Final exam anatomy

Veins that return blood to the heart are also referred to as ________ vessels.

Afferent

Which of the following pair is mismatched? rough endoplasmic reticulum; Nissl bodies axons; send messages dendrites; receive messages

All of the pairs are correct

Leukopenia is to leukocytes as anemia is to _________.

Erythrocytes

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.

Humoral

Which statement regarding red blood cells is true?

Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis

The excessive production of keratin is called hyperkeratosis. Calluses and corns are easily observed examples of hyperkeratosis. What epidermal layer is characterized by cells that have stopped dividing and have begun making large amounts of keratin?

The stratum granulosum

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?

a reduction in blood loss

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

bone tissue

Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?

calcium phosphate

Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called

venipuncture

The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular depolarization

Narrow sheets of calcified matrix are referred to as

lamellae

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are

leukocytes

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by the

pulmonary trunk

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to muscles

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

sickle cell anemia

A useful technique for long-term drug administration, called transdermal administration, involves putting a sticky, drug-containing patch over an area of thin skin. What epidermal layer is found in thick and NOT in thin skin?

Stratum lucidum

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? •storage of minerals •leverage •support •temperature maintenance

Temperature maintenance

Why is atrial repolarization not observed in the ECG?

The QRS complex masks it

Why is smooth muscle called by that name?

The actin and myosin filaments are not organized.

Identify the type of connective tissue that strengthens and supports areas subjected to stresses from many directions.

dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?

melatonin

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument? •conduction of electrical impulses •synthesis and storage of nutrients •excretion •temperature maintenance

Conduction of electrical impulses

Several complex joints, including the knee, contain both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. What is the difference between these two kinds of cartilage?

Fibrocartilage has a denser network of collagen fibers and very little ground substance in the matrix as compared to hyaline cartilage.

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

Keratin

The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is

LH

Recall that bone is a supporting connective tissue (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). All of the features and properties of the skeletal system ultimately depend on the unique and constantly changing properties of bone. What is the name of the mature bone cell that lives in the lacunae of bone?

Osteocytes

The entire spinal cord is divided into _________ segments

31

A hemoglobin molecule contains

4 protein chains, 4 heme groups, and 4 iron ions

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding muscle tissue?

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue are striated.

Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in clot retraction and fibrinolysis?

Tissue factor

Which of the following occurs as a result of motor units in a particular muscle being always active, even though their contractions do not produce enough movement to cause contraction?

muscle tone

Neuroglial cells are

supporting cells around neurons

The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the

ventricles

This tissue has specialized cells, extracellular fibers, and fluid known as ground substance.

connective

Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?

connective tissue

The area between Z lines is the

sarcomere

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration

The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

afferent

An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth.

appositional

Steroid hormones

are structurally similar to cholesterol

Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit?

ascending aorta

What structure is deep to the epidermis and superficial to the dermis?

basement membrane

The additional oxygen required during the recovery period to restore the normal pre-exertion levels is called the

oxygen debt

EPO is released when

oxygen levels in the blood decrease

Flattened cells on the surface of an epithelial tissue are characteristic of ________ epithelia.

squamous

Collagen, elastic, and reticular describe what?

three types of connective tissue fibers

The muscular ridges found on the internal surfaces of the ventricles are collectively called (the) ________.

trabeculae carneae

The type of epithelium found lining the trachea is

pseudostratified columnar

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the

pulmonary veins

Which leukocytes would you expect to increase in response to a parasitic infection?

Eosinophils

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

FSH and LH

Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification? •Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone. •As the bone enlarges, osteoclasts break down some of the spongy bone and create a marrow cavity. •Ossification centers are formed as blood vessels and osteoblasts enter the centers of the epiphyses. •Periosteum forms a collar around the cartilage. •Hyaline cartilage model forms.

Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.

Which of the following is found only in compact bone?

Osteons

The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?

Epidermis

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?

Factor X

Which of the following statements is true about the anatomy of the heart?

The muscular walls of the atria are thinner than those of the ventricle

The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) _______

adipose tissue

When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is

diastole

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________.

graded potentials

Regarding muscle fiber elongation

gravity may help lengthen a muscle fiber after elongation

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood?

jaundice

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

microglia

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

the blood supply to the skin decreases

A muscle ________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, and myofibrils

fiber

Recall that phagocytosis is a process in which solid, extracellular materials are packaged into a vesicle for transport into a cell (as you saw in Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function). Phagocytosis is also called "cell eating." Large particles are brought into the cell as cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia) surround and engulf the particle and move it into the cell. Phagocytes are cells that perform phagocytosis. They engulf substances such as bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and other foreign material. Phagocytosis is a form of what kind of vesicular transport?

Endocytosis

Which statement is true about nervous tissue?

Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis?

Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.

During blood transfusions, which of the following blood types would NEVER cause an agglutination reaction when introduced into an individual with Type A+ blood?

Type O- blood

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?

during anemia

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which of the following is the layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle?

epimysium

________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.

erythrocytes

The formation of red blood cells is called __________.

erythropoiesis

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body.

extracellular fluid

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

hair matrix

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes

Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the

hypodermis

Which of the following structures regulates the activities of both the nervous and the endocrine systems?

hypothalamus

Which of the following does NOT occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

The z lines move further apart

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood directly into the

coronary sinus

Which structural feature of the heart is a deep groove usually filled with substantial amounts of fat, marking the border between the atria and the ventricles.

coronary sulcus

Which of the following consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, areolar tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue?

cutaneous membrane

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.

diapedesis

Severe damage to the spinal cord can result in general paralysis that reflects the specific nuclei, tracts, or spinal nerves involved. For example extensive damage at the fourth or fifth cervical vertebral levels will eliminate sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs. The extensive paralysis produced is called quadriplegia. Paraplegia, the loss of motor control of the lower limbs, may follow damage at the thoracic vertebral level. How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

The following events are part of endochondral ossification. In which order do they occur? •Formation of the primary ossification center •Osteoclasts break down the spongy bone to create marrow cavity. •Cells from the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. •Formation of the secondary ossification centers •Calcification of matrix surrounding chondrocytes

5,3,1,2,4

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is

ACTH

Recall that neurons communicate through electrical events that affect their plasma membranes (as we saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). These events also occur in the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. What kind of nervous cells provide support to neurons?

Neuroglia

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

Recall that blood is a fluid connective tissue (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). Like all connective tissues, blood has three components: (1) specialized cells, (2) extracellular protein fibers, and (3) a ground substance. The extracellular fibers and ground substance form the matrix that surrounds the cells. In blood, the ground substance is a fluid. The watery matrix is called plasma. The plasma proteins are dissolved and usually do NOT form insoluble fibers. Which one of the specialized cells found in blood functions to transport oxygen?

Red blood cells

Identify the correct match. Diastole = contraction of heart chambers Systole = relaxation of heart chambers Stroke volume = the amount of blood ejected by an atrium in a single beat SA node = tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium Cardiac output = the amount of blood ejected by the right ventricle in one minute

SA Node =tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of right atrium

What is the difference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses?

Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation

The type(s) of muscle cell that has/have the ability to divide, and regenerate after injury, is/are ________ muscle(s).

Smooth

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

Which statement regarding the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch is true?

muscle tension falls to resting levels

The function of the cardiac skeleton is to

stabilize the position of the heart valves

Functions of connective tissue include

storage of energy reserves

Cardiac muscle cells have abundant reserves of myoglobin, which function in ________.

storing oxygen

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

The T wave of an ECG corresponds to

ventricular repolarization

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the spinal cord?

It forms a continuous connection with the brain

Which of the following is the correct order in which the electrical impulse travels through the heart in the conduction system?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Membranes that consist primarily of areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue are called ________ membranes.

synovial

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of

Blood cells

The area of the sarcomere that is the light region between two successive A-bands is the

I band

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?

prevent damage to the tissue

Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands?

simple cuboidal

Interneurons

Are found only in the central nervous system