets transportation costs, then you will locate far off. Transportation is cheaper?

Sudan and Sri Lanka

Split into 2 different countries Muslims in n and christians in s 2011 on maps Solving ethnic issues by dividing doesn't mean all problems solved Tamils vs Sinhalese Buddhist vs Hindus etc

Migration Transition - As applied to the demographic transition model Wilbur Zelinsky

Stage 1 - High daily or seasonal mobility in search for food Stage 2 - High international emigration and inter regional migration from rural to urban areas - international Stage 3 and 4 - High international immigration and intra regional migration from cities to suburbs - internal

Epidemiological transition stages

Stage 1 - infectious/parasitic diseases that caused human death, black plague, high CDR Stage 2 - receding pandemics, not completely immediate deadly, cholera, tb, rapidly dec CDR Stage 3 - degenerative and human created diseases, not death but disorders, some cancer, heart disease, moderately dec CDR Stage 4 - delayed degenerative diseases, cardiovascular issues and cancer, low inc CDR Stage 5 possible - infectious disease (reemergence of parasitic incurable diseases), malaria, poverty areas, AIDS, tuberculosis, AIDS, SARS, ebola, HIV

Demographic transition model

Stage 1 - stable population - high cdr, high cbr, low nir, low growth, most of human history here because it was slow growing in the past., no country is in stage one Stage 2 - rapid growth - high cbr, low cdr (dec), growing nir, high growth, north america and the uk.....wealth, better living conditions, goods, cape verde... Stage 3 - moderate growth - high cbr (dec), low cdr (dec), dec nir, dec growth, north america and europe....fewer children, chile... Stage 4 - zero population growth - low cbr, low cdr, dec nir, low growth, denmark...stable Most countries are in stages 2 and 3, and very few in 4 *Japan not in 4, but 5 Brick countries in 3

"Stages of Growth" model

Stage I -> the "initiation" stage, marked by "hands off" user awareness and an emphasis on functional applications to reduce costs. Stage II -> the "contagion" stage, a proliferation of applications as well as the potential for more problems to arise. Stage III -> a need for "control" arises, centralized controls are put in place and a shift occurs from management of computers to management of data resources. Stage IV -> "integration" of diverse technological solutions evolves, management of data allows development without increasing IT expenditures in Stage V. Stage VI -> "maturity", high control is exercised by using all the information from the previous stages.

Problems of Modern Industry

Stagnant demand - best markets are mdcs but the population of mdcs are not growing and sometimes shrinking. Problematic with no expanding population and market saturation in a lot of cases which creates a limit on willing to buy stuff like washing machines, dishwashers, and once they are built, you don't have them manufactured to break. Soooo, when it is saturated you can't make any more of that thing and factories end up closing - no replacement goods needed so demand stays low - increased demand for some products and decreased for others. Technology Capacity and competition - on a global scale not, so lots of competitions. All have competition since they have the capabilities. In politics in US - is bringing back our industrial base and factories but we are competing with everyone. Is the us the best place to locate? MDCs: Trading blocs: Increase - nafta or eu - but trade with the outside world is limited so less interaction. Not straight country by country but it is within these blocs. LDCs: Variety of problems - lack of infrastructure, lack of investment, and dominance of transnational corporation, where they depend on mdc for supply and markets and in that ldc they depend on low wage so the race to the bottom happens. Peripheral economies and ones that are not benefitting as much from industry and trade as the core countries. Foreign investment between mdc especially.

Languages, Dialects, Accents

Standard language You have accepted forms of syntax and vocab and pronunciation - your language Dialect Follows rules but is slightly different or a variant Acent How you pronounce something Follow the same vocab rules for the most part You have a slightly different way you pronounce, tone, deflection, and so one Drawing Dialect Boundaries - Isoglosses People use a term for a particular thing Darning needle, mosquiro hawk, is naem for dragonfl Dialects of english English Unites States You have northern, mid, and southern US Regional Variations Soda pop or coke Recent Work on American dialect Trying to map the different variations o Language, dialect, accent Standard Language: accepted norms Dialect: recognizable speech variant Accent: distinctive regional way of speaking o Drawing language & dialect boundaries: isoglosses Isogloss -word usage boundaries In theory - word-by-word study gives you boundaries Reality tends to be a lot messier o Dialects of English In England three groups: northern, midland, southern In the US isolation created differences • US dialects are most pronounced in the East • Three main groups: Northern, midland, southern (more?) • "Ebonics"? (African-American Vernacular English)

• Multinational state

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Definitions cont

States - political units with defined territories, a permanent population, fully independent and sovereign -We use it interchangeably with country and nation -As a part of the US, we use it a little differently - part of a federal gov with limited independence and sovereignty States Country Nations - people, communities or groups of people with a common culture, shared beliefs, sense of unity, languages, customs, pretty strong attachment to place Nation-States - combining these terms to mean very specific things - state occupied by single nation - ideal, japan, iceland come close Multinational State - can it be created? many nations of people in a state like russia, canada, cyprus Part-Nation State - a state whose population is only a portion of a nation, egypt, syria, libya, jorban, part of the arab nation Stateless Nation - nation with no state or divided amongst several states, gypsies, basque, curds, etc. -All terms used interchangeably -Be specific with terms

Levels of development

Study of how countries develop financially 1. Highly developed: Core 2. Newly Industrialized: Semi-periphery 3. Developing: Periphery

• Innovation adoption

Study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture

Sustainability

Sustainable agriculture -Organic farming: Natural vs Organic and they are different -Pest management -Conserve sensitive land: When done properly can enhance or preserve environmental qualities Suggestions -Goals: Enviro healthy, Profitable, Try and strive for social and economic equity - help society -Techniques: Supply quality management of water, avoid fossil fuels and use renewable energy resources, reduce burning and pesticide, reduce erosion, improve soil quality -Plant production strategies: Site and species selection, crop diversity, soil management -Animal production strategies: Reproduction, breeding, herd health, grazing management -Social and political context: Policy, land use policy, labor practice reforms, rural communities with consumer involvement

Define language Define official language Define language family Define language branch Define language group

System of communication through speech which is a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning Language a country designates used by the government for all laws, reports & public objects such as money & road signs & stamps A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; differences are not as extensive or as old as between language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities and have few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Define gentrification: What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why? Why has gentrification been criticized?

THe process by which middle class people move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. People working downtown - less commute Singles - cultural activities COuples without children - no public school concern Forcing low income families out of their houses because they can no longer afford property rent (high).

Possible Demographic Measures - Life Expectancy, Under 5 mortality rate, RNI, Birth Rate

Tells us a variety of things like health, access to hospitals, their overall lifestyle, etc. SS Africa is awful hopefully not for much longer High birth rate is gonna be less developed - replacing dead children or fill roles High in africa

Temporary Migration

Temporary migration for work Causes anti immigration views Have short term visas Send home money In Europe, lots are from Algeria or Turkey Laws can be discriminatory Some countries just kick out their guest workers Temporary pull factor Guest migration Economic migrants are not the same as refugees Even if they are impoverish Refugees have their own special status Temporary migration for education Foreign students that study abroad So many internationals in the US for studying Migrant Characters

What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?

The Appalachian Mountains They hugged the coast originally and didn't want to let go

What two ancient peoples beliefs blended to form Hinduism?

The Aryans and the Dravidians

2 largest newspaper organizations...what countries are they associated with?

The Associated Press (AP) - US and Reuters - GB

What was the military campaign by the Christians to recapture their Holy Land from the Muslims?

The Crusades

The Ecumene vs The Anecumine

The Ecumene The populated part of the world They coordinate with the world's climate regions Dry - not too many Polar - not too many Tropical and Warm - loooots Population clusters Europe South Asia South East Asia East Asia North America Latin America Africa Anecumine The unpopulated part of the world

1991 Dismantling Apartheid: Truth and Reconciliation

The S African gov began to dismantle apartheid the African National Congress Party which had been banned for the previous 30 yrs was legalized, nelson mandela was released from prison and became S africa's first black president in 1994 Truth and reconciliation establish in 1995 to investigate human abuses and rights and everyone does crimes but the state which was white was the primary perpetrator fo gross violation of human rights in S africa Motivating factor was race Payed reparation to identify victims of apartheid and was a model for other countries that have dealt with these issues •, "The state, ... was ... the primary perpetrator of gross violations of human rights in South Africa..." •"Racism ... constituted the motivating core of the South African political order... This created a climate in which gross atrocities ... were seen as legitimate." •In 2003 the TRC began paying reparations to 22,000 identified victims of victims of Apartheid. •There have been similar Commissions established in at least 10 other countries.21

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Central Places THeory

The Tween Places Central Places of Intermetro Political Corridors: Colombia, Fredericksburg, Williamsburg, etc. You have tons in between that develop there because of the traffic. Outlet center. We never see perfect central place theory like physical geography, consumer behavior or not perfectly economic behavior, imperfect behavior (car long distance travel = easier and more willing to go places you haven't before), multipurpose shopping trips (all at same time and closer), and amazon and the internet has made it not necessary to have customers nearby for any reason....if you are close to an amazon.

• Domino theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Explain empowerment What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII? What is the Female Labor Force Participation Rate? Use Figure 9-18 to answer the following questions: a.What region(s) see the highest numbers of women in the national legislature? b.What is that percentage? c.What is the percentage in the US

The ability of women to achieve economic and political power. The percentage of seats held by women in the national legislature and the percentage of women who have completed high school. The percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home. Oceania, China and Middle East, S Africa, East S America, Mexico, and Canada 20 and above 10 - 19

Farming

The activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock. AGRICULTURE

Potential reserve

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist

Dietary energy consumption

The amount of food that and individual consumes, measured in kilocalories. People in less developed nations may have a dietary energy consumption below the average human need, which in turn may result in undernourishment.

Yield

The annual rate of return on a bond if the bond were held to maturity. In agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output") refers to both the measure of the yield of a crop per unit area of land cultivation, and the seed generation of the plant itself (e.g. if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting yield is 1:3).

What aspect of Hinduism has clashed with Western/modern ideas? What western groups criticized this aspect? Why? How has the Indian government responded to this issue?

The caste system British administrators and christian missionaries because of the shortcomings - neglect of untouchables health and economic problems They relaxed the caste system and are adding ways for them to learn and do rituals.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Value added

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

What are the two main practices of the Green Revolution? Because of the Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has ______________________ than ______________________. Describe the characteristics of the "miracle wheat seed" Describe the characteristics of the "miracle rice seed" What specific problems do farmers in LDCs have which might prevent them from taking full advantage of the Green Revolution?

The introduction of new higher yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers increased faster...the population growth Short and stiffer than traditional breeds, less sensitive to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizer, matured faster. Hardier with increased yields They don't have fertilizers or machinery, nor the money to purchase

• cultural divergence

The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.

Using your knowledge of services from chapter 12, define each term and give an example of a typical downtown shop with that characteristic. High Threshold High Range Why are these shops decreasing in the CBD?

The minimum number of people needed for a service to function - department store The maximum distance people are willing to go to use a service - movie theatre/jewelry or clothing store THey have moved with department stores to suburban locations since they can't cater to their old customers, and only workers during their breaks shop in the CBD area.

Describe the density gradient of an urban area. In what two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years? Define sprawl: What is meant by the statement: the "periphery of U.S. cities looks like Swiss cheese"? What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?

The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases. Fewer people living in the center and fewer differences in density within urban areas. Flatten extreme density gradient. THe progressive spread of development over the landscape. Pockets of development and gaps of open space. The supply of land for the construction of new housing is more severely restricted in European urban areas than in the US. Officials attack sprawl by designating areas of mandatory open space --> green belts.

Agricultural labor force

The number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates that the country is likely an LDC dependent on agriculture, while a small value indicates that there are fewer people working in agriculture, meaning that the agriculture is more efficient.

Female labor force participation rate

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home

• Sacred space

The place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies.

Intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Distribution of Cities Not equal around the world. Anywhere there is one is very urbanized.... Urbanization

The process by which cities grow. More people live in cities. More in terms of total number of people and the percentage of people living in cities vs rural areas. Since 1800 both numbers increasing a lot, today for the first time in history, we have more people living in cities than rural areas. In 1950, we were looking at around 29 percent of the population living in cities, now about 55 percent live in cities. If we look at total population, there are more people or greater urban population in MDCs (in conjunction with the industrial revolution urbanized) but more growth in LDCs. If we look at worldwide, we are urbanizing at a rate of 1.9 percent per year, MDCs are only .5 perc per year, but LDCs are way over. Depending on what area you are looking at - low income countries to upper income countries more breakdown. East africa is at 4.5 percent urbanization per year which is huge compared to Eastern europe which is .01 perc. Changes over time, we see that it decreases. 55 percent of the world's population in urban areas of that population - asia has 54 percent of that urban population, europe and africa have 13 perc each of urban pop, in 2050 65 perc is 2.5 billion more people, cities will have to deal with infrastructure problems as we move forward. 90 perc in asia and africa. 35 is india, china, and nigeria alone. North america has 82 perc, latin america and caribbean but 80, europe 70, oceania, 60 prtv, asia and africa 40 perc

Define enclosure movement What happened to England's displaced farmers?

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century. They moved to urban settlements and became workers in factories and services.

Define.... Development More Developed Country (MDC) Less Developed COuntry (LDC)

The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. A country that has progressed further along the development continuum. A country that has made some progress towards development though less than developed countries. The UN divides them into high, medium, and low development.

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe. Migration from cities to suburbs with an increase in the concentration of people there. Urban to suburban In the US, 2x as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year as suburbs to cities

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Manufacturing exports

The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves.

• contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Market gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

• relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion diffusion - hierarchical

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places ex. hip hop and rap music

For what two reasons does a church, the physical structure, play a more critical role than in other religions? Why do many Christian churches vary in architectural style?

The structure is an expression of religious principles, an environment in the image of God. Also, attendance at a collective service of worship is considered extremely important. Since christianity split into many denominations, no one style has dominated. Since they reflect both cultural values of the denomination and region's architectural heritage, they are different.

Define terrorism.

The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.

The World is Almost all States

There is only one large piece of land not controlled by a state Antarctica All territorial claims have been suspended People want it because oil, natural gas, copper, tungsten, coal, iron, nickel, uranium As tech and climate change make the area more accessible they want this area

Describe the controversy between Czech and Slovak languages under Czechoslovakia's government? What happened? Why are South Slavic languages, which were once very similar to each other, becoming increasingly different today?

There were 2x as many Czechs as Slovaks, but the country still tried to support unity. After the communist era, Slovaks split from the Czechs to rekindle their long suppressed resentment of the dominance (perceived) of the national culture of the Czechs. They are adding and replacing words to forget they were dominated by Serbs or related. They are making an effort to be unique.

How is a Muslim mosque viewed differently than a Christian church? Identify four specific visible feature of a typical mosque

They are considered to be a space for community assembly where people come together for worship. They are simple and for prayer. Organized around a central courtyard, traditionally open air enclosed in harsher climates, pulpit placed at the end of the courtyard facing Makkah (direction Muslims pray), surrounding courtyard is a cloister used for schools and non religious activities. Minaret - tower where man (muezzin) summons people to worship (key feature).

Land Boundaries

They are not just a line, but a vertical plane that cuts through subsoil and rocks and airspace Important because coal, gas, and oil reserves can be problematic Lines were drawn before deposits were found Belgium, germany, and the netherlands are fighting for coal seams and natural gas reserves Kuwait oil drillings cause the 1991 gulf war As we are creating boundaries we have a three step process - 3 stage evolution of boundaries Definition Document created that talks about specific landmarks Delimitation Cartographers actually put the boundary onto a map Demarcation Put boundary markers on pillars, steel markers, fences, walls, etc to mark the boundary

• language spread

This consists of an increase in the use of a language or language variety for a given communicative function by a specific social or ethnic group. LS can either refer to a traditional language within a speech community or a language that is adopted as 'lingua franca' of LWC, as has been the case of English during the 20th century. Languages can also spread within a nation as a new mother tongue instead of as an additional language but in this case it is perhaps better to talk about language shift. Extreme cases can even lead to language death as has happened with the spread of Spanish and English in America resulting in the loss of many Amerindian languages.

Maladaptation

This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it

• Religious culture hearth

This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. This is important to human geography because where religions are created, civilizations are too.

Zone X and Zone Y are two different types of neighborhoods with high concentrations of households headed by females. Use the map above to answer the following questions. A) Briefly describe two socioeconomic factors that have led to the concentration of households headed by females in Zone X and two socioeconomic factors that have led to the concentration of households headed by females in Zone Y. B) Discuss one advantage or one disadvantage of the Hoyt sector model for understanding the location and characteristics of Zones X and Y.

This question is about applying the Hoyt Model to understand the location of households headed by females. Students' answers should at least imply recognition of the fact that Zone X is likely a poor neighborhood and Zone Y is likely a rich neighborhood. They do not receive any value (points) for this. We do not want students trying to support the idea that Zone X is poor and Zone Y is rich with evidence from the map. We do want students explaining why there is a concentration of households headed by females in Zone X (a poorer zone) and Zone Y (a richer zone) 11 points total A. 8 points Four points are available for the discussion of Zone X and 4 points are available for the discussion of Zone Y. These 4 points are divided equally between the first two socioeconomic factors identified in the response, with 1 point for identifying an appropriate factor, and a second point for a discussion of this factor. The answer should at least imply recognition of the fact that Zone X is likely a poor neighborhood and Zone Y is likely a rich neighborhood (although the rubric does not award any points for this assumption. Zone X Identification of factor - Discussion (what about this factor has led to concentration of households headed by females in Zone X) Poverty (individual) in place (feminization of poverty) - Individuals in poverty seek a supply of cheap housing, which is likely to be available in Zone X Family breakdown in place - Women/mothers become trapped in a cycle of poverty/deprivation *Segregation (institutional) - Redlining and other forms of discrimination have restricted the housing opportunities for some groups that have above average rates of households headed by females (e.g., some racial minorities)* *Affinity and social networks - Groups choosing to reside in close proximity (immigrants, single mothers, etc.) leading to perpetuation of concentration* Lifestyle factors Gentrification by same-sex couples - Time budgets *Transportation/proximity: single mothers must be able to minimize travel time (juggling child rearing activities, jobs, shopping, etc.)* Zone Y Identification of factor - Discussion (what about this factor has led to concentration of households headed by females in Zone Y) *Divorce Middle-aged women have remained in their former homes or neighborhoods after/during separation or divorce: age structure and middle-income profile make this more likely in Zone Y. Widowhood Older women have remained in their former homes after their husbands died.* Changing Labor Force - Participation of Women Women with or without children have better education and access to labor market opportunities, and increasingly demand upscale neighborhoods: for example, condos and high-priced rentals for career women *Safety/security/fear of crime - Households headed by women value neighborhoods considered safe, and some can afford this* References to the role of husbands in affecting the decisions of households headed by women usually received zero credit. B. 3 points - One point is given for linking Hoyt's anticipated "pattern" of urban land use (location/characteristics) to the map (advantage) or for arguing that the map pattern is not anticipated by Hoyt (disadvantage). Two points are available for developing a process-based argument about the advantage or disadvantage of the model: a limited discussion scores 1 point. Advantages: Answers should suggest how and why Hoyt's model does aid an understanding of the location/characteristics of Zones X and Y (but not just describe Hoyt's model "in theory"). • Urban area has one central core (CBD) so the urban area may be organized along the principles articulated by Hoyt • Urban area is organized into sectors and model tells that the city is divided into sectors • Sectors based upon income/industry — non-industry *• Sectors can act as buffers between significantly different land uses* *• High income drawn to amenities (physical — lakes, hills, etc.)* Disadvantages: Answers should suggest why the Hoyt model does not aid an understanding of the location/characteristics of Zones X and Y: *• Hoyt's model is based upon bid rent (does not discuss gender, discrimination, cultural factors like social networks, land-use organized by government (AFB)* *• The urban area exhibits a multi-nuclei organization (mall/freeway association)*

Why has tiny Belgium adopted a federal system?

To accommodate the 2 main cultural groups (the Flemish and the Waloons)

Define business services What are the three types of business services, and provide an example of each

To facilitate the activities of other businesses. Professional - law, management, accounting, engineering, design Financial - finance, insurance, real estate Transportation and information - trucking, warehousing

Interregional migration - China

To urban areas along the east coast More jobs Travel by any means

Second Agricultural Revolution

Tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture and made it more efficient.

Multiple nuclei model

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

Which country had the largest empire? Second largest? How did their colonial practices differ?

UK - colonies on every continent France - West Africa and SE Asia - tried to assimilate its colonies into French culture and educate an elite group to provide local administrative leadership

Possible SOcial Measures - Years of Schooling, Pupil Teacher Ratios, Literacy Rate

US, Russia, etc have lots and Average vs Expected is interesting because avg takes adults while expected is kids and how many years do we expect of them. You want lots of teachers and not as many students. You don't want a classroom of 73 kids per teacher. We don't like reporting our literacy rates - we used to be higher - 80s now.

Explain the three ways potential reserves can become proven reserve

Undiscovered fields - finding small profitable ones Enhanced recovery from already discovered fields - pushing out the last bit with new technology and time Unconventional sources - conventional extraction methods that aren't exactly feasible

Folk masterpieces - World Heritage Sites

Unesco Material culture There's a really old building here of cultural value Food Non Material culture Language Religion You can't build Almost a thousand around the world Of outstanding universal cultural value Ruins Kami Jesuit missions Guarani people of Brazil

Describe the internal political organization of France.

Unitary government. National government dominates local government decisions. 96 local governments with second tier of local government = communes.

As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of the regions on the maps. (Use maps on pages 396-397 as guides) Europe United Kingdom - Rhine-Ruhr - Mid-Rhine - Po Basin - Northeastern Spain - Moscow - St. Petersburg - Urals - Volga - Kuznetsk - Donetsk - Silesia -

United Kingdom - Dominated world production of steel and textiles in the 19th century. Industries declined, but country has attracted international investment through new high-tech industries that served the European market. Rhine-Ruhr - Iron and steel manufacturing because of proximity to large coal fields. Rotterdam, world's largest port, lies at the mouth of several branches of the Rhine river as it flows into the North Sea. Mid-Rhine - Most centrally located industry, Frankfurt, is a financial and commercial center and the hub of Germany's transport network. Stuttgart specializes in high value goods that require skill and labor. Manheim, an inland port along the Rhine has a large chemical industry that manufactures tires, synthetic fibers, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Po Basin - Attracted textiles and other industries because of numerous workers willing to accept lower wages and inexpensive hydroelectricity from nearby Alps. Northeastern Spain - Late 20th century, Catalonia was the leading industrial area with Barcelona, center of textile industry and largest motor vehicle plant. Moscow - Russia's oldest industrial region centered around country's capital and largest city. St. Petersburg - Russia's second largest city specializes in ship building and other industries serving Russia's navy and ports on the Baltic Sea. Urals - Contains the world's most varied collection of minerals. Proximity to them has attracted iron and steel, chemicals, machinery, and metal fabricating plants. Volga - Contains Russia's largest petroleum and natural gas fields. To the NE the Ural Mountain range contains more than 100 types of minerals, the most varied collection of any mining collection in the world. Kuznetsk - Russia's most important manufacturing district East of the Ural Mts. with the country's largest reserves of coal and abundance iron ore. Donetsk - In East Ukraine and has one of the world's largest coal reserves. Silesia - Rapidly growing industrial area that takes advantage of a skilled but low paid work force and proximity to wealthy West European markets.

More US migration

Until the 1800s, immigration to the US was unlimited Now there are limits Intelligence testing - WWI - justifying quota system S and E Europe were objectively morons Recent US Immigration For family is largest The rule about visas doesn't apply to refugees and asylum seekers 7% of the country can get a visa Admits a lot of skilled workers Foreign born population of the US Most are young Children are small in number Few old people Most immigrants have a little education Changes Europe to Latin America and Asia

List the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model. Complete the table below regarding peripheral areas. Problems They Lack Problems They Have

Urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. Severe physical, social, and economic problems of inner city neighborhood Sprawl and segregation that characterize many suburbs

Contrasting Theories

Vavilov -He looked for independently centers of domestication -8 different cultural hearths -Okay this happens in a lot of places simultaneously Harlan -Agronomist and genitisit -Near east, mesoamerica, n chine -Focused there and spreads from there -3 non centers that independently develop seeds, but not centers in that they don't really spread -SE Asia, S America, and some areas of Africa

The world today = more than 7 Billion People: Population Distribution

Very few people in areas like the desert Uneven distribution on the Earth Most populations live near water Cartograms show population distribution better than most maps Distribution by latitude Most of us are near the tropic of cancer Distribution by longitude Most near the east ~50% urban 2/3 mid latitude 3/4 on 5% on Earth's surface 80% at less than 500 m elevation 2/3 within 500 km of an ocean

Shapes of States

Very important 5 types Another aspect is landlocked states Being landlocked can be a serious issue Another issue with shapes is exclave and enclave Exclave is outlier of a state located within another state Enclave is a counterpart of exclave that lies within a country and is independent of the exclave it is in India is a prorupted state with another foot and section Pakistan was fragmented after civil war Fargona valley with farmland under the control of Soviets and now we have three distinct countries stans dealing with these borders

Voluntary and Forced migration

Voluntary Migrant chooses to move Guest worker Economic opportunities Environmental Forced Political factors 2 categories Refugees - A refugee is defined as a person outside of his or her country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinions. (US definition) LGBTQ is not in here Gender is not in here Not admitted Disease Serious physical/mental disorder Drug addict Tax Crime/Prostitute Immunity Polygamy Violate immigration Child abduction Illegal activities Foreign policy Communist Persecuted people Afghan Georgia Syria Crisis The Sahel Colombia Venezuela Internally displaced persons In your country, but you can't live in your own home Slaves African slave trade Trail of tears India Pakistan Border South Africa, when they were forced to their "homelands" *Reluctant? Indonesia - too many on Java, and they need to move Aggressive government move

1. Von Thünen's model of land use and Burgess' model of land use are similar in appearance but different in their geographic setting. Analyze and discuss the two models in terms of each of the following: A. For each of these models, identify the type of land use the model addresses. B. Identify two assumptions that are shared by both models. C. For each of these models, explain how relative location affects land-use patterns.

Von Thünen's model of land use and Burgess' model of land use are similar in appearance but different in their geographic setting. Analyze and discuss the two models in terms of each of the following: Part A (1 point) For each of these models, identify the type of land use the model addresses. Acceptable answers (both are required) *• Von Thünen: agricultural, farming, or rural* *• Burgess: urban, city, or a minimum of two descriptors* Note: Students may receive credit for this answer if reference is made elsewhere in part B or part C to Burgess, along with words descriptive of urban land use (e.g., "residential" or "housing" and "manufacturing" or "warehousing"). But, students cannot use the same point twice. Part B (2 points) Identify two assumptions that are shared by both models. Any two of the following *• Isotropic flat plain or uniform surface; featureless* • Importance of centrality (e.g., accessibility to market; CBD) *• Individuals maximize profit/minimize costs/maximize use—"highest and best use"* • Transportation costs are proportional to distance in all directions *• Single market or CBD (e.g., isolated state)* Part C (4 points: 1 point for the identification of each of the models' effects, and 1 point for each of the two explanations) For each of these models, explain how relative location affects land-use patterns. *VON THÜNEN* Effect - Explanation Intensive land-use near market - High profit(s) needed to pay rent Wood and perishable/fragile products near market - High (frequent) transportation to nearby market Extensive agriculture (grain crops/grazing) at the periphery - Low land rent or low transportation costs *BURGESS* Effect - Explanation Intensive land use near CBD - High costs of land/accessibility Intensity/density of residential land use decreases with distance away from CBD - Households and other land uses locate away from the CBD, as they can afford transportation High socioeconomic class at edge of city - Households in this range can afford larger homes and acreage, as well as transportation

The UN Charter

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINEDto save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, andto establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,AND FOR THESE ENDSto practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMSAccordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Cadastral - Land Survey - Systems

WHen you own land, you gotta do a survey -We do that on a large scale -Land survey system -Most important out west is township and range which is a rectangular survey system with grids, so like you fly over the midwest and you have perfectly square areas because of this system -Homestead act: you were given 160 acres after working the land for five years -Metes and bounds systems uses natural features to demarc parcels of land - east coast -Lots of other surveys systems like long lot - french rule, you start from a river, road, or canal and have a long lot stretching out from it

Transnational Corporations

Walt Disney Corporation FIlm Miramex Pixar Music Hollywood Records Disney Records TV ABC ESPN Other Muppet Holdings Baby Einstein If we're gonna have development how will we pay this and how can LDCs afford this. We talked about loans and bailed out loans, but another way is investment where you get foreign investors (sometimes local) and invest in your country in a big way. The biggest providers of investments will be transnational corps that have big money to make a difference. Transnational Corp - Corp with lots of locations in different countries LDCs have issues pleasing trans corp such as Creating attractive infrastructure - Based in western world in europe or north america so they are used to a certain level of amenities (consistent) or toilets that act a certain way or hot water - LDCs are not consistent with these. You have to make sure your roads work, utilities, power, everything works because the trans corp won't wanna locate their otherwise. And invest to do this, but you need trans corp to do this investment. Competition with LDCs - if we take cambodia and vietnam, they are competing with each other for outside investment, so you see a race to the bottom (making taxes a low as possible so the corp has to go there) or spending a lot of money to make attractive infrastructure for those corps not for your people though. There are states that have capitals or one city that is way larger than others - primate cities - you have corps want that but everywhere else in your country is going to get ignored - you do what you do to attract. Being able to regulate the trans corps - you have to make them happy so you will make your labor laws as attractive for then (lower limiting wage, ban unions) environmental laws are as friendly as possibly, tax laws, and benefit the company as much as possible. Trans Corp benefit is for their own shareholders and making them happy, not the country that they are based in. Few companies that are incredibly powerful.

Genetic Boundary Classification

We also have different boundary classifications Rick McHartthrown was a political geographer and he helped define this system of classification Ancedent boundary is related to physical landscape and defines the boundary well before human habitation Malaysian and indonesian boundaries on boronia was just sparsely populated with a jungle in the middle Subsequent boundary is a boundary that results from long period of modification In and out and in and out making it intricate that don't correspond to physical boundaries Superimposed boundary is one that is forcibly drawn that cuts across a unified cultural boundary Papua new guinea and indonesia on iriangia island Straight line that divides it in half Relic boundaries no longer serve their purpose but the imprint is very evident in the landscape N vs S Vietnam E vs W germany and berlin You see the difference even though it no longer exists Hadrian's wall in 122, Roman Empire build a wall dividing them from the northern barbarians, so this wall made by Emp. Adrian was most fortified and helped keep the boundary with scotland and england today and today it isn't even the border but it still symbolically change over to that

More and Less Developed Regions

We can divide the world up - very similar to how chaque rivera soaw the world russia saw east and west but chaque was like its north and south - north is more or less oppressing the south Australia is an exception and hawaii Standard of living is kind of what development is - material conditions but different meanings

Making Ghettos

We definitely see them in many american cities due to above Segregation laws were eliminated but racial separation still existed and there were two different kinds of it De jure Law De facto What happened despite the fact that there was an integration of schools Case in VA where rather than integration, they just shut down the schools Cities become increasingly black and poor because of these policies Any black person that can move outta the city into the suburbs does so and the cities losethat income and continue to dilapidated

Energy - Coal

We have a ton of coal, the total proven reserves are almost 900 million tons and if that is american tons or british tons we don't know...The US has about 28 percent of the total proven reserves, Russia has 18 percent, China is 13 percent, so on. Proven reserves is different than producers, just cuz you have a lot doesn't mean you are mining it. China, then US, and then Australia and India way after that are mining it.

Computing the HDI

We have already said 2011 - the UN currently using for their economic the gross national income per capita (PPP), for social is education and mean years of school and expected, and demographic is life expectancy at birth HDI - ⅓ economic, ⅔ social put together, and ⅓ demographic At the top, the closer you are to 1 is the better Norway is first...we are four back in 2011 BUT in 2016 we are ten and moved down tied with canada: Overall we have gone up though! Criticism of using HDI - not considering ecological things - you may have lots of money and good education, but you've kill your entire country...people are critical of that People are critical against ranking countries against each other and its unnecessary competition not helping anyone Some people are saying globally you aren't looking at regionally and so what are smaller patterns not big ones BIG ONE - there is no year to year comparison, they do it every once in awhile sort of every 5 years but not always HDI is a better measure of material conditions than GDP or GNI but other ways we can look at this is ....

Mineral Resources

We need them and they are important especially for an industrialized society. The earth's crust is miserly and so once they are gone, they are gone and we have to be careful with how much of them that we are using. Ferrous Minerals - Iron and alloy metals, chromium, manganese, things we use for steel Non-Ferrous Minerals - Not used for iron and steel production, so like gold and silver, sand to gems are non-ferrous *One of the most tense areas is the congo - importance of minerals needed for technology and is in abundance in these central african countries and there are resource wars.

The Urge to Understand - Mixing Languages now

We really like to understand other people and have been trying to interact and how for a long time Mixing Languages - Languages that are in contract often begin to blend together (pidgins, creoles, Franglais, Spansglish, Japlish or Engrish, etc) Halfway in between Force Multiple languages Created to understand Translations You are just dropping in some english where you don't know the spanish or where english is super common Some people are okay with this but some people are pushing against this Pidgins are combinations so that you can trade and interact - words for goods and money Simplified Narrowed use Not a very good lifespan Creole is a pidgin language that develops and becomes a native language Blending elements of two or more languages Swahili Bantu and Arabic Pidgins: Trade language; limited functions; basic grammar; Nobody's native language • Creoles: Syncretism - blending "Pidgin that grew up"

Language and the Physical Environment: COLORS

We use it to identify stuff and associate with stuff Usage, important in diffferent places Odyssey, wine colored sea Latin - Originally had no words for gray or brown (borrowed from Germanic) Navajo - The same word - dootl'izh - can mean blue or green Japanese - The word awo can mean green, blue or pale depending on context Welsh - The word gwyrdd means some (but not all) shades of green The word glas means some (but not all) shades of green, blue and gray The word llwyd means some (but not all) shades of gray and brown Papuan - some languages in the highlands of New Guinea have only two color words, black and white (or perhaps dark and light)

Net growth or loss of US regions in 2010

West (line from left of texas up) - 153 South (texas up to under pennsylvania) - 199 Midwest (left of pennsylvania over) - -224 Northeast (whatever is left in the north from pennsylvania up) - -128

What types of jobs comprise these sectors of an economy?

What are primary sector jobs? Jobs that directly extract materials from the Earth -- agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing. What are secondary sector jobs? Manufacturers that process, transform and assemble raw materials into useful products, as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods. What are tertiary sector jobs? Provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment - retail, banking, law, education, government.

Von Thunen Model

What farmers produce varies on distance from town -Von Thunen, wrote isolated state, german, and he was very curious and observed the world and noticed that crops near his town in germany were changing but no perceptible change in the soil. So he starts looking at placed where the terrain soil and rainfall was the same and created a pattern and noted that it was transportation costs that government land use -Farthest is probably things that walk themselves and things that spoil quickly are close to town -He analyzed the spatial character of economic activity -Model: Distance at which farming becomes unprofitable, Ranching, livestock, Increasingly extensive field crops, grains, Forest, Market gardening and dairying -They did these experiment and studying everywhere, and noticed very very similar things with same methods

Define distance decay

When contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears

The demographic transition is....

a process of change with several stages and every country is in one of those stages

• ethnic enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

• Cultural adaptation

adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language

Transnational corporation

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries

operational

describes what the behavior looks like so two independent observers can recognize + record the same behavior

• Hegira

flight, escape

Bid-rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Site factors

location factors related to the cost of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital

• chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Voluntary migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Transmigration

movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another

Christianity Cont

o Christianity (Universal, monotheistic) >2 billion; Europe, Americas, Oceanis Historical development • Jewish sources; St. Paul; spread via Roman Empire; Emp. Constantive; official religion; Council of Nicaea • By 1517 CE 3 branches: o Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant 1517 Protestant Reformation 1648 Treaty of Westphanlia (divides Europe) o Also, African churches, Mormons, etc. • 20th century devleopments o Fundamentalism, ecumenical movement, etc. Beliefs • Enormous variation among sects • Some areas of general agreement: o Belief in God; Belief in Jesus; virgin birth, Jesus' sacrifice, possibility of universal salvation; importance of baptism; importance of church (community of believers); prayer Actively seeking converts Everybody can be part of this and is monotheistic More than 2 billion christians in the world Europe, Australia, The Americas, etc have a lot of christians Rooted in the life of Jesus Christ Born 0 ad and died something ... Paul Persecution Constantine Constantinople Counsel of Nicene Nicene creed Church and state Holy Roman Empire Corruption then you get protestantism Protestantism Nailed to a door 3 main branches Roman Catholic - 50 percent Eastern Orthodox - First group to split off Ethiopian Coptic Etc. Protestantism - 24 percent Martin luther - 99 thesis Other Christians Mormons Unitarians Nastorians Sweden Borgians Etc. Patterns that exist today is because of the treaty of westphalia General belief is beleif in god, jesus, jesus' ressurection, baptism, prayer, church, etc.

• Energy resources ("inanimate power")

o Fossil Fuels Coal • Major producers - US, China • Major reserves - US, Russia Oil • Major producers - Saudi Arabia, US • Major reserves - Middle East, Russia Natural Gas • Major producers - US, Russia • Major reserves - Russia, Middle East o Fossil Fuel Problems Dependence & distribution (not much US oil!) "Proven" v "potential" reserves Pollution (air, water, soil, disposal, etc.)

Hinduism

o Hinduism [Ethnic, polytheistic] 1 billion; almost all in India (formerly more widespread) • Syncretism? c. 1500 BCE Indo-Europeans invade • Indo-European + Dravidian religion? • Millions of gods (or three! or none!) • Reincarnation (see also "twice born") • Caste system o May have begun as ethnic segregation? o Four major castes 1. Priests (Brahmin) 2. Warrior/ruler (Kshatriya) 3. Traders (Vaishya) 4. Laborers (Shudra) "Outcastes" o "Twice born" (1-3) vs. "once born" (4) o Caste may determine all aspects of life (e.g. marriage, occupation, etc.) • Changes o Early (2000-4000 BCE): Vedas (ritual, hymns, etc.) Gods of elements, places o Post-classic (c. 100 BCE): "way of devotion" 3 major gods (Brahma, Shiva,Vishnu) Particular gods (Krishna, Ganesha, etc.) Also - "way of knowledge" Philosophical schools (atheist to monotheist!)

• South Africa & Race

o History of South Africa Dutch colony; taken by British 1948 "apartheid" (separation by race) Four "official" races: • White 13%, Black 76%, Asian 3%, "Coloured" 9% "Homelands" for Black groups Apartheid ends 1991 "Truth & Reconciliation Commission" Continuing problems of crime, etc.

Judaism Cont

o Judaism (Ethnic, monotheistic) 20 million, mostly in US, Israel, cities over 2/5 each Earliest records ~4000 years ago • Exodus from Egypt ~3300 years ago • Babylonian captivity ~2600 years ago • Return ~2500 years ago • Roman occupation 63 BCE • Roman sack of Jerusalem 70 CE • "Diaspora" 130 CE (forced dispersal) • Middle Ages, alternating tolerance & persecution • 19th century, conservative & reform • 20th century, founding of Israel 2 of the worlds largest religions developed out of them - Islam and Christianity creating the 3 abrahamic faiths Christian and Jews - son is isaac Muslims - son is ishmael Torah is important and the book that they follow Periods of occupation and exile Beliefs • Monotheism; law (Torah); chosen people - covenant with God; ethnic religion - culture and life (not just based on worship) 3 branches: Orthodox, Conservative, Reform God is the creator of everything that exists Communication with the jews is through prophets like David, Moses Affirm inherent goodness in the world Founding life view 613 commandment in lovidicus 10 commandment are the synopsys There will be a massiah and gather the jews in the land of israel and there will be a resurrection - not jesus

• Preserving language diversity (language & identity)

o Preserving languages (Celtic - Irish, Welsh, etc.) o Reviving the dead (Hebrew - now official language of Israel) o Linguistic refuges (Cajun; Caucasian; etc.)

Local government fragmentation

o Too many governments? Metropolitan government? Federations? Consolidation? "Smart Growth"?

Population outline

o"Demography"oThe world today - more than 7 billion ~50% urban2/3 mid-latitude¾ on 5% on Earth's surface80% at less than 500m elevation 2/3 within 500km of an oceanoGlobal Population: 4 (+1) Major ClustersEast Asia•About 1.4 billion people•25% of humanity•More than 20% in China alone•About 2/3 ruralSouth Asia•About 1.25 billion people•20% of humanity•More than 15% in India alone•About ¾ ruralSoutheast Asia•About ½ billion people•8% of humanity•Mostly ruralEastern North America•About 120,000,000 •Just 2% of humanity•About 95% urbano"Ecumene" (Greek: "civilized space")The settled area of the EarthGrowth over last 7000 years•World population > 7 billion •US population > 316 million Unpopulated areas today?•Only too wet, dry, cold or highoPopulation Density (and ways to measure)Arithmetic (pop/area)Physiologic (pop/arable land)Agricultural (farmers/arable landoBasic Population MeasuresCrude Birth Rate (CBR)Crude Death Rate (CDR)Rate of Natural Increase (CBR-CDR)oOther Population MeasuresTotal fertility rate (avg # of children)Infant mortality rate (death before age 1) Life expectancy (years at birth)oDemographic Transition Stage 1 (stable population)•High birth, high death ratesStage 2 (rapid growth)•High birth, declining death ratesStage 3 (moderate growth)•Declining birth, low death ratesState 4 ("zero population growth")•Low birth, low death ratesoPopulation pyramidsShape analysis•Wide base = rising population •Narrow base = declining population •Dependency ration (% supported)Age structure of world population •Stable/decline in more developed•Rising in less developedSex ratios (total male vs. female pop)o"Overpopulation"Thomas Malthus ("malthusian")•Food supply as limit•2 ways of controlling growth oWar, famine, etc.o"moral restraint"•"Neo-Malthusians"Malthus's Critics ("cornucopians")•Are resources (food supply) fixed?•"Possibilism"Doubling timesReducing population growth rates•Higher death rates•Lower birth ratesEpidemiological transition•Stage 1: Plague, etc.•Stage 2: Cholera, TB, etc.•Stages 3 & 4: Heart disease, cancer, etc.•Stage 5: AIDS, Ebola, SARS, etc. India v. China (uncontrolled v. limited)

Two Development Schemes

o1. Self-sufficiency Diversify, invest everywhere in country Focus on poverty reduction Limit imports ("import substitutions") Quotas, tariffs Problems: inefficiency, bureaucracy o2. International trade Concentrate on "unique" resources Use profits to develop other sectors W.W. Rostow's model •1. Traditional (pre-development); 2. Preconditions; 3. Takeoff; 4. Drive to maturity; 5. Mass consumption; 6. "post-industrial" Problems: uneven distribution, stagnant markets, dependency on MDCs oFinancing development Loans (some countries now in extreme debt) •"Jubiliee 2000" (debt forgiveness) •Many endorsements - some action Traditional corporations •Problems of creating infrastructure, keeping the corporation happy - "race to the bottom" Microcredit Banks (Grameen Bank)

Origins of agriculture hearths

oAgricultural hearths Vegetative hearths ("roots") •Diffusion: Asia, Europe •Independent: SE Asia, Africa, America Seed based hearths •Diffusion: India, China, Ethiopia •Independent: SW Asia, Mexico, South America •Others possible? (NI Vavilov & Jack Harlan?

Economic base & non-base

oBase = brings money into city oNon-base = serve city dwellers oDifferent cities have different "bases" - manufacturing, finance, retail, wholesale, etc. oSimilar size cities = similar base/non-base ratios

Business location

oBusinesses concentrate in cities oHierarchy of businesses & cities(very in terms of kind & number of services) 1st rank - "world cities": NY, Tokyo, London 2nd rank - "command & control centers" 3rd rank - "specialized producer" 4th rank - "dependent centers"

Origins of agriculture models

oCarl Sauer's model (textbook's model) Not hunger, not nomadic people Not river valleys or grasslands High environment & plant diversity areas Emphasis on vegetative agriculture ("roots") SE Asia (Thailand, etc.) oStandard model SW Asia (Turkey, Syria, etc.) Grain (seed) based (also lentils, dates, etc.)

Models of City Structure (North America only)

oConcentric Zone Model (1923) ["walking city"] Central business district, transition zone, workers' homes, better residences, commuter zone oSector Model (1939) ["railroad city"] Central business district, transport & industry corridor, low-class, middle-class, high-class oMultiple-Nuclei Model (1945) ["freeway city"] Central business district, wholesale, low-class, middle-class, high-class, heavy manufacturing, outlying business district, residential suburb, industrial suburb o"Social Area Analysis" (predicting patterns?

Models for other areas

oEuropean (wealthy centers & "slum suburbs") oLess Developed Countries Pre-colonial cities (religious core, market core, winding streets) Colonial cities (European areas (power, control), market areas) Independence changes - but not completely! oLatin-American Model Market center / CBD, zone of accretion, "elite spine," squatter settlement

Migration outline

oMobility = ability to moveoMigration = permanent move to new locationoEmigration (migration from) oImmigration (migration to) Emigration-immigration = net migrationNet in-migration, net out-migrationoCirculation = cyclic, seasonal movement•E.G. Ravenstein's migration 19th c. "laws" oMost people migration for economic reasonsoCultural & environmental factors may also be important, but usually not as important as economicsoMost migrants move a short distance, within a countryoLong-distance migrants go to major centers of economic activity (where jobs are)oMost long-distance migrants are malesoMost long-distance migrants are adults, not families with their children•Reasons people migrate"Push" and "Pull" Factors (push from, pull to)•Economic (jobs)•Cultural (prejudice, slavery, refugees)oForced v. voluntary migration (refugees v. economic migrants)o"Chain migration"•Environmental (flood, beaches, etc.)Intervening obstacles (desert, borders, etc.)•Migration distanceoInternal migration (within a country)Interregional•Between regions (ex. East Coast to West Coast)Intraregional•Within a region (Ex. City to suburb)oInternational migration (between countries)Forced v. voluntary o"Migration transition" (Wilbur Zelinsky)Demographic transition and migration International at Stage 2; internal at 3 & 4•Migrant CharacteristicsoGender100 years ago, mostly maleToday, often femaleWhy? Changes in status, jobs availableoFamily status100 years ago, mostly single adultsToday, still more likely, but not always•Distribution of migrantsoGlobal patternsMajor out-migration areas•Asia, Latin America, Africa Major in-migration areas•North America, Europe, OceaniaoUS migration~10% of US today are immigrants~65 million migrated to US since 1820Two main periods•Colonial to Early 20th C.•1970s to presentThree Waves of European Immigration•1607-1840 (90% from Great Britain)•1870s-1880s (75% from N. & W. Europe)•1890s-1924 (75% from S. & E. Europe)1970s to present•Latin America & AsiaUS Immigration•Legislation history•QuotasUndocumented immigration to the US•All figures uncertain•Best guess, maybe 10 million?•Mostly from Mexico?•Also - Central America, Asia, Europe•Half just "overstay" visas •Obstacles to migrationoIntervening obstacles (see above)oImmigration policiesUS Quota laws"Guest workers" & contract laborersEconomic migrants v. refugeesoCultural problemsAttitudes toward immigrants (US not always friendly) European attitudes toward guest workers•Why do people migrate within a country?oMigration between regionsUS•Center of population•19th century migration to interior•Great Plains•Migration to California•Recent growth of the SouthMigration to other countries•Russia (force - Soviet period)•Brazil (inland)•Indonesia (to other islands)•European Union (south to north)•India (limits migration by state)oMigration within a regionRural to urban (urbanization)Urban to suburbanUrban to rural (Counterurbanization)

"Rank-size" v. "Primate City"

oRank-size distribution of settlements: In some countries (e.g. USA) - 2nd largest city is ~1/2 largest city, 4th largest city is ~1/4 of largest, etc. Tend to have services widely dispersed. oPrimate city rule: In other countries (e.g. Romania, UK, etc.) - Largest city is more than twice as big. Largest city is center of economy, politics, etc.Tend to have services concentrated.

Introduction to geography in general

oScience, social science, geography "The" Scientific method Science should be •Rational, objective, systematic •Make testable/repeatable predictions Science shouldn't be •Dogmatic (should be open-minded) •Ideological (free from bias) •TrivialTestable predictions are crucialoSocial science uses science to study the social and cultural environment

Agriculture & economics

oSubsistence Rising population - Boserup hypothesis?? Cash crops - drugs! oCommercial Von Thünen model; overproduction problems Low income - boom & bust; off-farm migration Agribusiness, loss of crop diversity

Terrorism

oSystematic violence, attack ordinary people (terror) oOutside government - but state sponsored too! oFew say "I'm a terrorist" - call selves "patriots", etc.

Internal Organization of States

oUnitary States Strong central government Local governments have little or no power Often (not always) totalitarian, one-party oFederal States Divide, share power (central & local governments) Increasing numbers of states today

Electoral geography

oVoting issues (voting, winning, etc.) oElectoral districts Gerrymanders •Voting districts drawn unfairly (to give advantage to one party) •Not all odd districts are "unfair"

Israel Palestine

on going conflict between the two because of the British Balfour Declaration that divided Palestinian land in half; now Israelis and Palestinians are constantly in battle because of their disagreements over land

• Sunni/Shia

political and theological division within Islam... followers of the Umayyads

Nonpoint-source pollution

pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site

high-level waste

radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation.

Korean

10 million people Korea Korean

• Exclave

A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.

Office park

A cluster of office bulidings, usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city

• Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Collective farm

A large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms. They hire government paid laborers who get paid and share some of the profit when they work the farm.

• Indo-European

A large language family of hundreds of languages, including English.

Fission

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Define settlement

A permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

Guest worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

• Cultural shatterbelt

A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict

lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

Evidence of CLimate Change

Glaciares - Upsala Glacier, Argentina, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ICe is breaking up from Antarctica rising sea levels

GPS & GIS

Global Positioning System Geographic Information System Mash-Ups

Air Pollution

Global warming and climate change Big one Ozone damage Another big one Acid deposition Regional Smog Local

Pasture

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.

What is the longitude of the international date line?

180 degrees

When was the United Nations established? By whom?

1945 - at the end of World War 2. By the Allied countries

Austro Asiatic

2% or world pop SE Asia Vietnamese

Devolutionary forces can be bad

21st cent can be called cent of death

Native America

92 survive with fewer than 100 speakers and soon to be extinct

• Language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

• ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

City-state

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

• Colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Ferrous

Metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel.

rotation

The spinning motion of a planet on its axis

Celtic

Welsh - curriculum and forced in area Irish - suppressed Breton - regularly spoken Scottish - few speak it Cornish - revived partially

Chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

• Mineral resources

o Changing needs = changing demand o Nonmetallic (building stone, fertilizers, etc.) o Metallic Ferrous (iron & steel related) Non ferrous (aluminum, gold, etc.)

Development

•Developed = MDC = "North" •Less Developed = LDC = "South" = "3rd World"

Natural Gas

Interesting and is being used more and more and more today. Russia has the most. We are trying to produce more natural gas. Natural gas is liquified and then put in a pipeline just so transportation is easier.

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Polder

Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.

The Netherlands

Land reclaimed Sustainable ecosystem - the Dutch people have considerably altered the site of the Netherlands through creation of polders and dikes

• Romance language

Language that developed from Latin, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian

Chain vs step migration

Chain migration Deals with people migrating because of their family or ancestors going there Described why they choose a certain place to live Much easier to relocate when you have a link Help with Navigation Finding a home Step migration Move in stages Move from small to medium to large

Case study of Lebanon

Christians of the Greek Orthodox and Maronites - Center mainly Sunnis - NW and SE central Shiites - S and NE Druze - SW and SE corners

Some LDCs turn to the production of drug crops for export. The geography of these crops is distinctive. Identify the countries associated with the crops below. Cocaine (Cocoa Leaf), Heroin (Opium), Marijuana

Colombia, Peru, Bolivia Afghanistan, Myanmar (Burma), Laos World Wide ---> Mexico to US

• cultural landscape

Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Animal domestication

Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

Secondary sector

Portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing the process, transformation, and assembly of raw materials into useful products

How did Communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism?

Religion suppressed (less organization) Russian language primarily used Writers/artists forces to use a style called social realism which pushed communist, economy, and political value.

Milkshed

Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

Passive solar energy systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices

List the two different types of pattern given in the text

Square or rectangular pattern

Age structure of world population

Stable/decline in more developed Rising in less devloped Sex ratios - total male vs. total female pop

How did Latin languages diffuse in Europe? What happened to the native languages? Define Vulgar Latin

Starting in Rome, as the Roman empire grew and conquered lands, they brought Latin to ever area of the vast empire. They were either extinguished or suppressed. Latin that was the spoken form of the masses (populace) & not the literary form

Sample Hierarchies of Central places

Stock Exchange Sports Stadium Regional Shopping Mall Major Department Store Income Tax Service Convenience Store Gas Station (7 order hierarchy) Hamlet: No Schools Village: Elementary School Town: High School City: COllege *Will have all of these things so higher level places will have everything that is below it*

When is it gerrymandering?

Look at slides

• Boundary type

Many boundaries are natural boundaries, formed by rivers, mountains, etc. There are also political boundaries. These are often formed through war and compromise in treaties and agreements. In countries often form cultural boundaries that used to belong to a groups cultural homeland. However, countries in Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere aren't arranged by culture but politics, and Western countries turned their former colonies into nations without respect for culture.

Migrants vs Refugees

Need skills/relatives or not admitted Special

Global culture and economy are increasingly centered in the 3 core (hearth) regions of:

North America Europe Japan

• Irredentism

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

Migratory movement

movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another

• Pollution

o Point (specific) & Non-Point (area) Sources

Define self-determination

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

• Cultural core/periphery pattern

The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

• Electoral regions

The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

• built environment

The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.

Hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Define toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

• toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

• Shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Proven reserve

an estimate of the amount of fossil fuel that can be obtained from reserve.

Icelandic

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland N. Germanic Isolated since migration and unable to adopt new words

• hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

• Adaptive strategies

the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.

List the Roman Catholic hierarchy, indicating geographic region and leader who heads it. Why are parishes in Latin America so much larger than in Europe?

Pope - bishop of diocese of rome Archbishop - report to pope, head of province of many dioceses Bishops - report to archbishops and administers of a diocese Priests - report to bishop in a parish - part of a diocese *Because there is a lower population density and there needs to be connection

List the largest remaining colonies in the world and who possesses each.

Puerto Rico - US Pitcairn Island - UK

Another type of shop in the CBD are those which provide services to downtown workers. Give three examples. Why are these shops increasing?

Retailers that sell office supplies, computers, and clothing or offer shoe repair, rapid photocopying, dry cleaning, etc. that appeal to the office workers. The number of downtown office workers has increased and downtown offices require more services.

• Stateless nation

a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own

Racial steering

real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race

• parallel invention

refers to isolated peoples creating similar things independently of each other, like calendars that Middle Eastern and American people developed on their own

• Interfaith boundaries

the boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism

Distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Rate of natural increase - RNI

the percent by which the population grows in a year RNI dec = CBR - CDR RNI = RNI dec * 100 RNI dec = RNI/100 RNI/100 = CBR per mille/1000 - CDR per mille/1000 RNI = (CBR per mille - CDR per mille)/10

Hearth

the place from which an innovation originates

• culture rebound

the re-adoption by later generations of identifying cultural traits

• Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

Grain

Seed of a cereal grass.

Urban Models around the WOrld

SE Asian models is a more cone since most stuff is port cities. SS Africa - market is important and you have a CBD and also a colonial CBD similar to fez, where they built right next to it to fit their own needs, but there is issue with infrastructure and apportionment.

• gable-front house

Southern New England

Third Agricultural Revolution

Green revolution -This is the point where they are going to the developing world and are like we can't feed these people. How can we try to make this happen. -Starts changing the crops themselves. They're creating grains that just have a lot of more grain on each individual stock. -What happened if you just put more wheat on a wheat plant. If it falls over then it can mold and bugs. So they make the stalk more sturdy. They figure out these things and how to add more nutrients. Vitamin a deficiencies is a huge problem so they add in more strains -Golden riceeeeee -New varieties of wheat rice and corn are all coming out (potatoes too) so if you are all eating is this one thing, how can we make it so you still get nutrients -Hugely impactful, in places where you have widespread famine and hunger it is due to political problems not nutrients. Poor management of resources. -There are people not happy about the green revolution. People say that you have increased vulnerability of pests, so if you make it so you take care of the pests for your plants, your plants don't have to work. -Soil erosion - grow things in more places, they grow in delicate ecosystem areas. Marginal lands, lands no longer gonna be productive eventually - Sehel: Southern part of sahara (transition into savana) very dry but now desertification, and once it's turned into desert, it cannot go back -Water shortages - just because we can grow stuff in places, doesn't mean we should...less rain -The micronutrient deficiencies, even though we added stuff, less diverse diet, -Heavy dependency on chemicals and you get organic movement -Controversy is loss of control of seeds themselves: High tech grains produced by Companies- They need to return seeds, and it not cheap either and it also affects farmers in the uS and there's the issue of cross pollination. Genetically engineered crops are important but controversial, Benefit & Controversy -Green revolution included lots of chemical stuffs - pesticides, herbicides, etc

• culture hearth

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

locational

definition is not in dispute, the interpretation is; allows mapmakers to delimit boundaries in various ways

Compare

examine for the purpose of noting similarities and differences

Provide three examples of cases in which religions or religious practices have blended

Traditional african religious ideas and practices have merged with christianity - african countries Buddhism and shintoism - japan Hinduism and islam - indian areas and middle east

The UN uses two measures of quality of education. Define and explain both: a.Pupil/teacher ratio b.Literacy rate What is the literacy rate in MDCs? In LDCs?

The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction. 2x LDC than MDC. The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. 99% MDC and 90 to 70 % LDC

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service. Not all people within a market area can be counted when determining location of a service by considering its threshold. It depends on the product. Convenience stores and fast food appeal to everyone, movie theatres attract younger people, poor to thrift, amusement park for families with children.

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface. Charleston is the toponym of the port city in SC

• Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

One of the most important group is the Southern Poverty Law center and now their numbers are controversial and there are some poeple that say that they are biased in a different way but they say that these figures you see in front of you might be as much as 31 times too low because of poor reporting

The review as hate groups has even started to increase since the year 2000 Hate groups are divided into groups KKK Neo nazis White nationalist Racist skinheads Neo confederates Blakc separatists The hate map from 2012 shows how many times that we see how many hate groups in their areas Over 1000 active hate groups in the US

Sprawl vs. Smart Growth

There is a big push to move from sprawl - this unplanned expansion - to do smart growth. So that you are doing things that are thought of ahead of time. You think of all of the needs of the people. So basically you limit construction in certain areas. You do mixed developments. But there are some problems with this. Some people claim it causes congestion, restricts property rights, takes longer and you aren't allowing things to happen naturally. It can also cause much higher housing prices. On the other hand it is necessary because if we look at the baltimore lol... Sprawl - US Smart growth - UK

In what sense are building materials of folk housing unique? 3 examples of how religious values or beliefs may influence folk housing

They are made of resourced available in the environment and help them live in the environment. Stone, grass, sod, skins, woods, brick... Java - the front door always faces south in the direction of the south sea goddess who holds the key to the Earth China - the northwestern walls are sacred Madagascar - norther wall is for honoring ancestors, northeastern corner is most sacred, the bed is places on the eastern wall Lao - arrange houses differently

Summarize Africa's food-supply struggle.

They are struggling to keep food production ahead of population so that issues like famine in the Horn of Africa and Sahel due to overgrazing and limited vegetation isn't an issue. BUT, since the government made prices low, farmers can't profit and have no incentive.

Space is the _________ or interval __________ two objects.

physical gap, between

• Treaty ports

ports that must remain open for international trade because of the signing of various treaties

Define consumer services What are the four main types of consumer services, and provide an example of each.

To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them. Retail/wholesale - department stores, grocers, motor vehicles Education - teachers/schools Health/social - hospitals, nursing homes, doctors' offices, social assistance Leisure/hospitality - restaurants, bars, lodging

What are the types of climates geographers identify?

A - tropical B - dry C - warm mid latitude D - cold mid latitude E - polar

• Taoism

A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. rainforest

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

• Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Define sustainable agriculture What are the principal practices that distinguish farmers practicing sustainable agriculture from those operating conventionally?

Agricultural practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality Sensitive land management, limited use of chemicals, better integration of crops and livestock

tropical rain forest

Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth

DO MAP STUDY VOCAB TERMS

DO MAP OR DIE

Nilo Saharan

Few million people N Central Africa Nilo-saharan

• ethnic group

Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics

Inner Cities

Have physical, social, and economic problems. People are there cuz they can't afford to go anywhere else. A lot of times this is called the underclass. There is a culture of poverty there. Inadequate job skills, single parents, crime, drugs, segregations, homelessness, inadequate housing, etc. and poor people and poor housing means you have a lot of need in these inner cities area and you have no way to pay people. Taxing poor does nothing. Cities have a couple of choices in paying for things they can't afford. One is to reduce services or raise taxes. Both are problematic or hard when bringing people in. Annexation was a solution as well to bring in income from suburb areas. It is not feasible any longer. In some bases, you have a state or federal loan or grant program. There are a variety of things people are trying. Deterioration - the poor physical condition of the housing. Filtering - big houses that were single family homes for wealthy people and the wealthy people left and you have big homes, so you filter and make these into multi family apartments. When you do that, you don't actually upgrade the facilities meant for one to multiple families. Facilities get worse and worse over time and they are eventually abandoned. Big homes are left empty or with condemned signs on them. Redlining and Blockbusting, ghettos - ethnicities concentrated through inner city slum or ghetto areas. Idea behind these was that the insurance companies would refuse to insure houses in certain areas or upgrades in certain areas ruling out wealthy people. Real estate agents would not show houses in those areas. Another big problem was that they would force people to or induce people to sell their houses or make home costs too high which isn't good for poor or too low making it unsustainable to live in. If you can't take a loan to make improvements on house, you don't make improvements. Renters or landlords have no incentive and no one wants to move into these bad areas. The government builds housing and subsidies it out to poor families. Inner city is black or hispanic... Urban Renewal - replacing Public housing - One of the biggest projects was in chicago with robert taylor homes. Huge stuff and when you concentrate urban planning like that, you have crime and stuff. 28 housings and buildings that are now demolished. We have public housing in richmond and some of the most dangerous areas are there - gilpin court - highest murder rate - and these houses don't necessarily help if you can't address social and political problems. Gentrification - Revitalizes areas in the city. People who are willing to invest come in and tear down deteriorating housing or renovate it and now you have really nice stuff there, but people living in those neighborhoods can no longer afford to live in their places. They are forced to move but they can't move very far since they can't live in the suburbs and they have no mode of transportation. Controversial topic... Constant argument about the ever expanding areas of VCU.

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

Where are Hindus concentrated? What percent of all Hindus live there? Where are most of the rest?

India 90 percent India's neighbors Bangladesh and Nepal

Explain 2 major criticisms about sustainability

Its too late to discuss sustainability Human activities have not exceeded Earth's capacity

Contries with threat of overpop (high to low)

Mean Density Bangladesh Netherlands Japans Indonesia UK Egypt USA Canada

Antarctica

an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle that no country owns

Energy resources

Natural resources that can be converted into energy

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

What is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees longitude?

Prime Meridian

Map scale (distance, map v. reality)

Scale can be expressed in three ways: •Verbal ("1 inch equals 1 mile") •Fraction (1:63,360) •Graphic (bar) •"large" v. "small" scale Large scale = large detail Small scale = large area * Each has advantages and disadvantages.

Describe an autonomous religion

Self sufficient, and interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas

• bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Define situation

The location of a place relative to other places

Define site

The physical character of a place

Possibilism

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

Fracking (hydraulic fracturing)

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas

Define scale

The relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

Chloropleth Map

Type of thematic map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placement of symbols

• protolanguage

language ancestral to several daughter languages

Winter wheat

Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer

Emigration

Migration from a location

• Mackinder, Halford J.

proposed the heartland theory in the early twentieth century based on environmental determinism, the heartland theory addresses the balance of power in the world and, in particular, the possibility of world conquest based on natural habitat advantage. It held that the Eurasian continent was the most likely base from which to launch a successful campaign for world conquest.

Discuss

talk over; write about; consider or examine by argument or from various points of view; debate; present the different sides of - explain underlying concepts, specific examples, SOLID ANSWERS

Tertiary sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

• Ethnic landscape

various ethnic groups that make up a population

• early northern ghetto

"toehold" location in high density, aged, substandard housing on the margin of the CBD

subsequent

(adj.) coming after; following in time, place, or order

List 3 ways in which states have given support to terrorist.

1. providing Sanctuary 2. supplying weapons, money, intelligence 3. planning terrorist Attacks

Japanese

10 million people 2.1% of world pop Japan Japanese

Ghetto

A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

• civilization

A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes

compact state

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.

• Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

• ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

US immigration law gives preferences to groups...

Family reunification Skilled workers Diversity

Task Words

ID - simple Define - formal definition Describe - word picture Explain - how/why and cause/effect Discuss - multiple sides Keep in mind all steps and always include an example

Intra-regional migration

Movement within one region (within urban/old cities to newer suburbs)

Describe

give an account of; tell about; give a word picture of

Entrepôt

a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution.

Autonomous and hierarchical religions

Presbyterian, judaism, hinduism Protestant

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Interregional migration - Brazil

To the interior The government moves the capitol and built cities and jobs Travel by any means

Breeder reactor

Turns uranium into a renewable resource by generating plutonium

Agricultural Regions of the World

YAAYA LOOK AT SLIDE

• genetic classification

a climate classification based on causative factors

• value system

a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values in terms of their intensity

• culture realm

a set of cultural regions showing related cultural complexes and landscapes

Elongated settlement

a settlement that is clustered linearly along a street, river, etc.

fragmented state

a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous

• Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

The ____________ of a feature in _________ is known as its distribution.

arrangement, space

Planned communities

any community that was carfully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undevelped area

• isophone

boundary line of a territory using a specific dialect, based on certain sounds or pronunciation

• Forward capital

capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.

Analyze

determine the component parts and example their nature and relationship

• Ethnic conflict

different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense

Japan population

in 2050 expected to decrease by nearly 35 million why? Japan discourages immigration and outsiders from other cultures why is it a problem? there will be a labor shortage, more older people, and few to work and care for them

Define mashup

it refers to the practice of overlaying data from 1 source on top of 1 of the mapping services

Identify

name - who or what

Islam Cont

o Islam (Universal, monotheistic) >1 ¼ billion; North Africa-Central Asia, SE Asia Life of Mohammad • Born c. 570 CE; age 40 visited by Archangel Gabriel; c. 622 CE flees Mecca to Medina (the Hijra - basis of Muslim calendar); return to Mecca 630; died c. 632 CE • Expansion - 632 Arabian Peninsula, 650 Middle East, 710 North Africa to Spain, 750 to W. China! Beliefs • Single God who is just, omnipotent and merciful • Islam dates back to the creation of world (not new!) • Mohammad last of series of Prophets (e.g. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus) • Koran is the word of God, dictated to Mohammed • All people children of Adam; all children pure • Day of Judgment (heaven and hell) • No individual can atone for another's sins • The 5 Pillars o Creed; Prayer 5 times daily; Charity; Fasting - Ramadan; Pilgrimage (to Mecca) 2 branches: Sunni (83%) & Shi'ite (17%) Another universalizing religion, and is relatively easy If you say the shahada and mean it, you are muslim Monotheistic and roughly 2 billion muslims in the world Dominant religion in N Arica into the ME and SE Asia Most populous muslim nation is indonesia Growing in the Americas Muslim is not the same as arab 90 percent of arab is islam 80 percent of islam not arab Starts with Muhammad Orphaned and adopted and gets married and doesn't recieve first revelation to age of 40 Archangel gabriel gave him the quran Spreads word in Makkah and built up foundation and then comes back Takes over Makkah and then you have a rapid movement Diffusion Happens very quickly Branches Sunni The community or uma choses the successor to muhammad Starts upon the death of muhammad Shiite Followed of ali as the son in law should follow muhammad Only one completely shiite nation is iran Other Sufis - mystical muslims and do a lot of rituals (whirling dirvishes), Alawites - sect specifically in Syria, Nation of Islam - related to islam (black muslims) but not perfect representation There are two basic branches of Islam:oSUNNI (" ʻAhlu-s-Sunnah" -"people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus")oSHI'ITE ("ShīʻatuʻAlī" -"followers of Ali")Other groups:oSufis; Alawites; Nation of Islam ("Black Muslims"), etc.19

• Survey systems

pattern of land division used in an area

Define food security How much of the world does not have food security?

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy life 1/8 of the world's inhabitants

Ubiquitous

present, appearing, or found everywhere

• Multiethnic state

state that contains more than one ethnicity (ex. U.S.)

• cuisine

style of cooking or preparing food

• Capital

the account used to summarize the owner's equity in a business

demarcation

the marking of boundaries or categories

Personal space

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

• ideological subsystem

the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture

• domestication

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

• linguistic geography

the study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and language

• Traditional architecture

traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

• Folk songs

traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture

Measures of development

used to distinguish LDCs from MDCs. They include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, caloric intake, etc.

Walter Christaller

was a German geographer whose principal contribution to the discipline is Central Place Theory

Value added crops in europe? Grain and corn, wine and cheese, rice and beans, and another choice

wine and cheese

• Rimland

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.

Unauthorized immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents.

Agriculture & environment

o Constrained by environment (usually) o Slash & burn, over grazing, desertification, irrigation

Economic sectors

primary (taking raw materials from earth - agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing - textile or auto industries), tertiary (providing goods or services)

low-level waste

radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation.

• folklife

refers to the full traditional lore, behavior, and material culture of any folk group, with emphasis on the customary and material categories

Separate but Equal

segregation laws permitted by the Supreme Court for the treatment of the races. In the south these were called the "Jim Crow" laws, blacks had to sit in the backs of buses, and shops, restaurants, & hotels could choose to serve whites only; separate schools were established. Throughout the country, house deeds contained Segregation permitted for treatment because equality didn't mean MIX

Intertillage

the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment

Specialization

the development of skills in a specific kind of work

atmosphere

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

• Architectural form

the look of housing, effected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time

• Raison d'être

the most important reason or purpose for someone or something's existence.

natural/physical

those boundaries based on recognizable physiologic features, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes.

Maps through the Ages

Tablets to distorted versions on actual paper to present day

European Crop Rotation

5th century -Grain -Fallow If you grow the same crop in the same land then the crop can't grow after a while cuz no more nutrients they need 8th century -Winter grain -Spring grain -Fallow 18th century -Root crop -Grain -Fallow -Grain Even present now Fields will change -Here you have soy bean and corn In the 18th cent we see the shift from everyone doing intensive to moving into commercial level agriculture -Mostly due to second agricultural revolution

Define democracy

A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office.

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice. Correct word not paddy.

• Confederation

A joining of several groups for a common purpose.

Neighborhood

A small social area within a city where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis

• Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.

• Unitary state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

City

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

Both ethnicity and race have been confused

Asian - race African American - ethnicity but not black Latino - ethnicity but hispanic is any race Very problematic o Race: biological ancestor, common ancestor o Ethnicity: cultural traditions, common origin o Racism, prejudice, hate crimes ("bias motivated") o Designations ("Hispanic" v. Latino, etc.)

Measures of population Demographic Change

Births Deaths Immigration Emmigration

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

• National iconography

the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images.

• ethnic island

the dispersed and rural counterparts of urban ethnic neighborhoods

• vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Physical geography Transportation Political concerns/laws

the long, arduous, and expensive passage over land and sea helped get past the physical/environmental obstacles the need for passports and visas

Major manufacturing regions

Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are hte leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography.

Where are unitary states most common?

Europe

Define cultural boundary

Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

Great cities

Great cities

Theme 4 - Movement: How and why do people, goods, and ideas move from place to place?

Human Movement Movement of Goods

Map of the prime meridian and international date line

IDT - left of the americas and all wonky Kiribati Samoa moved the IDT in 1997 PM - at 0 deg longitude

Sustainability and Conservation

Idea is to be sustainable - resources used a way so that they are conserved - conservation (uses resources) and preservation (does not use resources

Zoning ordinance

Law that specifies how and for what purpose each parcel of private real estate may be used. Also called zoning code.

Smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Judaism and Islam Jerusalum

Location of THHEEE temple, center of worship, and then the western wall Dome of the rock where muhammad ascended into heaven and abraham prepared to sacrifice isaac and ishmael

Biotechnology

Manipulation and management of biological organisms Recombinant DNA techniques -Tissue culture (cloning) -Cell fusion -Embryo transfer Positive: high yielding, disease resistant "super" plants Negative: periphery excluded by distance and cost + concerns about safety

Thematic Map

Map or chart especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area

Flow Line Map

Map that use symbols, especially arrows, to determine movement/ trends; such as migration trends.

Radioactive waste

Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, the materials must be safely stored for thousands of years

Nonferrous

Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel.

• diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Why are Buddhists difficult to count?

Only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions. You can also be a Buddhist and follow another religion.

Geographic Issues

Places - location Regions - unique and distinctive areas Space - mapping regular patterns Scale - similarities at different levels Connections - relationships among places

Define unitary state

Places most power in the hands of central governmental officials.

What types of push factors are responsible for forced migration (refugees)?

Political or environmental factors (compelled and can't live in their area anymore due to, for example, violence)

What caused immigration from Latin America to the US to increase?

Poor conditions and population growth. They want better economic opportunities and social advancement.

Some concerns about genetically modified foods

Possible adverse effects on human health Introduction of new allergens Antibiotic-resistant genes in foods Production of new toxins Concentration of toxic metals Enhancement of toxic fungi Environmental impacts Dangers not yet identified

Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources

R - produced in nature more rapidly than consumed by humans NR - produced in nature more slowly than consumed by human

o Biodiversity (biological diversity), Global vs. local diversity

Rainforests = 7% of earth's land, 50% of species! Extinctions mostly from species introductions, habitat loss

Why did the Serbs & Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia-Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnian Muslims?

Rather than live in an independent multiethnic states with a Muslim plurality (higher percentage of Muslims in Bosnia), they fought to united the portions of the republic that they inhabited with Serbia & Croatia. Ethnic cleansing ensured that the areas did not merely have majorities but were ethnically homogeneous and therefore better candidates for union.

Creating Ghettos - Redlining and Blockbusting

Redlining is when you would have banks, realtor, insurance agents, etc would identify a particular area of city and call it unfit for loan so they created lines on a map where they refused to load money by refusing to loan money to that area, they are people are unable to improve their homes, buy homes, maintain homes, creating ghettos Blockbusting where you had basically and would convince people that your living near a black area and force/encouraging you to move since your house isn't worth much and you end up with segregation

Hearths

Religion develops here 3 major Middle eastern - judaism, christianity, and islam N. indian - hinduism, buddhism E. asian - shintoism, daoism, and confucianism (argued)

Organization of space - holy places and pilgrimage

Religions are a part of culture, and culture must deal with the world With issues of space and place including - Holy places and pilgrimage Place names Sacred spaces The places of the dead Religious communities Administration of space

THe MOvement of Languages

Relocation (most languages) but a few spread by expansion (English, Latin) - via education and media Barriers are sometime geographic Sometimes its cultural and the spreading is prohibited

What are two religious groups in conflict in Ireland? Where are the majority of these groups located?

Roman Catholic and Protestant 5/6 RC and 1/6 N Pro

Why are independence movements flourishing among these groups?

Russia is less willing to stop movement forcibly that the Soviet Union.

List good examples of federal states that fulfill these conditions rather well.

Russia, Canada, US, Brazil, India

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

The four most contemporary Romance languages are:

Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian

Mark each of the following statements, regarding the WTO, as true or false. If false, correct the statement. a.______ The WTO was formed by countries that conduct the majority of international trade. b.______ The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs. c.______ The WTO seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries. d.______ Though it can hear accusations, the WTO cannot order remedies

T, F, F, F

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

Global migration pattern

The 3 largest international migration flows: 1) From Asia to Europe 2) From Asia to North America 3) From Latin America to North America From developing countries to developed ones - poor to wealthy Net out (number out from) greater and net in (number in from) greater in correspondence to the flows Major out migration areas - asia, latin america, africa Major in migration areas - north america, europe, oceania

First Agricultural Revolution

The First Agricultural Revolution, also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming. This transition occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East.

• acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Range (of a service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Define diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space

• Relocation

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Interregional migration - Indonesia

To other islands, because Java was so overcrowded

Winnow

To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.

• innovation

(n.) something new, a change; the act of introducing a new method, idea, device, etc.

• central-hall house

-Virginia (Chesapeake) -made mostly of hallways

Tai Kadai

85 million people Thailand and Parts of China from the Philippines Tai, Zhuang

Some benefits of genetically modified foods

Consumer benefits Better protein Healthier oils Healthier fats Non allergenic Cancer fighting tomatoes

Who first used the term "geography"?

Eratosthenes

• Religion (groups, places)

a system of beliefs and practices that a group of people uses to answer questions about life

antecedent

a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

• Reunification

bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)

A region is an _ of _ defined by one or more __

area, Earth, distinctive characteristics

Export processing zone

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

Languages and Language Families

o Family: common origin for languages (parent, child) o Branches (recent common ancestor within a family) o Groups (closely related languages within a branch) o Example: The Indo-European family, Germanic branch, West Germanic group o Problem of counting (Languages, dialects, living, dead) Maybe 4000 languages? Maybe 100 families?

Agricultural regions

o Subsistence vs. Commercial Different purpose (eat v. sell) % of population (high v. low) Machinery (little/none vs. intense) Farm size (small v. large) [usually] Economic integration with industry

Summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies

- to promote Christianity - to extract useful resources and serve as captive markets for their products - to establish relative power through the number of their colonies God, gold, glory

What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals that the UN agreed to achieve by 2015?

1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality & empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects?

Because they could be dialects of the same languages, and have similar roots or words

United States

Hawaii indigenous that want autonomy Puerto rico has tension between groups that want independence and ones that dont want it but want actual representation Cascadia

• Northern India Hearth

Hinduism and Buddhism o Other North Indian Religions (Jainism; Sikhism)

Population Density: HOW MANY PER

Tells us the level of development Gives us clues on population growth Economy Status of women And more...

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time ex- diffusion of language through and empire

Expansion diffusion - contagious

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. ex. disease (influenza)

What should a small owned farm do to increase profit?

switch to organic farming practices

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

What is the science of mapmaking called?

Cartography

MAPS!!!!!!!!!

Look at slide

Thresh

To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.

Why have food prices been a more serious problem than food supply?

Bc food prices more than doubled btw 2006 and 2008 and have remained at record highs since then due to: Poor weather, especially in major crop-growing regions of the South Pacific and North America Higher demand, especially in China and India Smaller growth in productivity, especially without major new miral breakthrough Use of crops as biofuels instead of food, especially in Latin America

Plant domestication

Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

Commercial Agriculture What people do and how and what is profitable Types

Mixed crop and livestock farming - ranching -US cattle ranching - Ranching today -Usually the crop correlates with your animal and most of the land is devoted to the crops, and leftover is for your animals. Animals is where the most of the money comes from, and advantage is that livestock supplies manure which can be used for fertilizer. -Workload is evenly distributed throughout the year: Heavy work loads for crops but with livestock and crop farming is the number of people hiring is gonna be more consistent -You have less seasonal variability and income -You can also do ranching by itself is the commercial version of pastoral nomadism -Dry areas and too dry for crops but good for some sort of plant life is good for ranching -Not profitable per acre as farming because it is expensive to raise animals -Bringing irrigation to that area then ranching will end cuz more profitable to grow crops -Really old in us cattle ranching --Columbus brought it-Old world --Small scale on the east coast. Then, it moves westward and settles in those dry areas in the west. The oldest cattle ranch in the US is in new york Interesting thing is that you don't have market close to your cows. Soooooo you use the arid areas to grow the cows and walk them to market.. This was the solution for a long period cattle driving - expansion of railroads. Barbed wire and fences make it hard to move your cattle. -Also other changes like cattle breeding and stuff is now fixed locations. Shifting pastures are where most cattle is. You breed the cow then ship them to a feed a lot, they eat a ton and they are slaughtered. -Most cows we see here are for dairy not eating. Dairy Farming -Mostly large scale in west europe and north america -Big issue is that is spoils and is very perishable. Dairy operations are close to the city back then because it would spoil, but now we have refrigerated stuff to transport. But dairy products can be located far away. Grain Farming -Wheat corn barley rice are actually grasses. Globally, most is corn and rice, and most important crop is wheat-Wheat is exchanged in international commerce than any other grain. Wheat can be done in area too dry to do other stuff. -Us largest grain producing country -Wide Scale wheat farming mainly in machine Truck farming -Commercial gardening: Especially fruits and vegetables- also perishable -So that's why is very specific specialization and done in small plots but now with transportation is improving making it so that small area of specialization leads to feeding everyone -Florida - oranges; Georgia - peaches; Arizona - romane Mediterranean agriculture -Near the mediterranean -Exotics - olives and grapes -Entirety of southern spain is olive trees miles and miles -Interesting is that you have warm dry summers and mild wet winters -Some grains for local consumptions and local stuff happens -Grapes - wine and Olives - oil Plantation agriculture -Warm, humid - tropics mostly -Mostly in less developed countries, but owners are foreign and absentee -Somewhat uninhabited areas and import labour for a period of time -Cash crops are exclusively grown for sale far far away-More developed country -Mainly specialize in one or two crops: Teak, Banana, Pineapple, Tea, Coffee, Coco, Sugar, Tobacco, Rubber, Oil palms

Inter-regional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another (urban/rural)

• Maternal mortality rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Why is the idea of two superpowers a relatively new one?

There were 8 great powers before WWI. After WWI, the US and Soviet Union emerged as the two superpowers; other countries became ally or satellite. Cold War

What is a multinational state? Describe how the UK is an example.

A country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self determination. Irish, Scottish, and Great Britain.

Define anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.

• Vernacular (perceptual)—regional self-awareness

A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

• Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Staple grains

A staple grain is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well. Example: Maize, wheat, and rice.

FRQ

ACE Answer, Cite, Explain Task Words ID - simple Define - formal definition Describe - word picture Explain - how/why and cause/effect Discuss - multiple sides Keep in mind all steps and always include an example

Ozone

ANother important issue - 21 percent of the atmosphere - O3: Oxygen travels in pairs but in the atmosphere it is O3 It is important and is more chemically active than oxygen and is a pale blue gas, certain days you can smell ozone in the day It can absorb and block ultraviolet light which is important and it is also extremely explosive and corrosive gas - similar to bleach -, and it is why it's all the way up there not here - stratosphere. Vital to our survival - blocking UV from getting to us. Up there is fine and down here is pollutant.. We want good ozone and we want it to be where it's supposed to be - it is chemically active and when human made chemicals go up, they reacts and then the molecules split up and break done. Improving Ozone - CFCs and Friends are the problem

Census tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

GNI vs Gini

GDP - total value of goods and services in a country GNI - added indicator of money that also enters or leaves the country but also gdp Basically the same for our purposes Gini Coefficient - looking at inequality and income inequality 0 to 1 and lower values indicated that there is sloooow and so basically you can have huge GDP but focused in certain areas

France and Brazil

Genovese Corsica Napoleon Brazil is huge and geographic differences and economic differences South is wealthy with banking and trade North is agricultural and stuff New capital in middle of country to seem fair

Gross National Product (GNP)

Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: A measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Example: 19.61 trillion PPP is the US' GNP.

Maternal mortality rate

MMR = number of deaths of women within 42 days of pregnancy/total live births

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Symbols

Pictures, dots, colors & patterns, and lines (also - "isolines") A variety of symbols are used on maps. There are basically four kinds of symbols: pictures (either representative images or arbitrary shapes — can be an effective way of showing where things are located on a map), dots, colors and patterns, lines Color vs lines - contour lines vs shaded relief *Note how important the legend is. Without one, the symbols would be meaningless.

US Race and Ethnicity Today

Problematic because you have different broad terms as well as people being part of more than one race US Ethnicities (major concentrations) o Regional: African-Americans in Southeast; Latinos in Southwest; Asians in West; Native Americans in SW & Plains o Urban clusters Ethnicities highly concentrated in some cities Ethnic neighborhoods • Made by affinity, chain migration - OR • Made by blockbusting & redlining (illegal!)

• Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Aquaculture

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages. Fish farming.

Green revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Urban growth rate

Rate of growth of an urban population. Compare degree of urbanization.

Small and large settlements.... However, smaller neighborhoods within larger settlements must also do what?

Small settlements have services with small thresholds, short ranges and small market areas. Larger settlements have larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas. Provide services with small thresholds and ranges.

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Membership of Religions Distribution of world religion

Universalizing is 58 percent Ethnic 26 percent None 16 percent Christian is majority of universalizing, then small portions of muslim and buddhist Mirrors colonizing power Islam - middle east Sunni and Shia Buddhism - india elsewhere Other stuff exists

superimposed

a boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes, a country, or a people by a conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns.

• immigrant

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

• Georgian house

charlotte square

terracing

creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.

definitional

focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement

• Charleston single house

southern tidewater long buildings with a lot of windows built on the coast so that summer winds cool down the house (my personal favorite type of house)

Distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space ex- the spread of humans in a society

• Geomancy (feng shui)

the art of placing or arranging buildings or other sites auspiciously.

Ecotourism

the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment

• Boundary process

the process that is needed to create a boundary;

ethnographic/cultural

when the boundary coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion.

Services & Settlements

"Tertiary" economic activities

Intangible Cultural Heritage

300ish examples Cross crafting Latvia and Lithuania

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. the world wide spread of american culture ( mickey mouse English and coke (not the drug))

Southern Florida

Barrier Islands Everglades Unsustainable ecosystem - pollution is a huge problem

How has christian burial practice changed over time?

Catacombs underground to around the church to cemeteries

Cultural ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

• sociofact

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions

In the past, most interaction between places required what?

The physical movement of settlers, explorers, and plunderers

ecosphere

The planetary ecosystem including all organisms and their physical environment

Services

We have to understand why cities happen

Town

a nucleated settlement that contains a CBD but that is small and less functionally complex than a city

• technological subsystem

composed of material objects, together with the techniques of their use, by means of which people are able to live

• Diffusion types

expansion and relocation, expansion is the expanding, and relocating is moving

Gendered space

knowledge about using space from a male and female angle, to determine how females may be restricted in use of public and private spaces compared to males

pH factor

low pH (acidic) meds are easily absorbed into stomach; high pH (alkalotic) are less likely to be absorbed effectively

Explain

make clear or plain; make clear the causes or reasons for; make known in detail; tell the meaning of - BE CAREFUL TO WHAT AND HOW MANY OR WHAT YOU ARE ASKED TO ADDRESS

Cultivate

means "care for"; cultivated plants are crops

Borders (no border is perfect!)

oFrontier (obsolete - area no one really controls) oPhysical: deserts, mountains, rivers, etc. oCultural: Geometric, linguistic, religious, etc. Also - "buffer" & "satellite" states

Colonialism

oGod, Gold, and Glory! oFormerly vast empire (largest UK & French) oWorld's last colonies (still a few, mostly islands)

Cityscapes

similar to a landscape, yet of a city (cityscapes often show the city's skyline, which is the CBD).

Lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. where we live

• caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

erosion pavement

a surficial concentration of pebbles and rock fragments tending to protect the underlying soil from further erosion.

Define map

a two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it

• Infanticide

act of killing (or killer of) an infant

• Ethnic homeland

a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region

Favela

a slum community in a Brazilian city

aerosol

a substance enclosed under pressure and able to be released as a fine spray, typically by means of a propellant gas.

Periodic movement

motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same

Abiotic

physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms. ex- a rock

Define Gender Inequality Index (GII): The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries? Where are the highest GIIs? Where are GIIs the lowest?

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. 0 = best and 1 = worst. Empowerment, labor, and reproductive health. Developing countries - sub saharan africa, south asia, central asia, and southwest asia Europe - areas with high HDIs

Mortality

A measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Example: CDR or Infant Mortality Rate. Note: A country's CDR can often seem arbitrary, like how the United States' is unusually high, but it all depends on that nation's stage in the demographic transition.

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

• Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Double cropping

A second crop is planted and is able to be harvested after the first has been harvested in the same season from the same field. Rice in China was able to be double, and sometimes even triple cropped.

• Frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

Define frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. They become boundaries.

• Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

biosphere (ecosphere)

the intricate, interconnected web that links all organisms with their physical environment

Medical revolution

Definition: A period where medical technology diffused into poorer countries and helped to eliminate diseases that killed people young. Example: Many vaccines for deadly diseases like rabies and influenza were invented and diffused into poorer countries.

Time zones

Definition: A range of longitudes where a common standard time is used. Example: Pacific time zone, mountain time zone, central time zone, eastern time zone, etc.

Housing bubble

Definition: A rapid increase in the value of house followed by a sharp decline in their value. Example: The U.S. Housing Bubble; housing prices peaked in 2006 but then dropped to new lows in 2012

Public services

Definition: A service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction Examples: re brigade, police, air force, and paramedics.

Models

Definition: A simplified description, especially a mathematical one, of a system or process, to assist calculations and predictions Example: A model assists us in understanding The layout of a town in 3D form.

Cartogram

Definition: A type of map that transforms the map such that the country/area with the greatest value of some type of data is represented by the largest relative area Example: This cartogram represents world population. (the picture is a little small, here's the link: https://populationeducation.org/what-cartogram/)

Formal (uniform) region

Definition: An area in which everyone shares a limited number of common features Examples: The Corn Belt, the Rust Belt and the Great Plains can all be classified as formal or uniform regions.

Urban hierarchy

Definition: Cluster settlements range in size from hamlets to metropolises based upon population size, density, and the complexity of their centralizing functions. Example: Metropolis: New York City; Town: Ashland

Life expectancy

Definition: How long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Example: In China, the life expectancy for males is 75 years and for females it is 78 years.

Eastern North America and West Africa

Concentrated along East Coast and Mexico - About 120,000,000 - Just 2% of humanity - About 95% urban Most populous country is Nigeria

List the important/interesting facts regarding the creation of the post-WWII country of Yugoslavia

Created to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages/created by the Allies Yugo-South Slavia-Slavic

fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Weber, Alfred

Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization

Size

Definition: The dimensions, proportions, amount, or extent of something Ex. The size of a population (amount of people), the size of an apple (the dimensions), the size of a tree in relation to a blade of grass (proportions)

Latitude

Definition: The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0º) Example: Buenos Aires, Argentina is located at 35º south latitude

Bid rent theory

Definition: The price and demand for business real estate depends upon the distance of the real estate from the CBD. Example: An apartment in the CBD costing more than an apartment in Zone 4, if they even have apartments.

Map scale

Definition: The ratio of actual distance to the distance on the map. Example: This ancient map has a map scale of 100 miles per inch.

Demography

Definition: The scientific study of population characteristics. Example: Demography includes the size, structure, and distribution of population and can be displayed in several different ways. Demographic factors include age, birth rate, death rate, occupation, religion, and more.

Concentration

Definition: The spread of something over a given area. Example: The concentration of people in the city is higher than that of the country.

Population pyramid

Definition: a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex Example: Countries with an aging population, like Japan, have slightly reversed pyramids, indicating the shrinking population and higher percentage of elderly people

Resource

Definition: a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use Example: minerals, plants, animals, food, water

Carrier efficiency

Definition: the ratio of output to input for a given carrier. efficiency of a given type of transport Example: warehouses

Subsidy

Gov's provide aid to farmers and it comes in different forms -Crop selection - avoid overproduction -Stabilization - fall in prices -Marketing loans - help sell -Conservation subsidies - paid to not grow -Crop insurance - natural disasters -Disaster aid - above -Export subsidies - elsewhere export -Direct purchase - gov buys surplus

Crop

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. Any cultivated plant.

Defining Cities

How does life in a city different from a life in a rural place? We can do this based on physical criteria. A city looks like this or there is legal criteria.

Define ethnicity

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

Combined statistical area (CSA)

In the US, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns.

US Cities - THe business Services Hierarchy

In the US, world cities, command and control, then special centers. Special is the NC peoples those big three. Military center in norfolk.

Core-based statistical area

In the United States, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas.

Imports and Exports

Increasing food exports Price of food comes down, some problem is not everyone place can produce a surplus It is an idea but not countable on

In what ways is globalization of culture manifested in the landscape?

Increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform global landscapes of material artifacts and cultural values. Ex. Fast food restaurants, service stations, and retail chains.

Define sovereignty

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

• Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

• absorbing barrier

a barrier that completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements

• permeable barrier

a barrier that permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it but weakens and retards continued spread; an innovation can be modified in passing through a permeable barrier

• syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Conurbation

a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities

S-curve

a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth. Shows what happens when we hit carrying capacity

Guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

• guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Define fundamentalism

a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture.

Female-headed household

a household in which the most powerful person is a female

• Nation

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

• hunter-gatherer

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

Dependency theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Developed Country

a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do

Filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Housing bubble

a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

Internally displaced person

a refugee within his or her own country

• Shatterbelt

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).

Megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

• popular region

a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; vernacular region

• Jainism

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

Suburb

a residential district located on the outskirts of a city

Hebrew

a revived language Israel official language Jewish and adopted new words thanks to Eliezer Ben-Yenuda

• Language subfamily

a smaller group of related languages within a language family

• Immigrant states

a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA.

• Proselytic religion

a universalizing religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just those of one culture or location

How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?

The federal government gave large land grants to the railroad companies, which financed the construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers. Also, these settlers could transport goods using the railroads.

• custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what is the major crop? How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions? Explain.

Wheat, barley, and other grains and legumes - millets, oats, corn, sorghum, soybean. Cash crops like cotton, flax, hemp, tobacco. Crop rotation - rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Hull

The outer covering of a seed.

Ethnic neighborhood

an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

European Union

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.

post-industrial

an economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and manufacturing and more emphasis on services and technology

• Regionalism

an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot

• artifact

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

• Barrio

an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country. Chain Migration. the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow other from that town to a particular city or neighborhood

• diffusion barrier

any conditions that hinder either the flow of information or the movement of people and thus prevent the acceptance of an innovation

Define universalizing religion Define ethnic religion Define atheism Define agnosticism

attempts to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place Belief that God does not exist Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Sino Tibetan

1,588,830,000 21.1% of world pop China and SE Asia Mandarin

Barriadas

Definition: Squatter settlements in the periphery of Latin American cities. Example: Mexico CIty has a prominent example of barriadas called Favela

definition

A method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning

Place utility

Adding value to products by having them where people want them.

Define boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

Two regions of Denmark prevent the country from being a perfect nation state. List and describe them in the chart below

Denmark's Non-Danish Regions Region - Faeroe Islands (21 of them) Description - Under Denmark for 600+ years. 50000 inhabitants speak Faeroese. Region - Greenland (largest "island") Description - 12 % of 58000 considered Danish; remainder are native ---> Inuit. They control most of their domestic affairs.

Debt-for-nature swap

Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries. When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

Quebec and Belgium

French Flemish vs French Not a lot recently now but there was a violent one for a while Belgium resource allocation

Biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

Substitution principle

In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Large scale map advantage

It shows details

Housing styles

Minimal Tradition - late 1940s and early 1950s - dominant type of house construction in the US - One story; small & modest; for young families & vets returning from WWII Ranch House - late 1950s to early 1960s - split level was a popular variant of this - One story; long & parallel to street; took up large lot; encouraged sprawl of urban areas Split-Level - 1950s to 1970s - variant of the ranch and popular - Bottom level - garage & family room; middle level - kitchen, formal living & dining rooms; top level - bedrooms Contemporary Style - 1950s to 1970s - the contemporary style was popular for architect designed houses - Architect designed with flat, low pitched roofs Shed Style - late 1960s - widely built - High pitched roofs gave house geometric qualities

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. Urban to rural Seen primarily in the Rocky Mtn. states and rural counties in states like Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. - US

Describe the purpose of NATO.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Military alliance among 16 democratic states (including US and Canada) designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe and prevent Soviet Union from taking over West Germany and other smaller countries.

Seeing Families Language Families - Origins and Relationships

One two three are super different - Common words used for comparisons and is where you look for similarities Families have similarities Origin and Relationships TREE

What ethno-political problems did Yugoslavia face after the death of Josip Tito in the 80s & fall of communism in the 90s

Rivals among ethnicities resurfaced (ind. countries now because they broke up)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

• five pillars

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca

Pollution

When we say pollution, the definition is that if you have more waste added than a resource can accommodate, then you have pollution. We have to worry about the pollution that we are responsible for. When it comes to managing - we have point and nonpoint: Point - point where it came from. Non- point - lots of sources.

Growth poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

• Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

• Mormonism

comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement

Time-space compression

A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

Waldsterben

"Forest death," a term used for the decline of the world's forests

AGRICULTURE

"deliberate modification of the Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals."

Give some examples of slow interaction among groups

- Unequal access to interaction - Availability of electricity - Money

Ethnic Diversity in Iran

-Persians - Shiite MINORITIES -Azeri -Baluchi

Identify the reason for which membership in the UN grew significantly in each of the following periods.

1955 - 16 countries liberated from Nazi Germany during WWII 1960 - 17 countries all but one a former African colony of Great Britain or France 1990s - 26 countries with the breakup of the USSR and Yugoslavia and Microstates

Altaic

2.3% of world pop Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Turkish

How many time zones are there?

24

How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the country of Russia?

39

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Transnational corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. google or Apple

• characteristics

A distinguishing feature or quality

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Combine

A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.

soil

A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

• Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

• Satellite state

A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

• natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Development

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Genocide

Beyond just removing an ethnic group, it is destroying a national ethnic racial or religious group 20th and 21st cent there is a lot of em, armenian, holocaust, rwandan, cambodian, recently darfur is a debatable a genocide, the rohingya in burma, people don't call it yet Crime under international law since 1948 and people are reluctant to call it that because any signatory they are obligated to enforce the treaty and punish the people and are reluctant to identify 8 stages Classification us v them Symbolization hate speech Dehumanization swine or vermin Organization with special units Polarization with propaganda Preparations with lists and target Extermination murder in a systematic way Denial complete denial, accienets, etc. Turkey - civil war not genocide armenia

Other Boundaries

Buffer states and satellite states Independent states sometimes get used by major powers to reduce regional conflict Satellite states are dominated by a major power but independent E. Europe Mongolia Nepal - China and India Jordan - Saudi Arabia and Israel

Festival landscape

Definition: A landscape of cultural festivities. Example: Central Park in New York City.

Settlement

Definition: A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants. Examples: Ranches, Farms

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Definition: The amount of live births per capita, per 1,000 people Formula: (Total births/ Total Population) *100

Climate

Definition: The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period of time Examples: tropical, temperate, polar The Saharan Desert has an arid climate.

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

Australia

English is pushed; few speak indigenous language

Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Ethnicity is the ethno nationalism the definitions of nations vs state and definition of boundaries get wrapped up into these two forces - tear a state apart or bring together apart Centripetal Hold a nation together Richard Hartshorne Strong leadership Charismatic good leader Divine gift Charles gall in france Porone in argentina External threat People feel nationalism and patriotism more when threatened by someone else Education Knowledgeable about the world and each other creates a productive workforce and unite Ideology Passionate about their beliefs Movement or circulation Free to move about within the country they are comfortable and leads to stronger country Centrifugal Tear state apart Also called Devolutionary forces Ethnic or cultural differences You don't feel unity Religious difference Linguistic diversity Economic disparity Movement or circulation Forced is devolutionary because if you are unstable...not unity Physical and geographical difference Corded off, it can be hard to hold the country together

Sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

African American Experience

Forced migration (17th - 19th centuries) Triangle trade (Africa-America), slavery Southern rural to urban North (19th-20th) • Sharecropping; some seek jobs in N. cities) • "channeled" migration (chain migration) Inner City vs. Suburbs (late 20th century) Creation of ghettos • Blockbusting: Frighten white owners into selling and sell property to people to escape ghetto • Redlining: Non-whites can only buy/rent in some areas o "separate but equal" (segregation laws) o "white flight" (when segregation ends)

Resource crisis

Future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand, solvable by use of renewable energy. Importance: Worldwisde lack of resource in extremely high demand.

• Heartland

Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.

Review map projections wksht

KNOW IT

Eastern Geographers

Pei Xiu - map of China Muhammad al-Idrisi - map of ME

What is gerrymandering?

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

• Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Proven vs Potential Reserves

Reserves everywhere Proven - measured with reasonable accuracy - we can be confident about what's there and that it can be recovered economically. There is a difference between I can get there and am pretty sure it's there and I can't get there and I don't really know it is there. Potential haven't been discovered and we don't know for sure, but based off of geology and tectonics things there, we can guess that they exist there. Oil is very important We are concerned with energy - We need tons of energy in order to support ourselves and keep societies going.

Reference map

Shows locations of places and geographic features

What three crops are often genetically modified? Approximately how much of major crops in the US are genetically modified? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods.

Soybeans, corn, cotton. 94 perc soybean, 90 perc cotton, and 88 perc corn/maize Pros - higher yields, increased nutrition, and more resistance to pests and sometimes better tasting Cons - health problems, export problems, increased dependence on the US

In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries that send out immigrants?

Stage 2

Language and Culture Change and Stabiloty

Technology is changing how we speak Certain conversations, if you go back in time, they would have no idea what you were talking about Change: technology and new ways of living Technospeak "The commute was a nightmare - some leadfoot in an SUV was on his cell and got into a fender-bender with an old bug. I ended up in the breakdown lane. Complete gridlock until the CHP called in a tow." Stability: Institutions Education Law Religion Financial Advantage Status Lose it if you can't speak a language "Correctly" o Institutions (education, law, religion); Finance; Status

What is racism?

The belief race that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Define supply Define demand

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale. The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy.

Dialects are defined as "regional variations of a language" and are distinguished by 3 things. What are they?

Vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Indigenous city

a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country

• Muslim

a follower of the religion of Islam

Underclass

a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations

Origins

oCottage industry (small scale, ancient origins) oIndustrial revolution: UK c. 1750 CE - why?New technology, new agriculture, new culture oDiffusion through industry (steel, textiles, etc.) oDiffusion through Europe (UK > France, etc.) oDiffusion to the US, and beyond

Origins

oSettlements oEarly personal, producer, public services oSettlement structure Clustered (circular & linear) Dispersed (North America, Australia) •US Homestead Act of 1862, etc

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists ex-land, water, and air or atmosphere

• Zoroastrianism

system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun

incineration

the burning of solid waste

Technology gap

the widening disparity between communication technology haves and have-nots

Define physical boundary

Coincide with significant features of natural landscape

Migration transition

Definition: Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Example: The US. We were able to develop as much as we did because immigrants industrialized the US and stimulated economic growth.

Heartland/rimland

Definition: Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent. Example: Eurasia

Demographic regions

Definition: Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Example: Most of Western Europe is a demographic region in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model.

Statistical map

Definition: Shows the spatial pattern of a theme and focuses a spatial variation of one or more geographic distributions. Example: A map showing population density

Nonrenewable resource

Definition: Something that is produced in nature that's consumed by humans faster than it's produced humans, jk coal

Natural increase rate (NIR, RNI)

Definition: The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. It's essentially how quickly/slowly the population is growing. Example: The RNI of an African country, like Cape Verde, is usually lower than that of a Western European country, like France.

Peak land value intersection

Definition: the most accessible and costly parcel of land in the CBD Example: Peak land value intersection is often located in the inner-most part of the CBD.

desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Edge city

distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections

• interrupting barrier

delay or deflect the path of diffusion ex: physical earth

Grid system

•"xy" coordinate system •Latitude & longitude (others, too) Using parallels of latitude we determine the angular distance (in degrees) north or south of the equator, from 0º to 90º North or South Using meridians of longitude we determine the angular distance (in degrees) east or west of the prime meridian, from 0º to 180º East or West There are a number of other grid systems in use that you may encounter: UTM Township & Range

Urban Patterns

•Worldwide growth of urban population o1800 - 3% urban...2000 - 47%...soon a global majority! •Greater urban population in MDCs, Greater growth in LDCs

Quaternary economic activity

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Quinary economic activity

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

• Cultural realm

The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development.

How is the date of Easter related to physical geography through the calendar? Why do different christian branches celebrate easter on different days? How is this similar to Buddhism's major holidays?

The first sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox in late march Because they follow dates on different calendars. The branches of Buddhism also follow dates on different days.

Pattern (linear, centralized, random)

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. Straight pattern such as houses on a street Centralized Pattern- Clustered or concentrated at a certain place Random Pattern- A pattern with no specific order.

Population projection

estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition

environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Hunting and gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.

Forestry

The planting, growing, and harvesting of trees.

What is social area analysis? What two things can we deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?

The study of comparing distributions of characteristics and creating an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live. People tend to reside in certain locations, depending on their personal characteristics and most people live near others that have similar characteristics.

• ethnic geography

The study of diffusion, migration and mixing of peoples of different origins

Market orientation

The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

• expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Expansion diffusion - stimulus

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. ex. apple iphone and ipad

How has violence between these two groups (which dates back 2000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years? What occurred in 1948? Which group is unhappy and why?

Was suppressed by the 300 years of European control. The country gained its independence and the Sinhalese 'took over' The Tamils who feel discriminated against and suppressed/outnumbered

Frontiers

Until modern times, most countries were separated by frontiers A zone where no state has political control Zone of separation Sometimes keeps rivals apart Korean DMZ Can be manmade or natural A place where not enough people live or for people to have a solid line Boundaries between Yemen, Oman, UAE, and Saudi Arabia More frontier than precise boundary because it is constantly evolving

Overall Diversity

Until the early 20th cent E and MW have large pops from E and S Europe Most but not all have moved out of these cities Ethnic identity is maintained through cultural elements like music, religion, food and not necessarily location There are definitely exceptions China town Little italiy

Isoline Map

Uses continuous lines joining points of the same value

Variable costs

costs that vary directly with the level of production

Define agriculture Define crop

deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain any plant cultivated by people

• rectangular survey

method of land description used in about 30 states based on imaginary lines of longitude (meridians) and latitude (base lines); also referred to as the US government survey system.

Interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

Assess or Evaluate

judge the value or character of something; appraise evaluate the positive points and the negative ones: give an opinion regarding the value of, advantages, disadvantages of

Define landlocked state

lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries

• Religious conflict

this is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects human geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict.

allocational

focus on boundaries (especially on the sea floor) while in search of resources

• Folk food

food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture

• structural assimilation

fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society and the adoption of common attitudes and values

carbon dioxide (CO2)

gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation

Why has enormous China adopted a unitary system?

to promote Communist values

• Exclusive Economic Zone

generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

What is nationalism? How do nations and states forster it?

(Loyalty and devotion to one's nationality). Typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others & emphasizes its culture & interests as opposed to those of other nations. People display nationalism by supporting a country that preserves & enhances the culture & attitudes of their nationality. promoting symbols of the country/state (flags, songs, etc)

Apparel

(n.) clothing, that which serves as dress or decoration; (v.) to put clothes on, dress up

South Asia

- About 1.25 billion people - 20% of humanity - More than 15% in India alone - About 3/4 rural - Nearly 1/4 of the world's population lives here - Indus and Ganges river valleys are where people are concentrated

Southeast Asia

- About 1/2 billion people - 8% of humanity - Mostly rural - 600 million people - Java island has the largest population concentration - River valleys and deltas have lots of people

The Geographers - Greeks

- Aristotle - Three part map that looked kind of curved and spherical - Eratosthenes - First to find the accurate circumference of the Earth - Strabo - geographer - Herodotus - geographer - Ptolemy - Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer

How many degrees of longitude do you need to travel across to pass through one "hour" of time (or one time zone)?

15 degrees

Khoisan

16,000 people SW Africa ---> Kalahari Desert and Tanzania Hottentot

How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?

1978 - global quota = 290000, max 20000 per country Now - global quota = 700000

Arithmetic density

Definition: The total number of people in an area, divided by the total land area. Example: The arithmetic density of the USA is 3 persons per km^2

Infrastructure

Definition: The underlying framework of the services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity. Example: Sewer and water systems.

o "Sustainable Development"

Development for the present that doesn't negatively affect the future

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

GPS elements/components and uses/implementation

Satellites tracking stations Receiver Navigation Finding the precise location of objects

• folkways

norms that are not strictly enforced

• Alternative Energy Sources

o Non-renewable Nuclear fission (problems: waste, accidents, bombs [nuclear & "dirty"], costs) Nuclear fusion (great idea - but not yet!) Alternative fossil fuels (tar sands, etc.) o Renewable Solar (passive or active) (includes photovoltaics), Hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.

The More Developed Regions

oAnglo-America (highest HDI) oWestern Europe; Eastern Europe ("undeveloping" - fall in HDI); Japan; South Pacific (Australia & New Zealand)

Types of services (percentages questionable?)

oConsumer (45% of US jobs) oProducer (20% of US jobs) oPublic (15% of US jobs) oTOTAL: 80% of US jobs in services!

What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?

A need for economic improvement (pressured but not compelled to move)

What countries traditionally don't do dairying? E Europe, W Europe, North America, and Asia

Asia?

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Unrecognized COuntries

Or countries with limited recognition Palestine is one Taiwan is one Somaliland Western sahara Wide variety especially in caucasus Kosovo some would not but it is officially acknowledged Various countries created and destroyed by civil wars, public, vanity projects Principality of Sealand The Kingdom of Westarctica Conch republic Prince delprat I of Wy

Social Area Analysis - No model is perfect

Predicting patterns - you can predict ethnicity, family size, income, etc. using the models. According to what I know, who might live there. Looking at census tract data, we can see in the sector model, a zone of high level residences, whose owning their homes, we see middle class that can own, but not rent. If we look at ethnic, we can look at ethnicity and income and who and what they can afford.

Nenana ICe CLassic Data

Sometimes research sis serious and other times it is not

In what ways did the Taliban government of Afghanistan raise conflicts with Western/modern ideas after it took control of the country in 1996?

Strict laws - western, non Islamic leisure activities banned; soccer stadiums for executions and floggings; men beaten for beard shaving and women stoned for adultery; homosexuals buried alive and prostitutes hung; thieves hand cut off and nail polish fingers cut; blew up Buddhist statues Believed called by Allah to purge Afghanistan and violence

• Vajrayana

The Vehicle of the Diamond - Named for the vajra, the Buddha's diamond scepter; prevalent form of Buddhism in Tibet; emphasizes the harnessing of sensual energies to attain nirvana.

• stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

US Statistics

US Jobs by Sector, 1972 - 2009 - Idk what im looking at, weird overlap thing. Percentage of GDP from Services France, GB, Greece, US is high Service Sector - Top 20 Countries - US is up there and

Define fallow and describe how it relates to crop rotation. Define cereal grains and describe how it relates to crop rotation. Define rest crop and describe how it relates to crop rotation.

Uncropped - you leave it fallow to restore depleted nutrients in the soil Oats, wheat, rye, or barley - 2 field crop rotation where you plant the grains one year, then leave it fallow the next and repeat. Clover for example - crop that helps restore - root, cereal, rest, cereal

(EEZ)

Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.

hydrologic cycle

the movement of water through the biosphere

o Land pollution: Solid waste disposal (not sewage)

• Dumps (obsolete in US) • Sanitary landfill (common in MDCs) • Incineration (burns - but not everything!) • Recycling (good idea - economical?) Toxic waste (very hard to deal with!)

• Folk house

houses that reflect cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of environment. The form of each house is related in part to environmental as well as social conditions.

Public housing

housing provided to low-income households, who pay 30% of their income as rent for the housing

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

• index of residential dissimilarity

indicated the percentage difference between the distribution of two groups of a population

• Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

• assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Gender

male or female

Human actions can ____ the characteristics of a site

modify

Cyclic movement

movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

• Centrifugal

moving or tending away from the center

Ways of Classifying Religions

o What is worhsipped: monotheism v. polytheism o Who may join: universalizing v. ethnic Universal: seeks converts, uses missionaries Ethnic: born to, may (or may not!) allow converts o How many? Where? Membership numbers • Christianity (~2 billion, ~1/3 of world) o Europe, Americas, Africa, Oceania • Islam (~1 ¼ billion, ~1/5 of world) o North Africa, Middle East, SE Asia • Hinduism (~1 billion, 1/7 of world) o India • Buddhism (~300 million, ~1/20 of world) o East and Southeast Asia • No religion (~1 billion, ~1/7 of world) o Secular areas, developed world • Other (~1/2 billion, ~1/12 world)

• language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Carl sauer what does he think agriculture happened due to...

plant diversity

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Complete the statement regarding the population in the inner-city: "Inner-city residents frequently are referred to as a permanent ____________________ because they are _______________________ in an unending ____________________ of economic and social _________________________." List and briefly describe four specific social problems of the underclass. What financial crisis does the high proportion of low-income residents in the inner city create? Explain the two choices a city has in order to solve this problem. What two things are happening to homeowners who have been unable to repay their subprime loans?

underclass...trapped..cycle...problems Relatively high rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime. 1. Poor education for children 2. Affordable housing is hard to find 3. Lack of services 4. Not able to compete for jobs THe people cannot pay for taxed public services - ERODING TAX BASE Reduce services - cities can close libraries, eliminate bus routes, and cut other services which discourages growth in the long run Raise tax revenues - cut taxes for CBD in order to increase jobs for people Foreclosure - lenders take over property Debt - mortgage exceeds value of house

• tribal (traditional) religion

special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, unique identity with localized culture groups not absorbed into modern society, and close ties to nature

Specialized economic zones

specific area within a country that has tax incentives & less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Define

state, describe, give the meaning of = if you are asked for a definition make sure you specifically define the term or concept

• Geopolitics

study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography

• Religious architectural styles

styles of architecture created by religions

Resource orientation

tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources

• material culture

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

Total fertility rate - TFR What is the global average TFR? What are the rates and locations of the global highs and lows in TFR?

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years - 15 - 49 2.5; >5 in Sub-Saharan Africa and <= 2 in nearly all European countries TFR = Number of children being born/women of child bearing age (15-45)

• religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

• cultural integration

the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

Demand

the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it

• Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

limiting factor principle

the distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required

Population distributions

the distributions of different specifications of populations

• Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

• cultural lag

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

• friction of distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

environmental pollution

the introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes

Economic base

the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population

Threshold/range

the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service.

• Sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

fallowing

the practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons

• behavioral (cultural) assimilation

the process of integration into a common cultural life through acquisition of the sentiments, attitudes, and experiences of other groups

Scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole 1 km in the real world shown as a cm on map

• geographic (regional) dialect

the study of local variations within a speech area by mapping word choices, pronunciation, or grammatical constructions

Crude death rate - CDR

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society CDR = total deaths/total pop CDR per mille = total deaths/total pop *1000

delimitation

the translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic representation.

What are the three ways the US government distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles?

1. Fuel efficiency - 70 percent from North America is domestic 2. Import tariff - 50 percent US and Canadian content is domestic 3. Informing consumers - 85 percent parts originate in US and Canada (the part is domestic if 70 percent of its content is from US and Canada) is domestic

Concentric Zone Model

1923 - E.W. Burgess A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings (varies in size and width between cities, but usually are in the same order). In to Out 1. CBD - no houses, just businesses, non residential activities 2. Zone transit - industry and poor quality housing 3. Zone of working class homes - modest, old houses with stable working class families 4. Zone of better residence - middle class with newer, spacious houses 5. Commuter's zone - small village commuters where there is a continuous built up area and are dormitory towns for people who work in CBDs

Given examples and places of terrorists attacks on Americans in the late 20th and early 21th centuries.

1998 - airplane bomb Pan Am Flight 103 over Scotland 1993 - car bomb, New York World Trade Center 1995 - car bomb, federal building in Oklahoma City 1996 - truck bomb, apartment complex in Saudi Arabia where US soldiers lived 1998 - bombs, US embassies Kenya & Tanzania 2000 - bomb, USS Cole when in Yemen 9/11/01

Define globalization

A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

• colony

A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.

Agglomeration

A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

• Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

What is the solstice?

when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, marked by the longest and shortest days.

Acid Precipitation and Deposition

All organic compounds contain S and N Oxides of both get released into the atmosphere anytime we burn anything organic - burning releases stuff into the atmosphere They combine with moisture in the air and create sulfuric acid and you get acid snow and rain It affects some areas of the world rather than others due to wind currents

• Formal—core, periphery

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

Why are China and SW Asia major destinations for migrants?

Because of their booming economy and wealth

2 big breaks in the demographic transition and their causes

1. sudden drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation 2. sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs

How many microstates are recognized? What do many have in common? List 6 that you can find on a map, and state where they are. (If you can only come up with 3 on your own, you'll have to look up three more)

2 dozen Less than 1000 km^2 Andorra, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Tonga, Singapore, Nauru, Palau, and Bahrain

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

• environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

Environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. all beach based societies will focus on fishing

• adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

Map

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. the one from dora, jk a map of the state or country or world

Demographic equation

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time, based on migration, death, and birth statistics.

5 states and terrorist affiliations

Afghanistan - Taliban sheltered Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda terrorists - US destroyed Taliban to go after al-Qaeda leaders (guests) Pakistan - Pakistan security had to be aware that bin Laden had been living in the compound for at least 5 years - Officials upset that US attacked the compound without their knowledge Iraq - Supplied terrorists - Close links were said to exist between Iraq's government and al-Qaeda. Also nuclear stuff Iran - Supplied terrorists - US accused Iran of harboring al-Qaeda members and of trying to gain influence in Iraq. Also nuclear stuff Libya - Sponsored a 1986 car bombing of a nightclub in Berlin, Germany - Libyan agents were found to have planted bombs on the Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772

Basque

An ethnic group living the western Pyrenees and along the Bay of Biscay in N Spain and France, also the name of their language. Europe Isolated which helps preserve their language in the face of diffusion of Indo-European languages

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Postmodern urban landscape

Attempts to reconnect people to place through its architecture, the preservation of historical buildings, the re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments

Thematic map

Definition: A type of map showing connections between a theme and a geographical area Example: This map shows the thematic connection between counties in the US and the percentage of them working out at least once a week

Protests at WTO Meetings

Controversy and stuff because people are worried about what is in their foods

Social customs

Culture - Way of life Population Language Religion Customs Housing Type Food How you eat (fingers) Clothing Etc.

The geography of religion

Geographers study religion because it is an essential part on how peoplelive and interact with each other and their environment Religion has many different geographic aspects Fundamental to many different cultures Varies in distribution Widespread Limited Have important organization in space Many require active participation or loyalty Spread by relocation and expansion

Modern Geographers

George Perkins Marsh - considered by some to be America's first environmentalist and by recognizing the irreversible impact of man's actions on the earth, a precursor to the sustainability concept, although "conservationist" would be more accurate. Carl Sauer - American geographer

• ahimsa

Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life

Writing Ways

Logograms Pictograms Earliest system of writing Begin as simple pictures of things (but this quickly becomes unsatisfactory) Example: Earliest Egyptian hieroglyphs Ideograms Abstract or conventional meanings, often combining two or more pictograms No longer have a clear pictorial link Often "impure," with clues to pronunciation Examples: Late Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese? Syllabaries Each symbol corresponds to a spoken syllable (usually consonant + vowel) Examples: Japanese Katakana, Cherokee Alphabets A small number of arbitrary symbols represent all sounds All alphabets appear to be descendants of the first Phoenician (Semitic) Many consist of consonants only, vowels understood in context Pictograms Early hyroglyphs Ideograms Late hyroglyphs Syllabary Katakana Cherokee From Phoenician to Modern Alphabets Us and Arabic

Later European Geographers

Martin Waldseemuller - Map with AMERICA on it Abraham Ortelius - first modern atlas Berhardus Varenius - German geographer.

Prime meridian

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

• Stateless ethnic groups

an ethnic group without a state

• Dowry death

in arranged marriages in india, bride is killed for failure of father to pay dowry

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Epidemiological transition

the distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition

Calendar

• Ethnic religion calendars tend to be agricultural, local • Universal tends to focus on Founder's life, events • Lunar v. solar (ex. Christian mostly solar, Jewish mostly lunar) • Holidays ("holy days" - varying number & importance)

Explain how motor vehicle production is a bulk-gaining industry. Where are the three regions of assembly plants for vehicle production? Why is vehicle production highly clustered?

Car makers manufacture vehicles at assembled in North America sold there. Most vehicles sold in Europe, Japan, and China assembled there. Carmaker's assembly plants = 30 percent of value, independent parts makers = 70 percent of the value. North America, Europe, and East Asia Because a final assembly plant is a bulk gaining operation, its critical location factor is minimizing transportation to the markets.

• Cargo cult pilgrimage

Cargo Cult's believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Melanesia and is important go HG because it's a big religious movement by a large number of people.

Central Place Functions

Categories of Like Services Gas stations, Grocery stores, Auto dealerships Doctors, Dentists Museums, Concert halls HIgh Order Functions and Higher Order Central Places: Characteristics: More valuable but infrequently demanded. Because they are more valuable, people are willing to go more further to get them. You see them in higher order central places. Lower Order Functions and Lower Order Central Places: Characteristics: Opposite. Less valuable but frequently demanded. Because they are less valuable you will go shorter distance to go and get them. You can get lower order in higher level places but not true the other way. Determining Higher v Lower Order Categorization: Would you you rather travel farther to: Buy a new car ot eh week's groceries? See your family physician or a heart specialist? GO to elementary school or high school? Low vs high order

Political Geography - Devolution

Centripetal - bring together Centrifugal - tear apart Devolution - power moving from central government to regional government Cracking and splitting apart Laws = more power to state gov not fed - devolutionary forces Devolution scotland leading the uk Reasons why? Ethnocultural forces Multinational country Example is austro hungarian empire Economic forces Economic downturn Poor allocation of resources Spatial forces Countries with remote island as part of their country These remote places want independence Remote frontiers Can't hold very well Isolated villages Rugged topo Invaded a lot

Drawing People IN...

Cities can do a variety of thing to attract people LDCs offer specialized business services, like offshore or low taxes or no taxes, strict bank secrecy laws, short statutes of limitations, so you have places like the cayman island and pop of 55 thousand 65 registered companies here. No corporate taxes there. You can also have country or city that offers business process outsourcing, so office or clerical functions like call centers - bangalore - more than ½ million people work in services like that today where they provide low cost labor for services. Other ways cities try to do this is create a welcoming environment for scientists, or for professionals, or trying to make your city look cool. You try to make people who have skills and money make them like oh i wanna live there.

Gateway city

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

Megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. All megacities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

What is Fair Trade? Explain some of the producer standards for Fair Trade. Explain some of the worker standards for Fair Trade.

Commerce in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in developing countries. Returns higher percentage of price around 1/3 to the producer in the developing country. Producers form cooperatives which are democratically managed. Requires fair wages, unions, and minimum environmental and safety standards.

Briefly describe what has happened (or is happening) to each of the following modes of public transportation in U.S. cities. Trolleys Buses Rapid Transit (subway & fixed rail line) List four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile. Briefly explain ways cars may become more energy efficient in the future.

Few remain --> 100s km of track....8 trolleys Reduced to 5 billion riders annually Modernizing and cleaning up which is increasing usage Better suited to move large numbers of people, cheaper, less polluting, and more energy efficient, quick, etc. Different energy sources which are better for the Earth - diesel, hybrid, ethanol, full electric, plug in hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell

Demographic momentum

Definition: tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of the young age distribution Example: China's one-child policy, although people were having less children, the population still increased at a stable rate.

Informal sector

Definition: the portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits Example: Black market, drug trade

What are two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment? uniform landscape How and why is this concept utilized by fast-food restaurants?

Depletion of scarce natural resources & pollution of landscape the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another They are organized as franchises that have agreements to let local outlets use their names, symbols, trademarks, methods, and architectural style that are recognizable to both locals and travelers. They can be found uniformly everywhere.

Milpa (swidden)

Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. S & B.

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.

Theory Building

Empirical vs THeoretical approach He is looking and observing and finding patterns and wanted to know why. He sees that there are more small places than big places. Big places are further apart than small places. The ratio to big to small places is relatively consistent. The theory is that central place - that a settlement whose livelihood is based on the sale of goods and services is going to offer them to a certain area of people - symbiotic relationship - people want goods and services and business need and want the business services.

Standard vs. Creole A Comparison

English Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones; so let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious. If it were so, it was a grievous fault; and grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest — for Brutus is an honorable man; so are they all honorable men — come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. Tok Pisin Pren, man bolong Rom, wantok, harim nau. Mi kam tasol long plantim Caesar. Mi noken beiten longen. Sopos sampela wok bolong wompela man i stret; sampela i no stret; na man i dai; of i wailis long wok i no stret tasol. Gutpela wok bolong i slip; i lus nating long giraun wantaim long Kalopa. Fesin bolong yumi man. Maski Caesar tu, gutpela wok i slip. Brutus ia tokim yu long Caesar i mangal. Sopos, olosem, bikpela pekato tru. Tasol Caesar Kalopa bekim pinis long virua belongen. Tru, Brutus, na ol pren bolongen, gutpela man. I orait. Ol i gipimmi orait long mi toktok sore hia long Caesar.

3 pillars of sustainability

Environment - made up of 2 things...conservation - the sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs and preservation - the maintenance of resources in their present condition Economy - the price of a resource depends on a society's technological abilities to obtain and adapt it to that society's purpose Society - Humans need things and consumer choice can support sustainability when people embrace it as a value

What is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees latitude?

Equator

For example- soil: What are the two major problems with which geographers are concerned as far as soil is concerned?

Erosion and deplesion of nutrients

Service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Canadian industrial heartland

Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centered in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.

What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

China, the Philippines, India, and Vietnam

Give at least three example of how religions have incorporated characteristics of cosmology.

Chinese ethnic religions has two forces- yin and yang that exist in everything Christianity and islam has the belief god created the universe and everything Animists believe god's powers are mystical and few can wield the earth's powers

• East Asian Hearth

Confucianism Daoism Shinto OTher - o Other East Asian Religions (Cao Dai; Bon)

extensive subsistence agriculture

Consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre.

Uneven development

Definition: Development that moves at different rates in different regions. Example: The uneven economic development between two countries such as Japan and Haiti.

Urbanization

Definition: The movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities- a major force in every geographic realm today. Also when expanding cities absorb the rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs. Example: 19th-century London and modern-day Zhangzhou.

Centralization

Definition: The movement of people, capital, services, and government into the central city. Example: Opposite of suburban sprawl, happened to cities before WWII and is happening now.

Crude death rate (CDR)

Definition: The number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year Example: Bulgaria has the highest CDR as there are 16 deaths per 1000 people.

What was agreed upon in the accords signed between the Serbs/Croats/Bosnia Muslims of Yugoslavia in Dayton, Ohio in 1996? Who got the BEST deal when it came to the accords signed between the Serbs/Croats/Bosnia Muslims of Yugoslavia? Who got the WORST deal?

Divided Bosnia & Herzegovina into 3 regions Serbs - Received 1/2 the country, and are only 1/3 of the total population Muslim - Received only 1/4 of the country but take up 1/2 of the total population

Rostow, W.W.

Geographer who developed the modernization model to describe stages of development

• cultural ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

What are three types of cultural boundaries that have often been used? Give an example of each type of cultural boundary and describe.

Geometric - straight lines drawn on a map - part of the Northern US boundary with Canada Ethnic - language and religious differences - partitioning India

How have the infant mortality rate, life expectancy and GNI per capita changed in developed and developing countries since 1980?

IMR - Decreased in both but more in LDCs - gap narrowing LE - Increased in both - gap same GNIPC - Increased in MDC > LDC - gap increasing

In what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization?

It allowed people to spread ideas and culture Ex. Christianity to Africa

How has global diffusion of popular social customs had an unintended negative impact on women in India?

It has created an increase in demand for dowries. Even though there are anti dowry laws, they are ignored and they are in high demand.....website against it....

• Muslim population

It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world's Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.

Regarding the Industrial Revolution: What? Where? When? Define cottage industry:

It was a series of improvement in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. United Kingdom in the late 1700s. Home based manufacturing.

Thomas Malthus

Malthus was an english economist who hypothesized that the world's rate of increase was far outrunning the rate of food supplies, and that this would affect every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBR's or unless disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDR's.

Proportional Symbol Map

Map that uses some symbol to display the frequency of a variable. The larger the symbol on the map, the higher the frequency of the variable found in that region

• segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Urban function

Services that are provided in a certain metropolitan area

Each nation has their own problems based on the shape of their pyramids

Sex ratios Cultural values Birth/death rates Diseases more...

Difference with ethnicity and nationality

Similar concepts in that membership is defined through shared cultural principles. In principle, the shared cultural values in ethnicity derive from religion, language, & material culture, where as those shared in nationality derive from voting, obtaining a passport, & performing civic duties. Ethnicity is based on distinct ancestry and cultural traditions Nationality is more of if you are a citizen

Photovoltaic cell

Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity.

The Problem of Projection

The Problem? Distortion Shape Area Distance Direction

Topocide

The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.

Technology transfer

The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.

Central business district (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Thomas Malthus NeoMalthusians Critics of Malthus

The population is growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply....geometric vs arithmetic More frightening and world population is outstripping a wide variety of resources...we will be in a search for food and water and enerfy Resources depletion - still growing and not fixed Population growth - population growth is good and beneficial

Maternal mortality ratio

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Why has the world become more democratic?

The replacement of increasingly irrelevant and out of touch monarchies with elected governments that are able to regulate, tax, and mobilize citizens in exchange for broadening individual rights and liberties The widening of participation in policy making to all citizens through universal rights to vote and serve in government The diffusion of democratic governments structures created in Europe and North America to other regions of the world

Who created the original study in central place theory? Where? Who documented the central place phenomenon in the US? Where?

Walter Christaller - southern Germany Brian Berry - US Midwest

Back to hexagons

You are left with nested service hierarchies Market areas don't exist in isolation Trade areas overlap Large centers have large market areas In center is areas where people have things like jewelry store or regional shopping mall because people will go farther to get these things K = 3 Hierarchy - Marketing Principle K = 4 Hierarchy - Transportation Principle K = 7 Hierarchy - Administrative Principle

International Cooperation

oScale Regional (e.g. NATO, NAFTA, etc.) Global (UN - more than 190 states today) oTypes of cooperation Political, Military ("balance of power"), Economic

Geopolitics

oTheories about strategic relationships oExamples "Heartland" (heart of Eurasia) "Rimland" (edge of Eurasia) oEffects? Maybe ("Lebensraum," Domino theory)

Problems of Inner Cities

oPhysical "filtering" (dividing up old buildings = more people, severe strain on facilities) Redlining: redistricting where ethnicities live Blockbusting: inducing white panic Public housing (problems in many areas) "gentrification" (poor areas become rich) oSocial "the underclass," "culture of poverty," lack of skills, education, homelessness Crime (very high in "inner city") Ethnic/racial segregation oEconomic Funding gap (little money for poor areas) White flight (integration, blockbusting) Annexation? (cities "take" outlying areas) •Traditional method, not usually practical today

Industry

"Secondary" economic activities

Geography

"The scientific study of the location of people and activities across Earth, and the reasons for their distribution." Or "The Why of Where" Geography is the systematic study of the spatial patterns of all phenomena on or near the Earth's surface

Introduction Science, social science, geography

"The" Scientific method Science should be •Rational, objective, systematic •Make testable/repeatable predictions Science shouldn't be •Dogmatic (should be open-minded) •Ideological ( should be free from bias) •Trivial Testable predictions are crucial *Social science uses science to study the social and cultural environment*

Formal Definition of Genocide

"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part1; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."

• Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

Switzerland: Peace in a multi lingual state

- French far left - German majority - Halian south - Romansh above the Halians - Peaceful - Long tradition of decentralized government - 4 official languages, 4 linguistic regions

Ethnic Diversity in Iraq

-3/4 = Arabs -muslims -1/6 = Kurds -like the US because b/c more safety -Sunnis -Oppose US b/c loss of power -Shiite -Don't like US +Separated into Regions -capitol mostly mixed tho

Monoculture

-One culture, the only culture~The only kind of plant of that sort -If you replace all local varieties with these, at first will have good results, but very susceptible to disease -Disease -Disaster: bananas: Bananas we eat today are not the same as our grandparents ate. Artificial flavouring tastes like other fruit. Clones of clones of clones of clones, no seeds, no diversity and DNA starts to break down. Susceptible to different diseases - panama, banana bunchy top virus, black bois Because all the bananas are the exact same they all die. Old - grosmey, new - cavendish -Irish Potato Blight

What is OPEC?

-Org of Petroleum Exporting Countries -oil rich nations in Middle east and Latin America formed in retaliation for American support of Israel -cut off oil to US in 1973 -gas prices soared -enabled oil rich developing countries to gain more power over their resources

How did English become widely diffused? What three European people originally came together to form the English people and English language, and where did these people come from? What two subsequent invasions added additional words to the evolving English language? When and why did English diffuse to North America?

-People of England migrated with their language when they established colonies during the past four centuries -First diffused west from England to North America Angles from S Denmark, Jutes from N Denmark, and Saxons from NW Germany Vikings from Norway and Normans from Normandy, France In the 17th cent (1607) due to the establishment of English colonies

Agribusiness and CHallenges for COmmercial Agriculture

-The system of commercial agriculture we have today in more developed countries is called agribusiness-Huge companies and vertical integration --Vertical integration is...There's a lot of steps from growing the thing and buying the thing. Not VI is you make it you send it somewhere else to wax the apples then somewhere else to package then somewhere else to sell them or like different steps of making the seeds, selling, then planting. One company owning all steps of that process- Industrialized agriculture -Challenges --Productivity ----Overproduction: They suffer from low income because they produce too much stuff. In some cases, the gov will institute policies that protect domestic producers and high tariffs on imports of certain crops and limit production. Not grow stuff paid and sometimes they pay farmers to destroy product. ----Off farm migration: Difficult to get people to stay in farming regions ~Middle of nowhere. People wanting access to higher education (Primary and secondary schools) Greater dependence on migratory labour, and some are not legal or document migrants. Absentee ownership. In some cases consolidation ~ Instead of different farmers, they sell it to a company and the company owns that -Von thunen: Model brings back and talk about it here. The model can be modified to deal with other factors and applies to a certain extent. People are going to consider costs. -Loss of Crop Diversity: What they do is they find something that works really well or create hybrids that produce phenomenally, since that's the best thing, and everyone sues the same hybrid seed and you lose crop diversity and if you lose diversity you get mutant or weak strains that don't have the strong genetic resources

Why have each of the following groups been critical of the WTO? a.Progressives: b.Conservatives:

1. Progressives: WTO antidemocratic; promotes interests of big companies instead of poor people. 2. Conservatives: WTO takes power/sovereignty away from countries because it can order changes in taxes & laws related to trade.

List the 6 largest states in order

1. Russia 2. Canada 3. United States 4. China 5. Brazil 6. Australia

What are the three areas in which democracies and autocracies differ?

1. Selection of leaders (voted vs succession/hereditary) 2. Citizen participation. Autocracy sharply restricts power of citizen. 3. Checks & balances. Present in democracy. No meaningful checks on autocratic leader.

Regarding unitary states, what are the 3 characteristics that tend to favor it for a country?

1. Smaller states. 2. Few internal cultural differences. 3. Strong sense of national unity.

What is the NIR or RNI today? When did the global NIR or RNI peak? About how many people are being added to the world's population each year?

1.2 percent 1963 at 2.2 percent 82 million people

How many people found themselves on the wrong side of the boundary in the 1940s? Hoa many Muslims migrated from India to W Pakistan (Pakistan today)? How many Muslims migrated to E Pakistan (Bangladesh today)? How many Hindus migrated from E and W Pakistan into India? What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?

17 million people 6 million 1 million 6 million + 3.5 million They were attacked and killed by people practicing the rival religion

Worldwide HDI Trends

1970 to 2010 We see some people have gone way up like oman has gone way up Saudi arabia Russia going down then up DR COngo is wild Nepal doing nice Indonesia is nice

Afro Asiatic

200+ million people 6% of world pop 24 countries of SW Asia and N Africa Arabic, Hebrew

Uralic

25 million people Estonia, Finland, and Hungary Finnish, Magyar

Hearths again

3 major ones Israel - Judaism and Christianity Iran - Zoroastrianism and Bahai China - Confucianism and Taoism Japan - Shinto India - HInduism, Skhism, Buddhism Jainism Saudi Arabia - Islam

African Americans

4 major migration flows that shaped distribution Forced migration from 16th to 19th cent slavery South to north rural to urban in late 19th and early 20th called great migration Later 20 from inner cities to suburbs Late 20th to early 21 move back from northern urban areas to southern urban areas

ozone

A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.

global warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature

Demographic Transition Model - DMT

A model of how birth and death change over time Factors that play into it... Change in the economic system Change in the information and distribution - healthcare Changes in attitudes that people have about family size and stuff Made first to fit Great Britain Agricultural revolution Farming methods that improve crop yields New crops into the diet Less famine and shortages Industrial revolution Inventions Decline in healthcare, but then improved Vaccines - smallpox Slow RNI then BOOM

von Thünen model

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.

• Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

carbon sink

A natural environment that absorbs and stores more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases, which offsets greenhouse gas emissions.

• Manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Tragedy of the commons

A parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole. Social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good.

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Primate city rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

• Mini-state

A state or territory that is small in both population and area

elongated state

A state with a long, narrow shape.

• Territorial morphology

A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohension and political viability.

• Enfranchisement

A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

A. Define "Industrial Agriculture" B. Identify and Describe ONE benefit of industrial agriculture C. Discuss TWO environmental effects associated with industrial agriculture

A. Define "Industrial Agriculture" Industrial agriculture is the current stage of commercial agriculture resulting from the shift of the farm as the center of production to a position just one step in a multiphase industrial process that begins on the farms and ends on the consumers table. *(Basically describe commercial agriculture's shift to factory farming)* B. Identify and Describe ONE benefit of industrial agriculture Any ONE of the following: Reduction of financial risks and capital outlay for individual farmers. "Family farms" or small commercial farmers need considerable capital to plant and produce crops each year. Industrialization of agriculture reduces this as corporate-level management assumes much of the initial capital investment and financial risk, while farmers provide land, labor, and knowledge. *Benefits to consumers: greater amount of production, lower prices and increased access to more products or markets and Benefits to farmers: Access to global markets* C. Discuss TWO environmental effects associated with industrial agriculture Any TWO of the following: *Use of chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides affects water quality and soil erosion through run-off. Use of irrigation depletes water resources (Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over the long-term causes similar problems. The volume of groundwater in storage is decreasing in many areas of the United States in response to pumping. Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping.), and Concerns about environmental effects of GMO's (although there are increased yields, there is an increased fertilizer demand to reach yield potential, Have patented seeds, cross pollination, loss of diversity, and increased use of pesticides applications)*

Theme 2 - Location: Where is it located?

Absolute Location: Exact spot on Earth Relative Location: Position in relation to others Site - physical location (same) Situation - relative location (changes) Mathematical location - maps and coordinates Direction and distance

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Post-Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

In what wold regions is most growth occurring?

Africa (Sub-Saharan) and SW Asia

Berlin Conference of 1884

Africa divided unequally among European nations. The rights of Africans were disregarded.

Define federal state

Allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Define colonialism

An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

• Federal state

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

• Boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

Other faiths...

Animistic Colors of the wind Eveyrthing has a spiritual presence - declining religions because universals are taking over Voudon - voodoo Really cool, syncretic, blending catholicism and traditional african polythistic faiths Found in general formal slave holding religions Caribbean Central america Brazil Modern pagans Revive old old prechristian faiths - some cases they are mirroring prior beleigs and others they are made up Highly educated, urban, secular settings Cargo cults Sometimes you end up with through interaction, creatinga religion you didn't intend to create Pacific during and after WWII Stoneage cultures that were forced into contact with WWII groups Unbelievable amount of stuff and the way they deal with that is that they go to religion Cargo was created by sueprnatural methods, and when they perform the correct natural rights, the cargo will come again and that they will be bless again Most based on one guy Sort of syncretism, but more of a manifestation of a religion Non religious people About 1 billion people are worldwide are considered non religious Atheists No god Agnostics Maybe maybe not Secular Does not refer to either of the above, basically everything not part of a belief system Talking about a government if it has nothing to do with religion

o Selected Minor families (less than 100,000,000 people)

Austro Asiatic - Nearly 60 million Vietnames Korean - 50 million Korea Tai (part of Sino Tibetan?) Thai Nilo Saharan Saharan area Amer-Indian - 25 million Not a family.....grographic group Uralic - 25 million Finnish and hungarian Different Caucasian (Caucasus Mts) - 6 million Russia and Azerbaijan between Indo-Pacific (or Papuan) Group not family Papua NG More than 800 languages Khoisan (the "click" languages!) You dont asperate, the vowels are inhal Australian Aborigine - 50 thousand Not a family but a geographic group Isolates Basque Weird when you look at it not sounds Zuni Austro-Asiatic (Vietnam); Korean (Korea); Caucasian (Caucus Mountains, Black Sea); Tai (Thailand); Khoisan (Southern Africa - "click" languages) o Isolates - unique, no known relatives (Basque)

What factors influence industry to remain in northeast U.S. or northwest Europe? Define Fordist: Define Post-Fordist

Availability of skilled labor and rapid delivery to market. Mass production where factories assigned each worker to one specific task to perform repeatedly. Lean or flexible approach involving teams, problem solving, leveling, and productivity.

Describe the relationship between capital and the computer industry in California. What are several factors about a given piece of land that make it attractive to industry and manufacturing? What type of worker is required for the textile industry? What country accounts for most of the world's spinning and weaving? Why do MDCs play a larger role in textile assembly than LDCs?

Banks in Silicon Valley are more willing to lend money, so many computer start up firms go there for it. 1. Proximity to market 2. Proximity to rail and highways for shipping convenience 3. Proximity to labor supply 4. Proximity to capital 5. Provides enough space Less skilled and low cost China - low wage countries Because most of the consumers of assembled products are located in developed countries. Example - 2/3 women blouse's sewn in MDCs.

Judaism

Based on internal evidence, the earliest records have been dated to c. 4,000 BCE in the region of the Fertile Crescent o Patriarchal period -Abraham, Isaac, Jacob o 3,300 years ago -Moses, exodus from Egypt o 3,000 years ago -united Jewish kingdom o Disunity -kingdoms of Israel and Judah o 721 BCE Israel defeated by Assyria; population exiled o 587 BCE Judah defeated by Babylon; population exiled o 522 BCE Judah's population returns from exile o 444 BCE Torah (written law -probably Deuteronomy) "discovered" o 198 BCE Syrian occupation; Hellenization; Maccabees revolt; independent kingdom o 63 BCE Rome arrives; kingdom becomes part of the Empire o 70 CE Revolt against Rome; defeat; temple destroyed o 130 CE Second revolt and defeat; diaspora For the next 1,800 years, Jews in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa experienced periods of tolerance and persecution. o 19th Century, founding of both Conservative and Reform Judaism o 1948 CE founding of Israel

How did Russian become the most important East Slavic language? What is most important West Slavic language?

Because the Soviet Union forced all citizens to learn and speak Russian as a way to create uniformity Polish

Why are human geographers interested in ecosystems involving interaction of humans with the biosphere and abiotic spheres?

Because these things help humans breathe, stay hydrated, get energy, provide shelter, and provide food

Buddhism and its three major branches

Branch - % of Global Buddhist Pop - Regions of Predominance Mahayana - 56 - China, Japan, Korea Theravada - 38 - Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Vajrayana (Lamaists or Tantrayanists) - 6 - Tibet, Mongolia

What is the significance of wheat as a crop? How do farmers and combine companies make use of the fact that the wheat matures at different times in the spring and winter wheat belts? Identify the three regions of large-scale grain production in North America.

Bread flour, expensive, lasts a long time, transported long distance without spoiling, and shipped profitably 2 sets of fields Winter Wheat Belt - Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma Spring Wheat Belt - Dakotas, Montana, and S. Saskatchewan in Canada Palouse Region - Washington State

Changes in Number of Employees between 1975 and 2010

Business services - increase in professional services, data processing, advertising, and temporary employment agencies, but a slower growth in finance and transportation. Consumer services - Increase in health care - clinics, nurses, hospital staff, health care programs, and increase in education, entertainment, and recreation.

Consumer services

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

Models of Internal City Structure

Chauncey harris came up with this peripheral model or galactic model. Beltway ring road that goes around the city changes the character of what happens in the city, consumer services, suburban residential, and things that are based around the beltway. Ex. short pump. To make for an important suburban area. Urban realms model takes into account an edge city where you have a city but you have a different edge city. You have suburban downtowns, terrain that shapes your urban realm, size of city, and amount of economic symbol. No model is perfect but the test is..is it useful?

Medieval cities

Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.

Multidimensional Poverty Index

Component Essentially we are trying to see how these lower less developed countries are improving and what specifically about them is causing issues Health - nutrition and child mortality Education - years of schooling and children enrolled Living standards - 0 floor, water, toilet, cooking fuel, electricity, assets They take 98 different developing countries most of the world's poor is in S asia or SS africa but the total percent of this varies from less than 3 percent in western africa and 93 percent in Niger Zimbabwe is struggling right now Intensity of poverty is important - how bad is it essentially - niger is all the way up there and HDI to average poverty comparison - size of population is the bubbles

Air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

Define balance of power.

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

• Balance of power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

What is the religious purpose of a Buddhist pagoda? How was pilgrimage a part of the development of pagodas? Formal worship in a pagoda is not typical. Where does it usually take place?

Contains relics believed to be a portion of the Buddha's body....were built for the relics not for congressional worship After the Buddha's death, his followers scrambled to acquire the relics, which were carried to other countries and pagodas were built for them...tiered, walls, slanted roofs At an adjacent temple, remote monastery, or in a home

Smaller branches of christianity and their location of concentration

Coptic - Egypt in NE Africa Ethiopian - Ethiopia in NE Africa Armenian - Lebanon and Armenia, NE Turkey, and W Azerbaijan Maronite - clustered in Lebanon Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) - Utah and surrounding states

Ethnic Competition and Geonice in Africa

Darfur You have ethnic strife that leads to many call a geonce Rwanda Hutus and tutsis and the hutus murdered almost tutsis in a very small amount of time

Functional (nodal) region

Definition: An area organized around a node or focal point. Example: A city

Rush hour

Definition: The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic. Example: 5pm traffic

Natality

Definition: number of births per 1000 population Ex: North America's natality is 12 births per mille.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

Definition: the time at the prime meridian (0° longitude), is the master reference time for all points on earth. Example: Universal Time (UT)

Commercialization

Definition: the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity Examples: During the process of commercialization, cities often build new businesses and attractions.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Space Distribution: Density, Concentration, & Pattern Connections Diffusion

Disrtibution - Density: "How many per?" Concentration: "How spread out?" Pattern of how it is arranged Connection/Interaction - Spatial Interaction Distance decay Space time compression Cultural diversity and isolation? *AMTRAK route map and US Airways route map* Diffusion • Relocation diffusion (physical movement) •Expansion diffusion (through a population) - Hierarchical - Contagious - Stimulus (underlying idea) *Delay of diffusion - time-distance delay, cultural barriers, cultural lag

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees longitude of summerville south Carolina is -80.17564809999999

World city

Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.

Carrying capacity - the amount of people that the land can support Population Clusters

East Asia SO MUCH ALONG THE RIVERS Southeast Asia SO MUCH ALONG THE GANGES Indonesia South Asia Bangladesh is RED North America Eastern and then California Europe Mostly in urban areas Small clusters Egypt near the Nile River Nigeria Eastern North America West Coast of USA Mexican Highlands Argentina area US Population Distribution 1870 - east coast 2000 - MORE EAST COAST Uneven distribution

Cultural Boundaries

Ethnic boundaries Looking at religious or linguistic boundaries Drawn based on cultural characteristics Not perfect because there are no perfect nation states Ethnic boundaries don't match cultural boundaries Iraq Iran S-S Africa Because they are created by imperial powers Good example of an ethnic division (and geometric) division between greek area and turkish area and UN buffer zone called green line in Cyprus UN zones exist everywhere Geometric Boundaries Arbitrary lines drawn on a map No physical or cultural factors Typically drawn before significan pop in area Auzu strip between libya and chad Straight boundary Controversy Drawn by imperial powers

Fragmentation

Explosion of governmental units and councils - districts and councils and school board and stuff like that. All these different bodies working sometimes with and without each other is problematic. Independent suburbs exist sometimes, but the communities overlap, and it makes it difficult for cities to deal with problems. Annexation is one way to deal with fragmentations. Cities grew rapidly because they annexed cities close to them that were sharing resources - chicago. Independent areas that don't want to be a part of the city is a thing too. People want to work in the city and live in the suburb....people don't want to deal with city taxes and rules, so this prohibits annexation at times. Solutions? Creating a metropolitan government which could be an association of localities and a council of governments. These exist in some places like oregon (portland), san diego, miami-dade, and are not designed to replace the other bodies, but assist for coordination. Especially in cases of sprawl or smart growth. In some cases, metro govs are not elected, but you appoint the people. Federations - Separate regional government that can make decisions about land use and such - Oregon is here - and the representatives are elected. Consolidation has elected representatives. Consolidating city & county governments means functions that were handled separately by the city and county now combined into a joint operation - Miami-dade.

Air Pollution Solid Waste Pollution Water Pollution

Factories, power plants, motor vehicles Global Scale - May contribute to global warming and may damage the atmosphere's ozone level. Burning fossil fuels - greenhouse effect/CFCs respectively. Regional Scale - Acid deposition ruining vegetation and water - acid precipitation - dying plants and insects and water and corrode stone and metal (buildings). Local Scale - Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (photochemical smog), particulates - temperature inversion and really bad. Smog. Sanitary Landfill - most common - shortage of space - incineration (energy and 3/4 compressed) - less in sanitary landfill. Hazardous Waste - Difficult include heavy metals, PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, acids, unwanted by products. If not disposed of properly, chemicals may leach into soil and contaminate groundwater or escape into atmosphere - can cause cancer, mutations, illnesses, death, etc. Point - water using manufacturers and municipal sewage. Non-point - agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides) and other uses. Waterborne illnesses and diseases, destruction of aquatic wildlife, elimination of that water source, eutrophication.

Numbers on Agriculture

Farm size --Meaningful data is hard to get --Garden vs ranch --Developed vs undeveloped large vs small Few workers vs more workers in agriculture --Small number of people feedlots is because if machinery Transportation systems are also super importance because you want to get food from growing area to selling markets fast before they spoil --Use of advanced plants and animal breeding stuff to help feed lots

Redrawing the Map

Figure out what your boundaries are going to look like and things start to get super complicated Yugoslavia - balkans get their own term Area with many different languages, religions, ethnicities, etc State boundaries are created and its hard and no one is ever happy Supra nationalism - uniting with other areas to create a larger thing Organizations like the UN More destructive ideas of supranationalism like when a christian unites with christians in another area to attack lets say muslims Major thing at play after WWII is COld War Choice to make bipolar US USSR Very complicated US concerned with USSR and the prevailing thought is the DOMINO theory Contain communism from spreading USSR lost CHina lost Keep from going elsewhere If one falls all fall We get into wars like korean nicaraguan bleh bleh bleh proxy wars Interesting is that domino theory has some validity we see domino theory where communism falls in neighboring countries one after the other Forces start to spread Never kurdistan

Energy - Fossil Fuels

First was coal - late 1800s coal becomes the number one source of energy over wood - more developed countries like great britain Oil - very late 1800s and early 1900s - oil fueled internal combustion engines - inside car SUpply is finite and unevenly distributed - some have lots and other have none

During the rule of Josip Tito, describe the Yugoslav refrain aspects listed below: Five nationalities - Four languages - Three Religions - Two Alphabets - One Dinar -

Five of the republics were named for the countries 5 recognized ethnic groups - Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, & Slovenes. Four recognized official languages - Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, & Slovene. Roman Catholic in the north, Orthodox in the east, & Islam in the South. Roman alphabet (Croatian and Slovene) or Cyrillic (Macedonian & Serbian) The national unit of currency. Meant that despite cultural diversity, common economic interests kept Yugoslavia's nationalities unified. 7 neighbors - Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania 6 republics - B & H, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia

Sports and countries where they are popular

Football (soccer) - in most states India and UK - Cricket Japan and US - Baseball Cricket (Britain & former colonies), Ice Hockey (Canada, northern Europe & Russia), Martial Arts (China), Baseball (U.S. & Japan), Lacrosse (N.E. U.S., S.E. Canada)

Medical - Physicians Per 10000, Hospital Beds per 10000, Percent Undernourished

Greece is like 59 - 67 Russia is huge North America - 17 - 25 Russia and Europe, Then US Africa is a lot Nourishment and calories are not the same - There may be plenty of calories but they aren't eating nutritious foods Food shortages We have plenty of stuff

Possible Economic Measures - GNI, Employment in Agriculture, COnsumer Goods (Fixed Telephone Subscription and Mobile Cellular Subscriptions)

High GNI in north america and western europe and australia, and lower in war torn countries and sub saharan africa, afghanistan, brazil, and it's a good indicator but doesn't show us everything. Western Europe, N America, argentina, angola are having less involvement in this so MDC. Dependent upon landlines and how many people had because olden days. Developed countries and everyone has a buncha cell phones now though, even the US the number of landlines goin down. In the US, old people preventing complete use.

Reducing population growth rates

Higher death rates Lower birth rates

Food taboos Do your food preferences match the predominant ones in your region?

Hinduism - cattle - religious reasons and because they do a lot of work in the community Muslims - pigs - unsuited for the dry lands of the Arabian Peninsula so they would take everything and eat their stuff Hebrews - some foods and animals - the BIBLE prohibits them from eating these things Yes

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Define nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place/country as a result of being born there or becoming a citizen

The CBR has declined rapidly since 1990. Identify the two strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates and explain why they have been successful.

Improving local economic conditions and better education - more education and health care programs to promote lower CBR...women's rights..more school...info on diseases....less infant morality rates....etc. Lowering birth rates through contraception - econ and family planning will help people

• dharma

In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties

THe Aral Sea

In the 1980s, 60 thousand people were employed in the aral sea fishing industry and the surface area is less than 50 perc and volume less than 25. The area is contaminated by dust, pesticides, and so on and no one can be here and aral fish here. So, what they ended up doing is damming part of the river and abandon the south aral sea, and revive fishing, but the rest of it is gone. The northern part is still starting to silt up and is using the seabed to get oil uzbekistan Aral Sea and 19th century and now and big to small.

There is some disagreement about how many states there actually are in the world because of regions which may or may not actually be states. Three cases - korea china and sahara

Korea (North and South) - One state if you agree that Korean government should unify as one as both states would like - Two states if you agree that according to the UN, both are separate People's Democratic Republic of China (China) and/or Republic of China (Taiwan) - One state if you agree that communists should be the rulers and China has control - Two states if you agree that nationalists should be the rulers of Taiwan Western Sahara and Sahrawi Republic - One state if you agree that the Polisario Front has rightful control of the territory - No state if you agree that Morocco controls the government

Contrast the two views of the origin of this language

Kurgan Theory - Marija Gimbutas - 1st speakers were Kurgan, nomadic people that traveled and conquered many places Renfrew Hypothesis - Colin Renfrew - 1st speakers lived 2000 years before the Kurgans. It diffused W, N, and S along with agricultural practices

States and nations!

Looking at political activity in spatial context -Over 200 countries and territories in the world -Collapse of empires has added to the number of independent states These states have issues -As we know, there is great inequality of size, relative location, pop, resources, potential amongst all of these -One way to describe political space is human territoriality ---It is compared in a book called territorial imperative the instinct of animals to control defend their territories ---Not land ownership because some places have communal ownership vs individual ownership ---But, we know challenges to political territory is a large incentive for warfare and other things

Size of Cities

Lots of large cities, 11 cities over 1 billion. In China there are 65 cities over 1 million and growing. If you look at the whole world, 88 cities over 2 mil, 70 of 3, 55 over 5, 30 over 10, 9 over 20. By 2050 there will be 43 megacities in developing cities, tokyo is largest with 37 million, new delhi with 29 million, 2028 keep growing, shang hai 26 million, mexico city and sao paulo 22 million, cairo, mumbai, beijing, dakha, 20 million

Topographic Map

Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic map out into the field and walked exactly along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same elevation.

Physical Quality of Life Index

Measurement of literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy weighted on a 0 to 100 scale, doesn't include GNP. Importance: Measurement of well being.

Describe when and why different locations of steel mills were preferred. When?Why? Pittsburg, southwestern Pennsylvania Locations around southern shore of Lake Erie Southern Lake Michigan (Gary, Indiana & Chicago) East & West Coasts (Trenton, NJ & Los Angeles, CA) Why are the newest steel mills (minimills) beginning to move closer to markets and away from inputs?

Mid 19th century - Iron ore and coal were both mined there, but now no longer has steel mills, but centers for research and administration. Late 19th century - Discovery of rich iron ore in the Mesabi Range (N Minnesota). Source for all iron ore used in US steel industry (water transport) and coal from Appalachia by train. Early 20th century - Changes in steelmaking required more iron ore/coal. Built close to Mesabi Range to minimize transportation cost. Coal from South Illinois and Appalachia. Mid 20th century - Change in transportation cost. Iron ore increase came from other countries and Atlantic/Pacific were more accessible. Further, scrap iron and steel became and important input in the steel production process. Main input = scrap metal, widely available. Less expensive to operate and can locate near markets because of this fact.

Central Place Theory in Practice

Miles MOrland - A Walk Across France They knew if they had a village of a certain size, he could find what service. He backwards thought. Looking at the Cumberland Valley, we can look and see what we can find. Carlisle instead of 6, has 7 because boiling springs has a tourist thing and local thing. The rest are all around them and relatively evenly spaces around it. Green village over time changes. Small places often become larger places over time. Sometimes you have the tween places

Make a brief flow chart to illustrate how copper is an example of a bulk-reducing industry. How does energy play a role in the situation of copper mills?

Mining (ore is mostly waste and < .7 percent copper) to Concentration (crush and grind, mix with water and chemicals, and filter and dry leaving 25 percent copper) to Smelting (remove more impurities) to Refining (treated to produce copper cathodes until it is 99.99 percent copper) These are energy demanding operations and they try to locate near economical electrical sources and negotiate favorable rates from power companies.

oTypes of commercial agriculture

Mixed crop & livestock •"the old fashioned farm" •Integration of crops & animals oMost land used for grain oCrops often fed to animals oMost income from animals •Crop rotation (see above) Dairy farming •Extremely valuable products •Traditional "milkshed" location •Fluid milk v. butter, cheese •Changes in transportation Grain farming •Wheat (#1 world trade); spring v. winter wheats •US largest wheat producer today •Other grains (corn, oats, rye, etc.) •Mechanized agriculture Livestock ranching •Mostly done where too dry for other agriculture (sort of like pastoral nomadism) •US ranching changes, 17th - 21st century •"feed lots" (or "livestock fattening") •Ranching elsewhere (Brazil, etc.) Mediterranean agriculture •Mediterranean climate (wet winter-dry summer) oTree crops (olives, citrus, etc.)oSome grain, a little livestock, too Truck farming (gardening & fruit farming) •"market gardening" - specialized crops •Near cities (but not always - CA, FL) Plantations •Tropics & subtropics (usually) •Less developed countries (usually) •Intense hand labor - foreign ownership •Specialize in 1-2 crops (coffee, sugar, etc.) •Produced in LDCs, consumption in MDC

• Monolingual/multilingual

Mono- can only speak one language fluently Multi-can speak more than one language fluently

Problems with Defining States

N and S Korea Divided peninsula since 53 DMZ separating the two, some attempts to reconcile, but hasn't happened China and Taiwan, ROC and PROC and Independent Taiwan THis is difficult as well because China recognizes it as part of China, ROC is rightful China, some people think its independent, and surrounding states have their own definitions Western Sahara were claimed by more than one nation We have difficulty with defining states

Shinto

Native religion of Japan Membership tricky - most Japanese do rituals, few consider Shinto their primary religion Historical development • Until 500 CE no "Shinto" just "Japanese"! • 800CE merge with Buddhism • 18th century Meiji revival - "State Shinto" • State Shinto ends after World War II • Today - 13 distinct sects, many minor offshoots

Fred Kniffen - three source regions for American folk housing - New England, Middle Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake

New England - 4 styles - box shaped with a central hall - Saltbox, Cape Cod, Two Chimney, Front Gable & Wing Middle Atlantic - 1 dominant style - I house - 2 stories, 1 room deep, 2 rooms wide Lower Chesapeake - 1 story, steep roof and chimney at either end, pier/brick foundations in watery areas

What is the THEORY behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs? In REALITY, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?

New infrastructure will make conditions more favorable for domestic and foreign businesses to open or expand. The World Bank itself has judged 1/2 of the projects it has funded in Africa to be failures - faulty engineering, aid is misused, not attractive of investments.

Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed here in the US?

No longer sparsely settled, economically booming, with a large supply of unclaimed land....closing frontier.

Alternative Sources of Energy

People pushing for this a lot. Alternative fossil fuels - oil shale (places where oil is mixed into other things and you are trying to extract it from it), frozen methane (there's a lot in the arctic that is being released), nuclear power and fission based (Niger is the number one producer and contributes to 99 perc of economy) and people wanna do uranium mining in louisa county but people are obviously concerned. Renewable sources are things like Wind, Wave power, Hydroelectric power, Solar power, Nuclear Fusion. Alternative fossil fuels have all of the cons of normal ones or they are not economically that beneficial.

Forces of Devolution

People want to be free Basque region wants to be free Eta terrorist basque bombings in madrid Disbanded Catalonia Scotland Poland Brexit is interesting bc scots disagree with leaving and separate and rejoin the EU N Ireland Balkans Belgium Flanders Wallonians

Undocumented immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents - illegal immigrants All figures uncertain Best guess, maybe 10 million? Mostly from Mexico? Also - Central America, Asia, Europe Half just overstay visas

Age distribution

Percentage of the total population, or the population of each sex, at each age level.

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Population and Demographics - Population Policies

Pro Natalist Policies Nazis Lavensborn Good German girls + Officers Anti Contraception Philippines Government says no to birth control Population control is a capitalist plot Increase the population or problems will happen Anti Natalist Policies Decrease the population or problems will happen China One child policy Decrease birth Strict policies ONLY ONE CHILD More men than women India Tried but failed Sterilizing and contraceptives are not effective here South America Naturally controlling their Birth Rate Germany Not really doing anything to control their Birth Rate Japan Size of the east coast, but half the population of the US Denmark United States Greying population in the future AFRICA

What are push factors and pull factors?

Push - induces people to move out of their present location Pull - induces people to move into a new location

Political Push and Pull

Push - slavery, political conflict, discrimination Pull - freedom from the bad things they were facing (refugees)

What country controlled Kosovo? What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %) With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo? How did the US & UN reacted to the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo?

Serbia Albanian (90%) Serbia took direct control & launched a campaign and ethnically cleansed the Albanian Majority Launched air attack against Serbia operating through NATO to get them to withdraw

How are manufacturing jobs shifting in the U.S.? Define right-to-work laws: Why are southern right to work states attractive to companies? Why has textile production moved from the northeast to the southeast?

Shift from NE to South and West Requires a factory to maintain a so called open shop and prohibits a closed shop (company and union say to work you need to be part of a union). Open shop is when unions and companies don't negotiate a contract requiring you to be part of a union. More states with right to work laws which appeal to anti union companies. Lower wages and lower interest in joining unions.

Changing industrial location

Shift in US from core NE to south and west - some corresponds with movement of population and following industry. Transportation changes making easier to work in south and west. Proximity to maquiladoras and easy access. You can easily import and export from gulf of mexico. AC is so important - people did not move in vast numbers before then to south and west. Political phenomena in south and southeast that has spread is the prevalence of right to work laws - affect strength of unions and protect worker rights and many states have this and the goal is to prevent something from a closed shop (in order to work in an industry you are required to be a member of the union) and the right to work says no worker required to join union. Closed shops have been illegal since 1947 - not a big issue but more that they are trying to weaken bargaining power of union and budget and marketing power over companies. You can still have unions, but they don't have the right to do something for you - collective bargaining. So the right to work laws make it more business friendly - lots of (southern) states that have it and have the population shifting there.

What are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society? How many hunter-gatherers are there today? Where do they live?

Small groups with < 50 people where the men hunted game or fished and the women gathered. They also traveled frequently following animals and plants. ~ 1/4 million people (< .005 % of the world pop) Australia's Great Victorian Desert, India's Andaman Islands, Botswana, and Namibia

Pre-agricultural world: hunter-gatherers

Small groups, gathering more important, getting food takes 10-25% of time, nomadic, only ~250,000 people (0.005% of world pop.) worldwide today

Multinational states often adopt unitary states for what reason? Also, describe an example where this has occurred.

So that values of one nationality can be imposed on others. Examples - Kenya and Rwanda.

• host society

The dominant culture group in an area receiving a minority group

• first effective settlement

The first group (charter group) of settlers who establish a new and lasting culture and society in an area

Define density

The frequency with which something occurs in space

How was its origin different than universalizing religions? When and where did it originate?

The other two have their roots in Judaism and require faith to only while Buddhism does not. Also the hearth is no longer where it was most popular....it moved away. Around 563 BC in Lumbini in Nepal

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate Japan and the United states are hearths of technological advancments

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Centrality

The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract produce and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region

Define sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Interregional migration - Canada

The west For resources and the cities Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan were there Travel by any means

Possible Demographic Measures

There are many measurable demographic differences between MDCs and LDCs Life expectancy at birth - newborn born today to live Child mortality rate - usually five and under sometimes one and under is infant though - states what age Rate of natural increase - how big is your population growing without considering population Crude birth rate - how many children the population is having Better tech in less developed countries lower death rate MDC have elder so high death rate no low development

Disease diffusion

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.

Explain the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the United Kingdom.

There are very muddy distinctions with the complexity of the British Isles (lots of islands). 4 main ethnicities are english, scots, welsh, irish and 2 nationalities are the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland

Consumption of large quantities of snack foods and alcoholic beverages are characteristics of popular culture. Explain how each of these food preferences are expressed regionally, according to culture.

They are expressed by the frequency of occurrence, preference, and what is produced, grown, or imported locally. Also depends on cultures/customs, climate, topography, and soil in some cases. Alcohol has low consumption in S.E. & Utah due to religion; certain types of alcohol consumed in more regions than other due to where it's produced (i.e. Tequila popular in southwest). In snack foods, southerners may prefer pork rinds because there are more hogs in the south where in the north more chips are eaten because of the abundance of potatoes (i.e. tortilla chips in Texas due to large Hispanic population).

In what two ways do religious structures often stand out in a landscape?

They are the tallest, most elaborate structures

The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?

They speak similar East Slavic languages and all are Orthodox Christians. West Ukraine is kind of RC.

Why are boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is this done in the US? How is this different than in Europe?

To counteract migration and ensure that each district has approximately the same population. Done every 10 years. In US, generally done by state legislature. In Europe, generally done by independent commissions.

Why are these regions uninhabitable? Dry lands Wet lands Cold lands High lands

Too dry with little water so you can't grow crops or food to support yourself Raid and heat deplete nutrients in the soil making less food growth Too cold for animals and plants to survive so you just can't live Steep, snow covered, but possible and hard to live in here

The development of suburbs in North American metropolitan areas has greatly accelerated since the 1950s and 1960s. Discuss how 3 of the following have contributed to this acceleration. A. Transportation B. Housing production C. Landscape preferences D. Social and demographic trends

Transportation - Cars have become more affordable. Can allow for freedom to commute. Landscape preferences - Desire for larger home that has an anti city feel. Social and demographic trends - Middle class values education and they think inner city does not have good education. - Wanting to flock towards race and ethnicity

In what climate does shifting cultivation predominate? Identify the two distinctive features of shifting cultivation. What is a swidden? What is potash? How long are swiddens used? How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation? What percentage of the world's land area is devoted to shifting cultivation? What percentage of the world's people work it? Describe the PROS and CONS of shifting cultivation, or the arguments made for it and criticisms leveled against it in the space below. Pros (Arguments against replacing shifting cultivation) Cons (How is shifting cultivation being replaced?)

Tropical climates Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris (slash and burn). Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow (with nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover. A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. potassium fertilizer generated by slash-and-burn burning debris. 3 years or less Traditionally, it was owned by the village as a whole rather than separately by each resident. The chief, ruling council allocated land to families and allowed it to retain the output. Sometimes, they had protected trees. Today, private individuals own the land in some communities. 1/4 or 25% and < 5% Environmentally sound People unable to find agricultural land elsewhere can migrate to the tropical forests and initially practice shifting cultivation With more sophisticated agricultural techniques that yield more crops per land area - logging, cattle ranching, and the cultivation of cash crops

Define and describe plantation farming by filling out the chart below. Plantation Regions: Situated In: Operated By: Workers: Types of Crops: Definition:

Tropics/subtropics Latin america, africa, and asia Europeans or north american Imported - provided with good, housing, and social services Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, rubber, bananas, tea, coconuts, cocoa A large commercial farm in a developing country that specialized in 1 or 2 crops

Improving Written English

Trying to fix spelling Other proposed systems: - Cut Spelng, New Follick, Checked Clipped Spelling, Sound Spell, Spell Right, NuSpel, EnglSpel, Alt Spell, Inglish, AnJel • ...Remember, American spelling was only standardized a century ago! - "tire" vs. "tyre" - "jail" vs "gaol" - "curb" vs. "kerb" - "program" vs. "programme"

Resource Issues People and the Environment

Unlike most other living things (there are certain locusts that can do serious damage) we have the ability to radically change our environment and we do. There is controversy about what we should do to protect, conserve, and use the natural world. Big issues is resources - we wanna know what resources are useful and we are constantly finding stuff like that that help us. For example, a flower in california cures something. Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources are the categories of resources Renewable - sunlight, water, fish, fertile soil...different from things like.. Non-Renewable - oil and minerals and fossil fuels (compressed organisms and become carbon based energy) Renewable can be made non-renewable if not managed properly. Controversy and options: Do we shame over users and have ethical stuff, do we just legally prevent them, and so on, lots of options

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Water boundaries have special problems Rivers change courses Oceans don't have obvious boundaries So countries can claim areas for superior economic reasons Exclusive economic zone created by convention Coastal state has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources whether living or nonliving the exclusive economic zone shall not extend more than 200 nautical miles The actual wording You have 200 nautical miles to do what you want with that area, but the problem is the boundaries are not straight and the continents are not straight Interference and overlap The US has not signed the convention even though we helped create it

Language and the Physical Environment

We name things based off of features we see everyday around us If you have different things, you get different names Selected Spanish Words for Hills and Mountains Peña (needle-like peak) Candelas (collection of peñas) Cejita (low escarpment) Cordillera (rope; mass of mountains) Mesa (table; flat-topped eminence) Selected English Words for Rivers and Streams Branch (stream that flows into another stream) Creek (small stream) Fork (confluence of streams) Prong (small fork) Slough (swamp, river inlet) o Effect of landscape on vocabulary o Landscape terms; even colors! o Toponyms (place names) All inhabited places (and some others, too) Many "specific" + "generic" (e.g. "Cape Town") Types: Commemorative (ex. New Jersey, Virginia) • Natural features (ex. Long Beach) • Special sites (ex. Fort Wayne) • Other (animals, humor, unknown, etc.) o Language change factors New technology; new ways of life Dominance (cultural, political, economic)

Spring wheat

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.

Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs.

World Bank and International Monetary Fund

List the elements of the origin and characteristics of popular music

Written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to or performed in front of a large number of people. It frequently displays a high degree of technical skill through manipulation of sophisticated electronic equipment. Musicians have more connections to others with similar style. - originated in the 1900's in NYCs Tin Pan Alley & eventually diffused globally during WWII through radio to American soldiers - Hip Hop also began in NYC & diffused globally through online broadcasts & music sales on the web Popular Music Known music Person who created it owns it Made as a commodity Changes Began 100 years ago or so It is new Examples Happy birthday

Rank Size vs Primate City

You have different number and services and if you rank the cities in a country based on population, you can think of how services distributed and stuff based on population. Rank size rule - nth city is 1/n of the largest city. Even distribution of goods and services. Primate city - one large city that is way more than twice as big as any other city. Dominates politically, culturally, financially, and so goods and services don't get distributed equally with cities that follow primate city rules.

Many other religions that come out of here

Zoroastrianism Yazidi - Syncretism and blending of christian and muslim and other traditions and worship angels - lucifer (the angel) Druze Bahai - Recent religion based off of the teachings of one guru that is universalizing, monotheistic, emphasis on peace and unity, 6 million, nearly half of them are in india, bahai temples are cool

Postindustrial city

a city in which an economic transition has occured from a manufacturing based economy to a service-based economy

Nucleated settlement

a compact closely packed settlement sharply demarcated from adjoining farmland

relic

a custom or object that has been around for a very, very long time

Define standard language What is the standard language for England? Where did it come from? How is it diffused throughout Britain? In a single word, why is American English different from that spoken in England? Why don't people in the US speak proper English?

a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication Received Pronunciation (RP). London, Cambridge, and Oxford. The introduction of the printing press which brought forth Grammar Books and Dictionaries in this dialect. Isolation When colonists left England, "proper" English was drawn from English upper classes. It was not what it is today. The colonists were also not all from the upper classes.

• Enclave

a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

• stupa

a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine.

Pull factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

• Indo-European languages

a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

• Culture region

a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics

• Plural society

a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions

• Supranationalism

a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

• classic southern ghetto

after civil war there were specially built low quality housing on poor land far from the housing of white people

• Median-line principle

an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.

High-tech corridors

an area along a limited-access highway that houses offices and other services associated with high-tech industries

• vernacular region

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

ultraviolet (UV) light

an invisible type of radiation that emanates from the sun, tanning beds, and sunlamps

• Functional—node

area organized around a node or focal point

• competition theory

as ethnic minorities begin to achieve success and enter mainstream social and economic life, awareness of ethnic differences is heightened

Food preferences are strongly influenced by.... 3 food habits and folk cultures

availability of products food + place - terroir - the contribution of a location's distinctive features to the way food tastes Foods to crave/avoid - some foods are eaten b/c of their natural properties to enhance - Abipone people in Paraguay eat jaguars, stags, and bulls to be strong, brave, and swift Foods from a garden - people want to grow their own food in gardens rather than cultivate in large areas - people in Istanbul grow food in small gardens to sustain the entire city Foods and the environment - the environment determines what people eat - in Asia, rice is the staple crop Quick frying foods resulted in Italy as a result of fuel shortages; Stews & roasting food resulted in northern Europe as a result of abundant wood supply; Asians have adapted ways of cooking soybeans to make them edible without extensive cooking due to scarce fuel.

Acid deposition

caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters

Uneven development

development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery

Define undernourishment How much of the world suffers from undernourishment? Where are those places?

dietary energy consumption that continuously below what is needed for healthy life and carrying out light physical activity 870 million people mainly in LCD's like India (225 mil), China (130 mil), 1/4 in SSA, 1/5 in S Asia, and 1/6 in all developing countries

The world's third most populous country (the US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by...

direct descendants of immigrants

toxic waste

discarded chemical substances that can cause serous illness or death

• amalgamation theory

in ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups

Biotic

living things ex-pranaya and deers

In-filling

new building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

solid waste

non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to sewage sludge; agricultural refuse; and mining residues

THe English Speaking World Today Origins of English

o Origins (Anglo-Saxon + Scandinavian + Norman French +...) Celts Clan Flannel Pet Whiskey Old Enlish - Anglo Saxon West Germanic People from Northern Germany Invading in 449 There is also periodic invasions from Scandanavia Influences old english Middle English Develops with the invsion of the Normans Happens in 1066 William the Conqueror Romance language and durignt his time, we see a lot of things shifting like pronnciation of vowels Great vowel shift Shakespeare Modern English - 1700- CE English vocab enlarged, grammar, simplified, codified We have rules for things In our readings there are different spellings Not until recently do we have set in stone rules

• Resources

o Renewable (replaced in a reasonable time) o Non-renewable (not replaced - or too slowly) -NR are finite; unevenly distributed o "The Tragedy of the Commons"

Central Place Theory ("central place" = "market center")

oAssumptions - Featureless plain, Labor available in all locations; transport possible in all directions oRange & Threshold Range = distance people willing to travel Threshold = minimum # of people needed Vary for different goods (so we use range & threshold to determine market areas) - "market area analysis" o"Hierarchy of hexagons" oAll central places compete with each other oSmall places have fewer goods (& fewer types of goods) oLarge places have more goods (& more types of goods)

Definitions

oNation (group of people = "ethnicity") oState (independent country, sovereignty) oNation-State ("ideal" state with one group/ethnicity in it) Variations on "nation-state" •Multi-Nation, Part Nation, Stateless Nation o"sovereign" Free (more or less) of outside control (may not be absolute, varying degrees?)

Suburban Problems

oPeripheral model of city structure o"Edge cities" (no "center" - & malls!) oMore than ½ of US population now in suburbs oSprawl, segregation, zoning oTransportation (dependence on cars) Public transportation hard in suburbs!

geometric

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc

Situation

refers to the location of a place based on its relation to other places, such as San Francisco's situation being a port of entry on the Pacific coast, adjacent to California's productive agricultural lands.

Population: Demographics: Demography:

specific data of a population, especially those showing average age, income, education, etc. -the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. Problems with Demographics Food Supply Ex. people thought that there wouldn't be enough food for all the people of the world....things had to be changed Health and Life Expectancy Status of Women Fertility Rate Marital Stuff Death/Birth Rates Infanticide Migration

Infant mortality rate - IMR

the annual number of deaths of infants < 1 year of age compared with total live births IMR = number of deaths of infants less that 1 year old/total live births

Life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

• Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

• Longevity gap

the gap between the life expectancy of men and women

Sex ratio What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females and why? Population pyramids

the number of males per 100 females Most Asian countries because of a high male preference Population Pyramid - Shows Age-sex ratio Pyramid - wide base Not completely established countries - low level countries Less developed Rising population Some weird evened out thing - lopsided vase Wealthy countries Upside down pyramid - narrow base NEGATIVE Declining population Shows dependency ration (% supported)

Dependency ratio What age groups are categorized as dependent? Graying population is....

the number of people who are too young or old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years 0 to 14 and >= 65 the population is steadily being more dominated by older people

Doubling time - DT

the number of years needed to double a population DT = 70/RNI

Inner city

the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city

Urbanized population

the proportion of a country's population living in cities

Relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another ex. language

• Sharia law

the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran

Projection (round world on flat map)

•Problem of distortion (of shape, distance, area, etc.) •No perfect solution!

Religion and Conflict

Sometimes arise based on tradition and new values Caste in Hinduims THe caste system is problematic for social equality Russian orthodox church has a community of old believers and it is very different Government and religious beliefs clash at different times Henry the 8ths California mission Happens in communist states Jews vs Muslims Christians vs Muslims Buddhists vs Hinduism Conflicts between traditional religious values and new ideas Conflicts between governments and religious beliegs, values, or communities Conflicts between different interpretations of a religious Conflicts between different religions Northern Ireland - polarization N ireland = protestant Rest of ireland = rc Caused a lot of problems Went through the "troubles" Irish republican army that did terrorist bombings Closely wrapped into politicla problems like the UK having part of the island Catholic vs protestant aspect, but the political stuff can't be ignored Israel - borders 1920 to 1973 Jewish diaspora - one true home in israel After WWI and WWII they wanted a permanent home Zionism - homeland Some people didn't say here, but majority wanted it here Palestinians have lived her too, and so both have claims When Israel was establish, arab/muslim groups didn't want it to be there so there were wars Israel won Still tension today because the palestinians don't have a state There needs to be a soluuuutiionn It hasn't happened yet, and Israel controlls all of that space Israel is growing and taking land away from palestinians There are extremists on both sides Very complicated and tense Jerusalem - contested space and vicinity It is controlled by the UN, nobody gets to claim it Big three religions Moving the capital to here would make stuff bad Upset if it became capital

Biotechnology & Agriculture

Starting in North America unlike the first two agricultural revolutions in the east this is in the west Industrialization of agriculture Mechanization - done by machine than by hand; Replacement of human labor with machines Chemical farming - Use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides Food manufacturing - Addition of economic value through processing, canning, refining, packaging Green revolution Mostly based around the idea of plant breeding - creating better plants through manipulation of genetics - changing DNA and specific breeding Biotechnology Genetic manipulation

Maps & Mapmaking Maps are made for a specific purpose

Text: What is visible/readable, i.e., what information is provided by the source? Context: What was going on during the time period? What background information do you have that helps explain the information found in the source? Subtext: What is between the lines? Ask questions about the following: Author: Who created the source, and what do we know about that person? Audience: For whom was the source created? Reason: Why was this source produced when it was?

Language Origins

The Danish linguist Otto Jesperson (1860-1943) classified theories of language origin into five groups: Bow Wow - from the environment repetition Pooh Pooh - common thing or instrinctive Ding Dong - oral gesture Yo He Ho - work together and make rythmic sounds La La - love and play and signing and carefreeness

• Mesolithic

The Middle Stone Age of Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning about 12,000 years ago

Describe the purpose of the former "Warsaw Pact? countries.

The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance set up WWII and was a military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack -- a mutual defense organization lead by the Soviets. Created to prevent invasion by democratic West Germany which had been militarized by NATO.

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained replacing cut down trees

Silly English!

The bandage was wound around the wound. The farm was used to produce produce. The landfill was so full it had to refuse more refuse. He could lead if he'd get the lead out. The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert. Since there's no time like the present, he decided to present the present. I did not object to the object. The insurance was invalid for the invalid. They were too close to the door to close it. In the fable, the cow taught the sow to sow. I saw the tear in the painting, and I shed a tear. I had to subject the subject to tests.

• nonmaterial culture

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

Density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

• Expansion—hierarchical, contagious, stimulus

(Expansion) The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process (Hierarchical) The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (Contagious) The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population (Stimulus) The spread of an underlying principle when the characteristic fails to diffuse

• acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

Nigeria: Problems in a multi-linguistic state

- Broken up all over - Africa's most populous country - 527 distinct languages - 3 widespread ---> Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (1/8 pop) - No national unity due to no common language - Different regions battle and there is discrimination - To reduce tensions, gov't moved the capital from Lagos (southwest) to Abuja (central, neutral region) - Example of great language & cultural diversity - Conflict of many diversities in small area - Identifiers are languages - Poor understanding

What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM?

- Very low CBR - Increasing CDR - Negative NIR

What we eat...

-Diet -Today most people get their energy from grains: Corn, wheat, rice -Protein from.. --More developed - comes from meat: high in well developed countries --Less developed - different kinds of grains -Nutrition and Hunger: According to UN's food and agriculture organization, the average person needs to eat at least 1800 calories a day, but varies because some people eat much more or much less and you need to think about iron and deficiencies and stuff

Agriculture

-The purposeful tending of crops and raising livestock in order to produce food and fiber -In the US we have 2 million ish farmers, but we have a 320 million people -Other places have 60 to 70 percent population farmers, and a lot of this is because mechanization in the US -In most of the world, agriculture is the leading employment sector 40 percent of the world is farmers, and most is not producing stuff for anyone but themselves -Today, lowest since 19th century 20 mil ---Total number in the US

Renewable v. Nonrenewable

-renewable: easily replenished. (sun, air, plants, animals, water.) -nonrenewable: not easily replenished. (coal, fossil fuels, rocks, minerals.)

US membership US membership 2012 update Religious adherents by US county

78.5 percent is basically christian 5 percent is other major religions The other is unaffiliated Important to note that many people call themselves christian but do not necessarily attend regularly Unaffiliated and other faith is on the rise Christians and protestant are declining Where are people passionate City areas - no religious appearance Midwest

aquifer

A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.

Define periodic market What groups of people and areas are provided goods by periodic markets?

A collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specific days. Residents of developing countries and rural areas in developed.

• Exclave/enclave

A enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory. This is important to HG because a lot of countries are within other countries.

Textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

Pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

• Lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

What is a "break-of-bulk point"? Give two examples of important break-of-bulk points.

A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. Seaports and airports.

Reaper

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field.

Central place

A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area

• Hadj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, made as an objective of the religious life of a Muslim.

Feedlot

A plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Cumulative causation

A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions

Explain how the service sector contributed to the 2008 recession.

A rapid rise in real estate prices, poor judgement in lending by financial institutions, invention of new financial services practices, decisions by government agencies to reduce or eliminate regulation of the practices of financial institutions, unwillingness of financial institutions to make loans once the recession started.

One contemporary current approach to studying the cultural landscape is called the Regional Studies approach. What do geographers who adopt this view believe regarding regions?

A region derives its unified character through the cultural landscape (language, religion, economics, etc.)

• Buffer state

A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers. The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries.

• Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

• universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

• Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

• ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Mental map

A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. when you stop and ask a local for directions ( take a right at the light blah blah)

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

• culture trait

A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.

• Apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

• Microstate

A state or territory that is small in both size and population.

What is a multiethnic state? Give an example.

A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Example: the United States.

• Gender gap

A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.

• dogtrot house

A vernacular house style, common throughout the American South during the 19th century, that featured a covered breezeway situated between two enclosed cabins is known as a shotgun house norman cottage plantation house adobe house dogtrot house

Explain what an isogloss is People from all three eastern regions (New England, Southeastern, Midlands) migrated into the Midwest, Great Plains and Western US. Why is there a relatively uniform form of English (dialect) spoken across this enormous area?

A word usage boundary where every word isn't used nationally and has geographical boundaries Because of mass media support a uniform adoption

• globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

How did the European Union change during the twenty-first century.

Addition of countries after the fall of communism. European Parliament elected. Subsidies to farmers. Removal of barriers to free trade (eg - trucks can carry goods across borders without stopping..) Has turned Europe into the world's wealthiest market.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source.

Advantages: 1. Large amount of energy from small amount material. 2. Alternative to fossil fuels. Disadvantages: 1. Not renewable. 2. Radioactive waste 3. Potential accidents (meltdowns) 4. Bomb material 5. Limited uranium reserves 6. High cost

Where are most of the world's landlocked states? Why there?

Africa - 15 states are landlocked. Colonial era regions from GB and France that became independent Chad, Niger, Mali, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Zambia, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Burundi, Burkina Faso

What is the difference between African American and black?

African American is an ethnicity of Americans with African ancestors while black encompasses two different groups: people with African descent as well as Latin American, Asia, and Pacific Islands

Provide an example to illustrate that African Americans or Hispanics in the US are more urbanized

African Americans - 85% of the population of Detroit, and 7% of Michigan. Hispanics - 1/4 of the population of New York City, and 1/6 of the State of New York.

How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use?

African Americans and Hispanics usually Democrat. Republicans support stacked Democratic districts because they are better able to draw boundaries that are favorable to their candidates in the rest of the states. Stacked vote gerrymandering has been especially attractive for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities.

Countries of the Balkan Peninsula

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and several countries that once comprised Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, & Macedonia)

Nunavut

An Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit

• State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.

Define state

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. It occupies a defined territory on Earth's surface and contains a permanent population.

Vernacular region (or perceptual region)

An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity The South (US)

Squatter settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Urban hearth area

An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile River Valley where large cities first existed.

photochemical smog

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

• Centripetal

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Multiplier effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

ACE

Answer, Cite, Explain

Only large territory not a part of a state today:

Antarctica

Folk and Pop Games and Sports

Anthropologist said play is older than culture Sports and games are a fundamental part of every culture Recreation and part of the culture Folk - The Royal Game of Ur about 5000 yrs old Cornish Hurling Townwide mass Belarusian Hul'nia A big part of everything here is to train them to be soldier in an army Pop Variations Extremely widespread More regional variation and popularity For example, bowling is super popular in the midwest Soccer - everywhere Ice hockey - canada and some other area Baseball - us Rugby - new zealand, papua ng Archery - bhutan Table tennis - china Depends on region Reterritorialization - a pop culture is adapted to use locally

hazardous waste

Any material that can be harmful to human health or the environment if it is not properly disposed of

Countries of South America

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

What is the problem with the way the US Census Bureau defines Asian?

Asian = Race Asian American = Ethnicity BUT they both encompass the same people.

What are the three most number ethnicities in the US?

Asian American, African American, and Hispanic American

Classifying religions

Based on geographical stuff Focus of worship or devotion? Monotheis One god Polytheis Multiple gods Animism Everything has spirits Who may become a member? Universlaixing relgions New memeber seeked Ethnic religions They choose if they want or do not want new members...it is to a speicifc ethnic ghroup Forbit Where are these religions distributed How far? Why?

Why does the UN include reproductive health as a contributor to GII? What has been the trend in gender inequality since the 1990s? What regions have shown the greatest improvement? Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why

Because in countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children and maternal and child health are improved. It has declined since. SW Asia and N Africa. 47 - low reproductive rights and the percentage of women in the national legislature is much lower.

Annual immigration to the United States - peaks and valleys - where and why

Before 1800s - Europe: to the colonies/new independant US (mostly from great britain) Sub-Saharan Africa: slaves 1. Peak in the 1840s/50s - Ireland and Germany - economic factors and political unrest 2. Drop and gradual increase in the 1870s - Ireland and Germany after the Civil War 3. Peak in the 1880s (Industrial Revolution) - Scandanavia - population increase 4. Peak in the 1900s (Industrial Revolution) - South and East Europe - rapid population growth 5. Low drop in the 1930s/40s - Great depression and WWII drop 6. Gradual increase and peak in the 1990s - Asia and Latin America - grew and surged from population growth and poor conditions *People came to the US for economic opportunities and social advantages

• Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Taxonomy of religion

Big aspect is religion Christianity All encompassing Branch A sect like protestantism, catholicism Denomination - break to a subset Lutheranism Congregaytion - where you would actually go Church You can have other layers (classification, broadest to narrowest) o Religion (example, Christiantiy) o Branch (example, Protestant) o Denomination (example Baptist) o Congreation (ex. 1st Baptist Church of Richmond)

Describe the conditions of Mediterranean climate and agriculture. Most Mediterranean crops are grown for ______________________ rather than for ___________________. What is horticulture? List the two most important cash crops of Mediterranean regions

Borders a sea - West Coast of continents, prevailing sea wings provide moisture and moderate the winter temperatures, hot and dry summers with sea breeze relief, hilly and mountainous terrain plunging into the sea leaving narrow, flat strips of land along the coast. Human consumption...animal feed The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Olives and grapes

Geographic Information System stores layers of data like....

Boundaries of countries, bodies of water, roads, and names of places

Who are the four BRIC countries and what are they expected to do? Which country was added to the BRIC countries in 2010 and why?

Brazil, Russia, India, China - domestic global manufacturing during 21st century. South Africa because they have the largest economy, population, and land area in the southern portion of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Why do people migrate within a country? Migration between regions....US

Center of population 19th century migration to interior Great Plains Migration to California Recent growth of the South

Discuss the impact of Europeans emigrating around the world.

Changed cultural heritages and traditions, spreading their own individuality. They have dominated many places and are the source of some problems

Cults

Characteristics of cults Great devotion Leads can sometimes have a cult of personality Even you can be a member of a well known religious fellowship (mary) FBI Patters of relationships One guy making everyone dependant on them Self appointed leaders Exclusive Unique Focus members onto them Not all cults are dangerous But we are more accustomed to it being disturbing Leader personality changes Hiding out and being secretive Inner circle Implied violence int he language Active and passive cults Active is more dangerous

Who are the 5 permanent members of the Security Council?

China, France, Russia, UK, and US

Colonial city

Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.

Shapes and examples of African countries

Compact - Greatest advantage is good communication and can easily be established with all regions especially with capital in center. Ideal is a circle. Ex. Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda Elongated - Biggest problem is poor internal communications and end of state may be isolated from central capital. Ex. Malawi, Gambia Prorupted - Reason for prorupting the shape of a state is to provide a state with access to a resource like water and to separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary. Ex. Dem. Rep. of Congo, Nambia Perforated - How is the perforator state dependent on the perforatee? Imports and exports and resources. Ex. Lesotho in S. Africa Fragmented - Different kinds like separated by water or intervening state. Ex. Tanzania, Angola

The GII - Gender Inequality Index

Components Looking at how does the social status of a woman compare and how can they engage in economic sector, how are they treated at home Health - maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate and we want fewer of both to be MDC. Empowerment - education and parliamentary seats and how they compare against men Labour - female participation in labour force compared to men Switzerland is very equal .....We are very unequal 43 HDI not equal to GII

Eastern Europe

Constant source of devolutionary forces Split czechoslovakia Velvet divorce Yugoslavia Tragic Civil war in 1990s Thrown together after WWI Slavic people in one country Does Not acknowledge all the differences Lots of differences Not a good idea After WWII communist leader - little stalin TITO Held together fairly well under him After death and collapse of communism the ethnic issue emerges again

Scotland

Continually trying to achieve independence Have oil resources Wanna be part of the eu Reason vote bounces but not true if brexit happened Brexit itself is devolution

Increase in Genetically Engineered Crops in the US

Corn, Cotton, Soybean More than 50 biotech foods products have been approved for commercial use in the US Canola, Soybeans, Corn, Squash, Cotton, Sugarbeets, Papaya, Sweet Corn, Potato, Tomato Four crops accounted for nearly all of the global biotech crop area in 2002 Soybean Corn Cotton Canola Four countries accounted for 99 percent* of the global biotech crop area in 2002 US Argentina Canada China

Italy

Corsica is basically like sardinia you have italy North is money South is agriculture Italy moved to federal system bc of pressure by north

Physiological density

Definition: The number of people supported by a unit of arable land Example: The physiological density in Egypt is very high compared to the arithmetic density because there is much more total land in Egypt than what is arable.

Complete the chart below to describe the advantages of each type of physical boundary

Desert - hard to cross and sparsely inhabited Mountains - difficult to cross and passes closed by winter storms and also peaks Water - visible and easy to protect or defend

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Define the term CBD in one word. List four characteristics of a typical CBD

Downtown Compact - <1% of the urban land area, contains a large % of the public, business, and consumer services, accessible, focal point of the region's transportation network, oldest district in city, usually along a body of water.

• ghetto

During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

Regional Alliances

EU and Eurozone - monetary alliance within an alliance Military North atlantic treaty (regional countries that border the north atlantic) Warsaw pact - response to nato soviet union and satellite states Allies in central powers in WWI Political ones sometimes based propinquity OAS - organization of american state Organization of african unity - states close to each other Shared historical or ethnic or cultural connections - british commonwealth of nations All part of that Arab league Economic as well like the eu and eurozone == european common market NAFTA is constantly under debate regional economic alliance Any one can become another category

Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?

Each country can't decide a boundary there...the boundaries of India and Pakistan are fuzzy, and the Muslim majority of the population want to be independent or part of Pakistan.

Primary economic activity

Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

The Presidential Election by State and by County

Electoral college huge Looking at population is very different Look at slides

Hydroelectric Power

Electricity generated by flowing water

Net Migration

Emigration - immigration Number of immigrants vs emigrants Net in migration - more people coming in than out Net out migration - more people going out than in

Blockbusting

Encouraged white flight by unscrupulous real estate practices. Real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood & cause property values to decline. Agents then sold the homes at much higher prices to black families, desperate to escape the overcrowded ghettos.

What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?

Established quotas, or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the US during a 1 year period

Contrast

Examine in order to note significant differences between two or more things

Cartograms

Expands or shrinks the area of locations to demonstrate different types of data

Russia has resisted the independence movement in Chechnya for what two reasons?

Fear that other ethnic groups will follow and it contains petroleum which is necessary for economic development.

GEM - Gender Empowerment Measure

Focusing on women's empowerment in 2 different areas Decision making power in political situations Economic decision making Looking at women legislatures, managers, technical positions, power over resources, incomes earned, pretty complicated Not done much anymore

Folk and Pop Clothing

Folk clothing Folk things are influenced by what is around you Clothing is definitely affected by the environment, not just what they think looks good. It can also be influenced by occupation, like what country occupied them Also impacted by climate - cold/hot Expression of culture is in here and expression of pride Popular clothing Affected by trends, status, and changes more Sometimes they vanish and reemerge

Goals of Local Culture

Folk customs have anonymous origins We can't say who started it or when, but can trace it to a place Pop customs have someone that started it Often copyrighted -Avoid assimilation Keep other people from imposing and created boundaries Want to be different Active attempt to not be everyone else -Avoid cultural appropriation Keep their culture in You don't want someone else to take your culture and act as if it is their own No stereotypes No misinterpretation Where is the line

Township and range system

Grid system used in the US

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

What is "truck farming" and where has it spread in the U.S.? And, give examples of specialty crops.

Growing lots of produce that developing countries demand and are mostly sold to be frozen or packed. Eastern US - Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, and nursery plants.

The HDI (Human Development Index), created by the UN, takes what three things into consideration when determining a country's level of development

HDI - Measurement scale of a country's development created by the UN. Highest HDI possible is 1.0 or 100%. 1. A decent standard of living. 2. A long and healthy life. 3. Access to knowledge.

Cultural Systems

Habit - single person doing something Custom - a group of people doing a thing Tradition - do that for a very long period of time Culture - many many different traditions that are bundled up that this group of people does Encompasses necessities and leisures

Explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities.

Headquarters of large corporations - obtaining information in a timely manner is essential in order to buy and sell shares at attractive prices. Lawyers, accountants, and other professionals - to provide advice to major corporations and financial institutions. Centers for finance - headquarters of major banks, insurance companies, and specialized financial institutions where corporations obtain and store funds for expansion of production.

Give examples of regions where there are variations in levels of development. Explain why. Give examples of countries with varying levels of development. Explain why.

High --> SW Asia and N Africa and Central Asia. Desert with little life. petroleum for development, but not for every country and this causes tension. Brazil, China, and Mexico. Brazil wealth along Atlantic coast and lowest in interior of the Amazon. Mexico wealth in north and Yucatan (tourist) Peninsula. China wealth along east coast and lowest in the remote and inhospitable mountain and desert environments in the interior. Local = urban

_________________________________ and _______________________________ discourage _________________________________and ________________________________ in the CBD. What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs? Regarding residential uses - identify a factor pushing them out of the CBD and another that is pulling them elsewhere.Pushing...Pulling...

High rents...land shortage...industrial activities...residential activities THey have moved to the suburbs where there's more land. Pushing from CBDs - high rents that business and retail services were willing to pay + dirt, crime, congestion, and poverty Pulling to Suburbs - large homes with private yards and modern schools

Migration:

How do they move, why do they move, how far do they move, etc. Terms Migration - any change that is intended to be permanent, permanent move to a new location Emigration - migration from Immigration - migration to Mobility - all types of movement, the ability to move Circulation - repetitive, short term, cyclic, seasonal Type of Migration (really circulation) Periodic movement - short term, college and home, military Cyclic movement - daily routine, home to school, repeat Transhumance - seasonal pastoral farming, always the same place every year Nomadism - irregular, following the growth of vegetation, not that cyclic

Irredentism

Important when thinking about culture geometric and ethnic Irredenta are regions that are culturally or historically related to one country but rules by another country Changing wars or major shift in power where all of a sudden someone takes over a region that has traditionally been a part of another one A lot of times those ethnic enclaves end up there can cause friction within and between the countries Problematic because national boundaries don't correspond with ethnic ones Central Asia We see incredible and complicated ethnic geography Groups show up all over the place far apart Terrain is difficult

Have there been ethnic problems in Central Asia? If so, where?

In Kazakhstan, 2 ethnic groups have constant conflict but refrain from armed fighting because of the stable economy. Tajikistan has a Civil War between the Tajik people and a group of Muslim fundamentalists.

Ethnic Neighborhoods

In many US cities you have neighborhoods that are mostly made up of people from one or two ethnic groups Now this definitely changed over time in 19th and 20th cents where E and MW US had large ethnic neighborhoods made up of europeanimmigrants Today, changed in composition with asia latin america and african americans These tend to reflect immigration patterns We can connect back to say that ethnic neighbborgood form because of ethnic affinity and chain migration or discrimination We can see areas in LA and Chicago

Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common? Describe the irony between the amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by each in this region. How does this type of agriculture allow farmers to more evenly "distribute their workload"?

In the U.S west of the Appalachians & east of the 98 degree longitude & much of Europe from France to Russia Most of the crops grown are fed to animals, even though nearly all land is given to growing crops, but most devices on sale are animal products. Livestock requires year long attention, different from crops which need seasonal attention.

Primary census statistical area (PCSA)

In the US, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

Urban cluster

In the US, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants

How is the Jewish calendar typical of the ethnic use of the calendar? Both the Jewish and the Muslims use a lunar calendar, yet in a different way and with very different results. Explain.

Its major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religions homeland in present day israel The Jewish calendar inserts an extra month every few years to match the agricultural and solar calendars. Islam as a universalizing religion tricks to a strict lunar calendar.

List the elements of the origin and characteristics of soccer

Its origin is obscure like other folk customs. At this point, football was an English folk custom, and seems to have started there. Though, like popular culture, it transformed into a global popular culture and was used for leisure and recreation. It also further diffused and became popular. Became an organized, formal sport in Britain in 1800's with standardized rules, professional players & paying spectators. The spread throughout Europe in late 1800's.

For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?

Job opportunities and a warmer climate

How is the distribution of Judaism very different from other ethnic religions? What was the diaspora? How were most Jews treated as they lived among other nationalities? What is the origin of the term Ghetto?

Judaism is practice in many countries, not just in its place of origin. Only after the creation of Israel, were they concentrated. When the Romans forced the Jews to disperse around the world They were persecuted and often forces to live in ghettos It originated during the 16th century in Venice Italy referencing the city's foundry or metal casting district where Jews were forced to live. Surrounded by walls, locked, hard to escape.

What are the three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry? (Memorize Them!)

Labor, Capital, and Land

Advantages and disadvantages of the Mercator and Robinson maps

Mercator - distorted very little, consistent direction, rectangular, buuuuuut relative size is distorted Robinson - useful for displaying information across the oceans, buuuuuut land areas are much smaller

No models work for something outside of north america

Models outside of north america - europe - Wealthy are usually in the middle of the cities. You have slum suburbs instead of inner city slums. People live in the CBD: They shop there, restaurants are there, pedestrian friendly and bicycle friendly in the center, so people can get around easy without cars. European CBDs tend to be less dominated by big businesses. There are big areas that have been preserved - not as many high rise buildings and it feels nicer to be in that area of the city. In some areas you may have an elite sector. Some concentric areas of residential poverty, but rich people in the middle and poor out the outside.

What three "consumer goods" are considered to be particularly good indicators of development? What is the ratio of people to these types of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC? The people in LDCs who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions

Motor vehicles, telephones, and computers Per 1000 - Mv - 630, 80 T - 1100, 700 C - 700, 200 Urban areas, not country sides

o Confuciamism [not exactly religion]

No priesthood, scripture, but Confucius revered; maybe worshipped? Intense cultural importance throughout Asia Kung Fu-Tse (c. 551-479) Teachings: gods probably exist, rituals bring people together, li (courtesy, propriety, rites) Five fundamental relationships • Father-son (Kindness-filial piety) • Elder brother-younger (gentility-humility) • Husband-wife (righteousness-obedience) • Elder-junior (consideration-deference) • Ruler-subject (Benevolence-loyalty) Idealized feudalism (place for everyone) • 136 BCE Confucians put in charge of education - remained in charge until 1905!

Occitan

North - French South - Occitan Both taught in schools

Declining birth rates

Norway and sweden increasing People are worried RNI only dec when CBR dec/CDR inc Dec Economic development Contraception Family planning

List the elements of the origin and characteristics of folk music

Originate anonymously and transmitted orally. Contents are most often derived from events in daily life that are familiar to a majority of people. May tell a story/convey information about life-cycle events. - sometimes songs are modified from generation to generation -tell a story about daily activities such as farming or life events such as birth, death & marriage or environmental events such as storms & earthquakes Folk Music Composed anonymously Passed down for a long time Usually transmitted orally Usually the content is coming from people's everyday lives Telling about your experience Grios Examples Bluegrass Particular to the intersection of VA, WV, TK Hearths, American country music Bluegrass combines with other stuff to be country music Australian didgeridoo African mbira Possible Paleolithic flute, dated to 43,000 BCE

Perspective of Holy Land

Palestinian - they were kicked out of their homeland and two political parties are struggling for power; they want their land back Israeli - it was their holy land and they are being attacked, the land is rightfully theirs

Summarize major sources of waste and how each is recycled

Paper - virgin paper pulp Plastic - melted and reused Glass - can be constantly reused, and making new glass from old is extremely efficient....produces virtually no waste/unwanted by products Aluminum - used again and again Paper and steel mills, plastic converters, and iron or steel foundries help reduce waste

Oil Imports and Exports 2011 and Per Capita Oil Consumption 2011

People that have the most are Russia with 21 percent of proven reserves (of course there are potential), Iran 16 percent, Qatar 12 percent, Turkmenistan, and so on. US is the biggest consumer, then russia, iran...

List the advantages of ridge tillage

Planting crops on ridge tops Lower production costs Greater soil conservation Decreased use of chemicals

What are the convergence regions? What are the competitive and employment regions? What makes central Europe attractive to manufacturers?

Primarily in Eastern and Southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe's average. Primarily Western Europe's traditional core industrial areas, which have experiences substantial manufacturing job losses in recent years. Skilled, but cheap labor and proximity to wealthy markets of Western Europe.

Classification of Economic Activities

Primary or extractive activities -Primary is pretty much anything you are extracting from the environment around you-You take it --Farming, Livestock, Lumbering, Raising , Quaring, Fishing Secondary -When you add value to a raw material --Manufacturing creating a finished good-Raw material to finished goods --Factory laborers, Artisans Tertiary -Services: anyone that provides a service --Lawyers, Teachers, Banks, Dentist, Doctors Quaternary and Quinary -Administration and high tech research Important later on with development of industry

Ethnic Cleansing How does Ethnic Cleansing differ from Normal Warfare

Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one to create an ethnically homogeneous region Removal of EVERY member of the 'lesser' ethnicity, not just soldiers...it isn't to defeat or subjugate an enemy but to remove every member of the less powerful ethnicity

Define microfinance.

Provision of small loans & other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks.

Economic Push and Pull

Push - few job opportunities, dire economic conditions Pull - more jobs available, economic advancements, plenty, attractiveness

acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

o Pollution Strategies

Reduce discharge (reduce waste, recycle) • Recycling in same production process • Recycling in different production process Increase capacity of the environment

Cultivation regions

Regions in which large amounts of agriculture take place.

Give three examples of some thriving CBDs that have been revived and explain why they're doing well

Retail and leisure creates unique recreation and entertainment experiences Boston - Faneuil Hall Marketplace Baltimore - Harbor Place Chicago - Navy Pier NY - S. St. Seaport San Francisco - Ferry Building

Wet rice

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.

Global Alliances

Ridiculous until recently Interstate war becomes global French and indian war 7 years war had essentially wars all over the world War between gb and france was fought on every continent except antarctica European countries are constantly conflicting bc of colonialism After WWI league of nations is a global things and was terrible and didn't work After WWII un which works much better Today, 194 nations in un

African Americans Movement N to S

Scarce to more jobs and ethnic neighborhoods

Mental Map

Shows a person's internal perception of space

Active solar energy systems

Solar energy systems that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors

Urban Areas

Some ethnicities are highly concentrated here in the US In Detroit, 84 percent is african american and the rest is 6 Chicago is 39 and the rest is 7 NYC is 24 hispanic and the rest is 4 We do see clusters We can see where african americans, latinos, asian americans, native americans are located and these are gonna reflect those areas that we saw on our Maps

The Urge to Understnad - Multilingualism

Some nations are officially multilingual Most people know two or more except english natives Paraguay Spanish and guarani Switzerland French German Romansh Italian S Africa Many Isizulu English Setswani Shizvendi India Many - English and Hindi Hindi Bengali Telugu Tamil Malayalam Kanada Punjabi Kashmiri Sanskrit

Four Tigers

South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

Interregional migration - European Union

South to north

International cooperation

States find it profitable and useful to cooperate from time to time Scales for cooperation Regional - aceon in se asia economic pact or Eu Global ones - couple different countries across the globe or something that stretched to many country many many like un Political economic military cultural cooperation Not new, many years of existence 478 bce military islands Axis powers supra national organization of sorts

Social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area.

Urban hydrology

Study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it. (Pollution)

Ridge tillage

System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

What functions do offshore centers provide, and explain each? Where is a prominent example of an offshore center?

Taxes - taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are typically low or nonexistent. Companies also have a tax - free status. Privacy - bank secrecy laws can help individuals and businesses evade disclosure in their home countries. Protection of assets in offshore centers. Dependencies of the UK Dependencies of other countries Independent island countries Other independent countries *Cayman Islands - British Crown Colony in Caribbean near Cuba*

• shotgun house

The "shotgun house" is a narrow rectangular domestic residence, usually no more than 12 feet (3.5 m) wide, consisting of three to five rooms in a row with no hallways and have a narrow, rectangular structure with doors at each end of the house. It was the most popular style of house in the Southern United States from the end of the American Civil War (1861-65), through the 1920s. Alternate names include "shotgun shack", "shotgun hut" and "shotgun cottage".

What is the population center?

The average location of everyone in the country, the "center of population gravity"

Diffusion of fertility control

The average number of children a woman would have if she maintained today's level of childbearing throughout her reproductive years. Example: The Diffusion of fertility control for Africa is above 4 and Europe's is below 2.1, which shows how Africa may be growing at a faster rate

• Landscapes of the dead

The certain areas where people have commonly been buried

evapotranspiration

The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

Reapportionment

The constitution says The number of reps shall not exceed one for every 30000 people In 1990s Representatives capped at 435 What happens is that every 10 years, we have a census The idea is to count the people where do the people live, and then we do reapportionment at a national level and we take the total number of people and see how people moved to make them equal In the northeast you have losing population and representatives In the south and west you have been gaining both At large representatives is a single one Electoral college numbers rep + sen = number Giving three over representatives represents them When we determine new numbers, each state is then redistributed and redistricted

When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?

The country was divided into two countries, India & Pakistan (which was comprised of two noncontiguous areas - East & West Pakistan). India became predominately Hindu, while the two Pakistan's became predominately Muslim.

Define aquaculture (or aquafarming) What countries are the leading fishing countries? Have MDCs or LDCs consumed more fish?

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions China, Chile, Indonesia, Peru LDCs.

Deindustrialization

The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

White Flight

The emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of black immigrating into the areas. Rather than integrate, whites fled. Detroit provides a clear example. As legal barriers to integration crumbled, whites began to emigrate out of Detroit, white population dropped by about 1 million between 1950-1975.

Interregional migration - Russia

The far north It had lots of natural resources Pushed by Russian officials who used incentives like higher wages, more paid holidays, and earlier retirement - force - soviet period

Fair Trade

The idea is how do we make sure we aren't exploiting the workers too much or if they go somewhere else to invest, how do we make sure they are actually benefiting. Organization - umbrella - that represents 23 different nationally labeling organizations and hundreds of producers making it so they get a fair cut. Handicrafts - fair trade stores and things say in your grocery store that have fair trade - pay these workers what they deserve. It extends beyond the workers - environment respect, no discrimination, no child labor, good working conditions...

Industry woohooo

The industrial revolution Distribution of modern manufacturing Industrial location Problems of industry

• Official language

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

1. The map and table above show the geographic location, population growth, and projected growth of Mexico's most populous cities. A. Define the following terms and describe how each relates to Mexico's urban geography. • Primate city • Rank-size rule B. Explain TWO positive effects of primate cities on a country's economic development and TWO different negative effects of primate cities on a country's economic development.

The map and table above show the geographic location, population growth, and projected growth of Mexico's most populous cities. Part A (3 points) Define the following terms and describe how each relates to Mexico's urban geography. Primate city (1 point) *Magnitude (it is more than two times the size of the next-largest city) AND significance (it exerts social, political, economic dominance).* Rank-size rule (1 point) *Nth largest city is 1/n smaller than the largest city; more small cities, fewer larger cities.* Describe how each relates to Mexican urban geography (1 point) *Mexico does not comply with the rank-size rule (there is a poorly developed urban hierarchy because Mexico City is a primate city).* OR *Mexico City is an example of a primate city because it is disproportionately larger than other Mexican cities and dominates the country.* Part B (4 points) Explain TWO positive effects of primate cities on a country's economic development ... Positive effects (1 point each; total of 2 points) • Advantages of agglomeration of economic activity. *• Large market for goods and services.* *• Ability to offer high-end goods and services (including education) because of larger threshold population.* • Advantages of enhanced flow of information and ideas in large population. • Advantages of centralized transportation and communication network. *• Global trade opportunities; primate cities can compete on a global scale and attract foreign investment.* Note: The response must focus on and explain the positive impact on economic development; for example, tourism in primate cities must be linked to economic benefits to the nation's economy. ... and TWO different negative effects of primate cities on a country's economic development. Negative effects (1 point each; total of 2 points) *• Unequal distribution of investments deters national economic development.* *• Unequal economic and/or resource development.* *• Unequal distribution of wealth and/or power.* • Transportation network (hub and spoke) prevents equal accessibility to all regions. • Impact of centrifugal forces and difficulties of political cohesion on economic development. • Brain drain — migration and unequal distribution of education, entrepreneurship, opportunities. • Disproportionate effect of disaster in the primate city on entire country. *• Negative externalities, e.g., unsustainable urban growth/slums/environmental impacts if these are related to economic development, e.g., burden on national economy to cope with problems*

Farm crisis

The mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers.This had led to the decrease in small farms. Any disaster or occurrence that interrupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Radius. Services with long ranges are concert or professional ball games - stadium. Services with shorter ranges are groceries and pharmacies - convenience store.

Adolescent fertility rate

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19

In what ways are animals treated differently in sustainable agriculture? And, how is this a benefit?

The number of livestock, determined based on landscape and forage sources Animal confinement is less to distribute fertilizer Management of extreme weather is easy since animals consume crop failures Flexible feeding and marketing help cushion farmers against trade and price fluctuation and make more efficient use of farm labor

What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?

The opening of the American West

The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?

The percent of the total population in 5 year age groups (oldest to youngest) - dependency ratio

Literacy rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

• Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

• Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

Physical attributes (natural landscape)

The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. them pretty trees

How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?

The president - Maronite Christian The premier - Sunni Muslim THe speaker of the chamber of deputies - Shiite Muslim The foreign minister - Greek Orthodox Christian

Deglomeration

The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

Space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems from letters in the stone age to texting

Cartography

The science of making maps ex- : hand drawn maps, technology based maps, maps made by people

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Space-time prism

The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time.

What was the agricultural revolution?

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

• folklore

The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.

Adaptive Strategies

The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense. It also shows how different societies differed.

Central place theory

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

There are several successful examples of using the ITM to propel themselves up RMD

There are 4 asian tigers/dragons - Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong - Development tied to GB (1997 after became ind.) THey all focused on manufacturing specifically and tries to conquer some markets with clothing and electronics ME states like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and stuff make money off of Oil and they finance their development

Cornucopians (Malthus's critics)

There is enough food and there will always be enough food Are resources (food supply) really fixed? Possibilism

How are Hindu temples different than both churches and mosques? List three typical visible features of a Hindu temple.

They are built to house shrines for particular gods rather than for congressional worship. It serves home to one or more gods, but a god can have one or more temples. COntains a small, dimly lit interior room where a symbolic artifact or some other image of the god rests...doesn't need a large enclosed space with seats, wall, pool,and ritual bath/procession.

US Distribution of Ethnicities

They definitely follow patterns African americans tend to be concentrated inthe SE US Hispanics or latinos concentraded in SW and FL Aians in the W Native Americans are in the SW and Plain States and Alaska We can see that where there are major cities, NY, Raleigh, Atlanta, you will se more diversity

THe Cumberland Valley

They have a really big valley floor and mountains on both side, agricultural, settled early on, early to mid 1700s. We can see our urban centers. They seem to be very regularly spaced. 5.5 mile radius. Between each city, 11 miles and so on. This pattern continue onto other states. This is your range and stuff. There are aspects that are changed when you introduce topographical anomalies.

What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence? Who opposed this?

They wanted to reunite with Romania to reunify ethnic groups and improve economic development. Opposed by Trans-Dniestians living on the border.

• Religious toponym

This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to HG because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures.

Settlements, Cities, and Civilizations

Two basic types of rural settlements - Clustered: Hamlets and villages: Everyone lives in a small area, farm land is in a circle surrounding the village, or sometimes collectively owned farmlands. Different shapes of these - circular one especially for defense or topography that that makes sense, linear along a feature like a river. Dispersed: People live on individual farms far away from each other, only common in australia, canda, and US. basically people people got there later and plenty of land to take and took land for themselves and spread out. This can be good when you live on your farm, have a larger farm, own your own machinery, in some case law contributed like the Homestead act, but you are also isolated. Civilization is literally how you live in a city (so is politics - how to live in a polis) Jericho 6800 BCE or Argos 5000 BCE - Bagdad 1 million people at height Babylon had 220 k like Richmond

Millenium Development Goals recap

UN good development goods - successful, well paces Improve maternal health - mothers make it through pregnancy and survive through labor and delivery and raise child Combat disease - HIV, polio, malaria Ensure environmental stability - make sure there isn't continue and we manage the continued climate issues Develop a global partnership for development End poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary child education Promote gender equality Reduce child mortality Honorable goals These have morphed into the UN sustainable development goals Same things Overall look at health and well being for everyone Clean water plays into health greatly Make sure various aspects of the climate are addressed in particular Looking at industry and how we need it and infrastructure and how do we do this in a good way

Urban Base and Non BAse

When looking at categories of economic activities, we can separate it into basic and non basic categories. Larger the city, the larger the non basic activities in a large city, you have more museums and amusement parks that you don't need on a smaller city. Basic Activities: Question - What are the things you need to survive? Answer - air food water shelter. Provide goods and services outside of the settlement to bring in money from the outside. Essential to survival of the settlement. Service or industrial base. Non Basic Activities: Question - what are the things you need to have a decent life? Answer - friends family entertainment culture. Provided by people already in your community. Stuff you want but don't need for your survival.

Redistricting

When turned over to states, different groups in charge Some have legislature in charge of it and it makes a different In virginia, we are split between rep and dem In many states, they are in charge of redistricting they should do so in a way it is fair but what they do is re district in such a way it benefits them In some cases, legislature goes back and forth and in some places bipartisan commision specific thing not political and follow all rules of redistricting

Electoral Geography

Who votes Expanded over time Suffrage definition has been gradually expanded Right now, felons Not allowed to vote In seom place it automatically gets restored after time Petition and rights restored Indefinitely no voting ever again Who can be elected Dead people Dog elected in minnesota Species not always said Age Gender Who wins 2 different view points Majority Plurality Who has the most voted Electoral college and popular vote Run offs Majority Proportional vs winner take all system Va has 13 electoral votes if we had a proportional system, whoever most people voted for 60 percent example they get 60 percent of the 13 votes How are electoral district boundaries drawn Hoooooow do we get equal states - swing states Based on borders you may elect certain people There are many steps and questions to answer

J-curve

a growth curve that depicts exponential growth

• early southern ghetto

because of white control of the market african slaves were assigned small alley and backstreet housing

• saltbox house

began as two story pitched roof house. Ell added and roof line was brought down to cover the addition.

USSR Collapse

breakup of Soviet Union in 1991, ended communism in much of the world and created 15 republics.

• vernacular house

built in traditional form but without formal plans or drawings

Dispersed rural settlement

characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements

• social dialect

denote social class and educational level

• Cults?

o FBI Definition: "cultic relationship" (not beliefs!) o Cults usually have self-appointed leaders; unique & exclusive faith' cult is focus of member's lives; allegiance to leader "Active" v. "Passive" cults (active can be dangerous)

The Less Developed Regions

oLatin America (HDI equal to E. Europe!) oSoutheast Asia; Middle East; East Asia oSouth Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa (lowest HDI)

• Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Organization of Space

• Holy Places and Pilgrimage o Ethnic religions: special mountains, rivers, etc. o Universal: places associated with Founder o Pilgrimage (journey made for religious purpose) - Can be important in either ethnic or universal • Places of worship o Animist/shamanist (natural spaces) o Distinctive architecture (sacred space for congregation)

Religion Overview

• Value Systems (society's beliefs, expectations) • Religion (value system involving worship & faith) • Open & indirect effects o Food & drink; housing & architecture; economy & occupations, law & customs; men & women; birth & death; politics; land & landscape

What 2 meanings of culture do geographers study?

-what people care about -what people take care of

Formal region (or uniform or homogeneous region)

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics Montana US

Explain why there is an increasing economic gap between regions in the world (AKA uneven development)

Because they are in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy

In what ways do each of the following play a role in geography? Ethnicity Gender Sexual Orientation

Behavioral geography, movement Movement Humanistic geography

How does a geographer conclude that two (or more) phenomena are "spatially associated," that is, that they bear some sort of cause and effect relationship?

By integrating other spatial information about people, activities, and environments

The way in which a feature is spread over space is known as concentration. What are the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration?

Clustered Dispersed

Built landscape

Definition: An area of land that is represented by its existing features and resources, and the effect of human occupation on that area. ex-Roads, Cities, and Bridges

Connection

Definition: Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Example: As technology develops, more people have maintained connections through online resources.

Culture

Definition: The body of customary belief, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition. Example: People of the rainforest and people of the desert would form very different cultures.

Conservation

Definition: The sustainable management of a natural resource to meet current and future human needs Example: Renewable resources like trees are conserved if they are consumed at a less rapid rate than they are replaced. Nonrenewable resources like petroleum are conserved if we use less today to maintain a future supply.

Atmosphere

Definition: The thin layer of gases surrounding the Earth. Example: Water exists as a vapor in the atmosphere which is a type of gas found that is supplied by oceans and comes back down as precipitation.

Cultural landscape (cultural attributes)

Definition: a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Example: Even though northern and southern California are part of the same state, they have unique cultural landscapes that set them apart from each other.

What are the three major reasons for these areas being hearths?

Have a large percentage of the world's advanced technology Capital to invest in new activities Wealth to purchase goods and services

In what ways does climate influence human activities?

Humans have a limited tolerance for extreme temperature and precipitation levels thus avoiding living in places too hot, cold, dry, etc. Ex. few people live in the dry and polar climate regions

How is a degree of longitude and latitude further subdivided?

Into minutes or seconds. Ex. Denver, Co is 39 degrees 44' N 104 degrees 59' W The capitol is 39 degrees 42' 22'' N 104 degrees 59' 04'' W

Provide examples of developments in geography for each of the following: Chinese Muslims Age of Discovery (16th Century)

Pei Xiu - created elaborate map of China Muhammad al-Idrisi - prepared a world map and geography text in Ilsu Martin Waldseemuller - first map with the label America

Define remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods

Define space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.

Geography :)

o"The scientific study of the location of people and activities across Earth, and the reasons for their distribution." Or "The Why of Where"oGeographic IssuesPlaces - locationRegions - unique and distinctive areasSpace - mapping regular patternsScale - similarities at different levelsConnections - relationships among placesoPLACE: locationPlace names ("toponyms")Site (physical location)Situation (relative location)Mathematical location (maps & coordinates)oREGIONSTypes of regions•Formal (uniform or predominant)•Functional (systems or functions)•Vernacular (cultural beliefs)Regional Integration •Culture: "The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people"•What people care aboutoIdeas, beliefs, valuesoLanguage, religion, etc. •What people take care ofoFood, clothing, shelteroWealth, developmentdevelopmentoPolitical Institutions"Cultural Ecology": study of relationship between culture and the environment•Environmental determinism (old)•Possibilism •Modification of the environmentoSCALEGlobalization of economy, cultureDifferent reactions at different scales•Global uniformity (urban areas)•Opposition movementsoSPACEDistribution (density, patterns)Connection/interaction•"distance decay" •"space-time compression"•Cultural diversity and isolation?Diffusion•Relocation (physical movement)•Expansion (through a population)oHierarchicaloContagiousoStimulus (underlying idea)•

Maps & Mapmaking

oMaps are made for a specific purposeoAll maps have certain characteristics: Map scale (distance, map v. reality)•Verbal ("1 inch equals 1 mile")•Fraction (1:63,360)•Graphic (bar) •"large" v. "small" scaleoLarge scale = large detailoSmall scale = large areaProjection (round world on flat map)•Problem of distortion (of shape, distance, area, etc.)•No perfect solution!Symbols•Pictures, dots, colors & patterns, and lines (also - "isolines")Grid system•"xy" coordinate system•Latitude & longitude (others, too)GIS (geographic information systems)oModelsSimplified representations of reality

Cultural ecology

the geographical study of human-environment relationships

Things geographers can map using remotely sensed data

Small features on the Earth's surface, agriculture, drought, and sprawl.

Buddhism is built around "Four Noble Truths" as taught by the Buddha. Summarize them.

1. All living beings must endure suffering 2. Suffering, caused by desire, leads to reincarnation 3. Goal is to achieve Nirvana, which is achieved through menta/moral purification 4. Nirvana is attained by 8-fold path

List the 4 distortions in various projections and explain

1. Shape becomes elongated or squat 2. Distance may increase or decrease 3. Relative size may be larger or smaller 4. Direction from one place to another can be distorted

What are 3 types of gerrymandering? Explain them.

1. Wasted vote. Spreads out opposing votes but in minority of each district. 2. Excess vote. Concentrates opposing voters in a few districts 3. Stacked vote. Links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries.

Discuss some of the issues that the Kurds suffer from.

30 million Kurds are split among several countries; 14 million live in eastern Turkey, 5 million in northern Iraq, 4 million in western Iran, 2 million in Syria, and the rest in other counties. To foster Turkish nationalism, Turks have repeatedly tried to suppress Kurdish culture; languages was illegal in Turkey until 1991. The Kurds have tried to gain independence in all countries without success. Currently, despite their numbers, they are an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish states. Instead, they are forced to live under the control of the region's more powerful nationalities.

Council of government

A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States.

What is the difference between a habit and a custom and provide an example of each?

A habit is a repetitive act that a particular individual performs, such as wearing jeans to class everyday. A custom is a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group, such as many students typically wearing jeans to class.

• garrison house

A house with a second story that overhangs or projects from the first story.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Least-cost location

A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue

Paddy

A small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes. Rice paddies in China and Japan. But, actually translates to wet rice.

• City-state

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

prorupted state

A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory.

Direction (absolute, relative)

Absolute Direction: The concrete cardinal directions, such as North, East, South, and West, that are indisputable and doesn't change based on an individual's perception Relative Direction: An interpretation of where something is based on where an individual is at one point in time Ex. Middle East vs Near East Kalynn Cheeks

Distance (absolute, relative)

Absolute Distance. The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer Relative distance is a measure of the social, cultural and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places ex- US and UK have a large absolute distance but a small relative one

Answer the following six questions about von Thünen's model using pages 378-379 and Figure 10-52. a.Who was von Thünen? b.According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant? c.Draw a sketch of agricultural land use according to von Thünen. d.How does cost determine what farmers grow? e.How does transportation cost influence profitability of growing wheat? f.How could von Thünen's model be applied at a global scale?

An estate owner in North Germany The cost of land and the cost of transporting products to the market City, market oriented gardens and milk producers, woodlots, various crops and pasture, animal grazing They will grow crops that are more profitable and cheap or easy to transport Farms located closer to market tend to select crops with higher transportation costs per hectare of output, whereas more distant farms are more likely to select crops that can be transported less expensively Those in remote locations will want to sell less perishable items in large world markets since Europe and US

• tundra

An extremely cold, dry biome.

Emerging Industrial Regions

Are tending to be in areas that were decolonized later. Mexico since 1994 - NAFTA which leads to mexico being a major manufacturing region just along the mexico-us border with a bunch of factories owned by the US people or cared to by them, and they do it in mexico because it is much cheaper - maquiladoras is what these border factories are called. Now found throughout mexico, but they had a lot of advantages for the creation of all these maquiladoras. Location - easy to transport to the us and low transportation costs - and cheap labor - labor in mexico is often cheaper than in china. They aren't as important as they used to be - bangladesh and india where they keep labor cost really low, but a major source of industrial goods for us. Brazil, russia, india, china, europe, east asia, and north america is 75 percent of manufacturing. Bric nations dominate a majority of industry. Moving on, we see some other areas arising as well - south america, chile and argentina with food processing, south africa rising up to bricS, vehicle assembly, textiles, iron, steel, and other industries. SE asia we still get rubber from rubber plantations. Australia picking up in mining and other stuff and other important regions.

Why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence?

Attacks are aimed at ordinary people rather than at military targets or political leaders.

In the Caucasus region, there have been many problems with the new nations and ethnicities. Summarize the main problems and note specifics of regions and peoples for each.

Azeris - Azerbaijan - West part of Azerbaijan is separated from the rest of the country by Armenian land. 7 million (90%) Azeris, but 16 million (24%) in Iran and language is restricted there. Armenians - Armenia - 98% Armenian in here. Battled over boundaries with Azeris. Nagorno-Karabakh is Armenian, but with an Azerbaijan boundary and control. Georgians - Georgia - Many ethnicities - Georgian, Azeria, Armenian, Russian, etc. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are recognized by Russia as 2 independent states and they operate as though independent of Georgia.

Holy places of Buddhism Islam and Hinduism

B - 8 holy places related to founder - birth lumbini, enlightened at bodh gaya, first sermon deer park samath, death kusinagara, miracle sravasti, miracle 2 samasya, taming rajagriha, and death announcement vaisala I - holiest associated with life of muhammad - makkah (al-kaba; great mosque; abraham; covenant), kaba shrine (allah), madinah (muhammad support), hajj to makkah H - river banks and coastlines, tireha pilgrimage purification, ganges and himalayas shiva association

Why is it that nearly 90% of Spanish & Portuguese speakers live outside of Europe?

Because of Spanish and Portuguese colonial activities everywhere

How was the recession that began in 2008 an example of globalization?

Because the global economy declined in 2009

Why is the federal state system more effective for larger states?

Because the national capital may be too remote to provide effective control over isolated regions.

THe Service Sector

Breakdown - Consumer, Business, Public: "The distinction among services is not absolute." *Consumer Services*: Provided to individuals. ½ of all US jobs. When looking at that, we see retail is a part of that (malls), education, public education is public, but private is in here, higher education is just consumer, health services though although it could go into public depending on the situation, leisure and hospitality is here. *Business Services*: Provided to businesses. About 25 percent of all the US is this. 3 main categories - financial services (acronyme, FIRE - finance, insurance, real estate), professional services like clerical work, transportation and information could also be public. *Public Services*: Provided to everyone - all citizens and businesses. Government is providing this, everyone, security and police, administrative services like the DMV, educators are typically considered part of consumer even though employed by government. 16 percent jobs here on US. Mostly on state and local levels, but most people who work for the government are are on state or local level. These are not watertight compartments like public but mostly for business and consumers.

Physical Characteristics of States

Called territoriality Borders of the state are important Gov has a right to keep borders and territory intacs and free form attack They have sovereignty Morphology is essential to this States vary in size States vary in shapes - 5 basic Elongated Long and narrow Vietnam Russia with fragments Fragmented Philippines Island nations More difficult to control bc of distances Indonesia Malaysia Perforated One state completely surrounds another Protruded Foot hanging off with one extension Difficult to get stuff to that place Compact Theoretically ideal and efficient Much easier to control Poland

Spain

Catalonia Spain is struggling Economy is bad Much wealthier than the rest and better Unhappy with being used essentially The ethnic and linguistic different = we are not u why do we do this for u Basque region Autonomy agreements - language have official status, parliament, government, power in ed and stuff

Early cities

Cities of the ancient world (-3500 to -1200) (We learned about how agriculture and language began in this era.

Classification of Agricultural Societies

Classified as..... Subsistence or primitive Intermediate or traditional Developed or modern

Models - Simplified representations of reality

Climate model, showing possible future changes Simulation of Earth's magnetic field over a period of 80,000 years Etiological model of a chronic disease

o "Superfamilies"?

Combine families, find deep, ancient origins • Nostratic, Austic, Sino-Caucasian Significant? Well - maybe historical value?!

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. Vertical Integration - one company owns all steps.

Truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Theme 5 - Regions: What common physical or human characteristics does a group of places share?

Common Physical Features and Common Human Features Types: Formal / Uniform Region Functional / Nodal Region Perceptual Region Regional Integration - Culture: "The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people" •What people care abouto - Ideas, beliefs, values. Language, religion, etc. •What people take care of - Food, clothing, shelter. Wealth, development. Political Institutions. - "Cultural Ecology": study of relationship between culture and the environment •Environmental determinism (old) •Possibilism •Modification of the environment

• Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

• popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Large groups; widespread; heterogeneous; urban Usually spread by media (TV) (expansion diffusion) Constantly changing Pop is also Hierarchical Contagious Modify landscape Impose themselves on the landscape

Types of Projections

Cylindrical Azimuthal Conic Pseudocylindric Planar Flat maps are from flattenable surfaces

Migration distance - Internal

Deals with a shorter distance, less separation, and less cultural differences - within a country Global migration patterns Net out - asia, latin america, africa Net in - north america, europe, oceania Some of these patterns have changed Most migration today is from less to more developed country Lots of international migrants in the US When looking at international migration, we need to divide it up (look up) Internal Migration - 2 types Interregional - between regions - east to west coast China Interior to coastal cities Brazil Coast to interior Russia To north for resources Indonesia Java to less population regions Intraregional - within a region - city to suburbs

Migration distance - International

Deals with greater distance, separation from family and friends, more cultural differences - between countries

Carl O. Sauer

Defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. "Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result." Theory of not needed but in SE Asia.

Industrial location theory

Definition: (Proposed by Alfred Weber) a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum. Two factors: Weight gain (Finished product is heavier than raw materials) and Weight Loss (Finish product is lighter than raw materials)

Development

Development Basically when talking about it, we want to look at how the material conditions of people can improve. This can happen through improving knowledge, technology, etc. of them. When looking at all countries and classifying them, we use MDC and LDC - they are on the continuum of development and every country is a point on that and every country will cluster on the high end and low end. Recently developed countries are also there but development can be controversial (the term). If you call LDC, there is controversy and when people say MDC and LDC we think modern vs backwards, but what we are looking at is very specific criteria and statistics to evaluate their level of development. Measuring development Distribution of more and less developed countries Development issues Obstacles to development

Writing

Development of language Symbol tokens use just before to not how much stuff is located in this clay packet for example We get more complicated o Ways of writing Pictogram (earliest) • "True" pictograms (little pictures - too limited) • Ideograms (abstract ideas - pictures + picture + ?) Syllabaries (consonant + vowel) Alphabets (completely arbitrary symbols) Direction (left-to-right, boustrophedon, etc.), Fonts, etc.

Undernourishment

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

Micro Credit Banks and Grameen Bank

Early 2000s is the development of micro credit lending - lending in the neighborhood of billions and millions, but here, you lend tiny amount of money - few hundred - and loan it to individuals (women in particular in these LDCs so they can start a micro business and with a small money they can buy some cows or things they need to have a weaving shop). Grameen first in bangladesh but many now. And like grameen bank nobel peace prize. Grameen is one of the many microcredit lenders along the world - but there is criticism coming out because in some cases, they are not careful with paying attention to what is happening to the money like when women take money then family exploit them. Some of these institutions have refused to adjust or restructure their loans - you personally owe money and people coming after you if you can't pay them back even if there is a natural disaster. There are microcredit level issues than macro have and they are the same - how do you make sure there is no corruption, no bad, and how do you make sure money going where it supposed to? The poorest of the poor have no buffer if something happen.

Millennium Development Goals

Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015

Case Study Africa

Ethiopia and Eritrea -Eritrea given to Ethiopia after WWII -Legislature dissolved -Rebelled in 30 year fight -1993 = independence -Fought about border -Eritrea = Christians/Muslims -2 Ethnic groups (Tigre & Tigrinya) -Ethiopia = multi-ethnic -2 major groups -Amharas (Christians) -Oromo (Muslims) Sudan -Muslim Gov = North -Black Christians/Animists = South -War against Muslim gov - Black Muslims = West -Oarfur fought North -Rape/Murder -Many ethnicities (East) -Supported by Eritrea Eastern Front-Oil disbursement -Civil war between Arab Muslim and other ethnicities -Darfur - religion based civil war Somalia -Mostly Sunni Muslims who speak Somali -Population divided among clans and sub-clans -Independent States = Somilan (N) Puntland (NE) Galmudug (Central) Southwestern Somali (S) -attacking refugees

Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a coincidence because.... Draw and label a sketch of a "pre-colonial city" Colonial cities often contained a new "European sector" to the side of the pre-colonial city. Contrast their various elements in the table below." Old Quarters" -pre-colonial city "European district"-colonial addition

European colonial policies eft a heavy mark on cities in developing countries, which have passed through the 3 stages of development - pre european colonization, european colonial period, post colonial independence. Temple then mainland surrounding it. Path going onwards and structures and canals around it. Drawbridge from there, and an island. Narrow, winding streets with little space and high density. Wider streets and public squares with lower density and larger houses.

US Constitutional Limits

Federal power Limited by the 10th amendment The powers not delegated to the US by te Constituion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved t o the States repectively, or to the people. State Power "No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation ... coin Money ... pass any ... ex post facto Law ... or grant any Title of Nobility. "No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any ... Duties on Imports ... " "No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress ... keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay." Excerpts from Article 1, Section 10, U.S. Constitution

Tractor - What type of fuel is used and what type of country would it be used it? First and second world states, newly industrialized countries, third world countries, etc.

First and second

Folk and pop culture origins, diffusion, and distribution

Folk - Has anonymous hearths, originally from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators. May have multiple hearths. - Transmitted slowly and on a smaller scale...relocation diffusion - Local physical and cultural factors affect the distribution Pop - Product of developed countries (North America and Europe). Traceable to a specific person/corporation. Arises from advances in industrial technology and increased leisure time. Uniform reproduction of objects in large quantities. - Hierarchical diffusion...rapid and extensive from hearths/nodes of innovation (with the help of modern communication) - Distributed widely across many countries with no regard for physical factors

Folk art Pop art

Folk Art Like folk art, folk pieces are often down by people you don't know who did it No artists, just craftspeople Practical items, not to be looked at, to be used Furniture Art is the traditional way of making things Examples Pennsylvania Dutch blanket chest Popular Art Made by known individuals as a commodity When looking at it, it is meant to be looked at One reason is also for shock factor Examples Pablo Picasso Dora Maar, 1938 Damien Hirst, Mother and Child, Divided 1993 Turner Prize winner

Folk housing Pop housing

Folk Housing Addresses certain considerations Has to meet your physical environments Weather Temperature Has to be something that people without speciality skills can make for themselves Made from locally found resources No perfect design Whatever deals with those aspects Examples Thick adobe walls - desert - keep you cool during the day and warm at night Certain constructions fork for farmsteads Thatched roofs help with rain Where you don't have wood, you will see stone houses Different types of US housing Popular Housing Built by professions Not limited to resources in the environment Changed depending on the time Similar trends

All maps have certain characteristics:

Four Characteristics Scale Projection Symbols Grid system Purpose

Infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

Gender Related Development Index

GDI - similar to above Uses female vs male life expectancy, literacy rates, enrollment ratios,and income Not calculated anymore

Migrant Characters

Gender - 100 years ago, mostly male Today, often female Why? Changes in status, jobs available Family Status - 100 years ago, mostly single adults Today, still more likely, but not always Zelinsky says that massive international migration happens during stage two, and we can chart the issues that affected the migration More women and children travel because it is now less dangerous, and it is easier to take children with you Major flows from China, Germany, India, etc

How have efficient agricultural practices, fertilizers and mechanical equipment, etc. created a problem for commercial farmers? Create three bulleted points that highlight current ways in which the U.S. government currently deals with excess agriculture capacity, and explain each.

Having figured out how to produce large quantities of food, they create a surplus causing prices and profits to go down Farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply The government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low The government buys surplus production and sells or donates it to foreign governments

Core and Periphery in the World Economy TOday

Idea in political geography about core and periphery - applies to development Countries are considered to be core countries that are able to use the rest of the world. There are semi periphery countries on the border and periphery and all of this translates to more developed and less developed. If we look spatially we can see that the core is a very limited amount of space - north america western europe japan and australia - while other countries are in semi periphery or periphery. But it is gradually changing

Fairness

Important aspect People wanna make sure it's fair Electoral college is not a fair system We the people do not elect a president every four years We have electors number of reps plus sen Most states have a winner take all system Exceptions are maine and nebraska 15 presidents 16 with donald trump have won without popular vote The other problem is that some states are overrepresented and districts and equivalences Electors in some states are not by law to elect and vote the people's choice

COlonies

Important related idea to states Colony is a territory that is legally joined to a sovereign state This is not a self governing area Sovereign state may control the colony completely or maybe in just some aspects like protectorate or defense or foreign affairs During the last 500 years colonies were planted by Europeans and European countries over much of the world Why? God (cultural imperialism spreading christianity around the world), Gold (looking for profit and resources), and Glory (status) Largest Colonial Status = england france and spain Explains language patterns Colonial policies varied from integration in some cases to pure exploitation in other cases One major impacts of colonization is the process of decolonization which happens in the 20th cent in Sub Saharan Africa and E Asia which is often a violent process Few colonies left today and most are islands

Suitcase farm

In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.

Combining and Dividing Ethnicities; Creating Nationalities

In a lotaa places we create and divide ethnicities 1800s and 1900s there's a lot of competing european empire that are encouraging the development in other nationalities in each other's territories WW2 created european colonies that have become independent with dozens of new nations and nationalities We have overlapping ethnicities and nationalities and liens used to separate with colonies are not matching ethnicity lines W asia is hard line to draw for example Sri Lanka has dealt with a war that lasted 20+ years where you had hindu tamil minority and buddhist sinhalese majority constantly at war with one another Africa different ethnicities are constantly at war with each other and we have ethnic boundaries and some ethnicities are divided between states and some are combined into one state making it difficult to run

What is meant by "intensive"? Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced? Why there?

It implies that farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land E, S, and SE Asia because it is densely populated - developing countries

Define foreign direct investment. What is a transnational corporation? Where are most headquartered?

Investment made by a foreign company (usually transnational corporations) in the economy of another country. Corporations that invest and operate in countries other than the one in which its headquarters are located; most have headquarters in developed countries. - N. America and Europe

Define situation factors: Define site factors:

Involve transporting materials to and from a factory. A firm seeks a location that minimizes the cost of transporting inputs to the factory and finished goods to consumers. Proximity to inputs and markets. Result from the unique characteristics of a location.

In what sense can we say that the first break came to different world regions for different reasons and in different ways?

It came to Europe and North America - industrial revolution It came to Africa, Asia, and Latin America - medical revolution

Small scale map advantage

It effectively communicated processes and trends that affect everyone

Economic push and pull factors

Land If you don't have enough land, you go somewhere with more land to gain it Natural resources Where you live doesn't have enough natural resources, so you go somewhere where you can get them and they are abundant Jobs If you can't get hired here, go somewhere else Poverty Wherever you are, you are impoverished, you are looking for advancements and a better life Government policies If they do something bad, and you want to go somewhere where the policy fits you Guestworker programs Social inequality Mexican immigrants come here (50 percent)

Define lingua franca: Define pidgin language:

Language of international communication by people with different native languages. A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. Form of speech used by different native speakers that adopts simplified grammar & vocabulary of a lingua franca. Simplified form.

• ethnic province

Large areas associated with a particular ethnic group, such as French-speaking Quebec.

Situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

What three conditions make the southeast U.S. an ideal location for this commercial gardening and fruit farming?

Long growing season, humid, accessible to large market of Eastern cities

Where has industry shifted internationally? And, name each region's leading industrial country(s). Why do transnational corporations transfer work to LDCs? Define outsourcing: Provide an example of an industry that outsources, and what do they outsource? Define maquiladoras: Explain the two major fears of the integration of a North American industry.

MDCs to LDCs. US, Germany, China, Japan, Brazil, india, Russia, and South Africa. Low skilled workers that don't need to paid much. Turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. Vertical Integration. Car manufacturers and Apple both outsource the parts that are needed to make the finished product. Plants in Mexico near the US border. Labor leaders fear that more manufacturers relocate production to Mexico to take advantage of lower wage rates. Environmentalists fear that NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico because laws governing air and water quality standards are less stringent than in US and Canada.

How has the makeup of the population changed since 1943? What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved?

Mainly maronite Christian and Sunni/Shiite Muslim A civil war resolved by an agreement giving 1/2 of the 128 seats in Parliament to each religion (Christians and Muslims)

Suburbanization of business

Manufacturing, some producer services, and malls!

Measuring Development

Material conditions evaluating - HDI - Human Development Index is what we are worried about and this indian pakistani dude evaluated this. United nations development program Organization for development and four main indicators Economic - one has to be and it varies from year to year Social - two of them Demographic - one of them Out of all of that you get a single number and every one these countries can be evaluated on that line Other Possible Measures Gross National Income per capita or PPP - Economic and basically value of goods and services produced within a country mostly looked at per capita or PPP Sector of Employment: Primary - extraction - fishing mining, Secondary - manufacturing, Tertiary - services, Quaternary, Quinary. More in the lower levels earning more is MDC - more in primary development are LDC if you have a lot of them in there then it's hard getting food and stuff, and so you can tell it is an LDC. GDP - Just GDP won't tell you how conditions are distributed Availability of COnsumer Goods - Idea of luxuries - drives the economy and wants rather than needs. More consumer good, manufacturing thriving, and higher development.

The Urge to Understand - Mixing Languages

Mixing languages : Languages that are in contact often begin to blend together (pidgins, creoles, "Franglais," "Spanglish," etc.). Lingua franca: A major language used over a large area for commerce and diplomacy (Latin, English, etc.). Lingua franca (sometimes called "world languages") Major language used for trade, diplomacy, etc. Once, Latin and French; Today English is a lingua franca Multilingualism: Knowing and using more than one language. Artificial languages: A constructed language which is supposed to be logical, practical and easy to learn (Esperanto, etc.). Translation and interpretation: Translation: Words and concepts expressed in one language are rendered more-or-less faithfully in another. Interpretation: A less literal translation, emphasizing overall meaning. o Multilingualism (speaking two or more languages) o Artificial languages (e.g. Esperanto, etc.) o Translation and Interpretation

Where do most undocumented immigrants in the US come from?

Mexico and other Latin American countries

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Islam

Mohammed (c. 570-632 CE) o Orphaned at age 6, adopted by his Uncle, began working on camel caravans when he was 9. Traveled throughout Middle East, worked his way up, eventually married the caravan owner, Khadija (c. 605 CE). o At age 40 (c. 610 CE) received first revelation from the Archangel Gabriel, began to preach, make conversions. o 622 CE opposition forced Mohammed and his followers to move to Yathrib(Medina) -the hijrah. o By 630 CE Mohammed is the most powerful political and military leader in Arabia; conquers Mecca. o Mohammed dies 632 CE; rapid expansion of Islam: •632 Arabian Peninsula •650 Most of the Middle East •710 North Africa, Spain •750 Central Asia to Western Chin

• gene flow

Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population

In what way does al-Qaeda pose a challenge to Muslims? To Americans?

Muslims have a challenge to express disagreement with the policies of governments in the US and Europe yet disavow the use of terrorism. Americans have a hard time distinguishing between the peaceful but unfamiliar principles and practices of the world's 1.3 billion Muslims and the misuse and abuse of Islam by a handful of terrorists.

Origins? (Language) Unknown but UNIVERSAL and FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHY OF LANGUAGE

Necessary for social interaction; expressing emotion; expressing ideas/shape ideas; control world; identity Cool Lots of culture, character, and it is universal No group of people anywhere that don't have a spoken language There is ASL THere are occasionally normal individuals that have no language at all and ended up isolated Wolf children No language Or language skills Society is buuilt around language We have to communicate IT IS FUNDAMRNTAL Crucial for social interaction and expression Helps us deal with and control the world around us Naming Identify Uderstanding things we don't understand Faith, magic, supernatural Fundamental of our identity People think and dream in their own language Its when your eally get it Sapier-Whorf Hypothesis Interesting because it states the way people think and how is developed and affected by your native language

Market Area Analysis

Not always using central place theory but they have to be aware of what the customers want and what is around them and so on. Choosing for location: A new hospital, high school, mall, starbucks, grocery store, minor league sports franchise, etc. You make decisions of threshold and range.

In Western countries where popular culture predominates, clothing styles generally reflect ___________ rather than particular ____________.

Occupations.....environments

In what different ways is the corn used? Where is the U.S. Corn Belt, and what crops are grown there?

Oil, margarine, animal feed. Ohio to the Dakotas with its center in Iowa - corn 1/2

How is the playing of golf and golf courses an example of a popular custom that is not generally in harmony with the local environment?

People want to play it, but you need to alter the environment to do so. Flattening hills, cutting grass/letting it grow, karting in/digging up sand, draining/adding water, etc.

Old, Middle, and Early Modern English

Old English (c. 400-1000 CE) Fæder ure þuþe eart on heofonum si þin nama gehalgod tobecume þin rice gewurþe þin willa on eorðan swa on heofonum urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice. Middle English (c. 1100-1450 CE) Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name; þi kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it is dounin heuene. Yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us. And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl. Early Modern English (c. 1600 CE) Our father which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

1. The high-tech centers of Silicon Valley in California and the Research Triangle in North Carolina developed in the past 40 years. A. Discuss the following three factors that contributed to the rise of such industrial regions. 1. Investment capital 2. Labor 3. Government B. Define the concept of agglomeration and explain its role in the continuing expansion of such regions.

Part A Investment capital - sources are banks (lenders), companies, firms, businesses, investors taking risks, and the targets are to develop technology and/or innovations, biotechnology, communications technology, etc. Labor - pools are skilled labor, highly specialized labor, engineers, creative, innovative, or inventive people, and the outcome is to develop knowledge, ideas, technologies, products, and companies. Government - federal or state funding for research and development, zoning to promote high tech and research facilities, government subcontracting to local high tech firms. Part B The clustering of similar or related firms in close proximity to one another. No credit for merger or consolidation of companies. Role in regional expansion - urbanization links to or location on the edge of existing cities providing operating cost advantages; attracting similar companies to share a specialized or educated local labor pool/infrastructure; multiplier effects of attracting business services, personal services, or labor.

2. The photograph above, taken in a small town in Arkansas, shows a customer service call center in a building that until recently was an automotive parts manufacturing plant. A. Identify 2 reasons why businesses would choose to locate their call centers in small southern towns. B. Discuss three disadvantages in the use of call centers as a local economic development strategy.

Part A Low land (site costs) or rent Low wage structure Low tax structure, tax incentives Part B Low wages - Adds little to local economy through disposable income Skill level requirements minimal - Jobs requiring basic in house training, so upward mobility and promotions restricted with limited improvements on education system and limited employment benefits. Part time employment. Amount of labor required is minimal - Small addition of capital to local economy - highly automated.

Reasons people migrate 3 Basic kinds of push and pull factors

People migrate because of push and pull factors Push - push people to leave their current location Almost always negative, from Pull - pull people to a new location - usually a particulat place, to 3 Basic kinds of push and pull factors Economic Jobs Cultural (Also politics) People causing other people to leave Persecution, expulsion, war, prejudice, slavery, refugees Having your cultural traditions threatened by change *Forced vs voluntary migration - refugees vs economic migrants *Chain migration Environmental Beauty brings you in (beaches) Disaster draws you out (flood)

Define aparheid

Physical separation of different races into different geographical areas

Point-source pollution

Point-source pollution Definition: Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source that can be easily located. Example: Factories emitting chemicals into a body of water that they are using. Pranaya Sripathi

More elaborate on euphemisms

Positive euphemisms: make the euphemized subject seem bigger or more important Negative euphemisms: make the euphemized subject seem less important or dangerous There are several different forms of euphemism: Foreign words ("schmuck," "merde," "triage," "lingerie") Abbreviations ("TB," "SOB," "BS," "CYA," even "the f-word") Abstractions (terms "the situation" or "the unfortunate event") Indirections ("bite the dust" instead of "died," "clean up" instead of "destroy evidence," "separate but equal" instead of "racist") Understatements ("collateral damage," "friendly fire," "ethnic cleansing," "final solution," "non-operative personnel") Lengthening ("post traumatic stress disorder" instead of "shell shock"; "normal involuntary attrition" instead of "fired")

Origins of Agriculture Starting at the Beginning

Pre-Agricultural World-We've been around for millions of years, but only been practicing agriculture for 10 thousands years Hunter-Gatherers-Before agriculture -Today we still have some, but only small groups, & not lots of groups in same area cuz you run outta resources -Gathering is 60 to 80 percent of food -Men would hunt and fish while women gathered - baby strapped -Getting food only took you 10 percent of your time, and the down time used to move from place to place -Everything is informal -Little social stratification -Animistic religious beliefs, and when using the world around for sustenance, makes sense to have some sort of spiritual quality -No making stuff - material culture because if you pick up and move all the time you don't want to have a whole bunch of stuff and no permanent settlements -Strongly tied to land, but very very mobile, and strong sense of place, but much larger

Premises and Postulates

Premises (Assumptions if) Isotropic Surface: Equal, level, no physical geography Even population distribution: Similar in purchasing power, labor is available in all directions Homo Economicus: People are going to economize, people are going to act on purely economic motives: Economic determinism. People will always travel min distance to get what they want. Integrity of the LAw of Supply and Demand: People need to take services to business to stay open If all these things are met then what should happen is you will have a regular spacial of order - few large places, many small places, and that large places will be farther apart, small places closer together, and that is what we will get out of this. Postulates (Outcomes then) Regular spatial order of Central Places: Number, Size, Spacing

New Zealand

Preserve indigenous languages; but also teach English

What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?

Prior, it started with the shooting down of Hutu 2 presidents of both countries on a plane with a missile. The Hutus were the majority of the pop but serfs under the Tutsis. They fought and after foreign control, when Rwanda became independent, Hutus gained power and undertook the ethnic cleansing of the Tutsis. Presently, the casualties and fighting continues, but many refugees have returned to their countries.

Percentage of the world's christian population belonging to each of it's three major branches How many orthodox churches are there and which has the largest membership? What percentage of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic? Protestants comprise 28% of North Americans. List the five largest denominations

Roman catholic - 51% Protestant - 24% Orthodox - 11% 14 self governing churches. More than 40 percent of all belong to the Russian Orthodox church, the largest of the 14 84 percent of all the population and 93 percent of all of the christians in said population Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Pentecostal, Other

Industrial Revolution

So, industry just means manufacturing good in a factory setting. There were small scale industrial activities before this - cottage industry - home based or locally run and not wide scaled or in a factory. It was a process not a single event - social, economic, political, and technological changes occurred. Starts in england and begins there because of lots of factors - geography, coal and iron, many navigable waterways where no place is 20 miles from a navigable water source, small and connect really easily and have lots of really little railroads, and also before this you have the agricultural revolution (new crops machines and all that led into the tech used for industrial revolution). Led to population spike which led to plenty of labor for this to happen. Also particular culture in great britain where you had lots of middle class entrepreneurs in parliament without guilds and supported capitalism.

Urge to Understnad: Translation

Some words or concepts are almost untranslatable: Saudade (Brazil): the feeling of missing a person who is gone. Mamihlapinatapei (Tierra del Fuego): a look shared by two people with each wishing that the other will initiate something that both desire but which neither one wants to start. Machine translation (English => Japanese => English) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal Devise freely that they are created equal, dedicated to the proposition, 87 years ago, and our ancestors for the score, everyone has created a new nation on this continent.

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee moving from one place seeking safety from war or persecution

Three Major Subfields of Geography

Spatial variation of physical and human phenomena on the surface of the earth Systems that link physical phenomena and human activities in one area of the earth Regional Analysis Systematic Geographers, Physical Geographers, and Human Geographers

Cold Clouds

Stratosphere has a vortex and in it you have cold temperatures that are isolated, and CFCs get stored in that cloud because of the vortex during the polar night and when they are done and daylight and stuff comes up and heats up, they track the hole in the ozone layer and it starts attacking the ozone

Lanaguage and Culture - Toponyms

Tell us about hisotry ,the movements of people and cultures, if you have an inhabited place, you need a nem, so people can refer to it They have a specific structure Youve got a generic term, then specific term Cape town - town is generic, but cape is more specigic Types of toponyms: Commemorative (explorers; famous people; other places). Natural features (Colorado, Florida, Long Beach). Special Sites (military; religious; historical). Other: Animals & Plants (Chicken AK, Redwood City CA). Inherited (Minnetonka MN, Mojave CA). Humor (Truth or Consequences NM, No-Name Island AK). Miscellaneous and uncertain (Oregon, Rhode Island). Peopel often change the names of a toponym Decolonize British distance Political revolution They get changed back later Memorialization The discussions about things names after civil war generals - memorialize or go away Some people refuse to change Some people reanme after MLK

• Decolonization

The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.

In MDCs, the pattern of cities follows the rank-size-rule. What is it? If the largest city in a country is more than twice the size of the second city, it is said to be what?

The country's nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. Primate city rule

Islam Beleifs

The creed: "There is no God but God, and Mohammed is His Prophet."Daily prayer: Five times every day a Muslim prays facing the city of Mecca.Charity: Muslims are obligated to give to charity.Fasting: During the month of Ramadan Muslims must refrain from eating, drinking and all other "sensual pleasures" during daylight hours.Pilgrimage: If at all possible, every Muslim should make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during his or her lifetime. Beleifs 5 pillars Shahada - no god but allah Salat - daily prayer Zakat - charity Sawm - fasting Hajj - pilgrimage to mecca

landfill

The disposal of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil

Primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

How did the iron industry benefits from the steam engine? How is the distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal? Why was development in transportation necessary? What two forms of transportation grew rapidly? How did the Industrial Revolution change textiles? How did the Industrial Revolution and factory system contribute to the need for food processing?

The usefulness of iron had been known for centuries, but it was difficult to produce because ovens had to be constantly heated, something the steam engine could do. Since wood was becoming scarce due to its many uses for energy and construction, manufacturers turned to coal, which was plentiful in England. It became the principal source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engines. First canals and then railroads enabled factories to attract large numbers of workers, bring in bulky raw materials such as iron ore and coal, and ship finished goods to consumers. Canals and railroads. Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system during the late 18th century. 1768 - Richard Arkwright invented machines to untangle cotton prior to spinning. Too large to fit inside a cottage, spinning framed were places inside factories near sources of rapidly flowing water, which supplied the power. Canned good was essential to feed the factory workers who no longer lived on farms.

What is Gross National Income (GNI)? What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? In an LDC? Explain the statement: "Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution."

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. 34k and 7k GDP - Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year (does not account for money that leaves and enters the country). If only a few people receive much of the GNI, then the standard of living for the majority may be lower than the average figure implies. The higher the per capita GNI, the greater the potential for ensuring that all citizens can enjoy a comfortable life.

• standard language

The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life

What is the dilemma that is faced by LDCs as they seek to increase the amount of export crops to sell to MDCs?

There are less and less crops left for domestic consumption if all of the land is being used for exports

What happened when the rate of physiological density increases?

There are more people to feed and support with a limited amount of arable land to use to grow and support them.

Global warming and Climate Change

There is no question that we have added certain gasses to the atmosphere and the earth's climate has changed over the years. A vast majority of scientist say yes it has affected us. Better to say climate change rather than global warming - we look at overall and extremes rather than mild it's more of really cold winters and really hot summers. We are focusing on the anthropogenic or human caused climate change. The factors and effects are complex. Factors include Greenhouse gasses - CO2 CH4 CFCs and etc Atmospheric aerosols (soot, etc): You turn things into particles that can mix with the atmosphere Cloud changes Land cover changes: If we cover vast quantities of land with asphalt, then it absorbs a lot of heat or doesn't reflect Variations in the sun's output VOlcanic aerosols China, US, Russia, India, Japan, Germany produce around like a lot of the world's CO2 Less in europe because of financial issues Asia and south america are increasing

World Trade - WTO

There whole mission is to make trade work as fluidly as possibly and flow as freely as possibly as long as there are no side effects unwanted Questions about how do we pay for this especially in places that are not particularly developed

How has expansion diffusion occurred with English? Does the US have an official language? Why or why not?' Discuss how the French language is important in Canada. Why is much of the internet in English? Why might this be problematic?

Through diffusion of vocabulary, spelling & pronunciation as well as English words fusing with other languages. African american english, appalachian english, franglais, spanglish, denglish. No, because many languages are spoken, and creating an official language would violate freedom of speech and such. It is tied into their roots and founders. 2nd most spoken, just like Spanish in US. The US, the most populous English speaking country, had a head start on making the Internet available to most of its citizens. The US is now an Internet leader. US based companies provide the principal search engines for Internet users everywhere. Most of the users and developers of the Internet speak English. This could be problematic because others may feel that English is being forced upon them and suppressing them and doing stuff that they don't know about (Chinese google blocks?).

In the absence of a hierarchy, what is the only formal organization of territory in Islam? What holds Islam together?

Through the coincidence of religious territory with secular states. Government to bureaucracy to institution to islamic law and welfare . COmmunication and migration High degree of communication and migration (Makkah) and uniformity fostered by islamic doctrine which offers more explicit commands than other religions.

Biodiversity

Trying to maintain a lot of it is important and it refers to the number of different species in an area either on global or local scale New species are constantly being identified - millions undiscovered We see tons die though at a pretty unprecedented rate: Last few cent - inc due to habitat destruction in the tropics and global warming and such Tropics - 7 perc of world's land but contains 50 perc of plants and animals Undiscovered items - rainforest undiscovered and cures in there that we could use

(UNCLOS)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.

Physical Boundaries

Unless truly impassable..only work if everyone agrees on them Defining boundary is often really contentious It has to do with boundaries at sea sometimes UN convention on the law of the sea People have a certain amount of territory off of their coast Problem is then they start to overlap, problematic Using physical boundaries, it can be something about the resources located there, or something might change, flood, etc

How dos clothing style (in this case shoes) indicate the influence of the environment on folk culture? Can you think of other restrictions on clothing styles in developed countries, perhaps in schools? 3 facts about popular clothing style

Usually the style will help them survive/live better in said environment, and reflect what they use daily. It will also be a common characteristic. Dress codes and views on what is acceptable vs what is not in these countries/areas They reflect occupation, income, and style with little regard to physical features Income influences clothing; original fashions are reproduced inexpensively for chain stores; diffusion of TV exposed people in MDCs to other clothing forms.

Agricultural Hearths

Vegetative -Domesticate roots -Happens in SE Asia -Taro (root vegetables), yams, bananas, -Diffuse throughout asia and makes it way to near east and europe -Independent things grown in africa: Manioc and Oil palms Seed-based -Begins in at least 3 diff places --W India --N China --Ethiopia -Then diffused

What are the Neo-eclectic styles of the 1960s and 1970s

Vogue - late 1960s, neo-Tudor - 1970s, neo-French - 1980s, neo-colonial style - since 1950s but never dominant

US attitudes toward immigrants Both European attitudes toward guest workers

Want fewer unauthorized immigrants, support work programs to make unauthorized immigrants legal, favor laws to check identity and find unauthorized immigrants, want the federal government to take care of it, they have hostility to unauthorized immigrants...not always friendly Hostility to outsiders, negative overall response to them No outsiders, worried about their culture and economy, blame crime on them, etc.

Pre Colonial vs Post Colonial Cities

We talk about colonized and its different, especially since they are LDCs. In europe - slum suburbs and wealthy center, but Latin american cities in particular have a distinctive elite spine. Elite people live in the spine model and you have the addition of squatter settlements where people live in poor areas where they build their own houses and you have these favelas (squatter settlements). In fez, in morocco, it is interesting and unique because you have these two completely different cities - Old fez with a more traditional medina aspect and winding streets (more than 9000 streets and ⅔ are dead ends.) and right next to it is a new town, and they built it on grids. Street layout and size is different. In new town there are lots of public squares you don't see in the medina. Much more dense than in old city as well. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - The french have this block grind thing after they destroyed the old city where you have park areas, church areas, etc. Latin american city model = Most particular to spain The reason is because all spanish colonial cities were built to a standard colonial plan with the Law of the Indies (Healthy location, Farm land, Fresh water, Native population, Buildings of one type, And so on). When we look at latin american cities, we see the same things cuz they all follow the same rules. You have some elements of concentric and sector model and so you still have that center, idea of one dominant elite residential sector, commerce area, and such BUT Elite spine is different (Big tree lined boulevards, golf courses, museums, restaurants, parks, zoos, and nice is here. Zoning is very strict.), Zone of maturity is different (Better homes and middle to upper class areas), The zone of in situ accretion is different (Modest, transitional homes where everything is ongoing constructions and infrastructure is only completed in some areas). Finally, a big difference is peripheral squatter settlements - makeshift homes, no infrastructure, no electricity except stolen stuff, etc.

Germanic Branch

West Germanic - In present day Germany - High Germanic ----S. Mtns ----Basis of modern German - Low Germanic ----English ----Dutch ----Flemish ----Dialect of German North Germanic - Scandanavia - All derived from Old Norse ---Swedish ---Danish ---Norwegian ---Icelandic

Primary sector

Where workers extract materials from Earth through agriculture, and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry; the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

The state of the new world order

World no longer functions as separate nations We are much more globalized with cross border trade travel investment International national boundaries no longer matter as much National govs don't matter as much What will emerge out of this is instead of 200 separate nations and then we only have 7 Lots of countries right now are fiercely pushing towards nationalism against globalization Globalization Looking at expansion of economic Finance and trade links everyone together Notions of democracy Tiananmen square In 1997 british turned hong kong to china Democratized it before that Free elections 1994 s africa had first universal elections Hard to remain democratic Growing influence of religion Interesting We have era of science and secularism and millions of ppl trying to religious turning to fundamentalism Areas of oppression and democracy not really an option Shia fundamentalists in iran Islamic fundamentalists in nigeria Middle east has lots of stuff like isis Still concern like in syria Supranational force that can be devolutionary

Many people both ethnic and religious people have claimeed places as divine or holy

Worthy of referance Universal - life of founder of the religion Jerusalem - christianity - jesus, islam - mecca (muhammad) Ethnic religiouns have distinctive evironmental features - rivers, mountains Hindu - ganges People will make a pilgrimage to these places THE HAJJ Pilgrims go through purification, announce, and wear a simple white outfit and modest clothing, walk around mosque in mecca, processes, rituals, pray, meditate, travel to plain and spend time there, stoning, feast of sacrifice (abraham rejection of satan), return to mosque, repeat walk 7 times kaba, run 7 times, pillars and stone, and finally walk again and end the pilgrimmage

Natural Gas Facts

You cool it down and make it a natural liquid and transport it by pipeline and it is easier to transport - tanker, lots of tank stuffs are used. You cool it down to -250 degrees F. It condenses and is 1 six hundredth of its original volume. When you get to your destination, you warm it back up and it becomes a gas. Warming and cooling takes energy though. LNG - Liquefied natural gas Fracking - Induced Hydraulic Fracturing - Drilling, but you use a fluid to create breaks or cracks in the rocks at great depths. Can be used to extract oil or natural gas at sources you couldn't otherwise get...it has seriously increased the proven reserves in natural gas. There is serious things about air and water pollution cuz it lets out gas into the air, and it contributes to the climate change we are seeing.

Lateral commuting

commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.

Complete this statement regarding the basic problems of the inner city: "Inner cities in the United States contain concentrations of _______________________ people with a variety of physical, _____________________, and _________________________ problems very different from those faced by __________________________ residents." What is the major problem faced by inner-city residents? Describe the inner-city process known as filtering. What is the ultimate result of this process? What is redlining and its result?

low income...social...economic...suburban THe poor conditions of the housing. THe process of the subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower income people. Deterioration of houses when profits don't equal expenses, and many low income families have moved to less deteriorated houses farther from the center. Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money. Families who try to fix up houses in the area have difficulty borrowing money.

Modern distribution

oFour major areas North America; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; East Asia - and now, the rest of the world? oIndustrial Location Situation (focus on "inputs" or "outputs") •If inputs make heavy/bulky - locate near markets ("weight-gaining") •Also locating near markets oPerishables oSingle-market manufacturing •5 transportation modes affect situations oShip (slow, cheap, long distance) oRail (slow to fast, cheap, long distance) oTruck (fast, expensive, medium/long) oAir (fast, expensive, medium/long) oPipeline (liquids only, very cheap) Site factors (focus on fixed/physical characteristics) •Land, power, capital (investment) •Labor (skilled or unskilled) (e.g. maquiladora) "Footloose" industries - locate anywhere! Industrial problems in MDCs •Stagnant demand, "decline of shoddy" •Increased global capacity •Trading blocs? Transnationals? Industrial problems in LDCs •Distance from markets, inadequate •Infrastructure, transnationals

Physical definitions

oLegal definitions oUrbanized area (built up - looks "city") oMetropolitan area (functional area) oMSA (Metropolitan & "Micropolitan") CBSA, MSA, CMSA, PMSA

Social differences between city/rural

oLouis Wirth (1930s) Large size (know everybody v. strangers) High density (general v. specialized occupations) Heterogeneity v. homogeneity (more v. less diversity)

Measuring development

oOlder method - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) oToday - UN's Human Development Index (HDI) o1 economic + 2 social + 1 demographic variables oOther development measure? Sure! Too many!

US migration

~10% of US today are immigrants ~65 million migrated to US since 1820 Two main periods - Colonial to Early 20th cent - 1970s to present Three waves of European immigration - 1607-1840 (90% from Great Britain) - 1870s-1880s (75% from N & W Europe) - 1890s-1924 (75% from S & E Europe) 1970s to present - Latin America and Asia US Immigration - Legalization history - Quotas US Immigrant Destination Patterns By Region of Origin - 2000 Big cities or what is nearest to them Undocumented immigration Estimated - Best guess is around 11 million About half of them enter the US illegally The other half enter legally but overstay their visa Look at Census records Social security Birth securities Green cards Health care Migration Destinations in the US ¼ in cali ¼ ny and nj ¼ fl, tx, and illionois WHYYYYY Economic opportunities Chain migration

The text will generally explain commercial agriculture, and you will deduce the situation of subsistence agriculture on your own. Subsistence Agriculture (Mostly LDCs) Commercial Agriculture (Mostly MDCs) % of Farmers in Labor Force Use of Machinery Farm Size

~44% Farmers do much of the work with hand tools and animal power. Smaller farms ~5% Machinery performs most of the work, and use scientific advantages. Also electronics and transportation are used. Large farms because machines do the work

Cosmogony (worldview, origin of universe)

• Fatalism vs. idea we can change world • Ethnic v. universalizing (accept vs. able to change) Cosmogony and calendars Paying attention to the universe and time It is the study of the origina nad fate of the universe Relates to creation stories Extremely important in universalizing religions What is coming next What shoudl we do with the universe Christians and islam usually believe the world is soemthing that we can change Ethnic is hard to change and just accept it Calendar is ties to differrent things based on what is improtant Ethnic - agricultural cycles Judaism Universal - life of founder Islam Solar and lunar year don't match They either ignore lunar year, christianity (easter exception) Or the solar year, islam (lunar so ramadan is completely different) Judaism Insert extra days or months

• caliphs

Islamic leaders regarded as successors of Muhammad for Sunni Muslims

2 reasons for which television is an especially significant element of culture

It increases access to pop and folk culture Most popular leisure activity in MDCs & most important tool by which knowledge of popular culture is diffused.

• Boundary origin

also known as Genetic Political Boundaries because it has to do with the evolution of boundaries

• Anglo-American landscape

an American, especially an inhabitant of the United States, whose language and ancestry are English

• sociological subsystem

expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations in economic, political, military, religious and other associations

• social distance

how much social "space" is there between differing racial or ethnic groups in society, refers to the amount of space that operates between individuals or groups as a result of differences in race, age, culture, ethnicity, etc.

• Pleistocene overkill

intensified hunting efforts brought on in response to lowered reproduction and survival rates of large animals

Isoline map

Definition: a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value Example: average rainfall across a country

Neo-Malthusian

Definition: advocating control of population growth (as by contraception) Example: One Child Policy in China

Parallel

Definition: circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridian. Example: Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle

Suburbanization

Definition: symbols on a landscape that represent the culture there Example: A symbolic landscape enhances one's sense of place.

Comparative advantage

Definition: the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers (making them have the advantage) Example: (Assuming Brazil produces Coffee beans and Bananas only) If Brazil grows highly profitable coffee beans instead of not very profitable bananas, and if the US tried to grow coffee beans instead of corn (which is very profitable) Brazil would have the comparative advantage, since their giving up the small profit from growing bananas, compared to the Us who's giving up a large profit they would've gotten from the corn

Distortion

Definition: the act of twisting or altering something out of its true, natural, or original state Example: The Mercator projection distorts the relative size towards the poles, making places look much larger than they are

Sequent occupance

Definition: the idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. Example: In Jamaica, the Taino left their cultural influence which combined with Spanish and African culture to form a unique society with all three influences.

Contagious diffusion

Definition: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population Example: an airborne disease that affects everyone who encounters it

Urban morphology

Definition: the study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation Example: street and building patterns

Global positioning system (GPS)

Definition: the system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth by use of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers Example: Google Maps

Definitions of religion - they are all different

1) The service and worship of God or the supernatural; 2) commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance; 3) a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices; 4) a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith A set of beliefs and practices, a social system, through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe, through which we attempt to influence the awesome forces of nature, life, and death. Religion is excellent stuff for keeping the common people quiet. Napoleon That which is of ultimate concern.

What are the 3 principal types of consumption of energy in the US? Coal, petroleum, and natural gas? What is it? Where is it? Proven Reserves...

1. Businesses - coal 2. Homes - natural gas 3. Transportation - petroleum Coal - Formed in tropical, lush, swampy, plant areas. Mid latitudes like CHina, developing, and developed countries like the US. 1 quadrillion metric tons or 600 q BTU and 1/2 in developed and developing (US is 1/4 of that). Petroleum - Residue deposits on sea floor. Persian Gulf and North Sea, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, developing like SW and C Asia ad developed like US. 175 trillion m^3 or 6k q BTU <10 percent in developed countries like the US and 60 percent in ME and developing is the rest. Natural Gas - Sediment deposited on sea floor. Russia and SW Asia, developing, and developed countries like the US in TX, OK, App. Mts. 1.3 trillion barrels 85 percent in developing countries around 5k q BTU.

Austronesia

6% of world pop Indonesia Javanese, Malagasy

• culture complex

A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day. if you cross it in the navy you become a shellback,if you pass it at the equator you are a golden shellback

What place is designated 0 degrees longitude?

Greenwich, England

The Middle East Hearth

Judaism - Christianity - Islam

Hydraulic civilization

a civilization based on large-scale irrigation.

• speech community

a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language

• Ethnic neighborhood

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

• cluster migration

a pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of distinctive social or ethnic group

3. According to the Rostow model, countries move through the following five stages of economic development. Stage 1 - Traditional Stage 2 - Preconditions to takeoff Stage 3 - Takeoff Stage 4 - Drive to maturity Stage 5 - High mass consumption Explain the usefulness of the model in understanding contemporary social and economic change with reference to any 3 of the following: a. A country's role in the world economy b. COlonial transportation networks c. Cultural differences d. Local social and class structures Be sure to support your answers with example from any of the following regions: latin america sub saharan africa south asia

a) Rostow stage equates role to shift from resource export (early stages) to rise of industrial economy and mass consumption, Core-periphery vs. Rostow, Membership in supranational organization (e.g., NAFTA, OPEC), Labor exporting region (e.g., Mexico) b) external orientation to colonizer(e.g. transportation focused on ports with links to centers of resource exploitation - most important to link resource exploitation area to world market or labor supply to world market), limits internal growth of the transportation system - no reason for colonial powers to develop transport network or modernize c) Religion(i.e. Hindu caste system hinders development of middle class), Language(different languages are barriers to flow of info and economic participation), Political beliefs(governments may wish to isolate population from westernization to ensure control), Profit motive(some populations may not move forward for lack of interest in cash profit), Colonial legacy(colonial rulers left behind neo-colonialist societies that have an imbalance of wealth and infrastructures that aren't open to new economic activities, Gender(gender roles limit participation in economy), Instability and violence(destruction of population, infrastructure, waste of wealth) d) Class divisions(small group controls majority of wealth with no intention of investing in new economic activities), Lack of middle class emergence(countries with no middle class have a lack of skilled labor and business people to carry the economy further), Gender(gender roles create regional variations in economic participation), Ethnicity(inter-group hostility can create a damaged infrastructure, population loss, or prevention of economic participation for some groups - preventing a country from developing further)

Folk and Popular Culture

folk culture was the simpler, more homemade culture while popular culture was the mass distribution and sales of images to the people

Define hierarchical religion

has a well-defined structure of religion-organizes territory into local administrative units

Employment structure

how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary

Define race

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

• Other Faiths

o Animistic faiths (tribal and native religions) Americas, Africa, Australia, Asia Declining numbers o Voudon (voodoo, Candomble, etc.) Syncretism, blending African faiths and Christianity Throughout Americas in former slave-holding regions, parts of Africa o Modern Pagans Revived or re-created systems, mostly in secular areas Based mostly on pre-Christian belief systems • The Non-Religious: one billion worldwide are "non-religious" o Atheists: do not believe in any gods whatsoever o Agnostics: uncertain ("a gnosis" = do not know) o Secular: just means "not related to religion"

Basic Concepts

o Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupance) o Cultural attributes (cultural landscape) o Density (arithmetic, physiological) o Diffusion (hearth, relocation, expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus) o Direction (absolute, relative) o Dispersion/concentration (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated) o Distance (absolute, relative) o Distribution o Environmental determinism o Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name) o Pattern (linear, centralized, random) o Physical attributes (natural landscape) o Possibilism o Region (formal/uniform, functional/nodal, perceptual/vernacular) o Scale (implied degree of generalization) o Size o Spatial (of or pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface) o Spatial interaction (accessibility, connectivity, network, distance decay, friction of distance, time-space compression)

Geographic Tools

o Distortion o Geographic Information System (GIS) o Global Positioning System (GPS) o Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date line) o Maps (Maps are the tools most uniquely identified with geography; the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential geographic skills) o Map scale (distance on a map relative to distance on Earth) o Map types (thematic, statistical, cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline) o Mental map o Model (a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships): Geographers use models (e.g., Demographic Transition, Epidemiological Transition, Gravity, Von Thünen, Weber, Stages of Growth [Rostow], Concentric Circle [Burgess], Sector [Hoyt], Multiple Nuclei, Central Place [Christaller], and so on) to explain patterns, make informed decisions, and predict future behaviors. o Projection o Remote sensing o Time Zones

Central Business Districts (CBD or "downtown")

oCBDs - compact area, expensive, intense land use oService cluster in CBDs: Consumer services, esp. retail activities •High range good and high threshold goods •(also - services for CBD/city residents) Producer services •Finance, legal, etc. Public services (government, "city hall") oExcluded from CBD -Manufacturing (high land costs) -Residential (high land costs) oHigh land costs = intensive land use (Skyscrapers!)

Characteristics of States

oSize: Enormous (Russia largest) to "microstates" oShapes: compact, prorupt, elongated, fragmented, perforated (containing enclave) oLandlocked (no ocean access)

• Linguistic diversity

the amount of variation of languages a place has

• charter group

the dominant first arrivals establishing the cultural norms and standards against which other immigrant groups were measured

• distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

icebox effect

the tendency for certain kinds of air pollutants to lower temperatures on earth by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space and thus preventing it from reaching (and heating) the earth

• placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places

Physiological density

the number of people supported by a unit of arable land total people/total arable land Sometimes there is very little arable land in an area with a lot of land

Underemployment

the number of people who work part time because they cannot find full-time jobs

Commuter zone

the outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.

• geophagy

the practice of eating earth, especially chalk or clay in famine-stricken regions

• Reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

Define subsistence agriculture Define commercial agriculture What are the three main features that separate commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family the production of food primarily for sale off the farm The percentage of farmers in the labor force, the use of machinery, and farm size

Productivity

the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input

Agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land Tells us how much food they can produce for a theoretical area total farmers/total arable land

Crude birth rate - CBR

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society CBR = total births/total pop CBR per mille = total births/total pop *1000

Arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area total people/total area USA - 35 people per square km We can't tell if they have enough resources, or land, etc.

• Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

• Adaptive strategy

the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.

Define productivity. Define 'value added'

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it; can be measured by the value added per capita the gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

The "All-Purpose" Map

tries to include everything

• multilinear evolution

used to explain common characteristics of widely separated cultures developed under similar ecological circumstances

Restrictive covenants

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

What is a milkshed? Why do some regions specialize in "milk products" like cheese and butter rather than fluid milk? Identify some of these important regions. What country is the world's largest producer of dairy products? What problems do dairy farmers currently face?

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling These products keep fresh longer than milk and can safely be shipped from remote farms. New Zealand New Zealand declining revenues and rising costs and labor intensive and winter feed

So...what do Geographers think about?

5 Themes of Geography... Place Location Human-Environment Interaction Movement Regions And more!... Scale Space Connections

Niger COngo

6.4% of world pop Sub-saharan Africa Swahili

Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state?

90 % of the population is ethnic Danes. They have a strong sense of unity derived from shares cultural characteristics and share the same language. Nearly all Danish in Denmark but 10 % is minor ethnicities.

Network

A chain of communication that connects places the phone lines or interwebs

• genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

• Language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Define council of government: What is annexation? What is required before an area can be annexed by a city? In the past, why did peripheral areas desire annexation? What has changed?

A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of the various local governments in the region. THe process of legally adding land area to a city. A majority of residents in the affected area vote in favor of the annexation. THe city offered better services, such as water supply, sewage disposal, trash pickup, paved streets, public transportation, and police and fire protection. Legal boundaries to accommodate newly developed areas.

• Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.

Define autocracy

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

• Pidgin

A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages

Supply

A stock of a resource from which a person or place can be provided with the necessary amount of that resource.

By definition, what is a colony?

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Four ways places can receive names

After a person, something associated with religion, the origin of its settlers, or ancient history

Dairying

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

Renewable resource

Definition: a resource that is produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans Examples: air, water, timber, solar energy, wind

In the 1990s the central business and residential districts of cities in the US became the focus of a revitalization process. Discuss how each of the following has contributed to this revitalization process. A. Economic factors B. Demographic composition C. Urban policy D. Sense of place

A. Actions and decision making process of business/entrepreneurs; also broader forces of economic restructuring. - Expansion of service sector, quaternary sector; information/knowledge processing, research facilities - Agglomeration economies/centrality (identified in context) - Rent gap, investment opportunities, places of profit - Importance of face to face interaction - Tourism - Demand for housing in downtowns and inner city neighborhoods due to economic growth - entrepreneurship; growth in small businesses (may be in residential disricts surrounding city core) B. Changing patterns of household composition, age composition, and residential location, including migration/immigrations - New household forms; single person households, households without children (DINKs, yuppies), and nontraditional households - Aging of Baby Boomers; empty nesters - recent international immigrants C. Effects of government/nonprofit organizations to revitalize central cities through public policies and incentives - City investment policies; subsidies/tax incentives, eg sports facilities and other attractions - Public-private partnerships - Zoning, urban enterprise zones, building codes - Historic preservation (must refer to government policy/action) - Public safety - replacement of older public housing with mixed income housing - Creation of new green spaces/open areas D. Emotional attachment to central city locations based on cultural amenities, landscape features, lifestyle factors - Distinctiveness of inner cities; consumption of nostalgia/historic character - Cultural amenities (theater, museums, sports venues, restaurants); leisure society - Lifestyles; concentrations of population with similar interests; acceptance of diversity - Community pride; neighborhood associations

Circles

Agglomerated Settlements - geographically clustered; opposite to dispersed settlements We assume people are clustered. (One category of places - center is central place) We are assuming that this is service based - places exist as a tour center or things. Christaller limited himself and agglomerated settlements are also called distribution centers - but many names based on size: Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis Middle is the agglomerated settlement and around it is trade area or market area. Farmers need to buy a variety of things and we put all of these circles together and there is space or overlap. Hexagon is as close as we can get. This is the first layer of a central place network. We have seven trade areas provided services by seven villages. The problem is that this requires laboratory conditions or does not work otherwise.

Challenges

Agriculture and population growth -Population growth: Temporary it would help, but we need to meet the population. Non profitable areas to profitable how do we do it? Increase productivity -Expanding agricultural land: Only 11 percent of the world's land is used for agriculture, but enviro problems are going to be problems. People take away land. Antarctica where the most land not good for agriculture and the time and energy put to make it useful would be not practical Reducing environmental damage -No till farming: Breaking up ground and great for agriculture, but till soil and the soil below is compacted and you lose organic matter and bacteria and rain would cause you to lose topsoil. To farm without tilling has its benefits and improves soil and reduces erosion and is great for the environment but the problems are that you need different equipment and skills, need to do crop rotation, and increase pesticides. Increasing productivity -Green revolution: Better herbicides, machinery, gmc's, but hybrid seeds and fertilizers are expensive and not good for poor farmers. GMCS are controversial. Less of a crop to bring back nutrients. High protein cereals like golden rice. New good sources and new crops and foods and new food sources. -Mostly eat corn wheat and rice potatoes chicken cows pigs, and sheep. We need to open horizons to things like ocean farming and underused foods like bugs -Diet modification could help: Cows pigs and sheeps are inefficiency and consume more than they produce plus they make pollution. Vegetables and stuff are better with protein and less waste and are healthy. Some areas have and can only have livestock, and large scale agriculture is also wasteful.

What is a "bulk-reducing industry"? What is a "bulk-gaining industry"? Give two examples of these industries, and explain how they are bulk-gaining. Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold primarily to ____________________. Where is their optimum location? Describe one example of this phenomenon. List examples of "perishable products" that must be located near their markets. How is a newspaper highly perishable?

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products. Locates near inputs. Minerals and energy. Makes something that gains volume or weight during production. Locates near markets. Fabricated metals - fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals: a fabricated metal factory brings together metals such as steel and parts as the main inputs and transforms them into a more complex product that has a larger volume than the parts and the cost of shipping is expensive. Beverage production - water is heavy, so syrup and bottles/cans can be transported to markets and water can be added there. 1 or 2 consumers. Close proximity to the customers. A producer of specialized components attached to clothing. The maker of parts for motor vehicles near assembly plants with just-in-time delivery. Milk, bread, newspapers, etc. It is dated information with people demanding it as soon after its printing as possible.

Define labor intensive industry: Explain the difference between "labor-intensive" and "high-wage" industries.

An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses. Labor intensive is measured as a percentage whereas high wage is measured in dollars or other currencies.

Refrigeration

Artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria.

What is the principal difference between grains grown in "commercial grain farming" regions and grains grown in "mixed crop and livestock" regions?

Crops on a grain farm are grown primarily for consumption by humans rather than by livestock

THe Central Business District

CBD (also called downtown) - Best known and most distinctive area in a city but not necessarily ALWAYS true. It is a very compact area and things are expensive, land in particular. Intensive land use where you use every square inch that you can. Services cluster in the CBD - Consumer services not necessarily as much, but high threshold services end up in the downtown or high range items you will see in the downtown area. Some worker services like restaurants that are working in the downtown. You will see a lot of business services - financial, legal, and that kinda thing in the downton, and its more efficient and you see more public or government services in the downtown. You won't see manufacturing, land cost and transportation make it ridiculous, and residential there are some, but few comparatively. Rent is unaffordable. High land use.

CO2 Production 2010

COntroversy and not all evidence clearly points to climate change - a minority of scientists saying maybe this isn't quite right Contradictory stories on the mass media The best thing we can do is ignore the evidence and trust our scientists and listen to the most reliable sources and vast majority of sources to make more prudent situations

Calorie consumption

Calorie consumption Definition: The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation. Example: On average, a person should consume 1800 calories a day.

Theories

Carl Sauer -Theory is that this was not in response to hunger, not happening with nomads, not happening in grasslands or river valleys, not conventional. It will happen in areas with high environmental diversities and high plant diversities. -Look around for this things, we find it in SE Asia: Sophisticated, Domesticated seeds, Hoabinhian, Pottery -Choose which one of the diversity you want -15 k ago Conventional -People had gathered seeds and the gatherers noted what worked best and started caring for them. Begins with grains and lentils and maybe dates. -They say it started in Mesopotamia: Nile, Indus, Huang He, Mexico and Peru -10k ago People who study agriculture and economic factors, constantly studying how did it spread, how did it begin

List some site characteristics

Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation

Fossil fuel

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

New Urbanism

Concept is you are trying to develop and retrofit cities to fit humans better. You are trying to bring these massive things down to a human scale to make it more accessible for everybody. Human centered design. We don't want really sprawling areas, we don't want single use buildings (designed to only be commercial or housing or etc) and instead have mixed use buildings, low density buildings are problematic as well. So what they wanna do is add a whole bunch of things like walkability (needs are 10 min of home), connectivity (easily walk or transport (bike) integrated intelligently with car lanes and everything is mixed). Development near whole foods in short pump is kinda like this. Lots of different housing, mixed price, size, and use. Different kinds of people live in the same area. High quality architecture and beautiful, traditional neighborhood community, green transportation and trying to improve environmental, sustainable quality. Overall it is trying to improve quality of life. Criticism - gentrification...is what this is in lots of areas. Prices of houses are high and only upper and middle can live here. THis construction has to be middle and poor and try to fix things like that but it causes people to destroy what is there and put up something new.

• folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Small groups; isolate; homogeneous; rural Usually spread by relocation (relocation diffusion) Localities Tradition What's been around for a long time Get habits from their landscape (physical) Cultural landscape Human environment interaction How do people adapt to their environment

Third Agricultural Revolution

Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's).

How is the percent of workers in agriculture different in LDCs and MDCs? Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?

Developing countries > developed countries (decreasing in developing countries) Primary - dec Secondary - dec Tertiary - inc

Subsistence and COmmercial

Differ with purpose -Farming for consumption or selling -Farm size small vs large -Percentage of farmers --Majority = subsistence --Minority - commercial -Machinery hand vs mechanized -Farms and relationship with other industries are they isolated or highly integrated --AGRIBUSINESS

Language and the Pysical Environment US Streams

Different words for streams in the US Branch Run Fork Brook Kill Stream Bayou Swamo Slough Wash Canada Arroyo Rio

• Maladaptive diffusion

Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or What works well in one region may not in another

Religion and culture

Directly and indirectly affects many aspects of culture Food Drink Housing Architecture Occupations Economic Laws Customs Politics Relationships between men and women Birth Death Land Landscape Dry and alcohol counties based on religion is an example

Environmental push and pull factors

Disease Natural disaster Trouble with natural resources Famine Potato famine Irish people fled to the US Beauty People like to move to the beaches Climate Warm pulls people

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

How does the US Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?

Hispanic is the inoffensive term for all spanish speaking peoples and latino/a is for Latin American descent. Not a race, these ethnicity picks their race.

Explain where each ethnic group is clustered in the US

Hispanics - SW in AZ, NM, TX (1/3) and CA (1/4)...home to out of pop CA 1/3 TX 1/5 FL and NY 1/6 African American - SE in AL, LO, MD, SC (1/4) and MISS (1/3)....New England and W have 1% of total pop Asian American - W with 40% of pop in Hawaii...out of total is CA 1/2 (12% of total pop there)

• long lot

Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.

Borders and Borderlands

How are boundaries established? Also issues of why boundary disputes occur

Theme 3 - Human-Environment Interaction: What is the relationship between the people and their environment?

How people affect their environment AND how the environment affects people Environmental Determinism and Possibilism

Nicene Creed

I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made. Who, for us men for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end. And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets. And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. 14

Malls

Idea was to consolidate services at one spot. Especially higher order services. Cloverleaf - now krogerleaf The mall of america - bloomington minnesota - 4.2 million square feets. More than 520 stores. 26 down restaurants. 30 fast foods restaurants. 26 specialty food stores. 8 night clubs. 14 more than but movie screens. 11k employees. 12k parking spaces. And 2 hotels attached to it. It has nickelodeon universe, aquarian, chapel of love, flight simulator. It is huge and ridiculous. It is the 40th largest mall in the world today. AHHH 10 largest malls in the world: Siam paragon - bangkok, thailand; Berjaya times square - kuala lumpur - 5th largest building; İstanbul cevahir; SM megamall - manilla; West edmonton mall - canada; Dubai mall; SW Mall of Asia - manilla; Centralworld - bangkok, thailand; Golden resources mall - china; New south china mall

• Muslim pilgrimage

If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah. (Mecca) They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.

• Reincarnation

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding

Replacement level

The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself 2ish - 2.1-2.5

How has interaction between places changed?

It now happens through a network or chain of communication that connects places (plains or social media, etc)

What is "wet rice"? What is "sawah"? What is a "paddy"? What is double-cropping? Where is double-cropping possible? Where is it not?

It refers to rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth The flooded field - Austronesian Incorrect word we use meaning wet rice - Malay obtaining two harvests per year from one field Places with warm winders like South China and Taiwan, not dry winters like India

As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of the regions on the maps. (Use maps on pages 396-397 as guides) East Asia Japan - China - South Korea -

Japan - Became industrial power in 1950s and 60s initially by producing goods that could be sold in large quantities at cut rate prices to consumers in other countries. Manufacturing concentrated in central region between Tokyo and Nagasaki. China - Had world's largest supply of low-cost labor and world's largest market for many consumer products. Manufacturers cluster in 3 areas along the East coast: near Guangdong, Hong Kong, Yangtze River Valley between Shanghai and Wuhan, along gulf of Bohai from Tianjin and Beijing to Shenyang. South Korea - Focused on export oriented manufacturers. Leading producer of ocean going ships. Manufacturing is centered along the rim of the country between capital and largest city Seoul and Busan, the largest port.

What three religions are in constant conflict over the land in the ME?

Jews, Christians, Muslims ---> Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

List typical methods/acts of terrorists.

Kidnapping Hijacking Hostage taking Bombing Assassination

Interregional migration - India

Limits migration by state

o Threats to folk culture

Loss of traditional values (esp. role of women!) Foreign media domination • (TV yes, but NOT local newspapers or radio) Environmental Impacts • Modifying nature (e.g. golf courses, hotels) • Increased demand for resources o Folk must be in balance with locality or die! o Popular can heat, import, cool; less need to seek balance • Pollution (far more in popular than in traditional) Commodification - turning folk culture elements into commodities for sale (reggae, Santa Claus, etc.) "Placelessness" (uniform landscapes - everywhere the same) Traditional cultures are often under threat Should we worry or care? Yes - sometimes you can turn away from a society's traditional values 5 threats Loss of traditional values Changing roles for women THey can have education, new roles, and jobs Sadly more pop culture means that there is more prostitution, etc and they are persecuted Dress? Various culture is struggling with now Foreign media and imperialism Western news dominates international news, then the news within a country isn't getting too them Western news tends to be more focused on disaster Al Jazeera Adoption and Commodification We are going to take this and make it popular now, and things get lost in the process Santa The Environment Folk culture depends on the environment Modify, but they need to be in balance with it Pop culture created pollution like toxic stuff and sewage Modify and destroy the local environment Golf courses Placelessness When you drive down the street and everything looks the exact same It has a mental implication Unifmr art, architecture, food, behavior No place is special and unique Nobody is gonna place a value on that location Makes it so people don't care Resisting the English Encroachment

• Monotheism/polytheism

Monotheism this is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief in many gods. This affects HG because many religions spread throughout the world fall under these two categories.

What are the gender, age, and education characteristics of migrants?

More male than female. Mostly young adults, and few old or young people. Little education (high school with few diplomas).

Specialized and Restricted Languages

Occupational languages (professional jargon, etc.) Hidden & secret languages (criminal codes, cryptography, cryptolects, etc) Slang Primary use of slang is to mark identity (and exclude others). Other reasons (after Eric Partridge (1894-1979)): Fun; Demonstrate ingenuity; Shock value; Escape clichés; Reduce seriousness. Cursing and swearing Primary use is to express frustration and emotion (frequently intended to shock). Usually refer to sex, excretion and the supernatural. Frequency varies among languages Arabic and Turkish are famous for range and imagination. Swearing is almost absent from Japanese, Inuit (Eskimo). Euphemism Literally "good speech" - substitute terms for things we don't (or can't, or don't want to) talk about openly. In general, euphemisms are used to refer the same things we use when we curse - things too awful or too important to talk about directly.

Identify each of the following terms as they relate to the terrorist organization known as Al-Qaeda

Osama bin Laden - founder of the al-Qaeda terrorist network Afghanistan - al-Qaeda was set up in here to unite opposition fighters Yemen and Somalia - Bin Laden moved to Sudan but was expelled in 1994 for instigating attacks against US troops here the base - meaning of al-Qaeda fatwa - religious decree or official order which the organization stands by

Extractive industry

Primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources.

What sector deals with the production of natural resources such as fisheries, mining, and timber?

Primary economic activity

• Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

What is the name of the (theoretical) common ancestral language of all languages discussed in this key issue of the chapter? Why is its existence difficult (impossible) to prove?

Proto-Indo-European Because it would have existed thousands of years before the invention of writing or recorded history.

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?

Quotas for individual countries were replaces with hemisphere quotas

S Africa and Apartheid

Race is an issue in not just uS Originally occupied by khoisan and the dutch established cape town 1652 and then you have competition between dutch or afrikaners and bantu peoples who are the khoisan peoples. Then the british come and cause more tension because they seize cape colony twice and purchase it. Slavery was abolished in the early 1800s and a lot of those Dutch people ended up trekking inland There were issues over gold and diamonds Boer wars What happened and came outta all of this were white foreigners ended up taking complete control When the british left the afrikaners, boers, dutch in africa, they won the national elections and began apartheid policy Separation is definition of apartheid Between 1948 and 1994, there were four official races in S africa, white 13 perc, black 76 perc, asian 3 perc, colored 9 perc covers ppl of mixed races Races were kept legally separated and school, shop, marry, all determined by this There was also homelands which was one of the worst policies of the 20th cent S Africa devised a plan and created homelands The reason why is because a lot of their countries cut off political and economic ties with S africa in the 70s and 80 bc of its racial policies S africa disenfranchised these citizens and made them citizens of somewhere else..homelands One black group would dominate and one of them would have homelands based on the tribal affiliation These were supposed to be independent but couldn't support black pop and were completely dependant on S Africa 4 became independent, but no other country recognized them

How was the Vietnam War detrimental to Buddhism in SE Asia? How were communist regimes detrimental to Buddhism in SE Asia?

Raids destroyed Buddhists shrines and Buddhists burned themselves in protest of the S Vietnam government... communists discouraged religious activities and permitted monuments to decay.

What benefits do the manufacturers receive from just-in-time delivery? How can labor unrest, traffic, and natural hazards disrupt reliance on just-in-time delivery?

Reduces the money that manufacturers must tie up in wasteful inventory and reducing the size of factories. A strike at one supplier plant can shut down the entire production, deliveries can be delayed when traffic is slowed, weather conditions can affect deliveries anywhere in the world.

Where was Malthus' theory right and wrong?

Right about population growth Wrong about the food supply not growing with it Malthus was not too accurate with people, but he is right when it comes to animals

Christianity

Roots in Judaism: the "historical Jesus"; Jerusalem-based until 70 CE. Paul and the Roman Empire o Paul encourages non-Jews to become Christians. o Christianity spreads through the Empire -periodic persecution. Constantine (274-337 CE) o Conversion; Edict of Milan 313 CE (Christianity became Empire's religion). o First Nicean Council 325 CE -Nicene Creed. o Constantine moves capital of the Empire to Constantinople 330 CE. Eastern & Western Christianity o 800 CE Rome crowns Charlemagne "Holy Roman Emperor." o 1054 CE Rome and Constantinople excommunicate each other. o 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople. o 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople. Protestantism o 1517 CE Martin Luther posts 95 "theses" questioning Catholic practices. o Printing press, rise of nationalism assist "protest movement." o 1545 CE Council of Trent begins "counter-reformation." o 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War; 20% of German population killed; Treaty of Westphalia establishes boundaries between Catholic & Protestant in Europe. Modern Period o Rise of science, the Enlightenment, Rationalism. o 20th Century Movements: Evangelic movement; Ecumenical movement.

Europe

Russia Population concentrated near rivers Includes 48 countries

Examples

Russia is multianation with 15 different republics and 39 nationalities with auto regions Concept is self determination Domainated by central gov Some small independent movement that are centrifugal S Asia India and pakistan with being hindu and muslim Kashmir same issues with religion versus where do we belong and which state Sri lanka has a buddhism and hinduism and different ethnicities that are competing with each other ME Huge issues with israel and palestine Lots of people that don't consider them to be represented Palestinians are a buncha people living in Gaza and W Bank and might be an israeli citizen, jewish, left people after wars, other ME countries that consider them to be palestinians Lebanon ethnic issues and have 17 different recognized ethnicities and no census so not accurate pop figure where there constitution is set up based on ethnic divides parliament president based on numbers from 1932 not reflective of today

Occupatonal Languages

SEASPEAK (used by the Merchant Marine): Standard phrases; avoid alternatives. Fixed syntax: Days of the week never used, dates always in fixed format: "Day 04 Month 02." Special marker words indicate message type and responses A sample SEASPEAK conversation: "Singapore Port Operations. This is Western Sky. Information: My ETA position: East Johore pilot station is time: one-three-four-five UTC. Over." "Western Sky. This is Singapore Port Operations. Mistake. Time is: onefour-three-zero UTC now. Over." Singapore Port Operations. This is Western Sky. Correction. My ETA is onefive-four-five UTC. Over."

In what two ways are suburban areas segregated? What is a zoning ordinance? What is the strongest criticism of U.S. suburbs? Define edge city: Bullet important information regarding: Suburbanization of Consumer Services Suburbanization of business services and factories

Segregated social classes and segregated land uses Law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community. Encourages spatial separation. prevented the mixing of land uses within the same district. Low income people and minorities are unable to live in them because of the high cost of the housing and the unfriendliness of established residents. A large node of business and consumer services in the suburbs of an urban area usually planned around freeway exits and designed to be navigable only in motor vehicles. Clustered in malls. More space and cheaper land, better traffic parking and land costs, longer commute, decreased public transportation, less surrounding services at lunch, etc.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Landlocked States

Serious disadvantage with trade and access to resources Have no direct access to sea so international trade is limited Depend on the cooperation of their neighbors Africa has the most landlocked states - sahel is poorly linked, uganda has access by rail, zimbabwe has stuff, rwanda and burundi is most isolated, Mongolia and nepal are landlocked, some states are experiencing similar issues Bolivia and paraguay have lost coastline in a war Europe central states struggle, but Ukraine is shown here, but don't call it landlocked because they have access through black and mediterranean sea as opposed to the caspian sea which has no other connections

Development - Why? How?

Self Sufficiency Model Basically balanced growth because you want to spread your investment in your economy evenly, economic sectors evenly, balance evenly, focus on fairness and reduction of overall poverty. TO implement, though, you have to insulate domestic industries (tariffs tax import and quotas imports limit) and you go with the domestic counterpart Inefficiency - focusing on a lot of stuff at the same time and trying to do all of that is problematic and creates a bureaucracy that contributes to inefficiency - without good leaders or construction it doesn't work....it was popular for a while in asia and africa but today is mostly been replaced by.... International Trade Model - ITM Idea is that you are trying to invest in the most unique asset - what do you do better? Local industry, export, service and you sell this on the world market to bring in money. Then, you sse money to finance other development - successful for some. If you do this, then you end up with uneven resource distribution and fluctuation of market of resource. Another problem is what if you aren't unique, what if you don't have distinct characteristic or asset that can set you apart, if you are the same as your neighbor. What if you don't have much of anything? People don't want sand from the sahara desert. A couple other things happen is drive to the bottom - undercutting against other people and not profitable when its cheap. What if people buy everything they needed so you have market saturation or stagnation - no economic growth. The sales are mostly going to take place in more developed countries who have the money for other things - MDC population is staying the same or declining so no growing market, and tight market and highly competitive if you have a MDC as competition then problems We often ask the question about development and whether or not we should be pushing it on these LDC, on their perspective it can feel like cultural imperialism. The idea is that people in MDC are healthier and better educated and they tend to be better of in material well being - other countries might wanna achieve that.

Business services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

oTypes of Subsistence Agriculture

Shifting cultivation •"slash & burn" agriculture •Adaptation to poor tropical soils •Cut down trees, burn, plant in ashes •Short use (poor soil), long fallow period •Only 5%of world practice slash & burn Pastoral nomadism •Animal herding (adaptation to dry areas) •Large areas (usually) •Precise migration patterns (usually) •Transhumance (seasonal, shift elevation) Intensive subsistence, wet rice •"paddy" or (sawah) - very small farms •Intensive hand labor •No crop rotation: "double cropping" Intensive subsistence, not wet rice •Grain primary, but other crops (animals, too) •Intensive hand labor •Crop rotation (2 field, 3 field, 4 field) •Typical Middle Ages, Andes, etc.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

THE FOUR TRADITIONS OF GEOGRAPHY* WILLIAM D. PATTISON

Spatial Tradition - Entrenched in Western thought is a belief in the importance of spatial analysis, of the act of separating from the happenings of experience such aspects as distance, form, direction and position. Measurements and recordings and such. Area Studies Tradition - Interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. Man-Land Tradition - How they rely and build off of each other. Earth Science Tradition - The physical stuff on the Earth and the study of that physical stuff. (The ologies)

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.

Market area

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Activity space

The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity

What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

The building of canals

• mentifact

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Cultural convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

• cultural convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

• independent invention

The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other

• possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Growing season

The time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow.

World Systems Theory

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

• Border landscape

There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border

What role do familiar places have an understanding situation of unfamiliar places?

They help us find an unfamiliar place

Dot Density Map

Uses dots in a specific area, each dot is a specific quantity

Religious settlements...

Utopian settlements - ideal community built around a religious way of life with buildings, activities, economy, etc Salt lake city, utah - mormons - zion - grid pattern, unusually broad boulevards, church related buildings Puritans - clustered settlements, church in center, adjacent to common (public open space)

o Taoism [Not exactly religion - ethical system?]

Various developments, myths, sects, priests Lao Tzu, author of "Tao-te Ching" At first, Taoism & Confucinanism compete • Two tracks - high philosophy vs. superstition • Blending/merging with Buddhism, Confucianism • Beliefs o Ignore society, conform only to "the way" o Tao cannot be understood, controlled o Harmondy, simplicity; Life is good o Alchemy? • Ideal feudalism (sort of like Confucianism)?

• tipping point

a critical percentage of newcomer housing occupancy is reached which may precipitate a rapid exodus by the former majority population

• culture system

collection of culture complexes that shaper a group's common identity

Define ranching What type of climate is livestock best adapted to? And, where is ranching practiced? Why did cattle ranching expand in the U.S.? Why did cattle ranching decline? Where does cattle ranching take place today? What were the three U.S. and world stages of ranching?

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area Semi-arid or arid land and in developed countries where the vegetation is too sparse and soil too poor to support crops Because the demand for Beef increased in East Coast cities in the 1860s Conflicts with sedentary agriculture - loss of range rights. Raised on ranched then sent to fatten in farms or local feed lots along major railroad and highway routes Herding of animals, fixed, farming, meat processing industry