Final Exam for Animal Nutrition

Term that refers to the process of nutrients passing from the Gi tract into the blood or lymph.

Absorption

What is a limiting amino acid?

For NR if: tryptophan. methionine and lysine are not available, then they limit the amount of AA that can be absorbed and used.

What is the most precisely studied livestock model?

Chicken

Lets talk Niacin... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Found in grains, but not readily available in NR- important co-enzyme: NAD and NADPDeficiency:- reduced growth (diarrhea, vomiting)- Dermatitis- Pellagra is most common concern

What are some factors that affect intake?

General animal characteristics, environment, condition of feed, hunger, habit, boredom, composition of feed, taste (mammals), odor/dustiness, sense of sight, neural and hormonal signals, satiety, limits of GI tract, moisture of feed, body weight, production, environment, and health.

Lets talk Pantothenic... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Grains are low in it, so it is needed in premix- important co-enzymeDeficiency:- Reduced growth- loss of hair- dermatitis and skin lesions- Fatty Liver

What are some animal preferences of food tastes? How many taste buds for Dogs, cats, humans, chickens, and cattle?

Horses = molasses and citrus Cattle = sweets and cottonseed hulls Dogs and cats = meat flavors Humans: 9000 Dogs: 1700 Cats: 473 Chickens: 24 Cattle 25,000

What is NPN? How is it useful or important?

Non-Protein NitrogenSince Ruminants can make all 20 AA, then they are able to use NPN to make all the things that they need. NPN sources can come from 1. urea- commercially produced 2. ammonia- either added or formed naturally (silages) 3. poultry litter

What is the danger of giving too much sweet potatoes to cows?

Potato and sweet potato paste are the products of high energy feeds due to high starch content. Sweet potato slurry has a low pH content that can damage a cow's teeth severely.

ewes and pregnancy...

Pregnant ewes cannot be stressed at least one month after breeding. Care and Feeding not strictly monitored, lose embryo, or fetus. Last trimester, nutritional requirements significantly increase. Not enough nutrients? bad fetus/lamb.weak lambs or kids have low survival rate.If fat, fat takes up abdomen needed for developing fetus. Puts pressure on Rumen, rumen will not be held as much feed required to support normal fetus developmentNeeds propionate from microbial digestion of starch. affects fetus in many ways: limiting fetal growth b/c growth at end of gestation requires plenty of glucose.Lactating dairy goats have high glucose demands. Physiological requirement to make lactose. when enough propionate is not made, ketosis results. (listlessness, ataxia, feed refusal, and death)

How do most animals can meet their vitamin D? Lets talk Vitamin D... What does it do? What happens when there is a deficiency?

Most animals can make Vit. D from UV light from cholesterol. Good Sources of Vit. d: - exposure to sunlight (15 minutes a day) - sun cured hays - cod liver oil - synthetic vitamin D that has been manufactured to be put into vitamin supplements - involved with calcium absorption and utilization (hormone) Deficiency: - Rickets, weak bones in older animals, and poor egg shells from laying hens

What three elements are considered to be electrolytes?

Na, Cl, and K are all considered to be electrolytes. They are important for fluid and nutrient balance in the animal's body.Na/K pump for transport of molecules across cell walls and sometimes produce energy.Mineral mixtures may contain NaCl as main ingredient, Cl is also apart of HCl acid in stomach.

Saliva plays an important role for NR, what part does it play?

Saliva moistens and lubricates the feed. NR saliva contains alpha amylase with breaks down amylose (starch) into maltose and glucose. Alpha Amylase can also break down glycogen.

Peristalsis transports bolus to stomach, reverse peristalsis is undesirable in NR and can be deadly in horses and rabbits. Why is this not a big deal for R?

Since the Rumen has a neutral pH of 7, the chud is passed back and forth from the mouth to the rumen. This process is good for the food, and is is called rumination and is normal.

During a productive year for beef cattle the nutrient and energy requirement varies, which of the following are true about this period of time?

The highest demands of nutrient and energy is during lactation in the weeks 5-15. Weaning is the period where beef cattle energy requirements are the lowest.

True stomach in Ruminants

abomasum

Meat Sheep... what kinds? What are they fed?

fed for max lean muscle gain.+ Dorset, Hampshire, Suffolk, and Texel+ Ewes can be sheared yearly for wool; called "sire breeds"+ 30,000 sheep for this purpose in NC Boer goats are most popular type of meat goat in NC

Why is I important? What happens when you are deficient? what can cause for complications of absorption?

functions as part of the thyroid hormone.thyroid hormone controls the rate of metabolism in the body.Deficiency: hairless pigs and lambs at birth. Humans will have 15 point lower IQs than what they would have actually been. Deficiency is not common in animals, but problems occur w/ goitrogens present in feed.goitrogens tie up iodine and result in condition known as goiters.

What is the ideal Ca:P ratio and why is it so important? Lets talk Vitamin D... What does it do? What happens when there is a deficiency?

- involved with calcium absorption and utilization (hormone) Deficiency: - Rickets, weak bones in older animals, and poor egg shells from laying hens

what is a feed additive?

- no nutritional value, added only because of economic value Provide instead: - health value (dewormers or meds) - palatability enhancement (make feed taste better) - coloring to the feed

Protein digestion & absorption and how is this different by species?

-Animals secrete enzymes into SI to snip apart peptide bonds - individual amino acids get absorbed into bloodstream - If peptide bonds are not broken down in time, protein is wasted and comes out into feces. For NR if: tryptophan. methionine and lysine are not available, then they limit the amount of AA that can be absorbed and used. - Pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypetidase into duodenum's lumen where they digest the protein. they are inactive precursors, otherwise they would digest the pancreas. trypsin is in the form of proenzyme trypsinogen Must be activated to digest protein; activated by enterokinase, enzyme secreted by duodenal cells Chymotrypsin- enzyme released by pancreas in the form os chytrpsinogen and activated by trypsin! Carboxypeptidase, inactive precursor is proenzyme that is activated by trypsin! This snips off one AA at a time from carboxyl end of the peptide chainintestinal secretions: amino peptidase- snips one AA at a time from amino end of chain- secreted as inactive proenzyme and converted by trypsin End product of protein digestion is individual AAIn order for this to happen, all must be present and active. Young animals are able to absorb small AA chains. An overload of amino acids can limit absorption of another amino acid via active transport.

NH3 from deanimated AA must be expelled b/c it is toxic. NH3 is made into urea (in the liver). Urea is one carbon w/ 2 A groups. urea travels via the bloodstream to the kidneys where it goes into the urine and is excreted. What kind of nitrogen is this considered? Urea is toxic to NR, but for R it can be beneficial... why is it beneficial?

1. "lost nitrogen" 2. R microbes can use urea to make microbial protein, R can be fed urea and urea is considered to be "protein supplement" for R; All they need is NPN

Name Three types of Feed...

1. Complete Feeds- are ready to use and must be nutritionally balanced for that species2. Supplements- are designed to be added as part of the diet3. Premix- will be diluted before being fed. Three advantages are:1. allows for even mixing2. contains high concentration of drug, vit, or mineral3. is a carrier, such as rice hullsPremixes are formulated like diets using the fixed cost or least cost method.

3 essential fatty acids are?

1. Linoleic Acid- 18 C w/ 2 dbs 2. Linolenic Acid: 18 C with 3 dbs 3. Arachidonic Acid- 20 C with 4 dbs

What kinds of functions does water serve?

1. Lubricating the joints and saliva for food. 2. Solvent helps transport nutrients (GI tract) within the body. Urine excretes things. 3. Component of Biological Rxns. (hydrolysis) 4. Temperature regulation (very important)

1. Pentose and Hexoses are what kind of carb molecule? 2. Lactose (glucose and galactose) and sucrose (glucose and fructose) are what kind of carb molecule? 3. Starch and cellulose are what kind of carb molecule?

1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides

How is fat digestion different in a ruminant animal?

1. No oxygen in the Rumen 2. Rumen microbes cannot burn fat for energy 3. Rumen microbes have the ability to cleave FFA from glycerol and it happens almost instantaneously. 4. Microbes "hydrogenate" (saturate) FFA 5. Dietary Fat is changed. (Too much dietary fat interferes with digestion of fiber in the rumen; too much dietary fat reduces Ca absorption)

what is the process of fat digestion.. start with the liver...

1. The liver secretes bile into duodenum... bile can be stored in the gallbladder before secretion, but not all species (horses) have this. Bile is necessary for fat digestion and absorption, but it is not an enzyme. 2. Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum. Lipase breaks down fat by cleaving FA in 1 and 3 position of triglyceride. Results in 2 FFAs and a MAG. 3. MAG and FFA combine with bile to form Miscelles.... Miscelles are water soluble and are the "bus system" that transports FFA and MAG to enterocyte. 4. Enterocytes had water inside so FFA and MAG are packaged again, so TAG with 2 FFAs are formed again. 5. TAG and other fat soluble vitamins are packaged into chylomicrons. They then leave enterocyte and enter lymph system, but not through portal vein and thus bypass the liver. 6. Lymph system then deposits the chylomicrons into the blood system and the fat is delivered to the rest of the body. 7. Cells then use lipase to grab at the chylomicrons and takes some of the TAGs out of it and TAG is cleaved intoFFA, which is brought in. 8. Muscles can oxidize fat for energy, but needs plenty of oxygen. If not available, the adipocyte can store fat for later use. But FFAs must be re-esterified to TAG for storage. DONE!

Definitions: Hunger Appetite Thermo Neutral Zone Vegan Maize Controls electrolyte balance

1. The need to eat 2. The desire to eat 3. The period at which the energy from feed is optimal for the animal 4. A diet that does not contain any animal products at all 5. kidneys

The use of feedstuffs an animal feed depends on?

1. cost of ingredients, the seller has to be able to make a profit to stay in business 2. Palatability, can be hard to measure; the animals have to like it (taste/texture) 3. Available nutrients- some nutrients are tied up in feeds and are therefore not available to specific animals 4. Absence of toxins, anything toxic or dangerous in the foods? 5. Handling/Mixing properties, the mill has to be able to create the feed, high fat diets are more sticky and can be harder for mills to produce

A NCSU diary cow is milked _____ times a day

2

How much water must be lost for it to be an issue for an animal?

2%- Thirsty 4-5% = anorexic and uncomfortable 6-10% = vocalizations are slurred, headache and hurts to move 12-14% = delirious 15-20% = death

Manose absorbs only ______ of the efficiency of glucose.

20%

How many ATPs can be produced from one mole of glucose in an animal's cell?

38 ATP is there is plenty of oxygen, 8 if there is little oxygen.

How many calories can one gram of fat create?

9.45

What is marasmus?

A severe malnutrition characterized by energy and calorie deficiency and the people or animals appear to be very thin and bony.

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A, D, E, K Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed, together with fat from the intestine into the circulation. Can be stored in the body for long periods of time (months). - absorbed intact, meaning do not need to be digested - need bile and dietary fat to e translated via miscelles to intestinal cells where they are absorbed. - Enter first via chylomicrons to the lymph system - storage happens in the liver

Lets talk Vitamin C... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

AKA... Asorbic AcidDeficiency: scurvy (edema, weight loss, emaciation, diarrhea) Most species can synthesize, but humans, some primates and guinea pigs need to supplement (can't make it)Rabbits do better with Vit. C supplements

Lets talk Vitamin B12... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

AKA... Cobalamin- cobalt part of structureonly found in animal tissues and microbescoenzyme in several enzyme systemsRumen microbes make B-12 only if enough cobalt is present.Deficiencies: (Pigs and Poultry)- Reproductive failure- Eggs that do not hatch

Understand the physical reactions that occur after feed intake. What about physical limits of feed intake?

After a NR eats:Stomach becomes distended, triggering stretch receptors. Fat leaves the stomach and triggers hormonal reaction and slows emptying of the stomach. "Full Feeling". Feed determines the GI tract emptying time. Receptors in SI detect nutrients and Blood Glucose levels rise, stimulates insulin release. no "shut off" for intake.but an animal with a problem of not feeling full is the guinea pig. Herbivore's intake can be limited by the feed. Low quality of forage animal cannot eat enough to get all nutrients it requires. GI tract is full, but not all nutrients are there. Might have to supplement feed to increase digestibility. Can also happen w/ lush grasses. Usually leads to diarrhea, must supplement w/ dry feed.Smaller animals eat a higher percentage of their body weight. All animals (w/i species) eat relatively constant intake per kg of bodyweight.kg of BW^0.75 = energy requirementappropriate for "average" animalvery large or very small differ

Lets talk Vitamin B1... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Aka Thiamin... usually present in animal feedsThiaminase is an enzyme that destroys thiamin.Present in some fish products, but freezing fish increases activity of thiaminase. Problem for penguins!Rumen microbes can produce thiaminase if diet is changed too quickly. Cure = thiamin intravenously. (Can NOT put into Rumen)Humans that lack B1 have Beri-Beri and Wernicke's enchephalopathy.

Lets talk Vitamin B2... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Aka Riboflavinlow in grain diets, monogastrics must be supplemented. Riboflavin functions as important co enzyme for various reactions within the body.Deficiencies:- Reduced growth rate- Reproductive failure in sows- "curled toe paralysis" in birds- vision and eye abnormalitiesGood sources:- Green forages- Milk- Meat and fish meal

Which vitamins are water soluble?

All others- B and C complex vitamins water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body and must be provided daily in the diet. Excess is excreted in the urine. water soluble vitamins are essential for metabolic functions.

Lets talk Vitamin E... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Also known as Tocopherol... Vit. E and Se work together as antioxidants. Vit. E can be a preservative in feed. Functions of Vit. E include: muscle structure, reproduction, and antioxidant. Deficiency causes: - white muscle disease - reproductive failure - retained placenta in cattle

What are the trace minerals?

B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn

Know why DE vary in concentrates and forages between species.

Because animals have different GI tracts, animals will be able to pull certain nutrients from different foods in diverse ways. Many animals, like the ruminants, have a very good GI tract that specializes in vegetation and plants, so it will be able to pull nutrients better from certain foods. And horses, who have a very large cecum will be able to pull nutrients from the grains as well, but for pigs, while they do have a large cecum, they may not be able to pull as many nutrients from the foods as other species due to being an omnivore.Digestion occurs in the GI tract, where feedstuff is broken into smaller nutrients. These nutrients are then absorbed from small intestine, rumen and cecum into the blood or lymph.

The Gallbladder is discussed with having the temporary storage of what?

CCK

What are the macro minerals? How much is required in the diet?

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, SOver 100 ppm.

Grains provide quite a bit of energy to animals; this nutrient CLASS in the grain is what provides most of the energy:

Carbohydrates

When a pig eats ground corn, what is the main nutrient class in this ingredient and where in the GI tract will the majority of its digestion and absorption be?

Carbohydrates; small intestine

What animals have a limited ability to use carotenoids?

Cats and Ferrets. They must have some type of Vit. A in their diet.

What is coprophagy? Why is it important? What species practice this?

Consuming a separate gelled portion of ones own feces in order to obtain B vitamins & vitamin K that were not available the first time through the GI tract. Need it in order to keep the digestive tract moving smoothly and for them to get all the nutrients that they need from the feed.

What makes Dalmatians different in terms of water requirements?

Dalmatian dog breed. I learned that Dalmatians actually excrete uric acid due to a hereditary defect known as hyperuricosuria. This causes the inability to further break down uric acid produced by the liver when purines are broken down. Uric acid can be turned into allantoin in other dog breeds which is easily excreted in the urine. Since Dalmatians cannot do this, they are at a higher risk for developing urinary stones and must consume more water than other dog breeds. the water is important to flush the Dalmatians system of urinary crystals from forming Hyperuricosuria can cause blockage of draining urine which causes kidney failure and even death. Also since cross breeding has became so popular, some Dalmatians have been cross bred to not have this problem anymore!

Lets talk Biotin... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Deficiency is rare, but raw egg whites can cause it.Sold as a supplement to horses, claiming stronger and healthier hooves.

What is the most common way to formulate an animals diet?

Diet formulation: is matching the animal's nutritional requirements w/ nutrients provided by the feedMost common method for formulating a diet: pick one or two ingredients and add other feeds to provide other nutrients.Diet Formulation Process:1. match animal's requirement of nutrient with content of the feed2. quantity of feed to meet that requirement3. If feed does not provide for it in total, formulator determines the types and quantities of other feeds to add.Protein balancing also includes in particular AA balance of protein, respective to animal's needs. First formulate for protein and then formulate for energy levels. Determine E:P ratio.

Dietary Fat: GOOD

Dietary fat decreases the dustiness of feed, less wastage and the feed is more palatable. It also slows stomach emptying and allows for more time for digestion in SI.

What is ·the difference between As fed and Dry matter?

Dry Matter is the nutrients, plus non-digestible components of the feed. (no moisture).As Fed is the dry matter plus the moisture, and with high moisture feed, more needs to be fed to the animal because of low nutrients.

the small intestine is where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed via the blood in NR. What are the three parts of the SI? What kinds of enzymes are important here?

Duodenum, jujunum, and ileum. Proteases are important in this region.

when absorbed by papillae in RUMEN, where does the VFAs go?

Enter the portal vein and head towards the liver. Other amino acids are not absorbed and continue towards the reticulum.

Rank Fats/Oils, Protein Supplements, Mineral Supplements, Roughages and Grains in order from highest energy content to lowest energy content.

Fats/oils, Grains, Protein Supplements, Roughages, and Mineral Supplements

Lets talk other Vitamin B complexes... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Folacin: deficiency signs are reduced growth, reduced reproductive performance and birth defects, and increased Folacin helps immune systemPyriodoxine (B6)- used as a coenzyme, can affect growth hormones, insulin, sex hormones. Deficiencies: neurological (convulsions) or skin related. A precursor to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is a coenzyme for amino transferases (are very important for AA catabolism and formation of neurotransmitters.InositolPABA

CDC has a branch known as... who regulates what?

Food Net! That researches and follows potential food borne illnesses. Norovirus: 58% Cases Salmonella: 11% (35% hospitalizations, 28% of deaths) Clostridium 10% Perfringens 9% Staphylococcus aureus 3% Toxoplasma gondii: 24% of US deaths, but 1% of illnesses 48 million people die each year due to food borne illnesses

Who is the FSIS?

Food Safety and Inspection Service is a branch of USDA that governs policies responsible for ensuring the safety of meat products.

What are some new technologies that aid with sanitation?

Gamma Rays: radioisotopes (Co-60 or cesium 137), X-rays and electron beamsApproved for use in Pork (1986), Poultry (1992), Cows (1999/2000)Marked w/ radura symbol, labeled as irradiated or "treated by irradiation"Other popular tech:- steam pasteurization- vacuum sanitation- carcass washing w/ acidulants and phosphates- ozone treatment skills (kill salmonella, e coli)- packaging innovations

Why do I want to feed a high quality protein source instead of a lower quality protein?

High quality protein sources contain amino acids that have very digestible easily broken peptide bonds. They have amino acids present in similar ratios to what the animal requires (based on life stage and species). High quality protein sources also contain more of the essential AA for that species.

What about the neural signals of hunger?

Hypothalamus signals body about metabolic state. Hormonal signals: CCK is a satiety hormone.As Blood glucose rises, the hunger feeling drops for NR. In R, VFAs tend to be the indicators more than glucose is.

Lets talk Choline... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Is a pseudovitamin... swine and poultry may become deficient in choline during pregnancy.Deficiencies:- Reproductive failure (pigs)- slipped tendon in poultry, impossible to walk.

Why can't we eat polar bear liver?

It can cause hypervitaminosis, an excess of Vit. A stored in the liver. It can effect CNS, cause hair loss, extreme peeling of skin, birth defects, liver problems, vomiting, blurred vision, and death.Animals cannot consume more than 0.9 mg (1/10 of the liver)Contains enough to kill 52 adults.

Why is Cu important? What happens when you are deficient? what can cause for complications of absorption?

It is important for a healthy coat, for growth, and for general health. It is also a factor in hemoglobin formation, and when there is not enough hemoglobin, oxygen cannot be carried to the cells.Deficiency: Faded hair coat in cattle or horses, steely wool shape, and anemiaFactors that complicate it:- Excess molybdenum (mo; trace mineral) and sulfurin in soil (forage) can tie up copper- Cu requirements are 5x higher w/ grazing animals on high Mo soils- High Fe water (pond water included)- Sheep require Cu but it is also toxic for them at lower levels than many species and therefore farmers have to be aware of potential issues

Why is Zn important? What happens when you are deficient? what can cause for complications of absorption?

It is important for integrity of the skin, hooves and feathers. Required for normal protein metabolism and growth component of DNA and numerous other biochemical functions. Zn is linked to immune health in humans. Parakeratosis can result if the animal's diet is deficient in Zn. Excess Ca can cause for poor absorption of Zn. Excess Zn interferes with Cu metabolism, which then effects Fe utilization.

Two major organs involved in digestion, but not in the GI tract.

Liver and pancreas.

Brush Goats... what kinds? What are they fed?

Lower nutritional requirements, produce fewer offspring and less milk.Weed management, "spanish goats"larger build, less hair, variety of colors.Breed year round

· Make sure you understand that NC pastures tend to be high in K and Fe, this can cause a problem with Mg absorption in certain species.

Mg is found in bones and teeth and is important for muscle action. Deficiency of Mg at cellular level leads to: muscle tetany, staggers, coma, deathR grazing on lush grass, Mg absorption is hindered by excess K. Mg or grass tetany when lush pasture conditions are presentBut, adding Mg to diet, by mineral mix, can help to prevent this.

Proximate Analysis (Moisture, Minerals, Protein, Fat, Fiber)

Moisture: heat to 100 C and what remains is Dry Matter, 100 - % moisture = % Dry Matter Minerals: Ash (analyzes the % minerals in the feed) extra minerals are NOT beneficial, use kiln at 500 C100 - % ash = % organic matterOM is all nutrients except the minerals Crude Protein: measure nitrogen b/c protein is pretty much the only thing w/ nitrogen. Amino Acids average 16% N% N * 6.25 = %CP Ether Extract: (lipids = fats, oils), in order to measure lipid content, must reflux the sample w/ ether. ether dissolves lipid from sample. Evaporate Ether and Lipids are left behind. Crude Fiber: (rarely used), can still be found on feed tags although nutritionists no longer use it, instead this is used: NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (Acid detergent Fiber) and TDF (Total dietary fiber)

Compare young and old ruminants in terms of digestive / absorptive capabilities and physical differences.

Newborn R have small, non-functioning rumens. Calves, lambs, goats, are NR at birth. Six weeks for rumen to develop and become functional Rumen and Reticulum equals 30% at birth and 85% at maturity Absomasum equals 60% at birth and 8% at maturity Solid feed is needed for young R b/c of scratch factor that helps develop muscles for contractions. VFAs cause for papillae to grow. Reticular groove/esophageal groove exists in newborn R- milk bypasses the rumen and goes to abomasum

Term refers to the acceptability or like/dislike of feed by animal.

Palatability

This nutrient class contains nitrogen:

Proteins

A diet is a mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients, and this word refers to the daily supply of nutrients (feed) that is fed to an animal.

Ration

What are 3 digestive problems we discussed? (know ruminant and non-ruminant examples)

Reticulitis: "hardware disease", items that should not be eaten are and damages occur to the wall of the GI tract Acidosis: High grain diets cause pH levels in RUMEN to be a 5. Rummening buffering capacity (saliva) is exceeded and pH of 5 is 100x more acidic than the normal 7. Bloat: appears as gaseous bloat in feedlot conditions or frothy bloat in pastures. Most common in dogs or horses.

Lets talk Vitamin K... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Serves as a cofactor during blood clotting; very rare deficiency because it is prevalent in feeds and microbes in the Gi tract makes Vit. K animal may bleed to death is no Vit. K is presentInterference is caused by:- presence of coumarin (presence in sweet clover), sweet clover poisoning when too much is ingested.coumarin is an antinutritional factor. Warfarin (rat poison) causes for the same effects as coumarin.Good sources:Most animal FeedsMade by bacteria in GI tractCoprophagy/cecotrophy = practiced in rabbits

What are some sources of fats in an animal's diet?

Sources of fats are plants (veg oils) and animals (leftovers from meat packaging plant). R will waste any fat above 5% in feces b/c cannot be digested, NR can have high fat diets.

Both of these are considered to be "readily available carbohydrates" in high energy feeds.

Starch and sugar

Methionine and Cystine belong to what class of mineral?

Sulfur Class. Animals do not require inorganic sulfur, but require 2 sulfur containing AA Wool, hair and feathers are high in these, thus some farmers increase their Met/Cys levels in the body.

Minerals and Vitamins are nutrients that provide no energy and no protein for the animal.

TRUE

Goats are prone to urinary calculi with improper diets. Let's talk Phosphorus... Where is phosphorus found in high concentrations within the body? what are some problems with excess phosphorus?

TRUE. In the bones and teeth! Excessive P can result in calculi problems, especially in male R. Male R had sigmoid flexure (s-shape) penises. Stones can be lodged and block the urethra; death occurs if the bladder ruptures. This is very serious in giraffes and goats.

Describe what happens in the RUMEN.

The first large compartment of the stomach. Cellulose is broken down by symbiotic organisms. It is the ideal environment for anaerobic microbes and no secretions of enzymes happen here. The papillae on the rumen increase the SA for absorption of VFA. Bacteria cannot use VFA, but Bacteria. protozoa and fungi are all found in the rumen and digest dietary fiber . microbial waste products are the main source of energy.

the stomach is highly acidic! How acidic? And what stops everything from coming back up? Why would this be a problem?

The stomach has a pH of 2! The sphincter stops everything from coming back up and if it did, the throat would be damaged because of the stomach acid. Ulcers would also form.

What are fats good for?

They are stored energy reserves in cells, they provide thermal insulation, physical padding to protect the organs, structural component to cells, and components of horomones and transporters for lipid soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K

Lets talk Vitamin B... What is it?

This is an umbrella term, some have numbers: B2, B6, B12 or names: Folacin (folate or folic acid)microbes in the rumen and cecum can synthesize B vitamins. Rumen microbes can make all B vitamins, but hindgut or NR produce after SI so reason for coprophagy.

What are VFA's ... why are they important ... acetate and propionate are used differently ... explain this statement.

VFAs are Volatile Fatty Acids and are short chained. Bacteria cannot use VFAs VFAs get absorbed through the rumen and enter the portal vein. First stop is the liver. VFAs are the principle product of microbial fermentation. VFAs are R animals main source of energy (70%!) R= VFAs such as (acetate, propionate and butyrate) High Forage Diet A 70%, P 20% and B 7% High Concentrate Diet A 55%, P 35% and B 7% Fermentation is likely to produce 1P, 1A, and 1 gas molecule or 2 A and 2 gas molecules. Less gas = more efficient energy! Starch (grains or tubers) result in more P, less gas = more weight gain Propionate- glucogenic, makes glucose and becomes a source of energy; liver converts it into glucose before sending it to the other tissues: Brain, central nervous tissue, and red blood corpuscles have large glucose requirements. Inadequate amounts cause ketosis. Acetate- goes directly to the tissues, main energy source for muscles and tissues. Acetate cannot be made into glucose.Butyrate is made of 2 A, and is not glucogenic.

Lets talk Vitamin A... What does it do? What is a good source of it? and what happens when there is a deficiency?

Vitamin A aka Retinol is only found in animal tissue, plants do not contain it. Plants do contain carotene, which can be broken down into Vitamin A. - Aids in night vision (strengthens light receptor pigment in eyes) - Strengthens epithelial tissue - Enables bone growth Vit. A deficiency: - Reproductive issues - stunted growth - "night blindness" Vitamin A can be lost in time in storage of foods (bioactivity decreased) Good sources of carotene include: - Pasture grasses, green hay, corn Animal Liver Tissue is good source

what causes Rickets?

Vitamin D and Ca deficiency

What nutrient is considered to be vital for survival of all animals?

Water

Calves

calves are hand fed on farmare given milk replacer with colostrum; cannot digest plant protein only milk protein (casein)Cannot secrete sucrase to digest sucroseAre fed "ad libitum" after weaning (carbs up to 6wks before digesting fiber, fat can be fed as an energy source since it can digest easily. solid feeds stimulate rumen development)Solid Feed to start it is fed a pre-starter feed. Prestarter is mixed w/ milk and milk products. Must be highly digestible and palatable. Expensive.Calves are fed individually, in hutches. Heifers have high nutritional requirements to grow and become a mom in a short time.Creep Feeding: helps to provide calves with extra nutrients to promote growth w/o adult cows getting too much. very costly. creep feeding heavier cows is cheaper.Steer/Bull calves are sent to market.Stocker and Feedlot farms feed weaned calves roughage byproduct feeds and supplements (cheaper)Farmer needs weight of 1100-1250 lbs and high marbling for popularity and marketLarge frame = higher weight feedSmall frame = lighter weight feedHeifer is bred at 14.5 months, so birth happens at 2 years. Should be 60% of mature size at breeding. Fast Feeding leads to fat cells in udder. Calf grows too slowly, makes cow give birth later by 1 year. decrease milk production.

What is ketosis? What are some tissues with large glucose requirements?

creates excess ketones (acetone) to accumulate in tissues and blood. - loss of body weight, increase water consumption, decrease in production animals, abortion, and acetone smell in breath. Brain, CNS tissue and red blood cell corpuscles. Inadequate amounts cause for ketosis.

Concentrates are high in ________ and Roughages are high in ______________.

high in proteins and energy; high in fiber

Definitions Intake Energy Digestible Energy Metabolizable energy Net Energy

potential energy available energy value after some energy is lost in feces energy value after some energy is lost in urine and gases energy value after some energy some energy is lost as heat ; energy available available to the animal

What are the classes of nutrients?

water, protein, lipids, carbs, minerals, and vitamins If an animal cannot synthesize it on its own, it is considered an essential nutrient!

Dietary Fat: BAD

when using automatic feeds for pigs or poultry, more than 6% of fat in diet slows the feeder rate and increases problems at the mill b/c machinery gets clogged up High levels of unsaturated dietary fats (oils) leads to soft fat in pig carcasses and this is undesirable which leads to less money. Dietary fat also decreases the amount of time something can be stored because fat gets rancid.