Final Exam Anthropology 208-003 (week 8-14)

All of the following are major scholarly explanations for gendered violence EXCEPT:

Certain cultures are naturally more violent than others.

Which of following is a primary form of social control characteristic of groups with high levels of face-to-face interaction?

Gossip

Four different bars are "thickly described" in chapter 2, conveying "the broader political and economic transformations occurring in the globalized economy". Match the bar with its description.

Khong Sao Bar Exclusive and secretly located; provides leisure space crucial to local Vietnamese elite men being able to establish personal relations of trust and broker deals worth millions of US dollars; hostesses come from poor families allowing elite businessmen to be relatively anonymous; women keep all money from tips and sex work. Lavender Design of bar conveys "high-end luxury"; caters mostly to Viet Kieu, while Western men have to wait in line unless accompanied by overseas or local Vietnamese men; "bottle service" common (vs. buying individual drinks); hostess instructed to cater to clients needs as way of "supporting their clients' feelings of having returned to a Vietnam that had triumped over the West"; women earn money from tips and keep all money given for sex work Secrets "the clients...were mostly Western white men from the United States, Western Europe, or Australia who either lived in Vietnam or flew there frequently on business"; "the erotic comingled with the military to invoke nostalgia for Western might"; women paid a minimal wage, plus portion of drink sales purchased on woman's behalf and portion of all hostess tips; women rarely engage in direct sex-for-money exchanges, but rather cultivate relationships to draw upon using a boyfriend-girlfriend frame; men form relationships with women to escape from daily stress of business; women work to make men feel like they are attractive and chosen over others. Naughty Girls "Workers...were all very dark skinned and wore heavy makeup and simple clothing to cater to their Western backpacker clients' racialized desires"; clients "wanted to explore a 'Third World' country"; mafia men act "like brothers to the women and as contract employees who were paid each time the owner or sex workers called on them for help"; women earn money through paid sex, not tips or wages, and paid bar owner part for right to solicit clients in her bar; all women were previously factory workers and service workers

What is meant by the concept of complementarity of gender roles?

Sexual division of labor between genders forms a "complete world" that hinges on cooperation. Answers:

What is the difference between authority and influence?

Authority is the formally recognized ability to direct people's actions, whereas influence is the informal ability to persuade people to act in a certain manner.

Dealing in Desire is based upon research conducted in which of the following countries:

Vietnam

Cross-culturally, a sanction:

may be positive or negative and either support or condemn a given action.

Surrogacy demonstrates a split in the way that we think about motherhood. What is the term for the motherhood role of the person who raises and nurtures a child?

social mother

What is the problem with the terms "berdache" and "amazon"?

*all the above -They reflect Western biases. -They do not accurately reflect the patterns of gender variation found in Native American communities. -They were coined by people outside of the culture with limited understanding of the nuances of the culture.

Match the following time periods with the broad description of that time period.

1867 - 1954 French colonialism - urban growth permits prostitution to cater to French men 1962 - 1975 US Intervention - prostitution is fueled in large part by American military 1975 - 1986 Communist Rule - send former prostitutes for STD treatment and vocational/cultural/academic training; eradication of prostitution used as symbolic weapon against Western imperialism 1986 - 2006 Doi Moi - socialist-oriented market economy; remittances from foreign Vietnamese bring large amounts of money into Vietnam; government still tries to crack down on prostitution, but mainly impacts isolated street workers and ignores sex work catering to entrepreneurs/business professionals building Vietnam's economy 2006 - present Rise of Asian FDI (foreign direct investment) - includes short time period with crackdown to adhere to international goals of diminishing human trafficking, but shortly thereafter recognize that women are being misidentified as "victims of trafficking"; overseas Vietnamese men are not clients commanding the highest tier of sex work, but rather local Vietnamese elites are.

What is mati work?

A Surinamese term referring to sexual relationships between women

Which of the following is an example of gynemimesis?

A biological male who dresses and acts as a woman

As discussed in Brettell and Sargent by Parikh, what was codified by the Adultery Law in Uganda in the 1900s?

A gendered double standard for extramarital sex where married men could legally have extramarital affairs with any unmarried woman, while married women could not legally engage in extramarital affairs with any men.

Which of the following is a Melanesian belief about reproduction?

All of the above are Melanesian beliefs surrounding reproduction. *Men provide the substance for pregnancy, women the receptacle. *Females make babies, but only males can make men. *Boys only mature through rigid initiation ceremonies, not biology alone.

Which of the following themes is common to systems of gender separation?

All of the above are common to systems of gender separation. -Women can be powerful even if separate from men. -People believe that male and female human nature is fundamentally different. -Ritual objects, clothing, and other material items support gender separation. -All of the above are common to systems of gender separation.

Which of the following is reflected in the examples of the Mundurucu, groups in Melanesia, and some nation-states of the Muslim Middle East from chapter 6 of Ward and Edelstein?

All of the above are found as themes embodied through the three sets of examples. -Significant items of material culture (such as flutes, veils, string bags, etc) symbolize the sexual segregation systems. -The separation of sexes centers on beliefs that there are only two genders and men and women are not interchangeable. -Women are powerful in unexpected ways.

Explanations offered for violence against women include which of the following?

All of the above are offered as explanations for violence against women -Neurology, chemistry, and/or physiology - the workings of the human brain -Social conditions, such as poverty or unemployment -The unequal power relations between men and women

According to Ward and Edelstein, which one of the following statements about Zapotec women is TRUE?

Classes of weaver and merchant women employ different strategies for achieving power.

Which of the following statements about colonialism is FALSE?

European colonizers demonstrated a commitment to women's work through their expansionist policies

Eleanor Leacock argued all of the following EXCEPT that:

Female subordination results from restricting women's diets.

Which of the following statements about tombois and femmes is TRUE?

Femmes are attracted to the masculine characteristics of tombois.

Which of the following promoted the idea that monogamous marriage is a male justification for treating women like property

Frederick Engels

Which of the following statements about hijiras is TRUE?

Hijiras recognize that their inability to bear children distinguishes them from women.

What is meant by the term "cowboy ethnography"?

It is an informal way of describing the work of researchers who study dangerous or hard-to-reach poor populations, and who enable readers to go on voyeuristic journeys with them as they detail their heroic efforts to break into dangerous field sites.

What is meant by purdah?

It refers to systems of seclusion for women.

Which of the following statements about maternal mortality is TRUE?

Maternal mortality remains high in many countries even though methods of reducing maternal mortality are known

Lewis Henry Morgan observed the following about land ownership in the Iroquois Nation:

Matrilineal groups farmed the land jointly and cultivation, not ownership, determined use-righ

Which of the following statements is FALSE? (about cultural relativism and gendered violence)

Medical technologies, in particular amniocentesis and in-utero sex identification, help Pakistani girls to survive and thrive.

According to the fieldwork of Sheba Mariam George, which type of Keralite immigrant household is the most egalitarian in terms of economic decision making?

Partnership household

What is the term for a marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman?

Polygyny

What does the empowerment approach of development agencies assert?

Racial and class prejudices are more significant than sexism

What does the acronym SEWA stand for?

Self-Employed Women's Association

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The United States has the lowest rate of men abusing women of all industrialized countries

Which of the following best defines the concept of agency?

The ability to make and implement choices in one's own life

Which of the following statements about Asante market queens is TRUE?

They are primarily responsible for dispute resolutions.

Which of the following statements about the Mundurucu is TRUE?

Women's shared domestic responsibilities create powerful allegiances for defense against men

According to Peggy Sanday, matriarchy is best defined as:

a system of rule based on female and maternal symbols and women's forms of power.

Domestic or household workers:

all of the above -work in other people's homes, as well as needing to work in their own household often times doing the same tasks in both locations. -usually do work like cleaning, changing diapers, yard work, and cooking. - are fundamentally unequal to their employers and employment is never secure.

Around the world, women's bodies are controlled:

all of the above -more than men's are. -by authorities and family members. -through ideology, violence, and economics.

Historians have found that women dressed as men and went to war:

all of the above are TRUE *because they wanted to escape unhappy marriages. *in order to remain near their husbands or lovers. *for economic reasons.

Although many Westerners believe veils to be oppressive to Islamic women, veils can also:

all of the above are interpretations of veils for Islamic women. -be comfortable to help protect oneself from the elements. -thwart staring by strangers. -make fashion statements.

Which of the following is related to the concept of the feminization of poverty?

all the above -female-headed households are a growing worldwide trend, while women tend to have low wages in the formal and informal economic sectors. -While the birth rate worldwide seems to be decreasing, more single women are giving birth. -Female-headed households are regarded as the largest definable group of poor people worldwide

Domestic or intimate partner violence is:

asymmetrical - more men abuse women than vice versa.

When a baby is born, the parents and those assisting in the delivery assign a gender to the newborn; this is called gender:

attribution.

In male insemination rites, semen is considered the equivalent of:

breast milk

The term used to describe a person whose gender identity is in accordance with their biological sex is:

cisgender.

Female genital cutting has been found to be dangerous because:

complications in urination, menstruation, and childbirth may result.

The lowest paid members of the Malaysian factory workforce are known as:

factory daughters

A strict interpretation of the public-private dichotomy:

fails to recognize women's power outside of the domestic realm.

According to Laurel Bossen and Hill Gates, foot-binding was done purely for aesthetic reasons; it molded the women into desirable bodies.

false

As explored through the descriptions of the four bars in Dealing in Desire, the informal and formal economies remain separate and do not overlap.

false

Dowry is a system in which a male's family provides an economic gift to the female's family near the time of marriage.

false

Parikh concludes that Uganda is an HIV success story with a decline in HIV rates among all age and sex groups from the 1990s to 2007.

false

Sex and gender are ascribed and permanent.

false

Shanti Parikh found the domestic-public dichotomy to be useless in understanding gendered patterns of HIV risk

false

Traditional surrogates tend to view genetics as being a key component in parenthood, while gestational surrogates tend to focus on nurturing as being a key component in parenthood.

false

Upon interviewing sex workers in depth, Hoang found that many, if not most, of the women in the study documented through Dealing in Desire were clearly forced, duped, or coerced into the sex trade.

false

the research of Laurel Bossen and Hill Gates suggests that educational campaigns will be effective in eradicating female genital cutting.

false

A major message of the work of Laurel Bossen and Hill Gates is that:

foot-binding was tied to the economic production of resources within the household; its practice decreased as resources were manufactured outside the home.

The case study on college rape demonstrates that:

fraternity brothers who rape are rarely prosecuted for their actions.

Doctors who treated young John/Joan believed that:

healthy psychosexual development depends on how one's genitals look.

Women are less likely to be abused when they:

make a substantial economic contribution to the household.

What is the type of program called in which a surrogate and couple select each other to be involved in the surrogacy process and may interact at any point from the conception to childhood of the offspring?

open program

What does the term "Viet Kieu" refer to?

overseas Vietnamese; Vietnamese individuals living on a regular basis outside of Vietnam

A culture that supports varieties of sexual behavior is called:

sex-positive

According to Ward and Edelstein, a Japanese woman concerned about becoming "stewed and thickened" is worried that:

she cannot get time away from home and will become emotionally unstable.

Despite rigid gender separation, Egyptian Bedouin and Sohari women found power through:

the emotional and material support of other women.

that is the practice of a woman bearing a child for another using her own genetic material, (the egg) called?

traditional surrogacy

Which term is used to describe a person who experiences and performs a gender identity that does not strictly conform to binary gender concepts in their society?

transgender

As discussed by Parikh (in Brettell and Sargent), wives in Iganga, Uganda may be in a paradox: the desire to appear as having a modern monogamous marriage may motivate them to remain silent despite the infidelity of their spouses, while the desire of being seen as a modern, rational woman may lead some wives to publicly air their spouses' indiscretions.

true

The Dutch helped to install a political system in which Minangkabau men served as decision makers and interacted with colonial authorities, thereby ignoring women's control of land use and inheritance.

true

the protests at athe Plaza de Mayo in Argentina:

were organized by women whose family members had been "disappeared" by the government.

Despite rigid traditional gender separation systems, Mundurucu men help with domestic chores:

when living in nuclear family arrangements.

According to Ward and Edelstein, the centrality of women and women's power among the Minangkabau is reflected in:

the matrihouse.

What is Wok Meri?

A New Guinea Highlands female savings and loan movement

According to Ward and Edelstein, there more sons than daughters in India, China, and Pakistan because:

the practices of infanticide and selective abortion specifically endanger girls

According to Bossen and Gates, the historical and cultural focus on the feet of footbound women has distracted from the importance of their hands.

true

According to Ragone, gestational surrogates are less likely than traditional surrogates to be granted custody if they refuse to give the baby to the contracted couple.

true

Mommies served as role models for the sex workers because they were living embodiments of economic and social mobility.

true

Transgender is a social category that includes individuals who may or may not contrast biologically with the sex assigned to them at birth.

true

Ward and Edelstein argue that while women may not have power as defined as the ability to exercise one's will over others, they often have everyday powers, which may go unrecognized.

true

Which of the following terms is CORRECTLY paired with its associated culture or region?

two-spirits/native North America

Between 1950 and the 1970s, international development agencies conceived of women as:

unfit mothers who were passive and in need of major help

The phenomenon known as housewifization:

uses the Western version of a wife as the model for women's work in capitalist and postcolonial labor systems

Islamic women in Sohar, Oman say that:

veiling enhances a woman's beauty.

Domestic harems are often characterized by:

bonds of female solidarity.

Why do scholars consider the Zuni man-woman to be an example of a third gender?

Their culture validated them through religious belief, language, and specific role assignments.

In Melanesia, men want to menstruate. Why?

To release pollutants that collect in one's person as women are able to do

Grassroots organizations are:

a common form of social cooperation for solving problems that governments neglect.

Which of the following can be considered an informal sanction?

gossip and ostracism