Final exam

A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as _____________.

an agonist

Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _________________.

an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

The term hyperplasia refers to ________________.

an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

Physical activity is defined as

any form of muscular activity.

One measurable environmental factor that is quantified to understand the air pollution dose that an individual receives is a. particulate matter larger than 2.5 mm. b. particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm. c. ultra violet light concentration. d. None of these is correct.

b.

The recommended intensity of warm-up exercise (5-10 minutes) for endurance activities is: a. at 100% race pace. b. 60%-70% VO2 max. c. at 90% race pace. d. 40%-50% VO2 max.

b. 60%-70% VO2 max.

The resting energy expenditure of a sedentary person is __________ percent of his or her total energy expenditure. a. 25-30 b. 75-80 c. 50-55 d. 90-100

b. 75-80

Which of the following training intensities of exercise are likely to elicit the greatest percentage of improvement in VO2 max? a. 55-60% VO2 max b. 80-100% VO2 max c. <50% VO2 max d. 65-70% VO2 max

b. 80-100% VO2 max

Caffeine can increase fatty acid mobilization by: a. Inhibiting phosphodiesterase b. All of these answers are correct c. Increasing the formation of cyclic AMP d. Activating protein kinase

b. All of these answers are correct

Starting an endurance exercise training session with low glycogen levels has been shown to: a. Promote protein synthesis in the active skeletal muscles b. All of these answers are correct c. Activate both AMP Kinase and p38 d. Increase the activation PGC-1α

b. All of these answers are correct

If insulin levels are markedly decreased when a type I diabetic begins exercise, continuous aerobic exercise would result in _______________. a. a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration b. an increase in blood glucose concentration c. None of these answers is correct d. no significant changes in blood glucose concentration

b. an increase in blood glucose concentration

Clenbuterol use by athletes may cause a. increased resistance to fatigue. b. cardiac arrhythmias. c. a decrease in tremors. d. muscle atrophy.

b. cardiac arrhythmias.

The occurrence of irregular menses in female athletes is generally highest in a. cyclists. b. distance runners. c. swimmers. d. the occurrence of irregular menses occurs equally in all female athletes.

b. distance runners.

The reason that HR can be used to estimate aerobic exercise intensity is that

HR and VO2 cost of muscular activity are linearly related to workload.

Post-exercise hypotension can be clinically problematic when

It produces symptoms such as lightheadedness and dizziness.

The clustering of two or more diseases is called:

a comorbidity

For a given person, 80% of HRR is __________________ to 80% HRmax.

a higher intensity as compared

Which of the following individuals would gain the greatest health benefits from changing their level of physical activity?

a sedentary person who becomes moderately active

Many heart attacks and strokes occur because of

a sudden rupture of plaque that triggers a blood clot.

The relative risk ratio (i.e., chance) of developing coronary heart disease due to physical inactivity is about _________.

1.9

Which of the following general statements about step counts and physical activity in healthy adults is false?

10,000 is a firm step count goal that all people should achieve on a daily basis

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats/min and a maximal HR of 180 beats/min. What is the target heart rate range as determined by the percentage of maximal heart rate method if exercise intensity is set at 60-80% HRmax?

108-144 beats/min

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats/min and a maximal HR of 180 beats/min. What is the target heart rate range as determined by the heart rate reserve method if exercise intensity is set at 40-60% HRR?

114 - 136 beats/min

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in a ______.

15-25% improvement in VO2 max

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

3-25%

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals.

35-50 hours

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately

45 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

Type I diabetes typically develops early in life and represents about _____% of those with diabetes.

5

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.

50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program.

50

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels?

50-150

It is recommended that MVPA should be performed for approximately _____ MET-min/week.

500-1000

In general, an optimal aerobic exercise training intensity to improve VO2 max is ______.

60-80 VO2 max

To realize health benefits of physical activity, adults should perform _____________.

75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week

It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation.

80

The majority of epidemiological studies observe a greater reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease with an aerobic exercise training intensity ______.

>6 mets

In general, the risk of orthopedic and cardiac complications associated with exercise training increases at exercise intensities ____________.

>80% VO2 max

An endurance athlete that experiences frequent bout of fatigue and a decline in performance may a. All of these are correct. b. need to examine the amount of iron intake in their diet. c. be suffering from anemia. d. also be experiencing a drop in the rate of erythropoiesis.

a. All of these are correct.

Maximal aerobic power decreases with high altitude due to the a. lower PO2. b. lower percent of oxygen in the air. c. lower hemoglobin levels. d. increase in hemoglobin levels.

a. lower PO2.

Which of the following drugs is often used to prevent a heart attack or release chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia? a. nitroglycerin b. a beta 2 receptor agonist c. statins d. cromolyn sodium

a. nitroglycerin

Which of the following would require the most clothing units in order to thermo regulate? a. sleep b. very light work c. moderate work d. heavy work

a. sleep

Which of the following are not potential mechanisms of peripheral fatigue? a. spinal cord activation b. Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. cross-bridge force production d. transverse tubules and the sarcolemma

a. spinal cord activation

Which of the following exercise modalities appears to blunt asthmatic symptoms as compared to the others? a. swimming b. these exercise modalities provoke asthma attacks at roughly equal rates c. running d. walking

a. swimming

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

all of these answers are correct: -decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. -increased uptake of fatty acids. -sparing of blood glucose.

Exercise guidelines indicate vigorous-intensity physical activity should be performed at least ____ minutes/week, while moderate-intensity physical activity be performed at least ____ minutes/week.

75; 150

Which of the following factors contribute to the initial decline in VO2max observed during the first 12 days of detraining?

A decrease in maximal stroke volume

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________.

AMP kinase activation of TSC2

Which of the following does NOT summarize a fitness variable that is improved by regularly performing both aerobic exercise and strength exercise?

All of these answers are correct: -Resting metabolic rate -Submaximal exercise rate pressure product and resting BP -Insulin sensitivity and glucose control

Which of the following statements are true regarding the impact of regular physical activity on health?

All of these answers are correct: -a lower risk of breast cancer -reduced falls in older adults -physically active people have lower rates of all-cause mortality

Type II diabetics often exhibit a number of risk factors for coronary heart disease including __________________.

All of these answers are correct: -hypertension and obesity -high blood cholesterol -hypertension and inactivity

Epidemiological studies confirm that regular physical activity

All of these answers are correct: -reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease. -lowers the risk of all-cause mortality. -reduces the risk of heart disease in both smokers and hypertensive individuals.

Increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity (prolonged bedrest) and promotes muscle atrophy because:

All of these are correct: -oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation -oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers -oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle?

All of these are true: -After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume. -Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level. -Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal.

A primary and major risk factor for developing osteoporosis for women over 50 years of age is ________. a. a lack of exercise b. a diet low in phosphorus c. a loss of circulating estrogen d. None of these answers is correct

c. a loss of circulating estrogen

Which of the following is associated with adequate hydration during steady state aerobic exercise? a. lower perceived exertion b. lower heart rate c. all of these d. lower core temperature

c. all of these

The RDA for protein in healthy adults is a. 1.6 g/kg/day. b. 0.6 g/kg/day. c. 1.2 g/kg/day. d. 0.8 g/kg/day.

d. 0.8 g/kg/day.

The minimum number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning weightlifters is ________ set. a. >4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

d. 1

Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of: a. two or monosaccharides. b. 11 or more monosaccharides. c. None of these is correct. d. 3-10 monosaccharides.

d. 3-10 monosaccharides.

HIIT training is advantageous for which of the following reasons? a. training sessions are time-efficient b. workout variation options are plentiful c. the warm-up and cool-down are proportionately shorter than moderate intensity continuous training d. Both training sessions are time-efficient and workout variation options are plentiful are correct

d. Both training sessions are time-efficient and workout variation options are plentiful are correct

A double-blind research design is one in which a. both the subject and the investigator know what treatment had been administered. b. only the investigator knows what treatment has been administered. c. the subject does not know which treatment he/she has been administered. d. neither the subject nor the investigator knows what treatment had been administered.

d. neither the subject nor the investigator knows what treatment had been administered.

Which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines? a. carbon monoxide b. sulfur dioxide c. particulate matter d. ozone

d. ozone

Which of the following is NOT considered a micronutrient? a. sodium b. minerals c. vitamins d. water

d. water

The primary job of ___________ adipocytes is to store fuel as lipid droplets. a. beige b. brown c. brite d. white

d. white

Which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CANNOT be modified?

family history

Resistance training results in a __________________.

fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types

Oxidative stress occurs when

free radicals accumulate and react with cellular components.

Using the FITT principle, the volume of exercise performed can be computed as ____________.

frequency × intensity × time

When compared to resistance exercise training, aerobic exercise training generally results in ____________.

greater improvements in both mitochondrial volume and mitochondrial density

Which of the following variables is the least sensitive to exercise (training)?

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session.

hours

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.

hours

Several origins of the metabolic syndrome have been proposed. Which of the following causes is NOT considered a major cause of the metabolic syndrome?

hypertension

Which of the following factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2max?

increased maximal cardiac output

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Which of the following training adaptations occurs in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?

increased muscle buffer capacity

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.

Physical inactivity is considered to be a(n) _____________ risk factor for coronary heart disease.

independent

Atherosclerosis results in the deposition of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. The first steps that "trigger" the initial formation of atherosclerotic plaque include ______________.

inflammation within the artery following by production of adhesion molecules and the attraction of monocytes

When maximal strength gain is the principal goal of the strength training program, current evidence suggests that single-set protocols are

less effective than multiple-set protocols.

A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________.

mTOR

The Karvonen (or heart rate reserve) method of calculating the "heart rate reserve" is computed as _____________.

maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session.

minutes

Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called ______.

mitochondrial biogenesis

The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called

mitophagy

The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________.

muscle memory

During the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to

neural adaptations.

Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as ________.

neural drive

The frequency of exercise can be best described in terms of

number of days per week.

The metabolic syndrome describes connections between

obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

A condition that is regarded as a contributing cause of Type 2 diabetes is

obesity.

It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:

phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

Exercise is defined as ____________.

planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness

A drop in blood pressure in the minutes following a bout of steady state aerobic exercise is called:

post-exercise hypotension

Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed

sarcopenia.

By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________.

slower

Which of the following factors contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?

slower blood flow in muscle

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal

stroke volume.

Several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. These include:

testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone

According to the FITT principle, the letter "I" signifies

the "intensity" of exercise.

An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is ____________.

the Golgi tendon organ

Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis.

the amino acid leucine

The slope of the exercise "dose/response" curve provides information about ___________.

the dose of exercise (i.e., minutes/week) required to promote health benefits

The term cross-education refers to ___________________.

the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

Which of the following is not a method that is useful for prescribing the recommended intensity of exercise training?

the onset of sweating.

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______.

tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

It is established that low-grade inflammation is linked to a wide variety of chronic diseases. Which of the following diseases is linked to chronic inflammation?

type 2 diabetes

Resistance training increases the specific force production of ________.

type I muscle fibers

Research reveals that resistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuclei is _____________.

via satellite cell activation

When comparing sedentary to exercise trained individuals over the age of 60: a. All of these are correct. b. exercise trained individuals have more strength and a lower risk of falling accidents. c. Uncontrolled diabetes may cause either heart or kidney disease. d. exercise trained individuals are more fit, but cardiovascular disease risks are not changed.

b. exercise trained individuals have more strength and a lower risk of falling accidents.

Asthma results in a decrease in airway diameter. In some patients, an allergen binds to IgE antibodies on the mast cell and promotes the release of inflammatory mediators including ____________________. a. prostaglandins, histidine, and glucocorticoids b. histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes c. All of these answers are correct d. histamine, bromine, and histidine

b. histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes

The term that denotes an inspired PO2 that is greater than that at sea level is a. hypoxia. b. hyperoxia. c. normoxia. d. superoxia.

b. hyperoxia.

The serious medical condition that can occur in ultra-endurance (4 + hours) events when water alone is used to replace fluid loss and blood levels of sodium become critically low is a. hypernatremia. b. hyponatremia. c. supercompensation. d. glycosuria.

b. hyponatremia.

Regular exercise training provides numerous health-related benefits. The two health-related benefits that are the MOST responsive to exercise are

blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.

Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:

both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct

Which of the following are essential factors in the successful completion of an ultra-endurance event? a. avoiding carbohydrate intake during the event b. having a superior VO2 max and high lactate threshold c. All of these are essential d. having trained the body to markedly shift to fat oxidation to fuel the work performed during the ultra-endurance competition

d. having trained the body to markedly shift to fat oxidation to fuel the work performed during the ultra-endurance competition

Which of the following is NOT true about the metabolic and cardiac adaptations to pregnancy? a.oxygen cost of activity is higher. b. there is a higher risk of arterial hypotension during the third trimester. c. blood volume increases 40-50%. d. heart rate is lower at rest and during submaximal exercise.

d. heart rate is lower at rest and during submaximal exercise.

Which of the following diets is associated with the highest muscle glycogen levels? a. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet b. All three diets are associated with similar muscle glycogen levels c. mixed diet d. high-carbohydrate diet

d. high-carbohydrate diet

Insulin shock is a serious medical condition in which a diabetic is: a. ketotic. b. normoglycemic. c. hyperglycemic. d. hypoglycemic.

d. hypoglycemic.

Muscle glycogen is replenished most rapidly when carbohydrates are consumed a. during exercise. b. at any time. c. hours after exercise. d. immediately following exercise.

d. immediately following exercise.

At present, the recommendation for sports participation for people with epilepsy is that a. the individual should limit physical activity to low-intensity sports. b. the epileptic can participate in any sport when accompanied by a nonepileptic. c. epileptics should not participate in sports. d. individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.

d. individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is claimed to increase muscle mass and strength because it a. enhances fat use. b. is an antioxidant that reduces muscle damage during exercise training. c. increases anaerobic power. d. is a precursor to testosterone.

d. is a precursor to testosterone.

The ergogenic effect of caffeine a. does not vary between individuals. b. is influenced by gender. c. is due to a decrease in fat metabolism. d. is dose dependent (i.e., depends upon on the amount of caffeine ingested).

d. is dose dependent (i.e., depends upon on the amount of caffeine ingested).

A genetic predisposition for athletic talent _____________. a. has limited impact on the individual's ultimate athletic potential b. is important only in power events such as sprinting c. is not necessary for an individual to compete at a world-class level d. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level

d. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level

Which of the following is NOT part of the generalized exercise prescription recommendation for a cancer patient/survivor? a. begin with light intensity aerobic exercise, <60%HRR b. perform flexibility and strength exercises at least 2 days/week c. start with several short sessions until the person can complete 30 minutes of continuous exercise d. limit aerobic exercise frequency to 2-3 days per week until cured

d. limit aerobic exercise frequency to 2-3 days per week until cured

Which of the following dietary conditions increases the rate of amino acid utilization during prolonged exercise? a. high-fat diet b. high-carbohydrate diet c. low-protein diet d. low-carbohydrate diet

d. low-carbohydrate diet

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the a. lower PO2 of inspired oxygen. b. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy. c. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. d. lower air density.

d. lower air density.

Dysmenorrhea is defined as a. an absence of menstruation. b. 2-3 menses per year. c. infrequent menstruation. d. painful menstruation.

d. painful menstruation.

What is the primary source of ATP production in ultra short-term (high intensity) exercise performances (i.e., exercise lasting less than 10 seconds)? a. equal ATP production is derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. equal ATP production is derived from phosphocreatine and oxidative phosphorylation d. phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)

d. phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)

Natives who have resided at high altitude all their lives adapt to the altitude by a. exercising regularly. b. decreasing maximal ventilation. c. increasing the environmental PO2. d. producing more red blood cells.

d. producing more red blood cells.

Nutrients are defined as a. foods that contain calories. b. micronutrients including vitamins. c. macronutrients required for energy. d. substances needed for body function and essential for life.

d. substances needed for body function and essential for life.

An asthma attack that is brought on by exercise can often be prevented by: a. exercising at a very high intensity. b. breathing cool and dry air. c. hyperventilation. d. taking a prescribed asthma medication prior to exercise.

d. taking a prescribed asthma medication prior to exercise.

The glycemic index is used to describe _______________________. a. the impact of high sugar diets on the risk of developing type II diabetes b. None of these answers is correct c. the influence of diet on the risk of cardiovascular disease d. the impact that a specific food has on the amount of glucose in the blood

d. the impact that a specific food has on the amount of glucose in the blood

The essential amino acid that is in the smallest supply in the diet is called a. the deficit amino acid. b. the default amino acid. c. None of these is correct. d. the limiting amino acid.

d. the limiting amino acid.

Which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CAN be changed?

hypertension

A 30-year-old woman achieves her target heart rate on a hot humid day by jogging at 6 mph. If she were to exercise on a cool day with low humidity, she would have to ________________________.

increase the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate

Which of the following endurance training adaptations results in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

increased H4 form of LDH

Which of the following physiological factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO 2 difference?

increased capillaries in the blood

Which of the following factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

increased cardiac contractility

Which of the following are classified as an inflammatory cytokine and or a biomarker of inflammation?

Both TNF-α and C-reactive protein are correct answers

The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________.

Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms has been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?

Neural factors

Which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true?

None of these statements are not true: The loss of strength in older adults is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass, Resistance training in older adults results in a smaller increase in muscle protein synthesis following a bout of exercise, Resistance training results in strength gains in people of all ages.

The relationship between regular physical activity and cancer prevention is best described by which of the following?

Physically activity individuals can lower their changes of contracting many major forms of cancer by 12%-25%.

Which of the following range of values represents "good" air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)? a. 0-50 b. 51-100 c. 101-150 d. 151-200

a. 0-50

The adult RDA for protein is _________ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. a. 0.8 b. 0.7 c. 0.5 d. 0.6

a. 0.8

To date, how many compounds meet the definition of a vitamin? a. 13 b. 20 c. 11 d. 16

a. 13

Physical activity constitutes the most variable part of energy expenditure side of the energy balance equation. In fact, energy expenditure from physical activity can account for _______ of the total energy expenditure. a. 15-45% b. 65-75% c. 45-60% d. None of these answers is correct

a. 15-45%

How many units of blood are shown to have a positive effect when reinfused in a subject via blood doping? a. 2 b. 1.5 c. 1 d. 0.5

a. 2

According to the accepted macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), what percent of your total daily calorie intake should be derived from fats? a. 20-35% of your total daily calories from fats. b. 55-70% of your total daily calories from carbohydrates. c. 10-15% of your total daily calories from carbohydrates. d. None of these ranges is recommended.

a. 20-35% of your total daily calories from fats.

Calculate how much weight loss is required to achieve a body composition of 20% body fat given: Current body weight = 162 poundsCurrent percent body fat = 30% Given the above information, this individual would need to lose _____ pounds of fat to achieve a body composition of 20% body fat. a. 20.25 b. 30.25 c. 10.25 d. 15.25

a. 20.25

Having a high VO2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting a. 3 to 20 minutes. b. less than 10 seconds. c. >4 hours. d. 30 to 180 seconds.

a. 3 to 20 minutes.

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much VO2 max can be improved with training. "Low responders" to endurance exercise training may only improve their VO2 max by ______. a. 5% b. 20% c. 15% d. 10%

a. 5%

At three minutes of all-out high-intensity exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived from aerobic sources. a. 60% b. 90% c. 40% d. 10%

a. 60%

Training has been shown to improve exercise economy in both runners and cyclists by as much as __________ over several years of training. a. 8-15% b. 5-6% c. 1-5% d. 25%

a. 8-15%

Ingestion of caffeine could improve exercise performance by several mechanisms. Which of the following are NOT likely mechanisms to explain the positive impact of caffeine on exercise performance? a. Acting as an antioxidant to prevent radical mediated damage b. Stimulation of the central nervous system c. Increasing immobilization of fat and glucose d. Increasing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. Acting as an antioxidant to prevent radical mediated damage

A chronic state of low energy availability in athletes affects many physiological functions including: a. All of these answers are correct b. bone health c. metabolic rate d. cellular protein synthesis

a. All of these answers are correct

An asthma attack is characterized by an early phase of allergic reactions. Which of the following reactions are involved in the early phase of an asthma attack? a. All of these answers are correct b. Mucus secretion c. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle d. Vascular leakage (swelling)

a. All of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements are true about carbohydrate metabolism during exercise? a. All of these answers are correct. b. Gluconeogenesis can supply glucose at a rate of only 0.2-0.4 grams/minute. c. Hypoglycemia can occur during prolonged exercise (i.e., 3.5 hours) at exercise intensities at 58% of VO2 max. d. Exercising skeletal muscles can consume glucose at a rate of 1-2 grams/minute.

a. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a common laboratory test used to quantify endurance exercise potential? a. All of these are correct b. tests of movement efficiency (e.g., running economy) c. lactate threshold test d. determination of ventilatory threshold

a. All of these are correct

Which of the following is NOT a reason that prescribing exercise for a cancer patient/survivor can be challenging? a. All of these are correct b. The stage/progression of the person's cancer c. The person's exercise history and functional capacity prior to their diagnosis d. The type of cancer a person has and whether they've had treatment complications

a. All of these are correct

Which of the following is a vital function of nutrients? a. All of these are correct b. Provision of the energy required by cells c. Promotion of growth and development d. Regulation of metabolism

a. All of these are correct

A generalized aerobic exercise prescription for those with type 2 diabetes often begins with: a. All of these are correct. b. daily/near daily frequency. c. lower intensities. d. longer durations.

a. All of these are correct.

Which of the following elements is/are considered to be a major mineral? a. Both calcium and potassium are correct b. potassium c. calcium d. iron

a. Both calcium and potassium are correct

Compared to competition at sea level, distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the a. lower PO2 in the inspired air. b. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy. c. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. d. lower air density.

a. lower PO2 in the inspired air.

Current evidence suggests that compression garments ____________________. a. may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness b. improve performance in short-duration (i.e., events lasting <10 seconds) high intensity exercise c. increase VO2 max d. reduce wind resistance during running

a. may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness

The best single "practical" indicator of salt and water balance is a. monitoring body weight. b. measuring plasma volume. c. measuring plasma sodium. d. urine color.

a. monitoring body weight.

Vitamin supplementation is a. needed only when an athlete is clearly deficient. b. required for all athletes. c. more important for male athletes. d. important for achieving a high VO2 max.

a. needed only when an athlete is clearly deficient.

In examining the mechanisms for exercise-induced fatigue, the vast majority of the evidence points to the a. periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue). b. Both central nervous system and the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord are correct. c. the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord. d. central nervous system.

a. periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue).

Recently, investigators have suggested that the term "female athlete triad" should be replaced with the term ________________. a. relative energy deficiency syndrome b. None of these answers is correct c. low energy triad d. athlete triad

a. relative energy deficiency syndrome

Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by a. slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+ and thus, maintaining pH homeostasis. b. decreasing the rate at which H+ leaves muscle. c. altering the rate at which oxygen leaves the hemoglobin. d. slowing the rate of decrease of creatine phosphate.

a. slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+ and thus, maintaining pH homeostasis.

Including a placebo in a research design to study ergogenic aids helps control for a. the subject's belief that the substance tested is an ergogenic aid. b. differences in the training state of the subjects. c. investigator bias. d. the gender of the subjects.

a. the subject's belief that the substance tested is an ergogenic aid.

Which of the following is not one of the three major classes of lipids? a. trans-fat b. sterols c. phospholipids d. triglycerides

a. trans-fat

Which of the following vitamins contribute to the antioxidant defense system? a. vitamin E b. vitamin B-6 c. Folate d. vitamin K

a. vitamin E

Several factors contribute to neural drive. Which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive?

activation of the Golgi tendon organ

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to

all of these are correct: -the muscles involved in the activity. -the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity. -the fiber types recruited.

Which of the following physical activity intensity categories is listed incorrectly?

all of these are correct: Low-intensity physical activity (LPA) = 1 .1 - 2.9 METs, Moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) = 3 - 5.9 METs, Vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) = 6 + METs

Human fat tissue is predicted to have a density of ____ whereas fat-free tissue (i.e., skeletal muscle) is predicted to have a density of ____. a. 0.7 g/ml, 1.0 g/ml b. 0.9 g/ml, 1.1 g/ml c. 0.6 g/ml, 0.9 g/ml d. 0.8 g/ml, 1.3 g/ml

b. 0.9 g/ml, 1.1 g/ml

Use of recombinant erythropoietin would be expected to improve which of the following performances? a. 100 m spring performance b. 10 km run performance c. Use of recombinant erythropoietin would improve all of these performances d. Maximal squat performance

b. 10 km run performance

The current adequate intake for water (food and beverage intake) is ___ for women and ____ for men. a. 1.7 liters/day; 2.7 liters/day b. 2.7 liters/day; 3.7 liters/day c. 3.7 liters/day; 4.7 liters/day d. 4.7 liters/day; 5.7 liters/day

b. 2.7 liters/day; 3.7 liters/day

Blood buffers would most likely improve performances lasting a. less than 10 seconds. b. 30 to 180 seconds. c. 3 to 20 minutes. d. longer than 20 minutes.

b. 30 to 180 seconds.

Training has been shown to improve the lactate threshold in endurance athletes by as much as __________ during 10 years of training. a. 10% b. 30% c. 20% d. 5%

b. 30%

Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last _____ seconds. a. 90-180 b. 5-10 c. >180 d. 30-60

b. 5-10

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much VO2 max can be improved with training. "High responders" to endurance exercise training can improve their VO2 max by as much as ______. a. 35% b. 50% c. 85% d. 25%

b. 50%

Depending upon body composition, water typically comprises ___ to ___ percent of body mass. a. 70; 90 b. 50; 60 c. 20; 30 d. 30; 40

b. 50; 60

VO2 max is defined by the Fick equation as the product of maximal cardiac output times the maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference. The age-related decline in VO2 max occurs due to a: a. decrease in maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference b. All of these answers are correct c. decline in maximal heart rate d. decrease in maximal stroke volume

b. All of these answers are correct

Blood doping refers to a. increasing or decreasing one's red blood cell count to improve exercise performance. b. an artificial increase in one's red blood cell count in order to increase O2 carrying capacity. c. secretly using supplemental oxygen during competition to increase endurance performance. d. secretly using supplemental oxygen during competition to increase muscular strength.

b. an artificial increase in one's red blood cell count in order to increase O2 carrying capacity.

Which of the following is used to treat patient during an asthma attack? a. cromolyn sodium. b. beta-2 receptor agonists. c. immunotherapy. d. leukotriene inhibitors.

b. beta-2 receptor agonists.

Which of the following is the currently most used technique to screen for overweight and obesity? a. skinfold measurements b. body mass index (BMI) c. the Metropolitan Life Insurance height and weight tables d. body weight only

b. body mass index (BMI)

Ketosis is a condition of acidosis resulting from: a. low blood glucose. b. excessive fat metabolism. c. eating sugar. d. high insulin levels.

b. excessive fat metabolism.

Pulmonary ventilation is higher at altitude than at sea level for any work rate. During exercise at high exercise intensities, this could result in a. hypoventilation. b. fatigue of the respiratory muscles (e.g., diaphragm). c. exercise-induced hypercapnia. d. None of these answers is correct.

b. fatigue of the respiratory muscles (e.g., diaphragm).

Heavy endurance training in children has been shown to a. increase the risk of cardiovascular failure. b. improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed. c. cause permanent musculoskeletal damage. d. decrease the risk of pulmonary disease.

b. improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed.

The five-zone intensity scale to prescribe and monitor exercise a. is an essential training technique for weight loss through exercise. b. is based on the relationship between HR, %VO2 max, and blood lactate for a given intensity. c. All of these are correct. d. has identical training durations for the five zones.

b. is based on the relationship between HR, %VO2 max, and blood lactate for a given intensity.

Which of the following nutrients should be included in a pregame meal? a. large amounts of protein b. large amounts of complex carbohydrates c. large amounts of simple sugars d. large amounts of fat

b. large amounts of complex carbohydrates

The partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PO2) decreases with increasing altitude because of the a. lower percent of oxygen in the air. b. lower barometric pressure. c. higher percent of carbon dioxide in the air. d. higher percent of nitrogen in the air.

b. lower barometric pressure.

A healthy percent body fat for young adults (i.e., 18-44 years) is ________. a. None of these is correct b. men: 8-22%; women: 20-35% c. men: 5-18%; women: 10-25% d. men: 10-22%; women: 18-28%

b. men: 8-22%; women: 20-35%

The "RICE" treatment is recommended to improve the recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness. RICE is an abbreviation for _________________. a. rest, intensity, cold, and elevation b. rest, ice, compression, and elevation c. recovery, ice, compression, and elevation d. None of these answers is correct

b. rest, ice, compression, and elevation

A cool-down period following heavy exercise is important in ___________ a. preventing heat stroke. b. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation c. allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal. d. preventing muscle cramps.

b. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation

When an athlete stops exercise training, the training effect is quickly lost. This illustrates the concept of ________. a. specificity b. reversibility c. the "ten percent rule." d. overload

b. reversibility

Which of the following activities should people with asthma approach with caution? a. cycling b. scuba diving c. swimming d. running

b. scuba diving

Studies suggest that elevating the levels of _____________ in the brain can contribute to "central" fatigue during prolonged endurance events. a. epinephrine b. serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) c. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine

b. serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from

both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.

The recommended intake of protein for athletes who participate in high-intensity endurance exercise is a. 0.8 g/kg/day. b. 0.9 g/kg/day. c. 1.2-1.4 g/kg/day. d. 2.6-3.7 g/kg/day.

c. 1.2-1.4 g/kg/day.

Many training injuries occur due to overtraining. A common sense guideline to avoid training-induced injuries is that training intensity or duration should not be increased more than ____ per week. a. 5% b. 15% c. 10% d. 20%

c. 10%

The recommended fluid/electrolyte intake during high-intensity events of one to three hours is a. 500-1,000 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour. b. 500-1,000 ml water/hour without electrolytes. c. 1200-1,600 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour. d. None of these answers is correct.

c. 1200-1,600 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour.

Strength generally declines about _________ between 20 and 50 years of age. a. 30-40% b. 15-20% c. 40-50% d. 10%

c. 15-20%

The physical activity/exercise energy expenditure of an active person is typically ______ percent of his or her total energy expenditure. a. 10-15 b. 50-60 c. 20-45 d. 65-70

c. 20-45

The thermal conductivity of water is about ________ times greater than air. a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 100

c. 25

The body requires 20 different amino acids to form the proteins contained in cells. How many of these amino acids are labeled as essential amino acids? a. 8 b. 11 c. 9 d. 6

c. 9

Preceding a static stretch with an isometric contraction of the muscle group to be stretched _____________. a. is called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation b. is effective in improving muscle relaxation c. All of these answers are correct d. can activate the Golgi tendon organ

c. All of these answers are correct

Which of the following factors are associated with increased risk of seizures during exercise in people with epilepsy? a. hyperventilation b. hypoglycemia c. All of these answers are correct d. electrolyte imbalance

c. All of these answers are correct

A high H+ concentration can contribute to fatigue by a. inhibiting Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. b. reducing the force generated per cross-bridge. c. All of these answers are correct. d. interfering with Ca++ binding to troponin.

c. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the recommendations for exercise during pregnancy? a. A pregnant woman should consult with her physician before starting a physical activity program. b. The exercise intensity can be monitored by exercising at an RPE between 12-14 (original Borg scale). c. All of these answers are correct. d. The exercise intensity can be monitored by using the "talk test".

c. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements are true about carbohydrate intake during prolonged (i.e., >45 minutes) exercise? a. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise improves performance. b. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise does not impact the rate of muscle glycogen usage. c. All of these answers are correct. d. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise delays fatigue.

c. All of these answers are correct.

The dietary guidelines for Americans are ________________. a. designed to provide up-to-date scientific information about healthy life-style choices b. designed to provide up-to-date scientific information about nutrition c. All of these are correct d. designed to provide up-to-date scientific information about physical activity

c. All of these are correct

What factor is essential for an athlete to complete a marathon in an elite time? a. they must possess a superior VO2 max b. they must exhibit a high lactate threshold (e.g., ~80% VO2 max) c. All of these are essential d. they must have excellent running economy

c. All of these are essential

Which of the following is NOT a potential unintended outcome resulting from supplementation of cholesterol-based androgenic compounds like dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione? a. A decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels b. All of these answers are correct c. An enhancement in muscle testosterone levels d. An increase in blood levels of estrogen

c. An enhancement in muscle testosterone levels

Which of the following descriptions is the best portrayal of a phase II cardiac rehab program? a. None of these answers is correct. b. An exercise program away from the hospital that requires limited medical supervision with the exception of the ability to respond to an emergency. c. An exercise program that begins soon after the discharge from the hospital. d. Inpatient exercise used to assist the patients make the transition from the cardiac event to time of discharge from the hospital.

c. An exercise program that begins soon after the discharge from the hospital.

Foods that are rich in essential amino acids are labeled as a. Complete proteins. b. High quality proteins. c. Both Complete proteins and High quality proteins are correct. d. Rich proteins.

c. Both Complete proteins and High quality proteins are correct.

The decline in muscle mass with age is due to a. None of these answers is correct. b. a decrease in muscle fiber size. c. Both a decrease in muscle fiber size and a decrease in the number of muscle fibers are correct. d. a decrease in the number of muscle fibers.

c. Both a decrease in muscle fiber size and a decrease in the number of muscle fibers are correct.

Recommendations in someone with type I diabetes include which of the following to achieve blood glucose control during exercise? a. avoid carbohydrate intake just prior to exercise b. manage dietary intake closely c. Both manage dietary intake closely and manage insulin dosing closely are correct d. manage insulin dosing closely

c. Both manage dietary intake closely and manage insulin dosing closely are correct

Which of the following statements is true, relative to fluids taken during exercise? a. Exercise, independent of intensity, has no effect on the absorption of H2O. b. Small volumes (about 200 ml) are absorbed faster than large volumes (about 600 ml). c. Cold drinks are absorbed faster than warm drinks. d. A glucose concentration greater than 10% does not interfere with the absorption of water.

c. Cold drinks are absorbed faster than warm drinks.

The ___________ is a standard used in nutrition labeling to indicate how much of a nutrient is contained in a specific food product based on a 2000 calorie per day diet. a. Adequate Intake (AI) b. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) c. Daily value (DV) d. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

c. Daily value (DV)

Which of the following Dietary Reference Intake standards represents the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular group? a. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) b. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) c. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) d. Adequate Intake (AI)

c. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Macronutrients include: a. Fats, proteins, water, and trace elements b. Fats, proteins, and vitamins c. Fats, proteins, water, and carbohydrates d. Water, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates

c. Fats, proteins, water, and carbohydrates

Which of the following is an example of an environmental risk factor?

socioeconomic factors

Which of the following are NOT a likely benefit of creatine monohydrate supplementation when it comes to potential improvements in athletic performance? a. An increase in maximal strength due to an ability to train at a higher intensity. b. An increase in muscle creatine content for improved ATP production during high intensity muscular contractions. c. Increased body mass due to a significant increase in muscle tissue. d. All of these answers are correct.

c. Increased body mass due to a significant increase in muscle tissue.

Which of the following statements about dietary fiber is NOT true? a. Fiber is composed of long chains of monosaccharides connected by a chemical bond that cannot be digested by humans. b. Common dietary fiber includes cellulose and gums. c. Soluble fiber is considered an essential nutrient. d. Fiber exists as both soluble and insoluble fiber.

c. Soluble fiber is considered an essential nutrient.

Although creatine monohydrate supplementation can increase creatine storage in muscles, a potential drawback of this supplementation is: a. All of these answers are correct. b. Phosphocreatine is not an important energy source during this type of exercise. c. Supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain. d. Supplementation can promote muscle swelling.

c. Supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain.

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect?

the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Neural drive is defined as ___________________________________.

the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate

The athlete biological passport is a. a comprehensive fitness profile (% fat, VO2 max, etc) that is measured repeatedly over time for a given athlete. b. a series of biological variables that is measured immediately after an athlete wins a competition. c. a series of biological variables that is measured repeatedly over time for a given athlete. d. a comprehensive fitness profile (% fat, VO2 max, etc) that is measured immediately after an athlete wins a competition.

c. a series of biological variables that is measured repeatedly over time for a given athlete.

If insulin levels are markedly increased above normal when a type I diabetic begins exercise, continuous aerobic exercise would result in _______________. a. None of these answers is correct b. no significant changes in blood glucose concentration c. a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration d. an increase in blood glucose concentration

c. a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration

Which of the following changes would account for the greatest potential reduction in aerodynamic drag during a cycling competition? a. switching to a flat-disc rear wheel b. using an aerodynamic bicycle frame c. adopting a lower riding position d. wearing Lycra shorts and jersey

c. adopting a lower riding position

Which of the following vitamins are important for bone health? a. vitamin C b. vitamin A c. all of these vitamins plays roles in bone health d. vitamin K

c. all of these vitamins plays roles in bone health

Children and adults with asthma can engage in physical conditioning and sports if they a. train with other asthmatics. b. engage only in low-intensity activities. c. are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms. d. learn to ignore breathing difficulties.

c. are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms.

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, the muscle's ability to produce force is improved. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being linked to which of the following sites? a. mitochondria b. peripheral nervous system c. central nervous system d. muscle

c. central nervous system

The risk of developing hyponatremia is greater if the marathon runner a. finishes the race more quickly (i.e., <3 hours). b. consumes less fluid than the amount of sweat loss. c. consumes large amounts of hypotonic fluids. d. consumes snacks and fluids containing sodium.

c. consumes large amounts of hypotonic fluids.

Which of the following durations of exercise would environmental factors play the largest role in determining performance? a. events 10-180 seconds duration b. events <10 seconds duration c. events lasting 1-4 hours d. events lasting 3-20 minutes duration

c. events lasting 1-4 hours

Which of the following terms describes the most serious form of heat illnesses? a. heat cramps b. heat exhaustion c. heat stroke d. heat syncope

c. heat stroke

Which of the following is NOT an important factor that contributes to performance in endurance events? a. superior exercise efficiency/economy b. high VO2 max c. high anaerobic capacity d. high lactate threshold

c. high anaerobic capacity

The major factor causing a decrease in VO2 max at moderate altitudes (~4000 meters) is a. lower maximal stroke. b. lower maximal heart rate. c. lower oxygen extraction by muscle. d. None of these answers is correct.

c. lower oxygen extraction by muscle.

Body density is equal to __________________. a. volume of the body2 b. mass2 × volume c. mass divided by volume d. None of these answers is correct

c. mass divided by volume

Delayed onset of muscle soreness is likely due to ____________. a. muscle cramps b. lactic acid buildup in muscles c. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. depletion of muscle glycogen

c. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

During relatively high intensity exercise lasting less than one hour, the primary fuel for muscular work is a. amino acids. b. blood glucose. c. muscle glycogen. d. plasma FFA.

c. muscle glycogen.

A male with a body mass index of 29 kg/m2 would be classified as a. obesity class II. b. obesity class I. c. overweight. d. normal weight.

c. overweight

Which of the following carbohydrates is NOT considered to be a monosaccharide? a. fructose b. glucose c. sucrose d. galactose

c. sucrose

Which of the following is a long-standing medical concern for children participating in intense endurance or resistance training? a. skeletal muscles will grow faster than the bones b. that there will be permanent cardiopulmonary damage c. that mechanical injury will cause premature closure of the growth plate d. all of these

c. that mechanical injury will cause premature closure of the growth plate

One disadvantage of studying muscle fatigue in vivo is that ________________. a. None of these b. these studies are not physiological c. these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms d. these studies only allow the study of fatigue during endurance events

c. these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

Evaporation of sweat is dependent upon environmental a. temperature. b. wind speed. c. vapor pressure. d. All of these are correct.

c. vapor pressure.

To quantify the overall heat stress associated with any environment, the ______________ guide was developed. a. dry bulb temperature b. black globe temperature c. wet bulb temperature d. None of these answers is correct

c. wet bulb temperature

The term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is a. hypothermia. b. frostbite. c. wind chill. d. None of these answers is correct.

c. wind chill.

The incidence of anorexia nervosa in the U.S. is estimated to be approximately ________. a. 1 out of 10 adolescent girls b. 1 out of 10,000 adolescent girls c. 1 out of 1000 adolescent girls d. 1 out of 100 adolescent girls

d. 1 out of 100 adolescent girls

According to the accepted macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), what percent of your total daily calorie intake should be derived from carbohydrates? a. 10-35% calories from carbohydrates. b. None of these ranges is recommended. c. 20-35% calories carbohydrates. d. 45-65% calories from carbohydrates.

d. 45-65% calories from carbohydrates.

How many major minerals are considered to be essential? a. 5 b. 10 c. 3 d. 7

d. 7

Compared to fat, lean body tissues contain significantly more water. The estimated percent of water in lean tissue is: a. 50%. b. 90%. c. 60%. d. 75%.

d. 75%

In events lasting 21 to 60 minutes, the athlete would typically work at _______% VO2 max. a. <50 b. <60 c. <70 d. <90

d. <90

According to the energy balance equation, body weight would increase if ___________________________. a. the rate of energy expenditure decreases with no change in the rate energy intake b. the rate of energy intake increases with no change in the rate of energy expenditure c. the rate of energy intake exceeds the rate of energy expenditure d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct

Individuals who are successful climbing to high altitudes have a great capacity to hyperventilate. Hyperventilation results in ______________. a. higher PO2 in the blood b. a decrease in arterial pH c. left shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct

Low energy availability in female athletes is associated with which of the following results? a. reduced estrogen production b. "switching off" of the menstrual cycle c. altering the normal pattern of the release of luteinizing hormone d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct

Which of the following factors have the ability to impact the risk of developing heat injury during exercise? a. wind b. hydration status c. acclimatization d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements are true about protein consumption to optimize post exercise muscle protein synthesis? a. The timing of post-exercise protein consumption is very important for older adults. b. Muscle protein synthesis is strongly activated when amino acids are supplied within one hour following the workout. c. Whey protein is digested more rapidly than casein protein. d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

Those with COPD that want to exercise may need to negotiate which of the following conditions? a. chronic asthma b. emphysema c. bronchitis d. All of these are chronic conditions linked to COPD

d. All of these are chronic conditions linked to COPD

High circulating levels of catecholamines can: a. activate adenylate cyclase b. activate cyclic AMP c. inhibit phospodiesterase d. Both activate adenylate cyclase and activate cyclic AMP answers are correct

d. Both activate adenylate cyclase and activate cyclic AMP answers are correct

Which of the following physiological factors would NOT be beneficial to a mountain climber during high altitude climbing? a. higher PO2 in the blood. b. an increase in arterial PCO2. c. right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. d. Both an increase in arterial PCO2 and right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are correct.

d. Both an increase in arterial PCO2 and right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are correct.

One would expect that individual exposure to air pollution is increased during outdoor exercise because the dose of exposure is proportional to a. the concentration of particulate in the air. b. the ventilatory rate. c. the elevation at which the exercise is performed. d. Both the concentration of particulate in the air and the ventilatory rate are correct.

d. Both the concentration of particulate in the air and the ventilatory rate are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of overtraining? a. Decrease in performance b. Chronic fatigue c. Loss of body weight d. Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise

d. Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

trained skeletal muscles.

In response to an increase in inflammatory factors, the liver releases _______________.

C-reactive protein

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting a. longer than 60 minutes. b. 3 to 20 minutes. c. 30 to 180 seconds. d. less than 10 seconds.

a. longer than 60 minutes.

An excessive consumption (due to supplementation) of _______________ can lead to toxicity. a. riboflavin b. None of these answers is correct c. thiamin d. fat soluble vitamins

d. fat soluble vitamins

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to

Both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct.

Exercise at high altitude (e.g., >7,000 feet above sea level) could result in

Both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise are correct.

An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to test the body's acute insulin response to a controlled amount of sugar ingestion. Which of the following correctly describes the OGTT response in various types of individuals?

Prediabetic individuals experience an extended duration insulin spike of several hours.

When an elevation in blood biomarkers highlight one's risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, but are not directly diagnostic for those conditions, it is said that the risk factors are

Sensitive but not specific for disease.

Which of the following blood pressure categories is NOT listed correctly below?

Stage 1 Hypertension = 130-139 mm Hg or > 90 mm Hg

Low carbohydrate (CHO) diets have been proposed to promote weight loss over other popular diet plans. Arguments in favor of low CHO diets include: a. Both high CHO meals increase insulin release and promote fat storage and low CHO diets are associated with keto acids which can lower appetite are correct b. high CHO meals increase insulin release and promote fat storage c. low carbohydrate diets promote muscle protein synthesis and increase metabolic rate d. low CHO diets are associated with keto acids which can lower appetite

a. Both high CHO meals increase insulin release and promote fat storage and low CHO diets are associated with keto acids which can lower appetite are correct

Which of the following theories has NOT been proposed to explain the repeated bout effect of protection against exercise-induced muscle soreness? a. Central nervous system theory b. Connective tissue theory c. Neural theory d. Cellular theory

a. Central nervous system theory

Which of the following is NOT true about dietary cholesterol? a. Cholesterol is an important body fuel source b. Cholesterol is required to synthesize the hormone cortisol c. Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes d. Cholesterol is required to synthesize vitamin D

a. Cholesterol is an important body fuel source

Which of the following techniques of measuring body composition has the lowest error and provides an estimate of body composition that is within 0-1.8% of the "true value"? a. Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) b. Bioelectrical impedance analysis c. Sum of skinfolds d. Air displacement plethysmography

a. Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

_________________ is/are the class of serum lipid that is associated with a lower risk of heart disease. a. HDL cholesterol b. Triglycerides c. LDL cholesterol d. Total cholesterol

a. HDL cholesterol

Which of the following Dietary Reference Intake standards represents the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of nearly all (i.e., 97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular group? a. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) b. Adequate Intake (AI) c. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) d. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

a. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Which of the following statements are TRUE about protein consumption for athletes engaged in heavy training sessions? a. The protein requirement for athletes likely exceeds the RDA recommendation. b. The protein requirement for athletes does NOT exceed the RDA recommendation. c. Athletes should NOT consume protein from red meats during training. d. Both Athletes should NOT consume protein from red meats during training and the protein requirement for athletes likely exceeds the RDA recommendation are correct.

a. The protein requirement for athletes likely exceeds the RDA recommendation.

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NAIDS) for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)? a. The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation. b. The use of NAIDS does not reduce the pain associated with DOMS. c. The use of NAIDS has been shown to completely eliminate the muscle damage associated with DOMS within a 12-hour period. d. The specific drug, treatment program, and dosage of NAIDS to relieve DOMS pain is well established in the literature.

a. The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation.

Which of the following is a true statement about providing supplemental dietary antioxidants to athletes and other individuals who routinely perform high intensity exercise? a. The use of dietary antioxidant supplements may blunt some of the exercise adaptations. b. Dietary antioxidant supplements are generally thought to be a necessary intervention. c. Use of both water-soluble and fat-soluble dietary antioxidants are needed by training athletes. d. Both Dietary antioxidant supplements are generally thought to be a necessary intervention and Use of both water-soluble and fat-soluble dietary antioxidants are needed by training athletes are correct.

a. The use of dietary antioxidant supplements may blunt some of the exercise adaptations.

Dietary Reference Intakes is a general term for a set of reference values used to plan nutrient intakes of healthy people. Which of the following values represents the highest maximal nutrient intake that is UNLIKELY to impose adverse health effects on almost all healthy individuals in the general population? a. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) b. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) c. Adequate Intake (AI) d. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

a. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

The major factor that contributes to an age-related decline in endurance performance is: a. a decline in VO2 max b. All of these factors contribute equally to the age-related decline in performance c. a decrease in the lactate threshold d. a decline in exercise economy

a. a decline in VO2 max

Some highly trained athletes experience a larger-than-expected decrease in VO2 max when tested at altitude. This is likely due to a. a large desaturation of hemoglobin. b. a greater decrease in maximal heart rate. c. a greater decrease in maximal stroke volume. d. poor mitochondrial function.

a. a large desaturation of hemoglobin.

The term homologous transfusion means that the subject received a. a matched donor's blood. b. his own blood. c. artificial blood. d. None of these answers is correct.

a. a matched donor's blood.

Historically, it has been believed that a cumulative energy deficit of 3500 kcal results in a loss of 1 pound of fat. However, new research reveals that this "rule of thumb" does not precisely predict fat weight loss during weeks-to-months of a low-calorie diet. This failure of the "3500 kcal rule" to accurately predict weight loss is due to: a. all of these are correct. b. the 3500 kcal rule does not consider that weight loss results in a lower resting metabolic rate. c. this rule does not take into account that numerous physiological changes in the body occur during weight loss. d. 3500 kcal rule does not take into account that the energy cost of physical activity decreases following weight loss.

a. all of these are correct.

The female athlete triad includes a. amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders. b. bone mineral loss, dysmenorrhea, and eating disorders. c. amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and normenorrhea. d. eating disorders, bulimia, and normenorrhea.

a. amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders.

Which of the following has been shown to interfere with cross-bridge "cycling" during exercise? a. a decrease in Na+ b. an accumulation of H+ c. a decrease in Pi (inorganic phosphate) d. an accumulation of ATP

b. an accumulation of H+

When Messner and Habeler first climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, the scientists had to reevaluate their calculations that VO2 max at the peak of Everest was equal to resting metabolic rate (3.5 ml • kg-1 • min-1). They discovered that the a. barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest. b. oxygen percentage was higher than expected at the top of Everest. c. air contained more oxygen than expected. d. hemoglobin levels increased suddenly at that altitude for those who didn't use supplemental oxygen.

a. barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest.

Breathing carbon monoxide can decrease VO2 max by a. binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen. b. reducing pulmonary ventilation. c. decreasing the number of red blood cells. d. decreasing the arterial PO2 to half its normal value.

a. binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.

It is now well demonstrated that oxygen is an effective ergogenic aid when the O2 a. can be breathed during endurance exercise. b. is used before endurance exercise. c. is used in recovery from endurance exercise. d. breathed prior to a football game (for example) or on the sideline between plays.

a. can be breathed during endurance exercise.

The most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with high body temperatures is a. cold water immersion. b. rapid fluid replacement. c. moving the athlete to the shade. d. waiting; cooling is a slow process.

a. cold water immersion.

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors do not contribute to performance? a. depletion of muscle glycogen b. Maximal cardiac output c. Fiber type d. VO2 max

a. depletion of muscle glycogen

Which of the following beverages contain the most caffeine? a. drip coffee b. tea c. most soft drinks (e.g., colas) d. energy drinks (e.g., Red Bull)

a. drip coffee

A person would be considered to be pre-diabetic if his or her: a. fasting blood glucose value measured 101-126 mg/dl. b. fasting blood glucose value measured >127 mg/dl. c. fasting plasma glucose value measured < 100 mg/dl. d. oral glucose tolerance value measured > 200 mg/dl.

a. fasting blood glucose value measured 101-126 mg/dl.

Dietary ___________ is composed of long chains of monosaccharides connected by a chemical bond that cannot be degraded by human digestive enzymes. a. fiber b. starch c. monosaccharides d. disaccharides

a. fiber

When environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature a. heat gain can occur in the body through convection and/or radiation. b. the sweat rate decreases. c. heat is lost from the body via convection. d. None of these answers is correct.

a. heat gain can occur in the body through convection and/or radiation.

The ingestion of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to benefit a. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes. b. None of these answers is correct. c. exercise tasks lasting less than one minute in duration. d. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting longer than one hour.

a. high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes.

If athletes plan to use high altitude training, research suggests that the best way for an endurance athlete to take advantage of altitude-induced physiological adjustments is to live at _______ altitude and train at ______ altitude. a. high; low b. high; high c. low; low d. low; high

a. high; low

Compared to the heart rate value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate (e.g., 150 watts) at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is a. higher. b. lower. c. the same. d. dependent on the conditioning state of the subject.

a. higher.

Most, if not all, of the increase in muscle size due to strength training is the result of _________. a. hypertrophy b. an increase in muscle water content c. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute equally d. hyperplasia

a. hypertrophy

The term periodized nutrition refers to a. improving athletic performance through a feeding and training regimen that maximizes muscle glycogen content. b. consuming any form of carbohydrate periodically during athletic events. c. consuming liquid carbohydrate and/or protein periodically during athletic events. d. consuming non-liquid carbohydrate and/or protein periodically during athletic events.

a. improving athletic performance through a feeding and training regimen that maximizes muscle glycogen content.

The term "supercompensation" refers to the a. increase in muscle glycogen when exhaustive exercise is followed by a high-carbohydrate diet. b. procedures for replacing fat stores following exhaustive exercise studies. c. consumption of a high-protein diet following weight training to increase muscle mass. d. increase in muscle mass following heavy exercise.

a. increase in muscle glycogen when exhaustive exercise is followed by a high-carbohydrate diet.

Growing evidence suggests that compared to sedentary children, those who participate in regular endurance exercise training results in: a. increased bone mineral content. b. decreased bone mineral content. c. decreased risk of developing asthma. d. increased risk of knee injury.

a. increased bone mineral content.

Amphetamines may improve endurance performance by a. inhibiting the muscular fatigue process. b. increasing lactic acid removal. c. decreasing the use of plasma FFA as a fuel source. d. decreasing arousal.

a. inhibiting the muscular fatigue process.

Which of the following minerals play a key role in oxygen transport in the blood? a. iron b. manganese c. magnesium d. iodide

a. iron

Research reveals that long-term weight loss: a. is independent of the macronutrient composition of the diet. b. can be achieved by exercise alone. c. can occur with a positive calorie diet if the extra calories come from protein. d. Both is independent of the macronutrient composition of the diet and can be achieved by exercise alone are correct.

a. is independent of the macronutrient composition of the diet.

The key to safe participation in sports conditioning for the person with type 1 diabetes is to a. learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training. b. learn to avoid small increases in blood glucose during training. c. perform only short-term, high-intensity exercise. d. keep the intensity of the exercise low.

a. learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about exercise-induced asthma? a. Exercise-induced asthma occurs more often in elite swimmers compared to other sports. b. Both Exercise-induced asthma occurs most often during strenuous, long-duration exercise compared to short-term, moderate intensity exercise and Exercise-induced asthma occurs more often in elite swimmers compared to other sports are true. c. Exercise-induced asthma cannot be prevented by any medication. d. Exercise-induced asthma occurs most often during strenuous, long-duration exercise compared to short-term, moderate intensity exercise.

b. Both Exercise-induced asthma occurs most often during strenuous, long-duration exercise compared to short-term, moderate intensity exercise and Exercise-induced asthma occurs more often in elite swimmers compared to other sports are true.

Providing high quality protein to athletes immediately prior to or after a training session has been shown to: a. Accelerate gains in anaerobic power b. Both Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and Accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct c. Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training d. Increase the activation PGC-1α

b. Both Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and Accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct

Which of the following statements about age-related changes in VO2 max are true? a. Limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40 b. Both Limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40 and The age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40 are correct c. The age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40 d. The age-related decline in VO2 max occurs due to impaired pulmonary gas exchange

b. Both Limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40 and The age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40 are correct

Research studies reveal that consumption of 75 grams of glucose 30 minutes before exercise results in: a. increased plasma glucose levels. b. Both increased plasma glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels are correct. c. a decreased rate of muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. d. increased plasma insulin levels.

b. Both increased plasma glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels are correct.

Compared to studying muscle function in vivo, using an isolated single muscle fiber to study muscle fatigue provides which of the following advantages? a. measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible b. Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force production of the single fiber can be measured are correct c. force production of the single fiber can be measured d. environment identical to in vivo conditions

b. Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force production of the single fiber can be measured are correct

Daily supplementation with high doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E can a. depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles. b. Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct. c. diminish muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise. d. provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue.

b. Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct.

Which of the following statements about patients in a cardiac rehab program is NOT true? a. Exercise training programs often bring about large improvements in the functional capacity of cardiac rehab patients. b. Exercise tests for coronary disease patients typically do not involve the use of a 12-lead ECG. c. Cardiac rehab serves a variety of patients including those with angina pectoris, bypass surgery, and myocardial infarctions. d. Cardiac rehab patients are often using medications including nitroglycerin and beta-blockers.

b. Exercise tests for coronary disease patients typically do not involve the use of a 12-lead ECG.

In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the primary cause of muscle fatigue? a. muscle glycogen depletion b. H+ accumulation c. hypoglycemia d. depressed plasma FFA

b. H+ accumulation

Which of the following is NOT a reason for using the athlete biological passport approach to identify competitors that may be using performance enhancing drugs? a. With the biological passport, an athlete serves as their own control or point of comparison. b. The biological passport approach focuses on a single, validated biomarkers for blood doping. c. Hematological, steroid profiles, and endocrinological markers are used to gauge potential misbehavior. d. The upward/downward trend in an athlete's biomarker profile is indicative of misbehavior.

b. The biological passport approach focuses on a single, validated biomarkers for blood doping.

When the intensity of exercise exceeds 75% of VO2 max, which of the following fibers are likely brought into play? a. Type I b. Type IIx c. Type IIa d. Type Ix

b. Type IIx

Training-based improvements in VO2 max are typically greatest for a. None of these is correct. b. a sedentary individual that is beginning an aerobic exercise program. c. someone who is active, but not particularly well trained for aerobic exercise. d. a person that is already a competitive endurance athlete.

b. a sedentary individual that is beginning an aerobic exercise program.

The main factor that predicts weight loss in response to a low caloric diet is ______. a. the protein content of the diet b. adherence to the diet plan c. the carbohydrate makeup of the diet d. the macronutrient content of the diet

b. adherence to the diet plan

The age-related decline in VO2 max is due to a. decreased maximal stroke volume. b. all of these answers are correct. c. decreased maximal heart rate. d. decreased maximal a-v O2 difference.

b. all of these answers are correct.

Exercise training combined with caloric restriction results in a greater weight loss than diet alone. The physiological explanation for this observation is that: a. exercise training might promote the conversion of white fat cells to beige fat cells. b. all of these are correct. c. exercise can preserve lean body mass resulting in protection against a decrease in resting energy expenditure. d. exercise increases the energy expenditure side of the energy balance equation.

b. all of these are correct.

Supplementation with mega doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E has been shown to: a. Both Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules and Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers are correct b. Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers c. Accelerate training adaptations in skeletal muscles d. Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules

d. Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules

Aquatic exercise is recommended for pregnant women. Why? a. It relieves pressure on the fetus. b. All of these. c. It is associated with lower heart rate and perceived exertion. d. It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature.

d. It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature.

Which of the following is NOT true about strength training comparisons between men and women? a. When muscle force production is normalized to cross-sectional area, men and women are similar. b. All of these answers are correct. c. Men typically have more muscle mass than women. d. Men and women generally exhibit the same absolute levels of strength.

d. Men and women generally exhibit the same absolute levels of strength.

Which of the following is NOT a criteria for a compound to be classified as a vitamin? a. The body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health. b. The compound must occur naturally in foods. c. When the compound is missing from the diet, health problems occur. d. None of these is correct.

d. None of these is correct.

Which of the following statements are NOT recommendations to lower elevated blood pressure in individuals with hypertension? a. Reduce sodium intake b. Lose weight (if overweight) c. Perform moderate intensity exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week d. Perform resistance training at 90-100% 1-RM

d. Perform resistance training at 90-100% 1-RM

Which of the following is not a consideration when programming aerobic exercise intensity (e.g. HR range) for someone that is experiencing an uncomplicated pregnancy? a. The person's BMI b. The person's age c. The person's fitness level d. The person's trimester

d. The person's trimester

The best protection against heat stroke and heat exhaustion is a. taking salt tablets. b. hydrating before exercise. c. wearing light-colored clothing. d. acclimatization.

d. acclimatization.

The method of body composition assessment that measures body volume similar to underwater weighing, but in the air (as opposed to underwater) is a. dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). b. bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). c. ultrasound. d. air displacement plethysmography.

d. air displacement plethysmography.

The resting metabolic rate decreases in subjects that lose weight on a low-calorie diet. Which of the following factors are contributors to this weight loss-induced decline in resting metabolic rate? a. a decrease in circulating thyroid hormone b. reduced sympathetic nervous system activity c. the loss of fat free mass d. all of these contribute to the decrease in resting metabolic rate

d. all of these contribute to the decrease in resting metabolic rate

Fatigue refers to a. an increased free radical production that occurs during repeated muscle contractions. b. the feeling of sleepiness that occurs during repeated muscle contractions. c. the sensation of pain associated with repeated muscle contractions. d. an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions.

d. an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions.

The two major causes of bone mineral loss in female athletes are inadequate a. phosphate intake and high blood estrogen levels. b. phosphate intake and high blood testosterone. c. calcium/vitamin D intake and high blood estrogen levels. d. calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels.

d. calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels.

Free radicals can promote muscle fatigue in events lasting longer than 30 min minutes by a. none of these answers is correct. b. limiting ATP production. c. blocking action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction. d. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin.

d. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin.

People with type 1 diabetes should _______________ the dose of insulin they inject on strenuous training days to avoid hypoglycemia. a. not alter b. double c. increase d. decrease

d. decrease

The optimum body fatness for male athletes is a. 12 percent. b. 8 percent. c. 6 percent. d. dependent on the sport and the individual.

d. dependent on the sport and the individual.

Compared to male athletes, female athletes who participate in jumping and cutting sports are at higher risk for knee injuries, most likely because of a. gender differences in knee anatomy. b. the female athlete triad. c. fluctuation in sex hormones. d. dynamic neuromuscular imbalances.

d. dynamic neuromuscular imbalances.

Most studies investigating the impact of exercise on weight loss conclude that a. any form of exercise training is highly effective in promoting weight loss. b. resistance training, independent of diet, promotes significant weight loss. c. None of these is correct. d. exercise alone does not typically promote long-term weight loss.

d. exercise alone does not typically promote long-term weight loss.

Exercise training in elderly people should include all of the following EXCEPT a. endurance exercise. b. flexibility exercise. c. strengthening exercise. d. exercise training for the elderly should include all of these.

d. exercise training for the elderly should include all of these.

The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, is defined as: a. injury or damage a muscle group. b. exercise that results in emotional stress. c. exercise performed above 90% VO2 max. d. exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it's accustomed.

d. exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it's accustomed.

Research indicates that following a series of voluntary contractions to produce skeletal muscle fatigue, electrical stimulation of the "fatigued" muscle group results in an increase in the maximal voluntary force production. This experiment suggests that: a. None of these answers is correct. b. exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located within the muscle. c. exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located at the neuromuscular junction. d. the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central nervous system can limit performance.

d. the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central nervous system can limit performance.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a potential cause of exercise-induced asthma? a. hypocapnia b. cold air c. alkalosis d. warm, moist air

d. warm, moist air

The risk of cardiac complications during exercise is

directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease.

Risk factors for chronic disease can be divided into three categories. These include _____________.

inherited/biological, environmental, and behavioral

Which of the following health issues is NOT directly associated with the Metabolic Syndrome?

low bone mineral density