FINAL EXAM

munich 1937 aveant-garde modernism was ridiculed in this exhibition

"Degenerate Art Exhibition"

Brazilian mordernist architect

Joao Batista Vilanova Artigas

Brazilian modernist

Lina Bo Bardi

famous High-Tech architect designed Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts (tech becomes an aesthetic)

Norman Foster

awakening nationalists

Romantic regionalism

celebrated as an alternative, people-oriented, resource-conscious process. against the authoritarianism, abstract rationality and corporate character of high modernism critique of modernist architects and urban planners

vernacular architecture

was a series of exchanges through interpreters between the U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow 1959. For the exhibition, an entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. It was filled with labor-saving and recreational devices meant to represent the ideas of the capitalist American consumer market.

1959 Moscow Exhibition: the "kitchen debate" between Nixon and Khrushchev

historicist postmodernism deconstructivist postmodernism

2 trends in post modernism

German Nazi architect who worked for Hitler designed Zeppelinfield

Albert Speer

architect concerned with elemental forms (he thinks they are enduring, he thinks memory resides in the form not what happened in the building) simple forms were very important to him built Gallaratese Housing said cities can hold memories because when you look at them you can see what happened in the past though architecture

Aldo Rossi

architects 1960s-70s wanted to revise modernism to include some fo the critiques of modernism instead of isolated blocks and skyscrapers they wanted to build a continuous building stretching across the city with elevated covered streets to keep people from the rain

Alison and Peter Smithson

a group of people that preached Cedric Price's ideas formed in 1961 Members include Peter Cook, David Greene, Mike Webb, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton and Warren Chalk became a big influence at architectural schools all over the world very much so visionary not to be taken literally ideas included living pods (structures that could function anywhere), walking city (a city that could move around), instant city (many implied structures), plug in city (mega cylindrical structures in which you could plug into to get services)

Archigram

engineer late 1900s utilized postwar experimentalism created very innovative structures designed the Penguin Pool at the London Zoo

Felix Samuely

famous architect 1950s against modernism for vernacular architecture wrote Architecture without Architects interested in creating sensible and functional buildings for the people against the tendency to look towards professionals to design and create their buildings (thought these professionals were only concerned with problems of prestige and business) the community should be a part of the process of building their city welcomed the challenging landscapes and changing climates and tried to work with them

Bernard Rudofsky

deconstructivist architect designed the winning design for the Parc de la Villette (supposed to be a sort of edgy park, focused on points lines and surfaces (order systems), placed follies at different points to orient people, but each folly looks different (a distortion of expectations) influenced by deri da played with the deferral of meaning embraced imperfect forms about movement and action

Bernard Tschumi

1957-1960 designed by Oscar Niemeyer/Lucio Costa Made Brazil's capital in 1960 was a planned city known for its white, modern architecture Laid out in the shape of an airplane the Senate, Chamber of Representatives and Secretariat is at the tip contains the plaza of the three powers

Brasilia, Brazil

works with the site, the earth, and a touch of modernism

Brazilian modernism

famous architect thought modern architecture is by definition "national" because it is the most rational response to context, culture, climate and terrain of a particular place critic of functionalism and rationalism argued that arch is not a machine against modernism he thinks arch has roots in culture and place and site urged his students to study classical and local arch

Bruno Taut

architect thought the source of modernism was the vernacular looks back to Italian essence says modernism lacks identity says he wants to put Italys essence back into modernism

Carlo enrico rava

modernist architect 1900 to 1975 tries to synthesize art and architecture designed City University of Caracas in Venezuela (1949-1954) "Integration of Plastic Arts" incorporated into the campus design

Carlos Raul Villanueva

designed by Lina Bo Bardi Sao Paolo 1951 her house wall of house is completely glass (with curtains for privacy) exterior stairs

Casa de Vidro (Glass House)

designed by Juan O'Gorman influenced by FLW he realizes that the murals were just stuck on the walls of modern style buildings so he decides to link the architecture to the landscape the building was almost secondary to the landscape the mosaics were meant to fuse the house with the landscaspe

Cave House

architect influenced by postwar experimentalism created a lot of conceptual projects that inspired other people thought arch should be flexible because people need change created the fun palace project (supposed to be a totally flexible structure, no part is designed for one thing, the parts are supposed to change)

Cedric Price

architect 1960s-70s interested in self-help building practices and community participation in design and decision making Wrote Men's Struggle for Shelter in an Urbanizing World

Charles Abrams

modernism designers wanted their buildings to be modern and domestic/livable use of steel frame and reinforced concrete designed the case study house 8 in 1949 (steel frame house, roof carried by trusses, uses industrial materials that make it light and easily and cheaply built, lots of glass, was meant to be a wide spread house, wanted it to be seen as modern and domestic/cozy/livable)

Charles and Ray Eames

tourism "as if settings"

Commercial Regionalism

modern architecture as an instrument of "soft politics" to project American democratic values and benevolent internationalism abroad Large corporate design and planning firms (SOM, TAC etc) working in conjunction with governmental and private agencies of development, economic aid and cultural cooperation

Concern with American image abroad

very steady uses urban space by leaving open plazas at the base of the buildings

Corporate architecture

communities for youths who left their homes to live on their own away from capitalism, authoritarianism and civilization in general mostly in Mexico and Colorado Low-tech experimental structures geodesic domes and polyhedral forms ex: Drop City

Counter Culture Communities

taking inspiration from local forms and materials, climate, cultural, and religious needs against the sameness and repetition postmodernism emphasis on identity not really a style (isn't easily recognized) more of an approach towards or process of architecture

Critical Regionalism

the people thought city planners were ravaging their cities thought cities were fine as they were and city planners ruin it complaining about how they are building large unusable parks and taking away the usable streets taking away the soul of cities Jane Jacobs was a big part of this movement and became an activist hero complained about how the "slum" areas of the cities were torn down thought we should be focused on ideas of community, human-scale, landmarks, streets, squares and side-walks critique of "functional zoning" in favor of diversity and mixed use buildings

Critiques of modernist urbanism

structural issues narrows down audience very elitist issues of fitting into urban spaces utopian image was lost

Deconstructionism problems

says meaning and communication is impossible for architecture to convey in the time we live in focused on fragmentation, deconstruction, dark, tension, not legible more process oriented quite theoretical Deconstructivist architects were often inspired by the ideas of Jacques Derrida (a philosopher who believed there us beginning or end in text, everyone has a different reaction to text, argued meaning is deferred rejects modernism against functionality and rationality prefers abstract forms and high tech-things it lacks the social optimism of modernism fractured and abstract no interest in society emphasis on distraction included performative architecture

Deconstructivist postmodernism

german architect became interested on modernism and wanted to make it international believed in functionalism studied local culture and building traditions as to combat the sterility and placelessness of modern architecture known for his expressionist architecture

Eric Mendelsohn

regionalis architect built first regionalist high-rise (very subtle things made it regionalist and different form other high-rises)

Ernesto Rogers

late 1900s much of it originated in England embracing popular and vernacular values (new empiricism) celebration of lightness, transience and pop-culture (structural experimentalism) Festival of Britain (Celebrated technology and innovation of postwar art, structurally experimental) ex: the London Zoo structures Ideas of mobility, flexibility, expandability, adaptability and indeterminacy

Experimentalism

the first great exhibition in Asia about the would of tomorrow Kisho Kurokawa was involved

Expo 1970, Osaka

deconstructivist architect designed Gehry House (remodeled the original structure, used many low-brow materials to add to it, creates a jarring juxtaposition between the added materials and the house beneath it, in California, people used to shoot at the house because they hated it so much, was a play on suburban privacy) also designed Guggenheim Bilbao and Ray and and Maria Santa Center

Frank Gehry

engineer late 1900s utilized postwar experimentalism created very innovative and complex structures designed the aviary structure at the London Zoo

Frank Newby

formed in 1979 formed by Jan Kaplicky and David Nixon started as visionary but then they started building ex: Donut House (a house dug into the earth, shape inspired by a sea urchin), The Blob (a movable building)

Future System Inc.

critical regionalist architect built a lot of hotels designed Island Parliament Kotte

Geoffrey Bawa

modernism was rejected. National Socialist Party seizing power, 1933 "Degenerate Art Exhibition" after a while all modernists left Germany because they associated modernism arch with Judaism (compared modernism buildings to synagogs )

Germany: National Socialism and the end of the Bauhaus

architect in england argued for the same things as Jane Jacobs thought modernism lost the intimacy of old style cities

Gordon Cullen

deconstructivist architect performative architecture split a house in two

Gordon Mata-Clark

Munich, 1937 Monumental stripped-off classicism of Nazi architecture

Great German Art Exhibition (Museum of German Art by P.L.Troost)

1926 main members: Libera. Figgini, Pollini, Frete, Larco, Rava and Terragni a group of Italian architects who wanted to reform architecture by the adoption of rationalism

Gruppo 7

1904-1943 famous Italian fascist architect built Casa del Fascio

Guiseppe Terragni

an aesthetic expression of technology exposed structures and mechanical systems utilized bright colors and polished materials most famous architects involved were Norman Foster and Richard Rogers

High-Tech Architecture

during this time he moved away from his mechanical ideas and 5 principles of arch he opens his buildings up to nature

Le Corbusier

Period of strong nation-states and authoritarian regimes in Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey. Architecture-Ideology relationship: Modernism as symbol of newness and progressive ideas Critique of "machine age" discourse; "situated modernisms" inspired by locality and culture became very political (an overlap of arch and politics)

INTERWAR MODERNISM AND NATIONALIST POLITICS

explored conceptual projects with utopia as a critical tool influenced by Archigram ideas included non-stop city (a city that goes around the world, they would build in specific spaces connecting them around the world but leave the rest of nature completely untouched)

Italian Groups in Florance

Italian Rationalist architects joining the Modern Movement in 1922 the legacy of Futurism embraced by Mussolini modernism was not seen as incompatible with nationalism they wanted to incorporate modernism into their country it was easier to embrace because they had many futurists previously

Italy: Fascist Architecture and Modernism

architects 1960s-70s wrote Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones interested in building according to climate

Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry

became an activist hero against modernist urbanism stood for all the critiques of modernist urbanism her target/nemesis was Le Corbusier (she hated everything he stood for)

Jane Jacobs

architect 1960s-70s thought the form itself was not as important as how they salvaged the materials he reused materials to build homes wrote Housing by People

John F. Turner,

very important modernist architect took photos of vernacular buildings

Josep Lluis Sert

architect in Mexico also painter learned about arch during a political rev built O'Gorman House for his father (his first functional house in mexico, influence by le corbusier (in colors and materials), purely functional, exterior stairs) functionalist designed House and Studio for Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo (1931-32)

Juan O'Gorman early

after realizing that modernism has just become another style to make the government richer he moves on to painting Turn away from functionalism and toward mosaics and murals he wanted to create legible artwork Use pre-Columbian subjects to explore history and culture of Mexico United architecture with other arts his ornament became painting on buildings

Juan O'Gorman late

British architect and critic thought critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time he thought value should be placed on the site of the building. thought emphasis should be put on topography, climate, light and tectonic form rather than on scenography thought place was more important that space emphasized touch

Kenneth Frampton

an American city planner his most famous work was The Image of the City ( in it he reported that people understood their surroundings by forming mental maps using five elements 1) paths (the streets, sidewalks, trails) 2) edges (boundaries such as walls, buildings, and shorelines) 3) districts (relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity or character) 4) focal points (intersections or loci) 5) landmarks (identifiable objects which serve as reference points) PANDAS EAT DRAGONS FOR LUNCH

Kevin Lynch

he was fascinated by ruins and ancient monuments and solid and geometric forms interested in how light plays on surfaces enjoyed textures of unfinished brick and concrete designed the Phillips Exeter Academy Library and the Indian Institute of Management

Louis Kahn

1930 the Italian version of CIAM stood for rational architecture a movement created to bring all Italy's Rationalist architects together

MIAR: Movimento Italiana per l'Architettura Razionale

1943 Modernism more "at home" in the warm climates and lush vegetation of the tropics Aestheticized sun control: brise-soleil, louvers, movable screens, courtyards and patios Curves/undulating forms -Baroque legacy of the Spanish/Portuguese architecture The idea of Integration Plastica: Synthesis of the Arts -activating public space

MOMA Exhibition "Brazil Builds"

famous Italian modernist architect Built the Fiat Factory in 1927 (very modern, had a race track on top of it)

Matteo Trucco

ends in 1920 In search for a new architectural style, economic independence, and an efficient way to house the masses, government and architects turned toward functionalism. By later 1930s the style became divorced from its social context and developers utilized this style for purely economic reasons. Architects in search of ways to explore architecture's roots within Mexico, "Mexicanize Internationalism"

Mexican rev

the eyebeam was his signature He style utilized extreme clarity and simplicity. His buildings used modern materials such as industrial steel and plate glass minimal framework architecture often said "less is more" very aesthetically pleasing, not necessarily functional

Mies van der Rohe

how America became the sponsor of reconstructing Europe and spreading notions of progress and democracy to the rest of the world Very optimistic

Modernization theory

in japan focused on ideas of growth, cells, systems, organisms, and life cycles combine the ideas of megastructures with natural biological growth idea that architecture should have life cycles and should change just like living organisms focused on ideas of adaptability, impermanence and flexibility relies on change ex: Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kisho Kurakawa

Motabolist Architecture

American architect wrote Villages in the Sun: Mediterranean Community Architecture for vernacular architecture studied the architectural style of the mediterranean

Myron Goldfinger

Brazilian architect did not like using straight lines liked using curves thought they were more sensual built Canoas house (his own house) connected it to the landscape, very open, big long windows, one curvy slab creates the roof

Oscar Niemeyer

architect designed several major buildings in Brasilia considered to be one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture big on monumentality liked free flowing sensual curves no straight lines

Oscar Niemeyer

a german architect hated modernism argued against modernism with with practical reasons (for example flat roofs make no sense in Germany because they will leak due to the weather)

P. Schute

deconstructivist architect thinks about architecture as ideas of erasing and building thought there was no beginning or end to architecture designed the Wexner Center (competition project winner, in ohio, plays with two different grid patterns meeting, hugged between tow buildings that were already there, meant to look unfinished, references back to buildings that used to be there, sort of disorienting, deliberately added "awkward" parts, tried to make it unfamiliar)

Peter Eisenman

Against the classic order for aesthetics, landscapes and nature

Picturesque Regionalism

corporate people took on the ideas of venturi and others of this time started using elements of historic architecture and turn them into a sort of parody some even completely imitated styles of past periods

Politics of Postmodernism

deconstructivist architect a star-chitect (wrapped up in his identity) trained as a journalist thought very theoretically wrote delirious new york (a retroactive manifesto of new york city on problems of urbanism, but also not about fixing them it is about accepting them, spoke about the grid in nyc allowed for each block to be individual and unique, a love letter to nyc, gave buildings human qualities designed the Seattle public library (made in late 1900s early 2000s when libraries were sort of extinct so he tried to combine tech and books, each floor has its own separate use, meant to be very engaging with public, very fragmented, didn't want to make a boring building he wanted to make a usable building, thought specifically about it's location)

Rem Koolhaas

wrote Theory and Design in the First Machine Age in 1990 architect argued that even though the early modern architect masters talked about machines we actually entered the machine age in the 1950s the reach machine age was the postwar period thought the only person from the 1920s was Buckminster Fuller (he experimented with technology)

Reyner Banham

famous High-Tech architect designed PATS Center Factory (very technologically expressive, tech becomes an aesthetic)

Richard Rodgers

considered a postmodernist architect but he did not use the word postmodernism wrote complexity and contradiction in architecture wanted to talk about architecture not around it thought architecture should have nothing to do with power relations he values messiness and complexities rather than simplicity and plainness was said to be the next Le Corbusier inspired by the urban facades in Italy Likes ambiguity in architecture expresses his ideas in his book through pictures liked the messiness and chaos of vernacular architecture architecture has a sense of playfulness to it famously said "less is a bore"

Robert Venturi

1933-34 by GUR-Gruppo Urbanisti Romani, a group of modernists (Luigi Piacentini, Gino Cancelotti, Alfredo Scalpelli) very poor town they wanted to make the land productive again buildings were very simple, cylindrical and modern

Sabaudia New Town

New York by Mies Van Der Rohe 1957 example of corporate architecture has plaza at base which made people want to look up at it when they passed by meant to look "american" meaning glamorous made out of bronze and tinted grey glass

Seagram Building

the idea of situating modernism in its site/location, culture and local building traditions fitting it into the landscape so it can't fit anywhere else opposed to the idea of "house-machine"

Situated modernism

Gotfried Semper talked about tectonics the expressive potential of constructional techniques not only constructing something but also expressing it externally gives you a visual explanation of how the building is standing not hiding how the building was built Frampton's idea of tectonics even expands into culture, place, and site

Tectonics

talked about the hierarchy there should be in planning cities talked about patterns and textures very different from Le Corbusier the patterns resembles cells growing (natural, biological)

The Doorn Manifesto

climate, culture and context-responsive modernist practices in tropical regions (Latin America, Caribbean, Africa and Southeast Asia) ex: they took on sun control Richard Neutra was a part of it (he wrote Architecture of Social Concern in Regions of Mild Climate)

Tropical Architecture

Climate, culture and context-responsive local modernist practices in Latin America and the Caribbean breath new life into the sterility and starkness of European Modern Movement controlling light use of curves (organic forms)

Tropical Modernism in Latin America and Brazil

designed by Juan O'Gorman depicts history of Mexican culture and of Mexican arch

UNAM University Library

architect 1960s-1970s wrote Design with climate: Bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism realized that different climate zones needed different forms of arch can't build the same style all over the world

Victor Olgyay

deconstructivist architect stayed away from right angles star-chitect her plans are very artistic and were even sold individually as art pieces designed the peak project she had a lot working against (gender, ethnicity) her so she really had to push herself and her image designed Vitra Fire Station (no right angles, fractured, emphasis on movement, in germany, focused on forms, now a museum, it defines rather than occupies space)

Zaha Hadid

designed Joao Batista Vilanova Artigas lots of windows his house unique shapes a sense of openness but also privacy when needed the landscape adds to the buildings 1948-1949

architects house

use of solar and wind energy

back-to-nature movements

is an architectural feature of a building that reduces heat gain within that building by deflecting sunlight.

brise-soleil

the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer

cladding

New Brutalism new monumentality wanted to recapture the symbolism of architecture not against modernism just wanted to expand the definition of modernism to include monumentality

concepts of the 50s

argues for architecture as cultural communication says we should return to historical references historical styles the vernacular

historicist postmodernism

uses a new aesthetic of exposed concrete façade grids, brise-soleil and plastic, sculptural, powerful forms he helped the concepts of the 50s take off still uses some of his old ideas such as a roof garden but now his buildings appear to be much heavier ex: Notre Dame du Haut

later career of Le Corbusier

unfinished, exposed use of materials as an aesthetic and ethical discourse (not limited to concrete; showing steel I-beams or un-plastered brick walls are variants of it) does not hide anything very honest these buildings are made from what they appear to be made of

new bruntalism

postwar America began spreading cultural appeal to the rest of the world America argued that the comfort of the individual comes before the state

spreading of the idea of the American "good life"

international group of revisionist architects within CIAM (Alison and Peter Smithson, Aldo Van Eyck, Giancarlo di Carlo, Jerzy Soltan, Candilis Josic Woods etc.) organizers of CIAM X in Dubrovnik

team x

in countries like turkey, brazil, India or Israel modernism became a symbol of newness/ a fresh start in most of these places a new movement formed that adopted modernism to represent a new beginning

why did modernism spread