Final BIOs 3450 Xi and Xii

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. SA node depolarizes 2. increase in arterial pressure 3. start of QRS complex 4. S1 5. volume of blood in ventricles stays constant (at end diastolic volume)

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. facial cooling and apnea 2. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 3. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity 4. decrease in heart rate 5. decrease in the heart's oxygen demand decrease in blood pressure (not a part of this response)

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the opening of the semilunar valves, what would be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)

1. ventricles begin to eject blood 2. ventricles begin to repolarize 3. ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure 4. the semilunar valves close 5. the AV valves open

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize

1. ventricular volume decreases 2. semilunar valves close 3. begin ventricular filling period 4. atrial depolarization 5. active filling of ventricles

If your subject had an RR interval of 0.79, a stroke volume of 90, a blood pressure of 120 / 62 , and an ejection fraction of 54, what would be the best estimate their cardiac output in liters? Calculate to the nearest tenth. No units required

1/0.79= 1.265 1.265*60=75.9 90*75.9=6831 6.831L/min

If your subject had an RR interval of 1.07, a stroke volume of 64, a blood pressure of 126 / 74 , and an ejection fraction of 54, what would be the best estimate their end diastolic volume in ml? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required

119 ± 2 64+54=118 118+1.07=119.1

If your subject had an RR interval of 1.04, a stroke volume of 67, a blood pressure of 143 / 64 , and an ejection fraction of 50, what would be the best estimate their peak aortic pressure in mmHg the ejection period? No units required

143-64=79 79+67= 146 146

If your subject had an RR interval of 0.79, a stroke volume of 83, a blood pressure of 130 / 72 , an ejection fraction of 52, and the duration of their ventricular systole waas 0.28, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular systole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required

35.4

If your subject had an RR interval of 0.83, a stroke volume of 76, a blood pressure of 116 / 73 , and an ejection fraction of 62, what would be the best estimate their end systolic volume in ml? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required

47 ± 2

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.88 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.5 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 54 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 78 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 39 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's ejection fraction? (must include units)

63.8 ± 2%

If your subject had an RR interval of 0.71, a stroke volume of 60, a blood pressure of 139 / 70 , an ejection fraction of 54, and the duration of their ventricular diastole was 0.49, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular diastole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required

69 ± 2 139-70

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). Which of the following is true of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in hypertensive subjects?

BP goes up and then remains elevated

At what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start?

Midway between points W and X

At what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start? Wiggers Diagram

Midway between points W and X

Which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing?

N

Which of the following pressures best represents changes in left ventricular volume during the cardiac cycle? WIggers diagram

O1

Match the following events:

T wave: ventricular repolarization QRS complex: ventricular depolarization P wave: atrial depolarization

Which of the following would likely cause the cardiovascular changes we observed with a mild breath hold (like we did in lab - not a long breath hold, not straining, not preceeded by a deep inspiration, just a calm brief cessation of breathing)?

a decrease in activity of the respiratory pump

Which of the following signals is LEAST likely to be involved in initiating the cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running?

an increased need for oxygen (detected by peripheral chemoreceptors as a decreased arterial O2)

Which of the following would tend to increase TPR?

angiotensin II vasopressin epinephrine

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the second part of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in normotensive subjects?

baroreceptors

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following sequences best describes the secondary (2nd phase) cardiovascular response to the cold pressor tes in a hypertensive subject?

baroreceptors fail to detect increase in pressure → no signal to medulla oblongatta → no change in autonomic activity → MAP fails to move back towards normal

The sympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________.

beta-1-adrenergic receptors

The period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction would occur during what part of this figure?

between points V and W

Filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure?

between points Y and V

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure atrial diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from S1 to the beginning of the P wave

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimatee the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from S2 to S1

Which of the following is/are true about sympathetic nervous system effects on total peripheral resistance?

it increases TPR

Which of the following is/are NOT a mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system influences mean arterial pressure?

it increases ventricular contractility, which increases SV, which increases Q it increases ventricular contractility, which increases SV, which increases Q it increases HR, which increases Q (cardiac output) it causes constriction of arterioles, which increases TPR it increses VR, which increases EDV, which increases SV, which increases Q

When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. If a patient takes a vasodilator (such as a calcium channel blocker, an alpha antagonist, or an angiotensin II receptor blocker), how do you think this would influence their ability to maintain blood pressure after standing up

it would be harder to maintain blood pressure because vasoconstriction in the legs would be less effective

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.

start of the T wave ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure AV valves open P wave occurs fourth heart sound (if observed)

You are working with a patient in the ER and you see on their ECG that they are in sinus tachycardia. If your hospital was out of power and you needed a low tech mechanism of bringing their heart rate down, which of the following reflexes could you use to try to slow heart rate?

the diving reflex

The cardiovascular response to the Valsalva maneuver is multiphasic. In lab we tried to observe what happens during the first phase of the valsalva. The increase in MAP during the first phase of the valsalva maneuve is most likely related to which of the following?

the increasein thoracic cavity pressure pressing on the aorta, which is continuous with the systemic arteries

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period? (Hint: there are only five correct options)

the semilunar valves are open the AV valves are closed the pressure in the aorta initially increases The T wave would start somewhere during this period the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure atrial systole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

to S1 from the beginning of the p wave

When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following are NOT a part of the second phase of the cardiovascular response to standing up from a supine position?

vasodilation of arterioles

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the opening of the semilunar valves.

ventricular volume begins to decrease isovolumetric ventricular relaxation period ventricles depolarize ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure ventricular volume stays constant with about 140 ml of blood

Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)?

widespread vasoconstriction an increase in HR

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.97 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 4.8 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 50 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 78 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 28 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

87.33

Your subject's heart is beating once every 1.14 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 5.1 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 45 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 66 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 34 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume in ml? (don't need units)

97 ± 2%

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running, and isometric exercise have some simmilarities and differenes. Which of the following is/are true about differences in the cardiovascular response to aerobic and isometric exercise?

DBP often decreases a little during aerobic exercises due to vasodilation in the active musscles MAP and SBP tend to go even higher during isometric exercise than aerobic exercise; especially when performing large muscle mass exercise DBP usually increases during isometric exercise because the strong muscle contraction mechanically compresses blood vessles, which increases TPR

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running, and isometric exercise have some simmilarities and differenes. Which of the following is/are true about differences in the cardiovascular response to aerobic and isometric exercise?

DBP usually increases during isometric exercise because the strong muscle contraction mechanically compresses blood vessles, which increases TPR MAP and SBP tend to go even higher during isometric exercise than aerobic exercise; especially when performing large muscle mass exercise DBP often decreases a little during aerobic exercises due to vasodilation in the active musscles

Which of the following is not a mechanism that allows the SNS to increase BP?

Increased HR Increased contractility Venoconstriction Vasoconstriction

Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?

filling of the ventricles