Final Exam

Compared to the 1980s, the state of racial desegregation in U.S. schools today is __________. A) about the same B) worse off C) slightly better D) nonexistent

a

Creating a public option for insurance is an ACA reform suggested by __________. A) liberals B) conservatives C) libertarians D) Medicare recipients

a

Given what you know about the ways in which the healthcare market operates, who benefits least from the standards and practices used in the market? A) consumers B) pharmaceutical companies C) doctors D) insurance companies

a

Health disparities are most pronounced when __________ are compared to __________. A) blacks; whites B) Asians; whites C) whites; Latinos D) blacks; Latinos

a

Healthcare in __________ is the most expensive in the world. A) the U.S. B) Canada C) Cuba D) Sweden

a

Individuals who identify as LGBTQ are __________. A) trans-negative B) heterosexist C) sexual minorities D) gender queer

C

A web of social relationships linking people to one another is known as __________. A) a social network B) the sociological imagination C) a sociological tie D) a social problem

A

According to the information provided in this chapter, the U.S. might look to model government policies in the Netherlands and Denmark if it wanted to __________. A) legalize and regulate prostitution B) further restrict LGBTQ rights C) close the gender pay gap D) reform hookup culture on college campuses

A

According to the logic of the one-drop rule, past President Barak Obama would be racially classified as __________. A) black B) white C) mixed-race D) American

A

Felons are most likely to serve out their sentence in __________. A) probation B) jail C) prison D) rehabilitation

C

Tim is late for work and, consequently is pulled over by the police for speeding. If Tim wants to appear in court to contest his fine, which jurisdiction would he most likely be dealing with? A) local B) federal C) state D) international

A

Today in the U.S. young women are more likely than their peers in the opposite situation to be sexually assaulted if they __________. A) do not attend college B) have never been a victim of sexual assault before C) are married D) attend parties with no alcohol present

A

The time period after World War II when the U.S. market for healthcare was being established and formally offered to workers as a benefit from their employers would be the __________ phase of path dependency. A) outcomes B) disorganization C) narrowing D) dependence

c

Which of the following best explains the steady increase in the U.S. prison population over the course of the last several decades? A) the increase in homicides B) the increase in violent crime C) the increased criminalization of drugs and drug users D) the increased criminalization of white-collar crime

c

As __________ increase(s), the cost of purchasing healthcare coverage __________. A) fertility rates; decreases B) modernization; decreases C) the population age; increases D) migration; increases

C

At a restaurant you overhear a parent telling their young child to say "thank you" to the waiter for bringing the food they ordered. A sociologist would say that in this situation, the parent is teaching the young child about __________. A) social modes of production B) social closure C) prosocial behavior D) social status

C

Children born to __________ women are most likely to be raised in a single-parent home. A) white B) Asian C) black D) Latino

C

Concerns about the viability of __________ into the future stem from the fact that the program pays out more than it takes in via tax payer contributions. A) long-term care grants B) old age pensions C) Social Security D) Veteran's Pensions

C

Devon identifies as a man, the gender he was assigned at birth, and is sexually attracted to other men. Which of the following terms best describes Devon's identity? A) transgender bisexual B) cisgender heterosexual C) cisgender gay D) queer lesbian

C

Employment in the U.S. is relatively much more important than it is in other developed countries because it is tied to two important elements of well-being: __________ and __________. A) retirement; savings B) investments; healthcare C) healthcare; retirement D) homeownership; income

C

Historically, increased rates of women's labor force participation and increased __________ rates coincide. A) mortality B) marriage C) divorce D) remarriage

C

In an experiment that sent fake job resumes to real job ads, women applicants __________ got more callbacks, whereas men applicants with the same characteristics had no difference in the callbacks they received. A) with college degrees B) without college degrees C) without children D) with children

C

A city that is interested in lowering the number of evictions experienced by its residents might consider __________. A) building more long-term homeless shelters B) raising income thresholds for public housing C) increasing mortgage interest rates D) expanding voucher programs

D

A feminist theorist would assert that __________ helps illuminate nuances in the social hierarchy. A) middle-range theory B) conflict C) class conflict D) intersectionality

D

A key factor in the reason why American workers take less paid vacation time than workers in other developed countries is that __________. A) Americans have a much stronger work ethic B) American workers can get paid extra money by working through their vacation time C) European workers take off many more religious holidays than American workers D) in the U.S. paid vacation time is not required by law

D

A sociological view of the relationship between __________ and racial socioeconomic inequalities asserts that people develop views and behaviors in response to their social context. A) essentialism B) health outcomes C) crime D) culture

D

According to a sociologist, which of the following statements about sex and gender is true? A) Sex and gender are both biological constructs. B) Gender is innate whereas sex is socially constructed. C) There is a causal relationship between sex and gender. D) Sex and gender are fundamentally different concepts.

D

According to the Gini Index, the U.S. __________. A) has progressive poverty legislation B) is about average in terms of economic inequalities C) is the most egalitarian nation in the world today D) is one of the most unequal countries in the world

D

According to the information in your textbook, research demonstrates that there is a positive association between homicide and __________. A) the prevalence of white-collar crime B) local penal codes C) marital status of felons D) the number of guns in circulation in a society

D

Although __________ is technically illegal today, it still occurs through well-established patterns in the social structure of society. A) public housing B) homelessness C) social isolation D) segregation

D

During the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. economy was very dependent on __________ and economic growth began to slump when __________. A) natural resources; raw materials were mostly being imported B) well trained workers; college became more expensive C) immigration; laws become more strict D) oil; prices skyrocketed

D

Expectations that guide our behaviors are referred to as __________. A) organizations B) troubles C) issues D) norms

D

Which of the following theories best explains why ex-offenders may face significant difficulty finding employment upon release? A) criminology B) strain C) labeling D) recidivism

c

Students' participation in extracurricular activities __________. A) is higher at prep schools B) is higher in public schools C) does not matter for admission to elite colleges and universities D) is included in public school funding, but not in prep school tuition

a

The average American sees a doctor about __________ times per year. This is __________ than average doctor visits by people in other comparable nations. A) 4; lower B) 8; lower C) 12; higher D) 17; higher

a

The cases of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Eric Gardner are examples of __________. A) police using excessive force against unarmed black men B) how three strikes laws work C) rehabilitation success stories D) the community consequences of mass incarceration

a

Advances in technology have made medical care in the U.S. __________. A) less expensive B) more efficient C) more expensive D) less efficient

c

Full cultural assimilation becomes increasingly more likely with each __________ of a family. A) immigration B) generation C) decision D) intermarriage

B

Medical school in the U.S. costs students around __________. A) $50,000 B) $110,000 C) $200,000 D) $350,000

c

Sociological research shows that children are __________ when their parents work for pay. A) no worse off B) much worse off C) more likely to have behavioral problems D) less likely to be gender egalitarian themselves

A

A local restaurant and bar is hiring wait staff and bartenders for the upcoming summer season. Four applicants have applied for the job: Jerry, a 57-year-old man with over 30 years of bartending experience; Sandra, a 43-year-old women with 25 years of waitressing experience; Ken, a 23-year-old man who just completed his bartender certification; and Jenna, a 21-year-old woman looking for her first restaurant waitress job. After conducting interviews, the manager gives the bartending job to Ken and the waitress job to Jenna. Part of his reasoning is that their youthfulness will draw more business to the restaurant and bar. In fact, no one working in the restaurant or bar is over the age of 30. The __________ would call this restaurant's staffing patterns into question. A) Age Discrimination in Employment Act B) Social Security Act C) National Employment Act D) Older Workers Anti-Discrimination Act

A

According to Durkheim, deviance is __________ for society. A) functional B) the basis of conflict C) bad D) uncommon

A

According to demographers, a country that has low mortality rates, low fertility rates, and high life expectancy is __________ demographic transition. A) post B) pre C) in the middle of the first D) preparing for

A

Special interest groups and policy experts play an essential role in the __________ stage of the social problems construction process. A) claims-making B) implementation C) public reaction D) media attention

A

The Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges overturned __________. A) the Defense of Marriage Act B) the gender revolution C) no-fault divorce laws D) the Remarriage Act

A

An opponent of an approach to primarily dealing with poverty in the U.S. via programs that promote "family values" would most likely argue that __________. A) this approach is not productive because changes in the structure of the economy, gender norms, marriage, and parenthood have far outpaced efforts to restore the "traditional family" B) this approach is likely to be more effective than spending in other sectors of society, such as expanding access to healthcare, increasing the minimum wage, and providing high-quality educational and job-training opportunities C) children raised in two-parent families are less likely to live in poverty, so promoting family togetherness is a direct way to address this problem D) traditional families have the best potential to alleviate the negative health outcomes associated with the chronic stress experienced by those living in poverty

A

At the very end of life, many individuals with terminal illnesses utilize __________ for care. A) hospice B) adult day centers C) home health aids D) independent senior housing

A

Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that __________. A) public schools could not legally be racially segregated B) communities had to legally provide housing to homeless students C) public schools could not have a dissimilarity index score of more than 20 D) communities could no longer use redlining to determine school funding

A

Children in high-poverty communities are more likely to __________ than children in low-poverty communities. A) be exposed to violence B) have access to quick healthcare C) perform well on standardized tests D) live in low-poverty communities as adults

A

Conflict theory emerged in the 1960s in response to the limitations of __________. A) structural functionalism B) feminist theories C) neo-Marxism D) world systems theory

A

Dramatic shifts in employment circumstances, including career changes, are __________. A) potentially difficult and disruptive B) "boundaryless" C) increasingly more stable options D) less common today than they were in the 1960s

A

Educational inequalities between racial groups are best explained by __________. A) funding inequalities as a result of residential segregation B) differences in parental involvement with schooling C) the Great Recession D) the failures of affirmative action policies

A

Families both provide and are impacted by __________. A) life chances B) social problems C) individualism D) claims-making

A

Family plays an important role in the opportunities children are afforded in life, but sociological research finds that __________. A) resources provided by communities and extended networks also matter B) psychology is better at predicting children's outcomes later in life C) the variables of race and social class matter more than family itself D) gender-specific childrearing is the most important indicator of well-being later in life

A

In a recent campaign speech, a senator running for re-election in your state said, "Divorce among American families has remained high since the 1970s. This is a crisis for the American family." The first sentence of this speech excerpt is an example of __________, whereas the second sentence is an example of __________. A) agreed-upon facts; interpretations of facts B) the sociological imagination; interest group norms C) the welfare state; policy evaluation D) stereotypes; claims-making

A

In recent decades __________ has overwhelmingly been replaced by __________. A) dating; hooking up B) the gender pay gap; occupational sex segregation C) homophobia; sexism D) patriarchy; feminism

A

Middle-range theories encourage __________. A) empirical research B) institutional discrimination C) self-fulfilling prophecies D) prosocial behavior

A

One unintended consequence of concerted cultivation is that _________. A) young people today feel overly pressured to be very busy and accomplish goals B) young people today have more free time than they know what to do with C) parents today have to be dual-earning couples to maintain a household D) parents today have more flexibility in their gendered parenting responsibilities than before

A

Over time, U.S. public support for non-heterosexual relationships has __________. A) increased B) decreased C) stayed the same D) become more hostile

A

Reforming a host of social programs, such as access to health insurance, wage subsidies, education, and employment opportunities, would mean expanding the __________. A) conservative approach to alleviating poverty B) welfare state C) phenomenon of "luxury fever" D) meritocracy

A

Research on sex work has found that forms of prostitution that charge higher prices typically have __________. A) lower risk of violent victimization B) more adverse impacts on the surrounding community C) no risk of exploitation by third parties D) higher public visibility

A

Research shows that __________ are particularly vulnerable to falling into poverty after a divorce. A) women B) men C) both women and men D) middle-class men and women

A

Research shows that __________ can impact an individual's physical and cognitive development. A) chronic stress from living in conditions of poverty B) living in an equal society C) living in a society with high levels of government support for families D) intergenerational mobility

A

Research shows that exposure to __________ may affect self-concept, confidence, and performance on tasks. A) stereotypes B) sex C) gender D) patriarchy

A

Research shows that men and women in poor communities tend to prioritize __________ over __________. A) parenthood; marriage B) marriage; cohabitation C) divorce; parenthood D) marriage; parenthood

A

Residential segregation typically occurs along lines of __________. A) race and social class B) gender and ethnicity C) social class alone D) crime and race

A

Segregation of neighborhoods also leads to __________. A) segregation in schools B) redlining practices C) increased federal monies for high-poverty schools D) fewer gated communities

A

Since the 1970s, economic inequality in the U.S. has __________. A) increased substantially B) decreased slightly C) remained stable D) gone away entirely

A

The vast majority of young people in America do not obtain a college degree. This often results in __________. A) slow workplace advancement and periodic bouts of unemployment B) their working multiple jobs and having more debt than college students C) decreased prevalence of crime among this population D) workers not contributing enough money to continue to support the Social Security program

A

The work of W.E.B Du Bois was largely overlooked by academics in his lifetime because of __________. A) racism B) institutional sexism C) exploitation D) critical race theory

A

When individuals obtain a college degree they __________. A) are likely to earn higher salaries than those without one B) rarely ever recoup the costs of their education in their working years C) are likely to earn the same salaries as those without one D) will have a more difficult time finding employment in the global economy

A

Which of the following concepts best helps explain why harassment of, and violence against, black men by police officers is so prominent in the U.S. today? A) implicit bias B) essentialism C) institutional discrimination D) nationalism

A

Which of the following is true about economic inequality in America in the 1950s? A) It was at an all-time historical low. B) It was at an all-time historical high. C) It was about the same as it is today. D) It was not yet measured, so we don't know what the situation was.

A

Which of the following puts Americans in the most favorable position for employment in today's economy? A) having a college degree B) having a high school diploma C) being from a working-class community D) being from a poor community

A

Which of the following would be the best thing for a skeptic of official crime data to do in order to gain a better understanding of trends in crime? A) consider data from multiple datasets that report crimes B) collect data about crime from individuals in their own community C) reject all official data collected as untrustworthy D) use their own experiences with crime as an approximation for what is likely happening in the larger society

A

Why does the U.S. encourage people to continue working for as long as possible? A) to offset the economic expense of social welfare programs that support senior citizens B) because older workers are highly valued and esteemed in our culture C) to retain the use of highly specialized skill sets obtained by the Baby Boomer generation D) because there is a substantial shortage of senior housing and long-term care facilities

A

Women's increased labor force participation historically coincides with _________. A) increased divorce rates B) increased rates of stay-at-home fathers C) decreased educational attainment among women D) decreased wages among men

A

__________ can occur in a facility or in-home. A) Hospice care B) Replacement fertility C) Institutional discrimination D) Participation in adult day centers

A

__________ is a __________ theorist. A) Durhkeim; structural functionalist B) Weber; feminist C) Du Bois; globalization D) Parson; critical race

A

__________ is credited with advancing structural functionalism as a theoretical perspective for understanding social life. A) Parsons B) Marx C) Addams D) Mills

A

__________ manifests both formally and informally, as well as intentionally and unintentionally. A) White privilege B) Implicit racism C) Constructionism D) Affirmative action

A

When schools feel unsafe __________. A) there is an increased chance that violence will occur B) research shows that student learning suffers C) the administration can use resources provided by the NCLB Act to ramp up security D) tracking, suspension, and expulsion are more likely to occur

B

According to a sociological perspective, __________ could be considered a social problem because it negatively impacts a large number of people. A) increased life expectancy B) increased divorce rates C) declining gaps in the gendered division of household labor D) declining rates of poverty

B

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following is a nonfamily household? A) a grandmother who has legal physical custody of her two grandchildren B) a cohabiting same-sex couple C) a married heterosexual couple D) a single-father with full physical custody of his young son

B

Americans between the ages of 16 to 24, compared to other age groups, have the highest rates of unemployment. Researchers argue that this has long-lasting effects such as __________. A) better health outcomes, decreased post-secondary education dropout rates, and more promotions B) lower average pay, bouts of unemployment throughout one's working years, and lower subjective well-being C) fewer promotions, increased risk of divorce, and inconsistent healthcare coverage D) less debt, higher resiliency, and higher rates of homeownership in adulthood

B

An average U.S. teacher makes about __________ per year. A) $22,000 B) $40,000 C) $67,000 D) $80,000

B

An internet search of "online dating websites" reveals countless images of, and websites devoted to, happy opposite-sex couples finding love. Which sociological concept best illustrates this phenomenon? A) trans-negative B) heteronormativity C) sexual fluidity D) heterosexism

B

As inequality in a population __________, overall health in the population tends to __________. A) decreases; decrease B) increases; decrease C) decreases; increase D) increases; increase

B

Black Panthers and Black Lives Matter are organizations that came out of social movements to raise awareness about racial disparities in __________. A) educational attainment B) the criminal justice system C) voting rights D) access to high-quality healthcare

B

Chicago, New York, and Miami are some of the most _________ cities in the U.S. A) economically equal B) racially segregated C) racially integrated D) affordable

B

Christine and Aidan live in a diverse, urban neighborhood. Next year, their daughter will be starting kindergarten. After doing some research about the local public schools, they are not overly impressed by the data on students' academic performance in the school district, the high student-teacher ratio, or the limited availability of high-quality extracurricular activities. To give their daughter the best education possible, Christine and Aidan decide to put their house on the market and look for a new home in a nearby suburb, a less diverse and more affluent community with higher-quality schools. These events illustrate __________. A) desegregation B) white flight C) tracking D) accomplishment of natural growth

B

College dropout rates among U.S. students might decrease if __________. A) standards for academic performance were not so rigorous B) college was more affordable for average Americans C) public schools were desegregated D) college professors and administrators were paid less

B

Compared to other developed nations, the United States has __________. Statistics on this crime are considered to be very reliable because __________. A) lower rates of incarceration; data on this crime are reported from one high quality source B) higher rates of homicide; data on this crime are reported from multiple sources C) lower rates of gun ownership; data on this crime are reported from multiple sources D) higher rates of property crime; data on this crime are reported from one high-quality source

B

Compared to parents in the 1960s, parents today spend __________ time with their children. A) a little less B) more C) substantially less D) the same

B

Depending on how it is measured, the __________ among American couples ranges from 35 to 55 percent. A) marriage rate B) divorce rate C) remarriage rate D) childbearing rate

B

Difficulties faced by homeless families versus homeless single men are __________. A) very similar B) somewhat different C) less expensive to deal with D) more of a pressing social concern

B

Which of the following has had the LEAST amount of impact on the working-class job market since the 1950s? A) advances in technology B) shifts in parenting styles C) outsourcing of manufacturing D) increased educational attainment

B

Drawing concrete conclusions about the relationships between income, wealth, and health disparities among adults is difficult because __________. A) research in this area of inquiry is underfunded and under supported B) establishing confidence about the time order and direction of the relationships between variables is complex work C) when they participate in surveys, adults tend to exaggerate their health conditions D) measurements of socioeconomic status are largely unreliable

B

For her social science master's thesis research, Stacey used data from the U.S. Census, and other government agencies, to document disparities in educational funding across school districts in the country. She found a clear pattern that school districts with higher percentages of non-white students received significantly less funding than districts with mostly white students. In the conclusion of her thesis she argues that such dramatic educational inequality is harmful to society. Which of the following concepts best applies to this scenario? A) the constructionist approach B) the objectivist approach C) the claims-making approach D) the policy-making approach

B

Given what you know about the persistence of the gender gap in pay between men and women workers in the U.S., which of the following policies would best help to close this gap? A) overturning the 1963 Equal Pay Act B) requiring wages for part-time work to be the same as they would be if the employee was full-time C) disincentivize women entering STEM fields D) provide free higher education for men entering care occupations

B

Housing vouchers and public housing units __________. A) are widely available, especially in cities with high proportions of renters in the market B) have long been in existence, but even the most vulnerable renters have difficulty accessing them C) have been shown to increase rates of poverty and homelessness in communities where they are widely available D) are programs available to assist homeowners who are temporarily struggling to pay their mortgages

B

In 2017, the __________ part of the ACA was repealed, a mechanism that was initially put in place to help counteract the potential for widespread __________ in the health insurance market. A) protection for pre-existing conditions; direct to consumer advertising B) insurance mandate; adverse selection C) extension of benefits to young adults; fee-for-service payment structures D) purchasing cooperative; high-risk pools

B

In recent years the U.S. government has __________ spending for __________. A) increased; homeless services B) decreased; housing vouchers C) increased; public housing D) decreased; mortgage interest deduction

B

Ivan has been looking for a new doctor. He searches online for reviews of doctors who practice in the area, but is unable to find any information that is clear or conclusive to help make his decision. This is an example of __________. A) catastrophic medicine B) information asymmetry C) the fundamental health gradient D) moral hazard

B

Laura and Anne have been in school together since the first grade. They worked well together and were always in the same class. Once they got to middle school, Laura was put into a class of students that were labeled "high achieving" and Anne was in a class for the "average" students. This exemplifies __________. A) segregation B) tracking C) social promotion D) prejudice

B

Marginally attached and discouraged workers are not counted in the official unemployment rate but represent __________. A) more than half of the officially reported unemployment rate B) an important pool of labor resources C) demographic inequalities among unemployed workers D) the health of the American economy

B

On average, Americans work __________ workers in Europe and __________. A) less than; retire earlier B) more than; are not guaranteed any paid time off C) about the same amount of hours; make less money D) more in some seasons than; have better benefits

B

Over the last century, the number of different majors available for students to pursue at colleges and universities has increased dramatically. This situation reflects the trend of __________ in the modern economy. A) decline in agricultural jobs B) labor market specialization C) McDonaldization D) unemployment

B

Policing is an example of __________. A) social solidarity B) social control C) prosocial behavior D) sympathetic knowledge

B

Rates of Alzheimer's are highest among __________. A) Asians B) whites C) Hispanics D) African Americans

B

Reading through the day's newsfeed you come across a story about a young person who was arrested at the local mall for stealing an iPad. The story includes a statement from the person explaining they stole the item because they did not have enough money to buy it. The news story also quotes the young person's parent who explains how difficult it has been for their child to find a job that they have the skills for and that pays them enough to save for an iPad. Using strain theory, ____________ explains that crime and deviance occur because of an individual's inability to achieve societal goals through legitimate means A) Durkheim B) Merton C) Foucault D) Lombroso

B

Redlining, white flight, and other trends in residential segregation are most directly the result of which historical U.S. event? A) the Fair Housing Act B) the Great Migration C) the Civil Rights Movement D) the Inclusionary Zoning Act

B

Research about the state of racial segregation of neighborhoods in the U.S. today is __________. A) outdated B) inconclusive C) not important for the study of social problems D) focused mostly on Asian and Latino neighborhoods

B

Research has found that tracking practices in schools lead to __________. A) better outcomes for all students, regardless of track B) worse outcomes for all students, regardless of track C) the best chance for equality of opportunity for students D) students having inequitable exposure to material

B

Research shows that heterosexual couples __________ in long-term relationships. A) are deeply unhappy B) want to pair with people like themselves C) are more attracted to people who are different from themselves D) are typically very happy

B

Research studies such as Moving to Opportunity, planned communities, and housing voucher programs are most directly intended to __________. A) assess controversial government programs and policies so ineffective programs can be targeted for spending cuts B) provide us with a better understanding of how housing matters for life outcomes, and how we can best address social problems related to housing C) reduce rates of incarceration and unemployment among those living in the most vulnerable American communities D) help the public decide who is most at fault for creating housing related social inequalities

B

Results of a recent experiment that sent out fictitious resumes to real job ads found that __________ and _________ workers got the least number of callbacks, suggesting that our cultural biases about "good workers" are complex. A) younger; male B) older; female C) younger; female D) older; male

B

Since 1976, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has begun publishing __________ different measures of the unemployment rate. These measures are used to __________. A) 2; support the political ideologies of liberal and conservative law makers B) 6; discern a comprehensive view of unemployment C) 9; develop policies and benefits for workers, such as minimum wage and family leave D) 15; track unemployment in the key industries in the economy

B

Since the 1990s, instances of victimization in schools have __________. A) dramatically increased B) dramatically decreased C) decreased slightly D) stayed about the same

B

Some victims of sexual assault are said to experience a "second assault" when they report their abuse. This refers to __________. A) being convicted of multiple sexual assaults B) receiving negative reactions from others they tell about the incident C) being assaulted by the same perpetrator a second time D) receiving second degree assault charges in court

B

The 2014 housing crisis __________. A) impacted the labor market more so than any other social institution B) increased the precariousness of living arrangements for many Americans C) had relatively little impact on rent in the country's "hottest" housing markets D) resulted in fewer families having severe cost burdens associated with housing

B

The accumulated effect of stress from lifelong exposure to racial prejudice and discrimination is referred to as __________. A) adverse selection B) the weathering effect C) pre-existing conditions D) the socioeconomic gradient of health

B

The aging U.S. population, more young people pursuing higher education for longer, and more working aged adults filing for disability may all contribute to a __________. A) call to reinstate social programs that help the unemployed population B) decline in the number of workers who make up the labor force C) decline in the underemployment rate D) need to reconceptualize measures related to the workforce

B

The argument that our highly specialized labor market offers a wide variety of jobs for people to use their talents and creativity is considered by sociologists to be __________ because __________. A) a strength of the U.S. economy; a diverse array of jobs are available B) a false promise; of the prevalence of deskilled service industry C) fiction; only some jobs require skilled training D) an attainable goal of the U.S. economy; of job training programs and the expansion of higher education

B

The gap in academic achievement observed among students in the U.S. is largely explained by __________. A) PISA test results B) social class differences C) assortative mating D) the prevalence of charter schools

B

The small business owners that make up the Chamber of Commerce in your city want to vote in the upcoming elections for a candidate that will represent their interests in Washington. Their most pressing concern is that their elected officials work hard in Washington to reduce the very high costs they incur as a result of providing healthcare benefits to their employees. If this is their most pressing concern, a political candidate that advocates for __________ would be someone they should vote for. A) the free market approach B) a single-payer system C) fee for service billing D) the risk of moral hazard

B

The statistic that about 70 percent of whites today agree that "blacks should overcome prejudice and work their way up in society, like Irish, Jewish, and other minorities did at one point in history," demonstrates __________. A) racial equality B) the phenomenon of white privilege C) the effectiveness of affirmative action D) how race is socially constructed

B

There are high rates of __________ among public school teachers in the U.S. A) income B) burnout C) violence D) segregation

B

Today in the U.S. women surpass men in __________. A) annual earnings B) college enrollment C) high school drop-out rates D) filling seats in Congress

B

Today, Todd and the rest of his fifth grade class are taking a standard test that assesses their reading, math, and science skills. Students who pass the test will advance to sixth grade next year, whereas students who do not pass will repeat fifth grade. This is an example of __________. A) tracking B) high-stakes tests C) segregation D) assortative testing

B

Today, __________ in the U.S. is about __________. A) the Gini Index; zero B) the median household income; $60,000 C) unemployment; at 15 percent of the population D) minimum-wage; $25/per hour

B

Today, approximately __________ percent of the U.S. population lives in poverty. However, if we were to use a measure of __________ to assess the situation, this number would dramatically increase. A) 3; absolute poverty B) 15; relative poverty C) 24; absolute poverty D) 40; relative poverty

B

Today, in addition to the many days spent preparing, an average American student in grades three thru eight spends about __________ day(s) a school year taking standardized tests. A) 1 B) 3.5 C) 7.5 D) 12

B

Today, the unemployment rate for __________ is nearly twice that of __________. A) whites; Hispanics B) blacks; whites C) whites; blacks D) blacks; Hispanics

B

Today, there is considerable debate among sociologists about __________. A) whether or not race is a social construction B) whether or not race will decline in significance in the future C) the existence of racial disparities in education, employment, and wealth D) racial discrimination in the criminal justice system

B

Which of the following might help reduce government spending on Medicare, without dramatically compromising access to healthcare for older Americans? A) raise the age requirement for receipt of Medicare benefits to age 70, or higher B) find ways to lower the cost of medical treatments and end-of-life care C) encourage people to work longer, so they have more time to save and cover their own healthcare costs D) provide payments directly to families that assist with long-term care of older Americans

B

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a sociological perspective on crime and violence? A) Sociologists typically study individual-level explanations for crime and violence. B) Sociologists consider the social conditions of society to explain crime and violence. C) Sociologists are highly invested in biological or genetic explanations for crime and violence. D) Sociologists rely mostly on anecdotal experiences of victimization to explain crime and violence.

B

While driving to school today you passed a sign on the freeway that said "$1,000 FINE FOR LITTERING." Which of the following concepts best explains the purpose of this sign? A) retribution B) deterrence C) incapacitation D) rehabilitation

B

White flight and redlining are terms used to describe __________. A) homelessness B) residential segregation C) severe income burdens D) the index of dissimilarity

B

Women and men are most likely to orgasm during sex __________. A) during a first hookup B) if they are in a longer-term relationship C) during a second or third hookup D) if they ascribe to traditional gender roles

B

World system theory connects the concepts of __________ and __________. A) gender; race B) capitalism; globalization C) social solidarity; class conflict D) functionalism; conflict

B

__________ are crimes punished by a year or more in prison, while __________ are punished by less than one year in prison. A) Misdemeanors; infractions B) Felonies; misdemeanors C) Felonies; infractions D) Infractions; misdemeanors

B

__________ are important to consider when accounting for __________. A) Organizations; cultural stereotypes B) Communities; differences in life chances C) Schools; widespread individual troubles D) Governments; social networks available to individuals

B

__________ are more likely than __________ to be homeless. A) Hispanics; non-Hispanics B) Men; women C) Families; single people D) Asians; African Americans

B

__________ has the largest population of people over 65 in the world, which can lead to increased spending on medical care for these individuals. A) The U.S. B) Japan C) the UK D) Denmark

B

__________ is related to __________. A) Tracking; the Brown v. Board of Education lawsuit B) Opportunity hoarding; concerted cultivation C) The accomplishment of natural growth; No Child Left Behind legislation D) Charter schooling; the PISA test

B

Janet is a 60-year-old woman and has been a receptionist at a doctor's office for 30 years. She will not be financially ready to retire for another 10 years or so, but she has recently been notified that her position is being eliminated because the doctor she works for is retiring and, as a result, she is being laid off. Even with her experience, Janet is struggling to find work at another doctor's office. When she is finally offered a position, the pay is far too low compared to what she was making previously for her to accept and be able to make ends meet. Janet's story is characterized by __________, a common experience for older workers in the labor force. A) outsourcing B) flexible labor markets C) ageism D) precarious work

C

Older Americans today benefit from __________, which was not the case for this same age group prior to the 1930s. A) positive representations of age in popular media B) entirely privatized retirement funds C) social welfare programs like Social Security and Medicare D) large familial care networks

C

Research finds that college men and women are equally likely to __________. A) initiate hookups B) ask each other out on dates C) express interest in having relationships D) express interest in having casual sex

C

Sherri is an Asian American woman. She has two school-aged children. She works full-time as a shift supervisor at a local big box store, but still has difficulty making ends meet. The theoretical contributions of Karl Marx would likely emphasize Sherri's __________ to make sense of her common life experiences. A) gender B) ethnicity C) social class D) parental status

C

Since the 1940s, there has historically been an overrepresentation of __________ working in the agricultural industry. A) children B) women C) migrant workers D) white

C

Sociological theories __________. A) have not been developed since the 1850s B) are usually middle-range C) are ways of explaining a complex social world D) rarely contradict each other

C

Technological advancements have impacted the labor market and have ultimately __________ and __________. A) increased the need for highly skilled manufacturing workers; decreased the need for workers trained in the liberal arts B) reduced the number of jobs being outsourced; increased the need for high-tech workers C) reduced the skills needed for many jobs; made it easier for work to be outsourced D) made it easier for jobs to be outsourced; made automation more expensive

C

The __________ that experiences the highest rate of poverty in the U.S. today are __________. A) population group; adults over the age of 65 B) sex; males C) age cohort; children under 18 D) racial group; whites

C

The contradictory American values about __________ and __________ can help explain the current state of marriage in the U.S. A) divorce; parenthood B) stigma; infidelity C) individualism; marriage D) social class; cohabitation

C

The grouping of Americans of European descent, such as Italian, Irish, and Jewish, into a general racial category of "white" exemplifies __________. A) individual discrimination B) ethnicity as essentialist C) race as a social construction D) how stereotypes are constructivist

C

The minimum-wage requirements in the U.S. are such that workers can work full-time and still be __________. A) socially mobile B) in the upper middle class C) a part of the 1 percent D) in poverty

C

The works of Marx, Mills, and Weber fall under the umbrella of __________ theory. A) feminist B) structural functionalist C) conflict D) critical race

C

To draw attention to a social problem, claims-makers often engage in which of the following? A) individual troubles B) stereotyping C) interpretation of facts

C

To help make ends meet while raising her two young children, Jenna starts watching other families' children in her home on a part-time basis. At the end of the week, the families she works with pay her in cash and let her know what their needs are for next week. Jenna's work is an example of what sociologists refer to as __________. A) arbitrary employment B) sweat-shop day labor C) precarious work D) informal work

C

Wallerstein's __________ theory is an example of a __________ theory. A) neo-Marxist; critical race B) critical race; feminist C) capitalist world system; neo-Marxist D) feminist; conflict

C

What major change was made to the U.S. Census forms in 1997? A) People were given the option to indicate black as their ethnicity. B) White was no longer listed as an option for racial identity. C) People were allowed to identify themselves as more than one race. D) People were given the option to indicate Hispanic/Latino as their race.

C

When sociological theories are used to understand social problems, they tend to emphasize __________. A) solutions to problems B) sanctions experienced by individuals affected by problems C) the origin of problems D) individual acts associated with problems

C

Which of the following concepts best explains the persistent racial wealth gap in the U.S.? A) assimilation B) individual discrimination C) institutional discrimination D) prejudice

C

Which of the following statements about social problems is true? A) Social problems are most important if they only impact a small number of individuals. B) There is generally great consensus among members of a society about what is, or is not, a pressing social problem. C) Social problems can be difficult to solve if doing so removes advantages from groups who have traditionally benefitted from the status quo. D) Most social problems receive equitable media coverage and funding to help find solutions to the condition.

C

Which of the following statements would a supporter of affirmative action policies, as they exist today, be most likely to say? A) Affirmative action is necessary to offset the generations of institutional discrimination experienced by non-whites. B) Affirmative action is necessary because reverse discrimination of whites is rampant in contemporary America. C) Affirmative action is necessary because it directly addresses class-based differences in society. D) Affirmative action is necessary to offset the cultural aspects of poverty.

C

You have just received a phone call from the Local University Poll. The interviewer asked you a series of questions about your opinions on gun control. Which stage of the social problems construction process best applies to this scenario? A) claims-making B) policy-making C) public reaction D) implementation

C

Given what you know from the text about economic inequality in the U.S., why is an individual's access to home ownership so important? A) Home ownership is fully achievable for every American citizen, so it is a normal part of life. B) Home ownership facilitates a positive childhood home life. C) Home ownership provides monthly income while you are paying off debts. D) Home ownership is the primary means through which average Americans generate wealth

D

In your Social Problems class this semester, your professor assigns a project that requires you to interview someone who is a social minority about their lived experiences. The goal of the assignment is for students to connect with each other and learn from each other's experiences. The goal of the assignment is an example of __________. A) conflict theory B) the social problems perspective C) structural functionalism D) sympathetic knowledge

D

Increased precision, efficiency, and calculability are features of the __________ of work. A) flexible labor trends B) outsourced deskilling C) semi-industrial era D) McDonaldization

D

Kelly recently told her parents and her best friend that she is a lesbian. Which of the following concepts best applies to Kelly's situation? A) trans-negative B) queer C) intersex D) coming out

D

Predictions about __________ are based on estimates of fertility, mortality, and migration. A) health disparities B) the shifting construction of whiteness C) trends in racial classification D) population growth and decline

D

Research demonstrates that the more __________ a society, __________. A) capitalist; the less happy people are there B) capitalist; the more happy people are there C) equal; the less happy people are there D) unequal; the less happy people are there

D

Research shows that __________ is the most significant factor in explaining why children raised in two-parent families have more favorable social-emotional outcomes. A) a kinship system B) the gender of the parents C) more attention D) the presence of financial resources

D

Sam, a stay-at-home parent, and John, a medical doctor, are divorcing. In court, the judge rules that, in addition to child support, Sam is entitled to __________ from John. A) an at-fault divorce B) an exemption of kinship status C) take over the family home D) receive alimony

D

Since the 1960s __________ in the U.S. has dramatically declined. A) prosocial behavior B) participation in globalization C) feminism D) union membership

D

Sociological research on the effect of affirmative action has concluded which of the following? A) Affirmative action policies have resulted in widespread reverse discrimination against whites. B) Affirmative action policies have impacted employment prospects of whites more than non-whites. C) Affirmative action policies have substantially altered our implicit biases about race. D) Affirmative action policies have not entirely alleviated discriminatory hiring practices

D

Solutions to social problems __________. A) are easy to create B) typically are unsuccessful C) are usually one-dimensional D) have to be multifaceted

D

The __________ we hold about race can fuel our __________. A) prejudices; assimilation B) constructions; discriminations C) perspectives; socialization D) stereotypes; implicit biases

D

The impact of the Great Migration can be observed using methods of __________. A) experimentation B) survey research C) interviews D) human ecology

D

The most expensive health condition to treat in the U.S. population today is __________. A) obesity B) diabetes C) cancer D) dementia

D

The most expensive place in the world to obtain a college education is in __________. A) Canada B) Norway C) Mexico D) the United States

D

The steady rise in median household income realized by American families between 1950 and 1975 is primarily the result of __________. A) deindustrialization B) the emergence of the college wage premium among men C) increases in the net financial assets of the 1 percent D) increases in women's labor force participation

D

The way facts are interpreted and, in turn, given attention by the media and public helps explain the difference between __________ and __________. A) claims-making; agreed-upon facts B) stereotyping; norms C) institutions; organizations D) the objectivist; the constructivist approach

D

Today, most women in professional or managerial jobs __________. A) become stay-at-home mothers after having children B) have stay-at-home spouses that manage childcare and other household tasks C) are more likely to find themselves unemployed than men D) return to the labor force quickly after having children

D

What do sociologists Marx, Du Bois, and Addams have in common? A) Their work was met with great acceptance from the general public during their lifetimes. B) They all were largely concerned with the experiences of poor immigrants. C) They all focused their careers on explaining racial inequalities in society. D) They all mixed scholarship and activism in their careers.

D

When a population's birth rate does not maintain a country's population size, the country is struggling with __________. A) institutional infertility B) infant mortality C) migration D) replacement fertility

D

Which of the following is a community consequence of high rates of violence, crime, and neighborhood disorder? A) As a result of increased police presence, residents report feeling safer and more satisfied with their neighborhoods than in communities with lower crime rates. B) Police in these communities have little incentive to under report crimes so they can justify increased budgetary requests. C) The federal government provides more funding to children per capita in these communities in order to offset the difficulties experienced by children living there. D) Companies are fearful of making investments in these communities and, in turn, will invest in development and in creating good-paying jobs elsewhere.

D

You are completing a research project for your sociology class and are focusing on the question of "Why do people choose to get married?" In the process of doing interviews with recently married couples, you find that they most frequently cite __________ as a very important factor in the decision to get married to their partner. In your paper, you indicate that this finding is reflective of studies done using larger, national samples on this same topic. A) gender norms B) having a shared child C) financial stability D) love

D

__________ and __________ have been found to be strongly associated with one's likelihood of developing Alzheimer's. A) Social class; race B) Diet; exercise C) Gender; stress D) Age; genetics

D

__________ assumes that economic rewards are the driving force behind individual behavior. A) Democracy B) Communism C) Socialism D) Capitalism

D

__________ do not imply whether a social condition is a social problem or not. A) Claims-makers B) Stereotypes C) Interpretations D) Agreed-upon facts

D

__________ is more likely to occur in communities where opportunities for individuals are difficult to come by. A) Affluence B) Employment C) Divorce D) Crime

D

__________ is the most expensive social welfare program in the U.S. A) Food stamps B) Veteran's benefits C) Public education

D

A potential shortcoming of the Libertarian proposal for healthcare reform is that__________. A) the benefits we realize from the Hippocratic Oath would have to be abandoned B) catastrophic health insurance policies would likely be replaced by high-risk pool policies C) healthcare would become a low-cost or free service obtained through citizenship D) healthcare, being managed by the government, would become less expensive for consumers

a

About __________ percent of college students get a degree from the same institution they started their education at. A) 10 B) 25 C) 40 D) 75

a

Among inmates in the U.S. today, the rate of diagnosed __________ is more than 50 percent. A) mental illness B) hypertension C) chronic stress D) Type-2 diabetes

a

As a result of hyper-segregation, schools with __________ students are __________. A) majority non-white; disproportionately poor B) majority white; disproportionately poor C) a balance of boys and girls; less violent D) a balance of boys and girls; better performing

a

Attendance at an elite, private __________ can play an important role in gaining access to an elite college or university. A) preparatory school B) public school C) charter school D) magnet school

a

__________, a widely popular social insurance program in the U.S., is modeled after a __________ approach to the healthcare industry. A) Medicare; single-payer B) Medicare; free market C) ACA; conservative D) ACA; Libertarian

a

Before the Affordable Care Act, it was legal for health insurance companies to __________. A) exclude patients with pre-existing conditions from obtaining coverage B) stop selling insurance policies in states where they could not turn a profit C) exclude woman and children from coverage, because they require the most expensive care D) refuse to cover emergency room visits

a

Children __________ are at increased risk for health problems in later life. A) living in poverty B) in middle-class families C) who grow up in affluent suburbs D) with high educational attainment

a

Imagine you attend a large state university. The governor of the state has recently announced that there will be changes in higher education spending next fiscal year. A few days later, you receive an email from your university notifying you that your tuition and fees will be increasing by a few hundred dollars next year. Given what you know about trends in higher education funding and costs, what is the connection between these two events? A) Over time, states have contributed less to funding higher education, which is partially made up for by increasing costs for students. B) There is no connection between these two events because higher education is federally funded. C) Budget cuts in states' higher education funding are in opposition to the general trend in funding that has recently occurred. D) Increases in tuition rarely occur, so next year is an exception to the norm.

a

In general, there is __________ relationship between educational attainment and income. A) a negative B) a positive C) no D) a reverse

a

Jenna and Nena attend the same high school. Since freshman year, Jenna has taken basic grade-level courses in English, math, and science. Nena has taken similar courses to Jenna, but always at the honors and AP level. When it came time to apply for colleges, Nena had more colleges to choose from because her SAT scores and grades were higher than Jenna's. Sociological research would likely conclude that Jenna and Nena's achievement differences __________. A) are an example of how tracking is a self-fulfilling prophecy B) would not play out this way in U.S. schools today C) exemplify the unintended consequences of NCLB legislation D) can mostly be explained by individual level factors

a

Men outnumber women in the military and, therefore, are more likely to experience life in a war zone. This helps explain __________. A) how gendered behaviors explain health disparities between men and women B) the gendered weathering effect C) why women tend to have fewer pre-existing conditions than men D) the biological explanation for gendered health disparities

a

Programs like the Harlem Children's Zone (HCZ) are designed to __________. A) ameliorate differences in opportunities for children from different social classes B) combat the widespread prevalence of childhood hunger in New York City C) provide high-quality after-school programming for middle-class children in New York City D) help parents learn how to engage in concerted cultivation childrearing

a

Research demonstrates a clear __________ association between _________ and the distribution of health disparities in the U.S. population. However, explaining how and why this relationship exists is complex. A) positive; socioeconomic status B) negative; socioeconomic status C) spurious; gender D) positive; gender

a

Research shows that __________ are disproportionately suspended or expelled from school. A) African Americans B) whites C) Asians D) Latinos

a

Scholars and public policy makers __________ that the current role of insurance in the economic market for healthcare creates __________. A) widely agree; moral hazard B) do not all agree; moral hazard C) largely disagree; more equality D) widely agree; more equality

a

Some research finds that there are connections between poverty, __________, and __________. A) income; high-quality maternity care B) diet; stress C) asthma; longer life expectancy D) stress; premature birth

a

The coastal town of York, Maine has the ability to raise millions of dollars in taxes and revenue from seasonal tourism that they can spend on their school system. In nearby Sanford, Maine the property values are much lower and they don't have extra income from things like parking meters and fees for town services. Because of this, York is able to spend twice as much per student than Sanford. This exemplifies __________. A) inequality as a result of local funding of schools B) inequality as a result of mass education C) the liberating principles of education D) an atypical funding structure for U.S. schools

a

The earliest form of criminal punishment was __________. A) retribution B) deterrence C) incapacitation D) rehabilitation

a

The economic resources, self-governance abilities, and critical thinking capabilities of individuals who are __________ help explain the positive relationship between education and health. A) more highly educated B) high school dropouts C) less educated D) recipients of high school diplomas

a

The enormous administrative costs associated with the structure of the U.S. healthcare market __________. A) coexist with enormous profits generated by private insurance companies B) threaten the bottom line of private insurance companies C) would be even less efficient if the government took a more central role in the administration of healthcare D) were moderated with the passage of the ACA

a

The process of changing established systems and norms occurs in stages. First, __________ and then __________. A) critical juncture; lock-in B) disorganization; dependence C) narrowing; lock-in D) dependency; critical juncture

a

There is an inverse relationship between __________ and __________ in the U.S. A) the crime rate; the incarceration rate B) white-collar crime; street crime C) parole; recidivism D) retribution; rehabilitation

a

Today, national student loan debt __________ national credit card debt. A) far surpasses B) is about the same as C) is a little less D) is substantially less

a

Today, women are more likely to __________ than men. A) obtain a college degree B) have a high score on a standardized math test C) attend hyper-segregated schools D) have a high paying job

a

Trends in _________ have the potential to dramatically reinforce social class differences between American families. A) assortative mating B) high-stakes test scores C) credit card debt D) charter school enrollments

a

When a rural community houses a federal prison, __________. A) they receive more government resources because their population is inflated B) violent crime rates in the community typically increase C) unemployment rates are typically high D) they are strapped for economic resources because they spend most of their local budget maintaining the prison

a

Which of the following fueled the severity of the recent Great Recession? A) the Enron scandal B) the subprime mortgage industry C) the war on drugs D) the rise of mass incarceration

a

Which of the following is a policy reform that could have a substantial impact in terms of reducing the cost of medical care in the U.S.? A) encourage the government to negotiate the price of prescription drugs, instead of leaving price to the private market B) require insurance companies to support fee for service payment structures to physicians and hospitals C) train more individuals to assist with the administrative burden of a private healthcare market D) provide assistance to physicians to purchase their own high-tech diagnostic equipment

a

You are watching the evening news in your suburban home and hear a story about an arrest for a violent crime and drug conviction that occurred in a poor neighborhood in the nearby major city. Given what you know about race, punishment, and media coverage of crime, which of the following is likely to be true about the news report? A) The criminal in the story is a young black man. B) The criminal in the story is a young black woman. C) The criminal in the story is a young white man. D) The criminal in the story is a young white woman.

a

__________ are incarcerated at rates significantly higher than other groups in the U.S. A) Blacks B) Whites C) Latinos D) Women

a

__________ is a health insurance program funded entirely by the federal government for Americans over the age of 65. A) Medicaid B) The Commonwealth Fund C) ACA D) Medicare

a

__________ is the state with the lowest per-pupil education spending. A) Utah B) New York C) Massachusetts D) Alaska

a

According to the work of Foucault, which of the following are the best examples of surveillance? A) retribution and rehabilitation B) decriminalization and three-strikes laws C) occupational crime and corporate crime D) probation and parole

b

Children's exposure to violence has been associated with __________ . A) lower rates of depression B) lower academic performance C) higher rates of educational attainment D) higher retribution

b

From No Child Left Behind (NCLB), as a society we have learned that __________. A) students' academic success is not best assessed through state-level or national standards B) standardized tests are a reliable measure of nationwide student academic achievement C) teacher quality is the most important factor in predicting students' academic success D) there is a widespread need for more special education programs across the U.S.

b

Imagine you are moving into a dorm at the start of the academic year. After spending all day moving in, you decide to go to get some food. While you are gone, someone breaks into your room and takes your brand new laptop. This is an example of __________ crime, and more specifically, __________ crime. A) white-collar; occupational B) street; property C) white-collar; violent D) street; corporate

b

On average, college administrators earn salaries that are __________ those of CEOs. A) significantly more than B) comparable to C) significantly less than D) just slightly more than

b

Restrictions on employment for individuals with a criminal record __________. A) are illegal in the U.S. B) compromise the individual's ability to provide for themselves and their families C) are proven to be an effective form of punishment that deters many criminals from committing crimes in the first place. D) are not considered to be a primary collateral consequence of having a criminal record

b

Say you live in a state where marijuana is decriminalized. In this situation, being fined for the possession of small quantities of marijuana would most likely be handled by __________ governments, whereas being arrested for the trafficking of marijuana across state lines would most likely be handled by __________ governments. A) federal; local B) state; federal C) local; state D) federal; state

b

Since the 1960s politicians across party lines have increasingly supported __________. A) "an eye for an eye" laws B) "tough on crime" policies C) "code of the street" perspectives on crime D) "black lives matter" agendas

b

The U.S. has the __________ in the developed world. A) lowest homicide rate B) largest incarcerated population C) best rehabilitation programs D) lowest rates of recidivism

b

The __________ collects crime data from a sample of Americans, whereas the __________ collects crime data from police departments. A) United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime; National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) B) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) C) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) D) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime

b

The term "million-dollar blocks" refers to __________. A) city blocks where million-dollar corporations are routinely monitored for potentially committing white-collar crimes B) sections of American cities where the government has spent millions of dollars on convicting criminals for committing street crimes C) ) block-grants distributed by the government to communities to help convict criminals for committing white-collar crimes D) communities where prisons are located, which typically contain millions of inmates

b

When groups of individuals display patterns of differing health status according to their social class, race or ethnicity, gender, and geographic location, a sociologist would say there are observable __________. A) causes for population health B) health disparities C) pre-existing conditions D) moral hazards

b

Which of the following is the policy that is most responsible for the state of mass incarceration in the U.S. today? A) The Marijuana Decriminalization Act B) The War on Drugs C) Three Strikes Laws D) The Felon Rehabilitation Act

b

Which of the following statements about Americans' beliefs about violent crime rates and the reality of violent crime rates is true? A) The public believes violent crime is increasing and violent crime has increased in recent decades. B) The public believes that violent crime is increasing and violent crime has decreased in recent decades. C) The public believes that violent crime is decreasing and violent crime has increased in recent decades. D) The public believes that violent crime is decreasing and violent crime has decreased in recent decades.

b

__________ play(s) a central role in successful in the early stages of prisoner reentry. A) The federal government B) Non-profit agencies C) Community colleges D) The state government

b

__________ played an important role in securing access to good healthcare benefits for workers. A) States B) Unions C) Republicans D) Democrats

b

Compared to other developed nations, the U.S. ranks __________ in high school completion rates and students' scores on international standardized tests are relatively __________. A) higher; low B) higher; high C) lower; low D) lower; high

c

47) Your chances of being unemployed __________ with increases in educational attainment. A) increase substantially B) do not change C) decline D) increase

c

A business in the 1960s paid __________ for healthcare coverage for its employees than businesses do today. A) about the same B) much more C) much less D) slightly less

c

A patient in __________ will pay an average of over $4,000 per day to stay in a hospital. This is among the highest costs for medical care in the world. A) Spain B) France C) the U.S. D) Australia

c

A sociologist that studies health and medicine is most likely to focus on __________. A) an individual's vital signs B) pre-existing conditions C) population health D) subjective health and well-being

c

According to __________ theory, an individual is likely to deviate when they feel that the institutionalized means for obtaining success are not realistic for them. A) deterrence B) reentry C) strain D) labeling

c

According to recent data, __________ are the most likely group to commit suicide. A) black women B) Hispanic women C) white men D) American Indian/Alaska Native men

c

Americans use __________ more so than people in any other developed nation. Some argue this is because __________. A) long hospital stays; many Americans lack access to secure housing B) doctors; Americans are overall a sicker population C) emergency rooms; Americans lack consistent access to healthcare across the life course D) prescription drugs; Americans highly value the science of medicine Learning Objective: 12.2.4 Outline the possible explanations for the high cost of healthcare in the United States.

c

Brown v. Board of Education __________. A) resulted in the decline of charter schools B) made tracking illegal C) mandated the racial desegregation of public schools D) mandated national equality in per child education spending

c

Code of the Street is an influential book by sociologist Elijah Anderson. In the book he argues that young people who live in inner city neighborhoods plagued by violence __________. A) report lower rates of stress than their peers in safer neighborhoods B) have the lowest rates of death by homicide when compared to youth living in rural and suburban communities C) adopt strategic behaviors in order to protect themselves from becoming victims D) are intensely motivated to move out of their communities and thus have overall high academic performance

c

Students __________ are more likely to benefit from academic tracking practices. A) with low standardized test scores B) from poor communities C) with highly educated parents D) in remedial level courses

c

During a commercial break from her favorite prime time TV show, Natalie sees a commercial for "Latisse" - a prescription medication to treat "inadequate eyelashes." The commercial claims the product will help you grow "longer, fuller, and darker" lashes. Commercials like this one are referred to as __________ advertising, and are __________. A) libertarian; profitable in the U.S., but not profitable in most other countries B) purchasing cooperative; profitable in the U.S. and in most other countries C) direct-to-consumer; legal in the U.S., but illegal in most other countries D) fee for service; legal in the U.S. and in most other countries

c

Ex-offenders who serve time as a result of a criminal sentence __________. A) are usually completely reformed once they reach re-entry B) have a slim chance of being reconvicted of a crime C) face a number of collateral consequences as a result of their criminal record D) are, more often than not, stabilizing forces for their families when they return home

c

Given what you know about gender, race, and students' performance on standardized tests, which of the following students is likely to have the highest math score on a standardized test? A) Jill, a black female B) Jake, a black male C) Sydney, a white female D) Sam, a white male

c

Given what you know about trends in health disparities and health behaviors, which of the following individuals would be most likely to be a cigarette smoker? A) Janet, a young white woman B) Gina, a middle-aged Latina C) Henry, a middle-aged white man D) Jose, a young Latino

c

In __________, the Obama administration passed the __________ with the aim of improving the healthcare system in the U.S. A) 1995; Affordable Care Act B) 2001; American Care Equality Act C) 2010; Affordable Care Act D) 2015; American Healthcare Equality Act

c

In recent years, the car manufacturer Volkswagen admitted to installing software in their vehicles that would help more cars pass tests for environmental emissions standards. This is an example of __________. A) a misdemeanor B) probation C) white-collar crime D) property crime

c

Parents' ability to raise children under the model of "concerted cultivation" is easier when __________. A) strong systems of "tracking" are used in public schools B) children attend schools in desegregated neighborhoods C) others do not engage in "opportunity hoarding" D) a family's economic resources are plentiful

c

Research demonstrates that there is an important relationship between __________ and desistance. A) social integration B) surveillance C) recidivism D) parole

c

Research shows that as __________ increases, so too does an individual's use of preventive healthcare. A) exposure to racism B) the economy C) educational attainment D) age

c

The average cost of keeping a single inmate in prison for one year is about __________. A) $3,000 B) $15,000 C) $30,000 D) $55,000

c

You have been hired by the U.S. federal government as a consultant for a project seeking to reform the education system. Given what you know about this topic, which of the following might you recommend the federal government do to help alleviate educational inequalities in communities across the country? A) base a school's funding on students' ability to perform well on national standardized tests B) hire teachers on a national scale and don't leave it up to districts C) encourage the government to play a more central role in ensuring that schools are equally funded D) preserve the right of states to fund their local education districts as they see fit

c

__________ at prep schools are __________ they typically are at public schools. A) Test scores; the same as B) Test scores; lower than C) Class sizes; smaller than D) Class sizes; the same as

c

__________ helps to explain how and why changing the momentum of established ways of doing things is difficult. A) Residency B) Path dependency C) Critical juncture D) Adverse selection

c

__________ is an example of __________. A) Mass incarceration; institutionalized racism B) Parole; retribution C) Lynching; rehabilitation D) Murder; a misdemeanor

c

A significant contributor to inequality in the American education system is explained by __________. A) gender differences in educational attainment B) lack of parental commitment to children's education C) differences in student subcultures D) the funding structure of schools

d

Advocates against the move to a single-payer healthcare system in the U.S. cite potential shortcomings of such a system (e.g., having to wait longer periods of time to see a doctor or specialist). Data on this issue concludes that __________. And this problem could potentially be alleviated by __________. A) individuals in countries with single-payer systems wait longer to see a doctor than we do in the U.S.; streamlining administrative costs so doctors can open more offices B) there is no evidence to support this assumption; encouraging a fee for service payment model in the free market system C) U.S. patients would likely wait longer to see a doctor than they currently do; maintain the free market system D) U.S. patients already wait longer to see a doctor than do patients in many other countries; dealing with doctor shortages

d

Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi are best known for __________. A) their work as lawyers on the Enron case B) extensive criminological research C) their "tough on crime" politics D) founding #BlackLivesMatter

d

Americans might fare better in the future global economy if __________. A) tracking programs become more institutionalized B) international standardized tests were revised to be connected to education funding C) public schools were all privatized for maximum efficiency D) we reconsider the implications of the increasing costs of higher education

d

An increased demand for __________ is one unintended consequence of widespread high-stakes testing in public schools. A) charter schools B) concerted cultivation C) desegregated schools D) special education

d

As violent crime in a community __________, __________ increase. A) increases; negative public health outcomes B) increases; rates of academic performance C) decreases; homicide rates D) decreases; residents' intentions to move away

d

At school today, Lena was confronted by some other girls in her class. They made comments to her about her family being a mess because both her dad and brother are currently serving time in prison. Which of the following concepts best applies to Lena's experience? A) deviance B) parole C) retribution D) stigma by association

d

Barry is a middle-aged, single male who is in excellent overall health. Recently, he broke his leg and suffered a semi-severe head injury in a skiing accident and had to spend several days in the hospital. He has no health insurance because he claims it is too expensive for him to purchase when he is otherwise a very healthy person. His hospital bills for the injuries totaled more than $100,000 - far more money than he can afford to pay. Barry's decision to not have health insurance is an example of __________. In lieu of a preventive care-focused health insurance plan, he could consider buying __________ to cover him in circumstances like these. A) information asymmetry; emergency care B) path dependency; an ACA health plan C) a single-payer system; life insurance D) adverse selection; catastrophic insurance

d

Children of incarcerated parents are more likely than other children to __________. A) be in the middle-class B) have low levels of stress C) graduate from college D) experience homelessness

d

Early explanations of racial and ethnic differences in health disparities, now discredited, used __________ to explain difference. A) rigorous analysis of social variables B) unethical medical experiments C) biological explanations D) the weathering effect

d

Given what you know from the reading about the challenges faced by ex-offenders with their reentry into the community after serving prison time, which of the following policy suggestions would have the LEAST likely impact for improving conditions associated with re-entry? A) removing the requirement of indicating you have a criminal history on some employment applications B) outlawing restrictions placed on offenders and ex-offenders exercising their right to vote C) restoring access to resources such as public housing and eligibility for financial aid to attend college for those with a criminal record D) lengthening the time ex-offenders are supervised in probation

d

In all insurance markets, when __________ people obtain coverage, the costs of the service __________. A) less; stays the same B) more; stays the same C) less; decreases D) more; decreases

d

In most affluent, democratic nations, the development of health insurance was the primary responsibility of __________, except in the case of __________. A) private companies; the U.K. B) the government; Canada C) private companies; Sweden D) the government; the U.S.

d

Insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, medical device manufacturers, __________, and __________ are the major interest players in _________. A) libertarians; purchasing cooperatives; insurance mandates B) medical billing companies; consumers; maintaining the Hippocratic Oath C) consumers; physicians; the ACA D) hospitals; physicians; the healthcare market

d

Julia was charged with a felony and, as a result, is serving time in prison. While there she opts to take advantage of a program available to inmates to earn their GED. Which of the following concepts best explains this situation? A) retribution B) deterrence C) incapacitation D) rehabilitation

d

Next semester Ken is starting a bachelor's degree program at UC-Berkeley, the same place his grandfather received his bachelor's degree in the 1970s. Given what you know about changes in higher education since Ken's grandfather attended college, it is safe to assume that __________. A) Ken's classes will have fewer students in them compared to class sizes in his grandfather's college days. B) Compared to his grandfather, Ken will have significantly less student loan debt when he graduates. C) Ken does not need to obtain a degree as much as his grandfather did to secure a middle-class job. D) Ken will be paying significantly more for his education than his grandfather did.

d

On average, women __________ than men. A) make more money B) drink more alcohol C) are more likely to commit suicide D) live longer

d

Research has not been able to adequately explain __________ with data about the use of doctors and facilities, the aging population, or poor health behaviors. A) health disparities between whites and non-whites B) the excessive population of uninsured Americans C) why healthcare is so affordable in the U.S. D) the high medical care costs in the U.S.

d

Research shows that academic achievement is highest __________. A) in segregated neighborhoods B) among students in low-poverty schools C) among students in low-income schools D) in racially diverse communities

d

Research shows that offenders of __________ are more likely to be punished than offenders of __________. A) white-collar crime; street crime. B) burglary; street crime C) occupational crime; white-collar crime D) street crime, white-collar crime

d

Research shows that when teachers are more highly educated and rigorously trained __________. A) students' academic performance is better B) there are higher rates of burnout in the first five years of teaching C) students' average debt is lower D) teacher salaries increase overall

d

Tanya is a Latina teenager from a working-class family about to start her freshman year in high school. Given what you know about the research on academic performance and school segregation, which of the following high schools is Tanya likely to benefit most from attending? A) Community High - a school with mostly white, poor students B) City High - a school with mostly non-white, poor students C) Green High - a school with mostly white, middle-class students D) Mosaic High - a school with a racially and economically integrated student population

d

The advantages of attending prep schools and elite colleges and universities are __________. A) becoming less important in recent decades B) related more to a student's gender than their social class C) insignificant D) intergenerational

d

The privatization of U.S. hospitals __________ and in turn __________. A) creates a level-playing field in the market; fosters collaboration between facilities B) creates a level-playing field in the market; creates efficiency in the delivery of care C) creates a competitive market; lowers costs for consumers D) creates a competitive market; increases costs for consumers

d

There are no best practices in place that clarify __________ for patients. A) the Hippocratic Oath B) moral hazards C) the asymmetry of pre-existing conditions D) the cost of medical care and procedures

d

There is evidence to suggest that __________ payment structures encourage __________. A) government health insurance markets; moral hazard B) physician salaries; more testing and procedures C) private health insurance markets; less testing and procedures D) fee for service; more testing and procedures

d

Which country's students score highest on the PISA? A) the United States B) Singapore C) Canada D) Denmark

d

Which of the following is the best example of an infraction? A) murder B) driving under the influence C) robbery D) parking violation

d

Why is it difficult to claim that the disadvantages boys face in the education system today are a social problem? A) because men obtain more PhDs and professional degrees than women B) because men are just as likely to be unemployed as women C) because men outperform women in math on standardized tests D) because men make more money than women in the labor force

d

__________ delineate(s) the difference between deviance and crime. A) Three strikes laws B) Jurisdictional ranking C) Strain theory D) The penal code

d

__________ have spurred a national debate about gun control in the U.S. A) Gender inequalities in who commits crimes in schools B) Observed inequalities in school funding C) The unintended consequences of tracking D) Frequent school shootings in recent years

d

__________ is often called the "father" of criminology. A) Emile Durkheim B) Robert Merton C) Cesare Lombroso D) Michel Foucault

d