Final Exam 1-16 MyPsychLab

stream of consciousness

A phrase coined by William James to describe each person's continuous series of ever-changing thoughts. (See page 10)

________ is a learned attitude toward a target object that involves negative feelings, negative beliefs that justify the attitude, and a behavioral intention to avoid, control, dominate, or eliminate those in the target group.

Prejudice

internal validity

The extent to which the data collected in a study address the research hypothesis in the way intended. (See page 64)

unconscious

The mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness. (See page 14)

______ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development.

Trait theorists

james just turned 12 years old. predict what initial physical change he will experience that indicates the end of his childhood.

a pubescent growth spurt

inkblot

a psychological test on what a person may see within inkblots

schizophrenzia

a psychotic disorder marked by dillusions and incoherent soeech innnaproperate behavior and cognative imparements

Most romantic relationships begin passionately, but some develop over time into a state of lesser intensity but greater intimacy, called ________.

companionate love

Priscilla decided to take antipsychotic drugs to treat her hallucinations, even though she knew that ________.

antipsychotics can cause negative side effects

Tom asked his roommate John to loan him $200. John said, "You're kidding! No way, man!" Then Tom asked John to loan him $20 and John said "Okay, that I can do." Which technique did Tom use to get John to loan him $20?

door-in-the-face technique

during the first six months of life a baby will ____

double its birth weight

vulnrability disorder

approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders such as depression

4.2% of psychologists

are active in school or other educational settings

according to psychodynamic model, the symptoms of anxiety disorders ___

are attempts to protect the individual from psychological pain

Which dimension of love refers to devotion and sacrifice?

commitment

Counterconditioning involves ________.

gradually replacing a maladaptive response with a new response

biological perspective

guides psychologists who search for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system

stanley has been to his doctor 10 times this month. his doctor says he is healthy. he is sure he is dying. his preoccupation with being ill has prevented him from keeping a job. his doctor sees how the impairment affects stanleys day-to-day life and wants him to have a psychological evaluation. what does stanleys doctor suspect he has?

hypochondriasis

Which gland produces hormones that regulate the release of pituitary hormones?

hypothalamus

validity

information produced by research or testing accurately measures the psychological variable or quality that it intended to measure

Sigmund Freud

person most closely associated with the early development of the psychodynamic perspective

A person's perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called their:

real self

Jackson is an artist. when he talks about capturing the purity and vividness of color sensations, he is talking about ____.

saturation

describe piaget's mental structures that enable individuals to interpret the world.

schemes are the building block of developmental change

Which word best describes the adaptation responsible for the human brain tripling in size?

encephalization

every normal human cell has ____ chromosomes, half of which the mother provided and half of which the father provided.

46

embryo

463 an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

motor reflexes

464

substance P

A neurotransmitter involved in pain perception. (See page 86)

________ explains why people obey authority figures, especially when the situation is ambiguous and the authority figure seems credible.

Ingrained habit

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism consists of:

environment, behavior, and personal factors

a mother of six grown children realizes that every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages, and each stage presents a particular conflict or crisis. whose theories does she support?

erikson

____ refers to the factors that cause or contribute to the development of psychological and medical problems.

etiology

endorphins

Neurotransmitters involved in natural pain reduction and reward. (See page 86)

data

Objective observations or measurements. (See page 31)

which basic dimension of color captures the qualitative experience of the color of light?

hue

Research by Serge Moscovici suggests that the opinions of minority groups have ________ influence over majority opinions.

informational

Psychodynamic therapy is often called ________.

insight therapy

Freddie, who has been out of work for over 3 months, sees an elderly lady with a purse walking down the street. He grabs her purse and runs away. This is an incident of ________ because the action was premeditated to achieve a certain goal.

instrumental aggression

In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five), Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not ______. In other words, knowing someone's score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the four other traits.

interdependent

Which dimension of love refers to honesty and understanding?

intimacy

operational definition

standardizes meaning within an experiment by defining a concept in terms of specific procedures

David believes that all women are controlling, all Jews are rich, and all Koreans are good at math. Which term defines David's extreme generalizations?

stereotype

Kim's parents are math professors; therefore, Kim's teacher does not understand why she does not receive an A+ in math. What is Kim facing?

stereotype

Anita sighs and says, "Men! You can never get them to stop and ask for directions. They'd rather get lost than ask for help!" Anita's feelings demonstrate ________.

stereotyping

PQ4R technique

strategy for learning course material

This process relies on a gradual course of exposure to stimuli that provokes anxiety.

systematic desensitization

Generalization techniques attempt to increase the similarity of ________.

target behaviors between therapy and real-life settings

At the end of axons are swollen, bulblike structures called ________.

terminal buttons

professor lublin explains to his class that although anxiety plays a key role in all five major categories of anxiety disorder, a specific diagnosis can be made only by exploring which elements?

the extent, the severity, and the situation

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

sexual responce cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is:

the halo effect

which of the following is an example of a phoneme in the english language?

the sound symbolized as "/r/"

When talking about the ability of attitudes to predict behavior, "accessibility" refers to ________.

the strength of the association between an object and a person's evaluation of that object

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emtion

a psychiatrist argues that the symptoms commonly used as "evidence of metnal illness" are merely "medical labels" that sanction professional intervention into what are actually "social problems." this psychiatrist tends to agree with the theories of ____.

thomas szasz

Research suggests that you are more likely to engage in high elaborative processing in evaluating arguments when information is presented ________

through a central route

GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid; the primary inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system. (See page 85)

Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on:

16 source traits

lilbido

507

super ego

507 concision and morally and social standards

catatonic stupor

575 is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described in 1874 by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein (Catatonia or Tension Insanity).

sample

A subset of a population. (See page 43)

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

An imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain. (See page 59)

experimenter expectancy effect

Actual change in the behavior of the people or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the observer. (See page 37)

The self-help concept that is now commonly applied to community group settings was pioneered in the 1930s by ________.

Alcoholics Anonymous

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (See page 75)

structuralism

An approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components. (See page 9)

functionalism

An approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior. (See page 10)

confound

Anything that affects a dependent variable and may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study. (See page 40)

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people

dendrites

Branchlike extensions of the neuron that detect information from other neurons. (See page 77)

The autopsy of "Tan" eventually led to the discovery of ________.

Broca's area

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Hermione is assigned the task of dissecting the largest segment of the human brain. Which part will she dissect?

Cerebrum

Which theologist reflected on animal species he collected in South America to develop his theory

Charles Darwin

neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that carry signals from one neuron to another. (See page 80)

hormones

Chemical substances, released from endocrine glands, that travel through the bloodstream to targeted tissues; the tissues are subsequently influenced by the hormones. (See page 101)

________ combines emphasis on changing false beliefs with a focus on reinforcement contingencies in the modification of performance.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

population

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in. (See page 43)

Who created a furor in the 1950s by declaring that psychotherapy does not work at all?

Eysenck

___ coined the term "psychophysics," developing a way to relate the intensity of a stimulus, measured in ___ units, to the magnitude of the sensory experience it produces, measured in ___ units.

Fechner; physical; psychological

Who developed the notion of cognitive dissonance?

Festinger

Which type of therapy introduced, and still uses, the "empty chair technique"?

Gestalt

institutional review boards (IRBs)

Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants. (See page 60)

How does placebo therapy differ from other therapies?

Its effectiveness is not linked to any clinical procedure

self-actualization

Jim's drive toward the fullest development of his potential would be called __________ by a humanistic psychologist such as Abraham Maslow.

_______ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.

Jung

The ______ specifically tests for abnormal behavioral patterns in personality.

MMPI-2

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level of safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Which of the post-Freudian psychodynamic therapists believed that love unites and aggression splits the psyche?

Melanie Klein

self-report methods

Methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys. (See page 54)

consciousness

One's subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity. (See page 183)

What is the difference between personality and character?

Personality is the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life, whereas character refers to value judgments made about a person's morals or ethical behavior

random assignment

Placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable. (See page 45)

Two-Factor Theory

Schacter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

nature/nurture debate

The arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience, and culture. (See page 7)

central nervous system (CNS)

The brain and the spinal cord. (See page 75)

external validity

The degree to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized outside the laboratory. (See page 44)

resting membrane potential

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active. (See page 77)

reliability

The extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions. (See page 64)

cerebral cortex

The outer layer of brain tissue, which forms the convoluted surface of the brain. (See page 93)

glutamate

The primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system. (See page 86)

all-or-none principle

The principle whereby a neuron fires with the same potency each time, although frequency can vary; a neuron either fires or not — it cannot partially fire. (See page 80)

reuptake

The process whereby a neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons, thereby stopping its activity. (See page 82)

subliminal perception

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness. (See page 192)

synapse

The site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons. (See page 77)

social psychology

The study of how people are influenced by their interactions with others. (See page 16)

cognitive psychology

The study of how people think, learn, and remember. (See page 15)

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

The Oedipus and Electra complexes refer to:

a child developing a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and displaying jealousy of the same-sex parent

Debriefing

_________ occurs when the researcher provides as much information about the study as possible and makes sure that no one leaves feeling confused, upset, or embarrassed.

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patternd throughout a species and is unlearned

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

In a variation of Asch's experiment on conformity, when the participant had one ally who dissented from the majority opinion, the participant was usually ________.

able to resist pressure to conform to the majority

____ refers to the area of psychological investigation most directly concerned with understanding the nature of individual pathologies of mind, mood, and behavior.

abnormal psychology

19.4% of psychologists

active in hospitals, clinics, or other human services

summarize a disadvantage of cross-sectional research

age-related changes are affected by social or political conditions experienced by different birth cohorts

Recent research on brain repair suggests that ________.

although neurons die out over the lifetime of humans and other mammals, production of new brain cells also occurs

Solomon watched as a car smashed into the stoplight. He rushed over to the car and pulled out the driver, just as the car burst into flames. Solomon was acting in response to a motive to benefit others, which is called ________.

altruism.

posttramatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a tramatic or life threattning event has symptoms such as panic numbing

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a persons exerences reaccuring panic attacks peroids of intense fear and feelings of impending doom or deth accompanied by psychological symptoms such as rapid heart rate dizziness

obsessive compulsive

an anxiety dsiorder in which a person feels trapped in repetive persistant thought obessions and repetive ritualized compulstions designed to reduce anxiety

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

phobia

an exaggerated unrealistic fear of a specific sitution activity or object

Julio is concerned that he has no meaningful relationships or goals, waking up every morning troubled by ordinary problems and everyday situations. His humanistic therapist feels that Julio is experiencing ________.

an existential crisis

psychosis

an extreme mental disturbance involving disorted perceptions and irrational behavior it may have psychological or organic causes

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n):

anal retentive personality

Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they:

are less concerned with how personality develops than they are with describing personalities and the actions that result from them

identify the difference between assimilation and accommodation.

assimilation occurs when new information fits into already existing schemes; accommodation takes place when new information does not fit into existing schemes such that they must be modified.

A(n) ________ is the learned, relatively stable tendency to respond to people, concepts, and events in an evaluative way.

attitude

Fritz Heider developed this theory to describe how people make causal analyses as an attempt to understand their social world.

attribution

Aurora's eye specialist has told her the lens in her eye is amber tinted, opaque, and flattened. it has also lost some of its elasticity. what does this tell you?

aurora has cataracts

bobby is unable to develop an understanding of other people's mental states and finds it virtually impossible to predict thier behavior or relate to them. this suggests that bobby suffers from ____.

autistic disorder

Raymond is uncomfortable being close to others or totally trusting and depending upon them. He realizes that he gets nervous when anyone is too close and that romantic partners seem to want him to be more intimate. Raymond's statements support a(n) ________ adult attachment style.

avoidant

ron is a counselor at the community health center. he has a new client who has depression. on what dimensions does he code this?

axis I

Hofstede's dimensions of personality differ from the Big Five in that they are:

based on the traits of a culture rather than an individual

psychodynamic

behavior as the overt expression of unconscious

one of the differences between the germinal and embryonic stages is that ______.

cell division occurs in the germinal stage, while the cells become specialized in the embryonic stage.

one of the differences between the germinal and embryonic stages is that _____.

cell division occurs in the germinal stage, while the cells become specialized in the embyronic stage

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it:

can be and has been tested under scientific conditions

An emotional release within a therapeutic context is called ________.

catharsis

in their experiments with children and the visual cliff, elanor gibson and richard walk found that ____

children develop a fear of heights soon after they begin crawling

This is the general treatment strategy of changing behavior by modifying its consequences.

contingency management

in which order, does light enter the eye?

cornea, anterior chamber, pupil

Nadya is learning a new way to react to unpleasant situations or anxious stimuli that have led her to overeat. In this process of ________, a new response is conditioned to replace the maladaptive response that Nadya has been using.

counterconditioning

yukiko has always been a disciplined student who loved learning. now that yukiko has reached adolescence, she feels she fits in best with the "nerds" at school and feels less comfortable with the "jocks," "punks," or "beauty queens." on what level of peer relationships is yukiko identifying?

crowds

In the mid 1960s, practitioners in the mental health fields believed that individuals with psychological disorders would be best treated in community facilities rather than in mental hospitals. This movement to relocate patients from psychiatric hospitals to other venues was referred to as ________.

deinstitutionalization

which form of schizophrenic delusion is experienced by individuals who become convinced, without due cause, that their mates are unfaithful?

delusional jealousy

camilla is exploring the area of psychology concerned with changes in physical and psychological functioning that occur from conception through death. camilla is studying ______.

developmental psychology

which of the following is true about developmental and chronological age?

developmentally, children may be either younger or older than their chronological age.

double blind control

experimental assistants and participants are unaware of which participants will receive which treatment

As a result of his extreme anxiety over dirt and germs, Howard remains in a sterilized room almost 24 hours a day. A behavior therapist would likely use ________ to have Howard touch dirt and other filthy objects, as well as ________ to deal with Howard's compulsive washing ritual.

exposure therapy; response prevention

Dr. Riley treats clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders through ________ therapy by allowing them to confront what they fear. Dr. Riley then adds another component of this therapy, ________, to prevent recurrence of the compulsive behaviors they normally use to deal with their fear.

exposure; response prevention

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is based on:

extensive research, such as the Bobo doll study

which of the following is an example of a specific phobia?

fear of being stuck in a elevator

after the eighth week in utero, the developing child is called a(n) ____

fetus

Mary Calkins

first woman president of the American Psychological Association

forensic psych

focuses on applying psychological knowledge to human problems in the field of law enforcement

john dewey

founder of school of functionalism

On the way to the airport, Rashid got stuck in traffic, dealt with a flat tire, and barely caught the shuttle in the parking lot. He ran to the gate and arrived just as the attendants were closing the door. Rashid begged them to allow him onto the plane, stressing that he had a very important business meeting that night. When they refused, he flew into a rage and started shouting expletives. Which concept relates to Rashid's behavior?

frustration-aggression

Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a:

fully functioning person

Dr. Gottlieb wants to make a full diagnosis of a client, which takes into consideration psychosocial, environmental, medical, clinical, and occupational factors. how would he approach the DSM-IV-TR system?

he would consider information from all five axes.

riley is in the adolescent stage of development. knowing this, what are some assumptions we can make about the physical development she's experiencing at this stage?

her hands are full adult size, and she experiences growth spurts and hormonal changes.

According to Freud, the oral stage:

involves the conflict of weaning

which of the following statements is true regarding abnormality?

it is best to view mental disorder on a continuum that varies between mental health and mental illness.

which is true about schizophrenia?

it is not a single disorder, but rather a constellation of five separate types

David Rosenhan's study with pseudopatients demonstrated that ____.

it may be impossible to be judged "sane" in an "insane place"

When Tara's boyfriend broke up with her, she could barely eat, sleep, or concentrate for days. Jared had recently gone through a break-up, so he understood and helped Tara through it. Later, Tara offered to help Jared with his pending coursework but Jared declined. This may be because he ________.

just wanted to help her through that difficult phase and did not expect anything in return

compare kohlberg's and gilligan's theories on moral development

kohlberg's theory does not differentiate between how different sexes base their moral judgments between men and women

What is the basis of cultural evolution?

language

observational learning

learning by observing others

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

the research methodology used to study individual differences is ______.

longitudinal design

A ________ provides a formal mechanism for detecting the general conclusions to be found in data from many different experiments.

meta-analysis

The authors of your text suggest that you should engage in what you may term as "attributional charity." They are suggesting that you should ________.

look for situational forces that may have given rise to someone else's behavior

drawback of experimental method

loses the richness and complexity of natural behavior patterns due to the control setting

Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has:

low self-efficacy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has proven extremely successful at alleviating the symptoms of ________.

major depression

robert has been experiencing intense feelings of depression since his wife died 16 months ago. robert may have a(n) ____

major depressive disorder

sara drinks heavily. the cost has been her job, her friends, and her family. which of the seven criteria enumerated by butcher does this behavior describe?

maladaptiveness

in which of the following ways do children impact marriage?

many couples report lower levels of satisfaction with their marriage during child-rearing years.

identify the process of growth typical of all members of a species who are reared in the species usual habitat.

maturation

Sherri deals with most of her problem-solving tasks by relying on rules, instructions, expectations, or habitual tendencies she has acquired over the years. sometimes this poses a problem for her when she encounters novel situations. Sherri is relying on ____.

mental sets

Which concept says that the more you are exposed to objects or people, the more you like them?

mere exposure

those individuals whose ____ is schizophrenic have the highest lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia themselves.

monozygotic twins

identify the system on beliefs, values, and underlying judgments about the rightness or wrongness of human acts.

morality

cognitive perspective

most concerned with human thought and processes of knowing

objectivity

most important for psychologists when describing behavior

behaviorist

most likely explain aggression by identifying reinforcements of past aggressive responses

experimental psychologists

most likely work with animals to study learning, motivation, and perception

multiple perspectives

most research in psych today uses ___

seligman and maier suggested that learned helplessness is identified by three types of deficits, as seen in their research on depression-like symptoms in dogs. these dogs being slow to initiate known actions is an example of a(n) ______ deficit.

motivational

readiness to make a quick, prepared response to a stimulus is referred to as ____.

motor set

According to numerous studies, the five personality factors of the five-factor model have _______ percent rate of heritability across several cultures.

nearly a 50

beck's cognitive theory proposes that individuals suffering from depression have developed ____.

negative patterns of thinking

becks cognitive theory proposes that individuals suffering from depression have developed ____

negative patterns of thinking

Bharti has unexplained feelings of hostility and envy toward her therapist. She is not sure why, because logically she realizes he is a decent person. Bharti's feelings are probably due to ________.

negative transference

the term ___ was once used by clinicians to describe relatively common psychological problems in which a person does not have signs of brain abnormalities, does not display grossly irrational thinking, and does not violate basic norms.

neurotic disorder

Evan, age 4, reaches up and touches the top of the hot stove. Which best explains what happens?

no other neurotransmitters can be attached to the receptor molecule

this linguist argued that children are born with mental structures that facilitate the comprehension and production of language.

noam chomsky

Several individuals meet, talk, and carry out activities together on a regular basis. The convergence of the expectations of this group of individuals into a common perspective is referred to as ________

norm crystallization

Karen thinks that a dress at the bridal shop is blue, but the other three bridesmaids think it's purple. Karen shifts her view to match that of the others, saying, "I guess it is purple," because she has a desire to be liked and accepted. Karen conforms because of ________.

normative influence

miguel is walking down the sidewalk engaged in loud conversation with himself. people on the sidewalk avoid him and move away. what reaction does miguel's abnormal behavior create?

observer discomfort

With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the ______ trait.

openness

variable-ratio schedule

operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

dependant variable

operant def- what you measure.

natalie is playing with her 10-month-old son peter. she picks up a toy peter has dropped and hides it behind her back. what would you expect peter to do?

peter continues to look for the toy

Rogers believed that ________ is hindered by faulty learning patterns in which a person accepts the evaluations of others in place of those provided by his or her own mind and body.

pg 433

Programs that attempt to identify psychological problems early and offer prompt treatment are referred to as ________.

pg 441

mario is researching and classifying speech sounds. what is mario studying?

phonetics

Penny has three attractive friends. She says she met them when she was on a tour group and started talking to them because they seemed friendlier than the rest of the group. What form of social relationship is her friendship based on?

physical attractiveness

George von Bekesy won a Nobel Prize for ____, which explained how the basilar membrane moves when sound waves are conducted through the inner ear.

place theory

rapport

positive social relationship between an interviewer and a respondent that encourages the sharing of personal information

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

a soldier returning from war has recurring nightmares, avoids his family and friends, and jumps at the slightest sound. these symptoms are characteristic of _____.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Hofstede found that the United States is low in:

power distance

According to Freud, the ______ mind is where we keep events, information, concerns, and thoughts of which we are not currently aware but can readily access.

preconscious

According to the text, the human weakness that is most destructive to the dignity of individuals and the social bonds of humanity is ________.

prejudice

which stage in life span development covers the period from conception to birth?

prenatal

much research has been conducted regarding the effects of child-directed speech on language development. the results suggest that this type of speech ____.

provides critical information to young children so they can acquire phonemes and words from the language being used around them

the optical image on the retina is called the ___ stimulus.

proximal

This type of medical doctor has undergone postdoctoral specialty training in mental and emotional disorders.

psychiatrist

A therapist with either an MD or a PhD degree who has received the necessary training to practice the Freudian approach to understanding and treating mental disorders would have the job title of ________.

psychoanalyst

A(n) ____ is the label given to an abnormality by classifying and categorizing observed behavior patterns according to a diagnostic system.

psychological diagnosis

This branch of psychology investigates the effects of drugs on behavior.

psychopharmacology

the central task of ___ is to measure the intensity of sensory experiences.

psychophysics

A number of different specific surgical procedures are performed on the brain to treat psychological disorders. Overall, they are classified as ________.

psychosurgery

We can conclude that psychotherapy today is often not practiced exactly as Freud practiced it because ________.

psychotherapy has evolved as additional research has provided new insights

behavioral data

reports of observations about the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which their actions occur

Programs that attempt to identify psychological problems early and offer prompt treatment are referred to as ________.

secondary prevention

Individuals with the most enduring relationships as adults have been found to largely have which type of adult attachment style?

secure

Which attachment style would predict the most enduring romantic relationship for adults?

secure

evolutionary perspective

seeks to connect contemporary psychology to Darwin's concept of natural selection

standardization

set of uniform procedures for treating each participant

which of the following is a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia?

severe disruption in motor behavior

The old adage that "birds of a feather flock together" reflects the concept of ________.

similarity

The process girls experience with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival is called:

the Electra complex

The two most important major adaptations that made human civilization possible are ________.

the ability to walk upright and increases in brain size

Jacqueline is having trouble producing breast milk. Her doctor might suggest checking the function of which gland?

the anterior pituitary

which of the following is true about convergence?

the brain uses information from your eye muscles to make judgments about depth.

the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology differs from the biological approach in that, according to the psychodynamic approach ____.

the causes of psychopathology are located in a person but the factors are not biological

Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals from other cells?

the dendrite

why is it difficult to treat a personality disorder?

the different types of personality disorders overlap, and some of the same behaviors contribute to diagnoses of different disorders.

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Acquisition

the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

adrian, age 69, starts his day with a healthy breakfast heading out for a tennis game with his wife for lunch. he frequently spends his afternoon in his shop doing woodwork. in the evening, you might find him reading a book. adrian can complete the new york times crossword puzzle in under 20 minutes, as he has been able to do since he was 25 years old. adrian illustrates _______

the maxim "use it or lose it"

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that ______ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories.

the personal unconscious

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challengeing

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

in kohlberg's research on moral reasoning, participants examined the dilemma faced by the man who could not afford medicine that would save the life of his wife. participants scores were based on their understanding of ______.

the reasons behind the man's decision

Salespeople often use ________, which is the belief that when someone does something for you, you should do something for him or her.

the reciprocity norm

A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks:

validity

describe erikson's stage of intimacy.

when an idividual has the capacity to make a full emotional, moral, and sexual commitment to another person

mania

557

developmental psychologist

(461) is the scientific study of how and why human beings develop over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.

maturation

(462) is the process of development in which an individual matures or reaches full functionality. Originally, maturation examined only biological forces, such as the aging process, involved in a child's changes in behavior.

socialization

(462) the process by which children lean behaviors or attiudes and expectations requires of them by their society or culture

zygote

(462)a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

borderline personality disorder

560

jenna loves playing peekaboo. just recently she has started to look for objects when they disappear during the game. jenna is probably ____ months old.

4-7

fetus

463 an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.

projective tests

549 psychological test used to infer a persons motives conflicts and uncouncious dynamica on the basis of a persons interpretation of ambiguious stimuli

fetal alchol syndrome

464 a congenital syndrome caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy, characterized by retardation of mental development and of physical growth, particularly of the skull and face of the infant.

contact comfort

465 it is the innate pleasure derived from close physiqcal contact. It is the basis of an infants first attachment. This is where attachment begins with infants, physical touching and cuddling between the infant and mother. Margaret and Harry harlow exemplified this with their contact comfort study.Apr 28, 2008

seperation anxiety

466 the distress that most children develop at about the age of 6-8 months when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers.

secure, avoidance, anxious-ambivalent attachment

467

noam chomsky

470 We are all born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, for humans, language is a basic instinct. The theory, however, has long been met with widespread criticism — until now.

language

470 a system that combinds meaningless elements such as sounds gestures to form structured utterances that convey meaning

computer neural

472 a computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system.

jean piget

474 Cognitive development is Jean Piaget's theory. Through a series of stages, Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.

teleographic speech

474 is defined as a form of communication consisting of simple three or more word sentences usually comprising at least one noun and verb that adhere to the grammatical standards of the culture's language.

sensorimotor stage

474 is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to definecognitive development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infants lifeas the sensorimotor stage. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships betweentheir bodies and the environment.

asssimilation

474 is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.

concrete operation stage

475 As the name implies, the concrete operational stage of development can be defined as the stage of cognitive development in which a child is capable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.

preoperational stage

475 is the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage begins around age two as children start to talks and last until approximately age seven. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols.

object permance

475 is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).

conservation

475 refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2-7, but develops in the concrete operational stage stage at ages 7-11.

theory mind

476 (often abbreviated ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

formal opperations stage

476 begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.

lev vygotsky

477 Summary: Social Development Theory argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior. Vygotsky's Social Development Theory is the work of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), who lived during Russian Revolution.

universal grammar

479 Universal grammar (UG) is a theory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain.

gender typing

482 is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own.

transgender

483 denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender.

innersex conditions

483 is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.

hermaphroditism

483 is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both partners can act as the "female" or "male". For example, the great majority of tunicates, pulmonate snails, opisthobranch snails and slugs are hermaphrodites.

transexual

484 a person who emotionally and psychologically feels that they belong to the opposite sex.

gender schema

487 was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.

secondary sex charateristics

488 erty in humans, especially the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish the sexes of a species, but that, unlike the sex organs, are not directly part of the reproductive system.

puberty

488 is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. In girls: The first sign of puberty is usually breast development.

Erika Erikson

491 was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.

identify crisis

492 means the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence. The stage of psychosocial development in which identity crisis may occur is called the Identity Cohesion vs. Role Confusion.

emerging adulthood

494 is a hypothetical phase of the life span between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood which encompasses late adolescence and early adulthood, proposed by Jeffrey Arnett in a 2000 article in the American Psychologist.

menopause

495 refers to the time during which a woman's ovaries begin producing less estrogen and progesterone and cease the ripening and releasing of ova. The transition can last up to five years and typically occurs at mid-life.

crystallized intelligence

496 In summary, the psychologist Cattell suggested two different forms of intelligence. Fluid intelligence is defined as the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns. In contrast, crystallized intelligence is defined as the ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

fluid intelligence

496 n summary, the psychologist Cattell suggested two different forms of intelligence. Fluid intelligence is defined as the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns. In contrast, crystallized intelligence is defined as the ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

personality trait

506 In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.

psychodynamic

506 also known as dynamic psychology, in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

sigmund freud

506 emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.

psychoanlysis

506 is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

ego

507 in psychoanallysis the part of personality that represents reasons and good sence and rational self controll

defense mechinism

507 is an unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Defence mechanisms are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct.

psychosexual stages oral anal phallic latency genital

508 Image result for psychosexual stages According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges (governed by the id) are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

odipus domplex

508 the complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to exclude the parent of the same sex.

gordon allport

514 According to trait theorists, like Gordon Allport, your personality is made up of the traits you possess. A trait is a personal characteristic we have which stays generally the same overtime and is resistant to changing.

the BIG 5 personality factors

514 This widely examined theory suggests five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism,

factor analysis

514 a process in which the values of observed data are expressed as functions of a number of possible causes in order to find which are the most important. by cattell

raymond cattell

514 was a well-known British-American psychologist who made major contributions to personality theory. He is perhaps best know for developing the 16FP, or the 16 personality continuum, which is a theory of personality that suggests most of our personalities fall along a continuum of 16 common traits.

peak experiences

533 is a moment accompanied by a euphoric mental state often achieved by self-actualizing individuals.

rollo may

533 was an American existential psychologist and author of the influential book Love and Will (1969). He is often associated with humanistic psychology, existentialist philosophy and, alongside Viktor Frankl, was a major proponent of existential psychotherapy.

abraham maslow

533Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.

carl rogers

534 is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a person.

existentialism

534 is the view that for any specific entity there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. In Western thought the concept is found in the work of Plato and Aristotle.

mental disorder

544 any behavioral or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering is self-destructive, seriously impares the persons ability to work or get allong with others or engage others into the comunity

DSM- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder

545 Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States.

objective tests

549 a standardized questionare requiring written responses

addictive disorder

564 such as substance abuse and dependence, are common disorders that involve the overuse of alcohol or drugs. Addiction develops over time and is a chronic and relapsing illness. There are three different terms used to define substance-related addictive disorders: Substance abuse.

disassociative idenity disorder (multipersonality disorder)

571A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.

a normal conversation emits sound of approximately ___ decibels and a rock concert emits sound of approximately ___ decibels.

60; 120

Joni is taking a hearing test. she is told to push the button when she hears a tone. she pushed the button indicating she heard a tone when no tone sounded. this is an example of ____.

? ... pg 82-83

hypothalamus

A brain structure that is involved in the regulation of bodily functions, including body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; it also influences our basic motivated behaviors. (See page 91)

meta-analysis

A "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion. (See page 68)

hippocampus

A brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories. (See page 91)

amygdala

A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and in processing emotional information. (See page 92)

endocrine system

A communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions. (See page 100)

control group

A comparison group; the participants in a study that receive no intervention or receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated. (See page 40)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A component of the peripheral nervous system; it transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the central nervous system and the body's glands and internal organs. (See page 98)

somatic nervous system

A component of the peripheral nervous system; it transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the central nervous system and the skin, muscles, and joints. (See page 98)

split brain

A condition in which the corpus callosum is surgically cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other. (See page 187)

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain. (See page 57)

sympathetic division

A division of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for action. (See page 99)

parasympathetic division

A division of the autonomic nervous system; it returns the body to its resting state. (See page 99)

myelin sheath

A fatty material, made up of glial cells, that insulates the axon and allows for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon. (See page 77)

mind/body problem

A fundamental psychological issue: Are mind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain's subjective experience? (See page 7)

pituitary gland

A gland located at the base of the hypothalamus; it sends hormonal signals to other endocrine glands, controlling their release of hormones. (See page 102)

scatterplot

A graphical depiction of the relationship between two variables. (See page 66)

cerebellum

A large, convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain stem; it is essential for coordinated movement and balance. (See page 90)

axon

A long narrow outgrowth of a neuron by which information is transmitted to other neurons. (See page 77)

mean

A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers. (See page 66)

mode

A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers. (See page 66)

median

A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest values. (See page 66)

central tendency

A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole. (See page 65)

psychoanalysis

A method developed by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring the contents of the unconscious into conscious awareness so that conflicts can be revealed. (See page 14)

positron emission tomography (PET)

A method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. (See page 58)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A method of brain imaging that produces high-quality images of the brain. (See page 58)

theory

A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events. (See page 31)

serotonin

A monoamine neurotransmitter important for a wide range of psychological activity, including emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming. (See page 84)

dopamine

A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in motivation, reward, and motor control over voluntary movement. (See page 84)

norepinephrine

A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in states of arousal and awareness. (See page 84)

epinephrine

A monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for bursts of energy after an event that is exciting or threatening. (See page 84)

directionality problem

A problem encountered in correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable. (See page 38)

third variable problem

A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest. (See page 39)

behaviorism

A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior. (See page 14)

response performance

A research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus. (See page 55)

observational techniques

A research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior. (See page 50)

cross-sectional studies

A research method that compares participants in different groups (e.g., young and old) at the same time. (See page 36)

correlational studies

A research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them. (See page 38)

descriptive studies

A research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective analysis of the behavior. (See page 35)

case studies

A research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations. (See page 52)

longitudinal studies

A research method that studies the same participants multiple times over a period of time. (See page 36)

research

A scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data. (See page 31)

inferential statistics

A set of procedures used to make judgments about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers. (See page 68)

Broca's area

A small portion of the left frontal region of the brain, crucial for the production of language. (See page 89)

hypothesis

A specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct. (See page 31)

standard deviation

A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. (See page 66)

experiment

A study that tests causal hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables. (See page 40)

basal ganglia

A system of subcortical structures that are important for the production of planned movement. (See page 92)

introspection

A systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts. (See page 9)

scientific method

A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena (observable things) to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what causes it, and why; involves a dynamic interaction between theories, hypotheses, and research. (See page 31)

interpreter

A term specific to the left hemisphere; refers to the left hemisphere's attempts to make sense of actions and ongoing events. (See page 189)

Gestalt theory

A theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. (See page 11)

evolutionary theory

A theory presented by the naturalist Charles Darwin; it views the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behavior. (See page 10)

naturalistic observation

A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior. (See page 35)

participant observation

A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation. (See page 35)

brain stem

An extension of the spinal cord; it houses structures that control functions associated with survival, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm. (See page 90)

quantifying

Assigning numbers to different levels, sizes, intensities, or amounts of a variable

______ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.

Behavioral genetics

______ see personality as nothing more than a set of learned responses.

Behaviorists

Mary Calkins

Despite completing all the requirements for a PhD with an exceptional record , __________ was refused a PhD by Harvard University because she was a woman

agonists

Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters. (See page 82)

antagonists

Drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters. (See page 82)

introspection

Edward Titchener, a structuralist, used __________ to examine the elements of conscious mental life

Researchers told teachers some students were "intellectual bloomers" when they had actually been chosen randomly. What happened to those children's IQ test scores?

For the children arbitrarily named as bloomers, IQ scores went up.

early childhood

Freud emphasize as the stage in which personality is formed

How would you distinguish Freud's approach to psychodynamic therapy from Sullivan's approach?

Freud focused on traumatic intrapsychic processes, while Sullivan acknowledged the importance of interpersonal and social dimensions.

which dimensions (axes) on the DSM-IV-TR provide supplemental information useful to assess an individual's prognosis?

IV, V

The historical roots of many research methods in neuroscience are typically attributed to which event?

In a railroad accident, a long pole was blown through the head of Phineas Gage, causing radical changes in his behavior and personality.

variability

In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean. (See page 66)

dependent variable

In an experiment, the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. (See page 40)

independent variable

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable. (See page 40)

selection bias

In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups. (See page 44)

natural selection

In evolutionary theory, the idea that those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their particular environments have a selective advantage over those who do not. (See page 10)

adaptations

In evolutionary theory, the physical characteristics, skills, or abilities that increase the chances of reproduction or survival and are therefore likely to be passed along to future generations. (See page 10)

receptors

In neurons, specialized protein molecules on the postsynaptic membrane; neurotransmitters bind to these molecules after passing across the synaptic cleft. (See page 81)

Who formalized Heider's attribution theory by specifying the variables that people use to make their attributions?

Kelley

which theorist would use cultural influences to explain children's congnition?

Lev Vygotsky

sensory neurons

One of the three types of neurons; these afferent neurons detect information from the physical world and pass that information to the brain. (See page 76)

motor neurons

One of the three types of neurons; these efferent neurons direct muscles to contract or relax, thereby producing movement. (See page 76)

interneurons

One of the three types of neurons; these neurons communicate only with other neurons. (See page 76)

________ views neurotic suffering as the outer symptom of inner, unresolved traumas and conflicts.

Psychodynamic therapy

frontal lobes

Regions of the cerebral cortex — at the front of the brain — important for movement and higher-level psychological processes associated with the prefrontal cortex. (See page 94)

temporal lobes

Regions of the cerebral cortex — below the parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobes — important for processing auditory information, for memory, and for object and face perception. (See page 94)

occipital lobes

Regions of the cerebral cortex—at the back of the brain—important for vision. (See page 93)

parietal lobes

Regions of the cerebral cortex—in front of the occipital lobes and behind the frontal lobes—important for the sense of touch and for conceptualizing the spatial layout of an environment. (See page 94)

replication

Repetition of an experiment to confirm the results. (See page 32)

Rey, Billy, and Maria are in a movie theater to see a movie. Maria complains about the strong smell of popcorn. Rey says he cannot smell it at all. Billy says he barely notices. this information suggest that ____.

Rey is experiencing anosmia

humanistic perspective

Rogers and Maslow are most associated with this. understand aggression by looking for personal values, life stories, or social conditions that may have fostered self-limiting outlooks

general adaptation syndrome (gas)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion

1953

Since __________, the American Psychological Association has published ethical guidelines for researchers

cell body

Site, in the neuron, where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated. (See page 77)

The Stanford Prison Experiment helped shed light on how roles can create status and power differences, which can lead to abusive treatment such as that which occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Which of the following statements sums up the study's findings?

Situational forces can lead ordinary people to exhibit horrendous behavior.

Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one's personality characteristics. Jose knew right away that Jim was talking about the:

Sixteen Personality (16 PF) Factor Questionnaire

nodes of Ranvier

Small gaps of exposed axon, between the segments of myelin sheath, where action potentials are transmitted. (See page 77)

terminal buttons

Small nodules, at the ends of axons, that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse. (See page 77)

variable

Something in the world that can vary and that a researcher can measure. (See page 34)

descriptive statistics

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study. (See page 65)

culturally sensitive research

Studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings, and actions. (See page 50)

observer bias

Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations. (See page 36)

critical thinking

Systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions. (See page 4)

which of the following argued that the symptoms of mental illness are diagnosed and labeled as a way to sanction professional intervention into what are actually social problems involving deviant people violating social norms?

Szasz

neurons

The basic units of the nervous system; cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information in the nervous system. They operate through electrical impulses, communicate with other neurons through chemical signals, and form neural networks. (See page 75)

culture

The beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and environment and that are transmitted through learning from one generation to the next. (See page 7)

accuracy

The extent to which an experimental measure is free from error. (See page 65)

prefrontal cortex

The frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality. (See page 94)

synaptic cleft

The gap between the axon of a "sending" neuron and the dendrites of a "receiving" neuron; it contains extracellular fluid. (See page 77)

thalamus

The gateway to the brain; it receives almost all incoming sensory information before that information reaches the cortex. (See page 91)

gonads

The main endocrine glands involved in sexual behavior: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries. (See page 101)

Sam and Dean were waiting to be interviewed for a sales position at a major electronics firm. Sam is heavy-set and plain-looking, while Dean has movie-star good looks. Both are equally qualified for the job. The manager of the firm hires Dean for the job. What do you infer from this?

The manager had an implicit prejudice for good-looking candidates.

action potential

The neural impulse that passes along the axon and subsequently causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons. (See page 79)

acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (See page 84)

cognitive neuroscience

The study of the neural mechanisms (mechanisms involving the brain, nerves, and nervous tissue) that underlie thought, learning, and memory. (See page 16)

psychological science

The study of mind, brain, and behavior. (See page 2)

A tumor is found in Mari's brain. Surgeons think they can remove the tumor successfully without affecting Mari's speech, but will have to conduct a surgery in which Mari is awake and will need to spell her name for them when prompted. Why are surgeons taking this method of treatment?

The tumor is in the frontal lobe, which controls speech.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions. (See page 59)

The _______ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

Thematic Apperception Test

Jerome has a twin brother. Their friends are always getting them confused. Only those who know them well can tell them apart. Based on this information what can you assume about Jerome and his brother?

They share nearly 100% of their genetic material.

experimental groups

Treatment groups; the participants in a study that receive the intervention. (See page 40)

Sigmund Freud's ideas were likely shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the:

Victorian Age

Which pioneer of family therapy suggested that a family therapist act as interpreter and clarifier of family interactions, and also as influence agent, mediator, and referee?

Virginia Satir

reactivity

When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed. (See page 51)

generalized anxiety

a continious stste of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread apperhension and difficulties in consentration and signs of motor tension

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

participants who viewed an array of six gray-scaled images of objects were asked if they could find the butterflies. they were slower when ___.

a human face was included in the array

one historical example of the political environment undermining objectivity was the seen in the "diagnosis" of black slaves with drapetomania, which was ____.

a mania to run away and seek freedom

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rates act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

major depression

a mood disoder involving disturbance in emotion behavior

bipolor

a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

describe kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning

a person embraces a cost-benefit orientation regarding moral reasoning

psychopathy

a personality disorder charterized by lack of empathy anxiety and other social emotions the use of deceit and maniuplation and impulsive thrill seaking

antisocial personality

a personality disorder harterized by life long pattern of irrisponsable and antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking violence and other impulsive recklessness

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Some research showed that people quickly and almost automatically take credit for their successes, but need more mental power (and actually show more brain activity) when they fought their instincts and also took credit for their failures. This research illustrates ________.

a self-serving bias

estrogen

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In non-human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Sophie has found that she and her therapist have built a strong relationship and sense of mutual trust. They have developed ________.

a therapeutic alliance

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

summarize a disadvantage of cross-sectional research

age-related changes are affected by social or political conditions experienced by different birth cohorts.

kassandra has an extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces, particularly when she feels that escapes would be difficult or embarrassing. kassandra most likely suffers from _____.

agoraphobia

In Freud's theory, the id, the ego, and the superego:

are in constant conflict

nick and nora have two tenaged children. they are open in their discussions with their children. their daughter kate has planned to go to a party with her friends. nick is letting her go as long as she makes it back home before midnight, the agreed curfew. nick's parenting style is ______

authoritative

describe the type of parenting that produces an effective parent-child bond

authoritative parents make appropriate demands on their children and are responsive to their children

several researchers are systematically testing individuals of different ages to learn about characteristics that emerge at a specific age or developmental stage as part of a normative investigation. describe a positive criticism we can make about this method

because the participants have lived through the same socioeconomic period, age-related changes cannot be confused with variations in differing societal circumstances

in humans, most cell proliferation and neuronal migration occurs ____ birth, and the branching of axons and dendrites takes place ____ birth.

before; after

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

___ explanations of anxiety focus on the way symptoms are reinforced or conditioned. ____ explanations of anxiety focus on underlying conflicts or fears.

behavioral; psychodynamic

the fact that certain drugs relieve and others produce symptoms of anxiety offers evidence of a(n) ____ role in anxiety disorders.

biological

when does the infancy stage of life occur?

birth to about 18 months

when processing perceptual information, we often begin by identifying the sensory evidence we obtain from our environment. this type of processing is called ____.

bottom-up processing

In the elaboration likelihood model, the ________ route represents circumstances in which people think carefully about a persuasive communication so that attitude change depends on the strength of their arguments.

central

Ebbinghaus

claimed that "psychology has a long past, but only a short history"

US

classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response

CS

classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to rigger a conditioned response

CR

classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

UR

classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

A therapist whose primary goal is to promote healthy psychological growth conducts ________ therapy.

client-centered

A health-care professional who has a PhD or PsyD but no other specialized training and who performs psychotherapy, mental health assessments, and/or research most likely has the job title of ________.

clinical psychologist

according to the law of ____, people tend to fill in small gaps to experience objects as wholes.

closure

Nancy has generalized anxiety disorder. according to the _____ model, Nancy overestimates the nature and the reality of threats she encounters and underestimates her ability to cope with the threats effectively.

cognitive

Which form of therapy assumes that abnormal behavior patterns and emotional distress start with problems in what people think and how they think?

cognitive

A starting assumption of ________ is that you are what you tell yourself you can be, and you are guided by what you believe you ought to do.

cognitive behavioral therapy

depression as a result of having unrealistic views of oneself and the world is consistent with which theory?

cognitive theory

rachel sees herself as unassertive, and at work, she is constantly ignored by her peers and her management. she believes that she will be passed over for a promotion despite all her efforts, and is depressed at her future prospects. which theory or perspective best explains the cause of this mood disorder?

cognitive triad theory

Jenna believes that nothing she does matters, and that she had no control over her future. ____ theory would identify Jenna as being in a state of ____.

cognitive, learned helplessness

In Kelley's covariation model, the __________ dimension refers to whether the behavior occurs repeatedly in response to a particular situation.

consistency

scientific method

consists of set of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems

danny exhibits bizarre behavior, giggling at a funeral and talking incoherently. his brother liam thinks he can bring the dead back to life. which of the following statements is true?

danny has the disorganized type of schizophrenia; liam is a paranoid schizophrenic.

which form of schizophrenic delusion is experienced by individuals who believe that they are important or exalted beings?

delusions of grandeur

One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are:

dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test

A number of Dr. Duong's clients have been prescribed Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Effexor, Tofranil, Nardil, or Elavil. She is most likely treating these individuals for ________.

depression

Beck wrote that ________ is often maintained because such patients are unaware of the negative automatic thoughts that they habitually formulate

depression

Beck wrote that ________ is often maintained because such patients are unaware of the negative automatic thoughts that they habitually formulate.

depression

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is most effective for alleviating the symptoms of ________.

depression

correlational methods

determine to what extent 2 variables, traits or attributes are related

Helen Thompson Wooley

determined that differences between the sexes arose not from natural ability but rather from differences in men and women's social experiences across their life spans

unlike other disorders, personality disorders ____

develop gradually

According to Freud, children in the latency stage:

develop intellectually, physically, and socially

William James

developed a uniquely American approach to psychology, as described in his two-volume book, The Principles of Psychology. believed that emotion, self, will, values, and religious and mystical experience were all important components of psychology

max has had a life of hardship and recently moved from his small town to the city. unable to find work, having no family, max started behaving erratically and showing symptoms of schizophrenia. which statement or theory supports max's onset of schizophrenia?

diathesis-stress hypothesis

an individual who forgets important aspects of her life without any underlying organic causes is said to be experiencing ____. if that person leaves their current surroundings in that state, the disorder is called a ____.

dissociative amnesia; dissociative fugue

sally is introverted and likes to spend time at home reading. one day she bumps into a stranger who keeps referring to her as Bernadette, and seems to know alot about her life. sally may be suffering from ____.

dissociative identity disorder

Which of Kelley's dimensions refers to whether a behavior is specific to a particular situation?

distinctiveness

Extinction strategies are used when ________

dysfunctional behaviors have been maintained by unrecognized reinforcing circumstances

structuralism

early approach to psychology presumed that all human mental experience can be understood as the combination of basic components

riley is 5 years old, which means she is in the stage of development called ____

early childhood

catharsis

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

sociocultural psychologists

focus on the cross-cultural forces that shape people's attitudes and behavior

most fundamental difference between evolutionary psychology and other psychological perspectives

focus on the extremely long process of evolution as a central explanatory principle

The ________ represents the dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors and to underestimate situational factors when searching for the cause of some behavior or outcome.

fundamental attribution error

Frank bumps his shin on a table while running to answer the telephone. he rubs the skin around the bump to ease the pain. Frank rubbing his shin to ease the pain is an example of Ronald Melzack's ____ theory.

gate-control

functionalism

gave primary importance to those learned habits that enable organisms to adapt to their environment and to function effectively.

peter is an 8-year-old who wears pants, plays with cars, and thinks that girls have cooties. the psychological phenomenon of ______ refers to these sex-related behaviors and attitudes, based on which peter would be considered a typical young male in a country such as the united states.

gender

as children begin to understand that they are either boys or girls, they also acquire knowledge of ____, which are beliefs about attributes and behaviors regarded as appropriate for males and females in a particular _____.

gender stereotypes; culture

scientific method

general set of procedures for gathering and interpreting evidence in ways that limit sources of errors and yield dependable conclusions

when a person, who is not threatened by any specific danger, feels anxious or worried most of the time for at least six months, clinicians consider a diagnosis of ___

generalized anxiety disorder

when a person, who is not threatened by any specific danger, feels anxious or worried most of the time for at least six months, clinicians consider a diagnosis of ___.

generalized anxiety disorder

in which aspect would you be most likely to find someone willing to take on a mentee to share their professional wisdome with a younger professional?

generativity

The full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with the associated DNA is called the ________.

genome

which of the following situations could cause posttraumatic stress?

george hits a man with his car, which results in recurring nightmares about the incident

These cells multiply and clean up cellular junk left behind

glia

Rosie was ten minutes late because she had to change a flat tire on the way. Her boss was very upset by the time she walked in the door. He immediately took her into the office, told her she was irresponsible, and fired her. She was never given the chance to explain why she was late. The boss was ________.

guilty of fundamental attribution error

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:

having a realistic view on one's real self

behaviorism perspective

how particular environmental antecedents, responses, and consequences lead to certain kinds of behavior

The ________ movement encompassed methods to enhance the potential of the average human being toward greater levels of performance and greater richness of experience

human-potential

Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

humanistic

________ therapies have at their core the concept of a whole person in the continual process of changing and becoming.

humanistic

When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their:

id

which of the following is a characteristic of ADHD?

impulsivity inconsistent with developmental level

imani is in a great mood. he is talking very fast and acting very impulsively. he has a psychology exam the next day, but is going to the casino and plans to stay all night playing poker because he thinks he can win big. imani may be _____

in a manic phase of bipolar disorder

reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A(n) ________ is a tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups, often based on only a minimal cue to this group identity.

in-group bias

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. is any stimulus that, when removed after a response strengthens the response

Edwin's parents have told him that he can decide on the career of his choice and apply to schools that he thinks would suit his educational needs. His classmate, Matt, discusses different career choices and schools with his parents because he would like to make the decision with them. What construal's of self do Edwin and Matt display respectively?

independent; interdependent

farida's mother speaks to 3-month-old farida in a distinct manner. she speaks slowly, with a high-pitched intonation, using short and simple utterances farida's mom is using _____ speech.

infant-directed

biological sciences researcher

interested in brain processes and biochemical basis of behavior

lev vygotsky believed that children develop through a process of ____, by absorbing knowledge from their social context.

internalization

Excitable portions of the cell membrane that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out are called ________.

ion channels

agoraphobia

is a set of phobias set off by panic attack involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person

When psychological professionals conduct personality assessments, they:

often look at the client's behavior from all four perspectives to find the pieces of each that work for the client

fixed-interval schedule

operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

as janina grew older, she began to spend more time on yoga, piano, and writing, thereby furthering her training in area that are of the highest priority to her. which concept is janina demonstrating?

optimization

theory

organized set of concepts that explain a phenomenon or set of phenomena

gina firmly believes that god sent her to earth in order to save mankind. gina suffers from ___ type schizophrenia.

paranoid

independant variable

part of hypothesis, factor manipulated. usually 2 or more "levels"

Dr. Axelrod modifies his clients' phobias by demonstrating fearless approach behavior then allowing them to imitate his behavior. Dr. Axelrod is using ________.

participant modeling

Which characteristic is more likely to be found in a love relationship than in a less intense friendship relationship?

passion

A major consequence of deinstitutionalization has been that ________.

people who leave institutions often become homeless

Professor Ito is lecturing to his class about the process of sensing, understanding, identifying, labeling, and preparing to react to objects and events in the environment. Professor Ito is discussing ____.

perception

In the elaboration likelihood model, the ________ route represents circumstances in which people do not focus critically on the message but respond to superficial cues in the situation.

peripheral

Who saw dreams as fragmented parts of the personality that needed to be "re-owned" in order to "re-own" the hidden potential that appears in dreams?

perls

Elaine has experienced a long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thinking and behaving, and this has disrupted her personal life and work life. Elaine most likely has a(n) ______ disorder.

personality

elain has experienced a long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thinking and behaving, and this has disrupted her personal life and work life. elaine most likely has a(n) ___ disorder.

personality

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a:

personality inventory

dr. watson tells her class that humans and other animals are born with a predisposition to fear sources of serious danger from their evolutionary past, such as snakes and rats. which concept is she talking about?

preparedness hypothesis

holistic approach

primarily associated with humanistic perspective

Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. Which defense mechanism is Jim exhibiting?

reaction formation

Tests in which people are asked to tell what they see in ambiguous visual stimuli are:

projective tests

Which form of therapy is most likely to focus on transformation of irrational beliefs that cause undesirable, highly charged emotional reactions?

rational-emotive therapy

Which of these is a comprehensive system of personality change based on the transformation of irrational beliefs that cause undesirable, highly charged emotional reactions?

rational-emotive therapy

Albert Ellis developed ________ therapy by focusing on ________ that cause undesirable and highly charged emotional reactions.

rational-emotive; irrational beliefs

Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's 3-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of:

regression

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

in obsessive-compulsive disorder, the compulsions are thought to be which of the following?

repetitive behavior patterns that the person feels driven to perform to prevent a negative outcome

Carrie underwent a diagnostic procedure that used pulses of magnetic stimulation to create temporary, reversible lesions in her brain. The technique, which left no damage to Carrie's brain, is called ________.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Which procedure for studying the brain uses pulses of magnetic stimulation to create temporary, reversible lesions that do not actually damage brain tissue?

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

expectancy effect

researcher or observer subtly communicates to research participants the outcome he or she anticipates, thus producing the desired reaction

In ____ schizophrenia, an individual is free from major symptoms but still has minor symptoms that signal the ongoing presence of the disorder.

residual

In psychoanalytic therapy, the inability or unwillingness to discuss certain ideas, desires, or experiences is called ________.

resistance

Humanistic therapists point out that the freedom to choose comes with the burden of ________.

responsibility

in the ____, information about the world is converted from light waves into neural signals.

retina

savannah is two weeks old. her parents notice when anything touches her cheek she turns her head and looks for something to suck. this reflex is an example of a(n) ____

rooting feflex

psychodynamic perspective

said behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces and unconscious drives

________ was a pioneer in the area of family therapy.

satir

Yolanda describes herself by saying, "It's pretty easy to get close to others and to depend on them. I don't worry much about someone rejecting me, and I don't worry much about someone getting too close." Which adult attachment style supports Yolanda's perspective?

secure

angelina shows some distress when her mother leaves the room. when her mother returns, angelina seeks proximity, comfort, and contact with her mother, and is then able to return to play. according to ainsworth's "strange situation test," angelina would be classified as ______

securely attached

abdul has been a runner for his entire life. as he aged, he scaled down the number of miles he ran and slowed his pace, but also exercised more often and added a daily walk to his schedule. what strategy did abdul use as he aged?

selective optimization with compensation

The image of oneself based on information from significant people in one's life is that person's:

self-concept

Which of the following forms of therapy may be conducted without the services of a trained therapist?

self-help groups

A ________ leads people to take credit for their successes while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures

self-serving bias

A ________ leads people to take credit for their successes while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures.

self-serving bias

Whenever Bryan does well in anything, he takes all of the credit for it; but when he loses, he contributes it to someone else's doing. What attribution is he displaying?

self-serving bias

signal detection theory identifies two distinct processes in signal detection, which are ___.

sensory process and decision process

describe the difference between sex differences and gender

sex differences begin as male fetuses diverge from female fetuses at about 6 weeks after conception; gender is a psychological phenomenon

Milgram's studies showed that obedience is more an outcome of ________ factors than a product of ________ characteristics.

situational; dispositional

Milgram's experiments demonstrated that the obedience effect is overwhelmingly due to ________ variables and not ________ variables.

situational; personality

What is the process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information?

social cognition

in contrast to piaget's view of congnitive development, Lev Vygotsky argued that children develop through a process called internalization, emphasizing the importance of the child's _____

social context

justine knows that her fear of embarrassing herself is excessive and unreasonable, yet she feels compelled to avoid situations in which she may be observed or judged. she is most likely experiencing ____.

social phobia

The ________ setting of group therapy provides an opportunity to learn how one comes across to others, but the balance can change when members ________.

social; leave or join

identify the lifelong process through which an individual's behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society.

socialization

jonah has a long history of physical complaints over many years, spanning several medical categories. his complaints include double vision, chronic headache, fatigue, neck and back pain, nausea, indigestion, dry cough, congestion, heartburn, and chills, among others. jonah probably meets criteria for _____.

somatization disorder

naturalistic observations

some type of real-world behavior is viewed by a researcher who makes no attempt to influence or interfere with it

Kyla is trying to figure out where the beeping is coming from in her bedroom. what mechanism will help her find the source of the beeping?

sound localization

when talking to infants and children, adults tend to _____.

speak more slowly, use high-pitched intonation, and produce utterances that are shorter and have simpler structure

a fear of getting stuck in an elevator is a ____, while an excessive fear of being around people is a _____.

specific phobia; social phobia

which stage of kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning emphasizes a pleasure/pain orientation?

stage 1

which stage of kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning emphasizes a cost-benefit orientation?

stage 2

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are:

standardized

predictions

statements about the likelihood that a certain behavior will occur or a given relationship will be found

anthropologist

studies broad context of behavior in different cultures

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as:

sublimation

According to Adler, humans' driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of:

superiority

Mario and Sylvia are tasting a number of foods as they choose their wedding dinner menu. in the process, their taste receptor cells react most strongly to the four primary taste qualities. what are they?

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George's:

temperament

Even though she was symptom free, Erika continued taking the drugs to treat her schizophrenia to prevent a relapse. By taking this step, Erika was engaging in ________.

tertiary prevention

hypothesis

testable explanation of relationship between 2 or more events or variables

multiple perspectives

text describes a number of psychological perspectives, indicating that most research of contemporary psychologists involves

gate control theory suggest ____.

that certain cells in the spinal cord act as gates to interrupt and block some pain signals while sending others to the brain.

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

The abusive behavior of the guards at Abu Ghraib prison in 2003 can be explained by ________.

the idea that the power of situational forces can lead ordinary people to exhibit horrendous behaviors

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

lymphocytes

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Behaviorism

the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1. not 2.

Today, drug therapies have been substituted for psychotherapy in many cases because ________.

they are less expensive for insurance companies and HMOs

What are surface traits?

they are seen in the outward actions of a person

what did baillargeon and her colleagues think about piagets development?

they felt that certain abilities developed much earlier, such as object permanence.

connie is a young adult who suffers from schizophrenia. how can her family help reduce the recurrence of connie's acute schizophrenic symptoms and the need for hospitalization?

they should reduce their criticism, hostility, and intrusiveness toward connie

Which of the following is one of the four primary goals of therapy?

to propose a probable etiology

The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as:

trait-situation interaction

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the ______, the ______, and the preconscious.

unconscious; conscious

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

psychology

uses the scientific method to study the behavior of individuals and their mental processes

According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by:

withdrawing from personal relationships

mental processes

workings of the human mind

an example of the recognition stage of perception is ____.

you realize it is a mountain goat on the side of the mountain