Final Exam

Only six indigenous Mammals

1 species of sea lions and fur seals species of Rice Rats 3 species of Bats

True Flies (Diptera)

100 species of true flies

Centipedes (Class Chilopoda)

13 centipede species, 8 native most popular is the endemic scolopendra, which grows to 30 m in length. Prey item of hawks, night herons, and mockingbirds

Insects

1600 species of insect dull colored, activity is highest at night. Composition is disharmonic. Insects that require fresh water to compete their life-cycle are absent.

Grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera)

21 species of this order are known Painted locust

Rice Rats (Nesoryzomys , Rattus rattus, and Megaoryzomys curiori)

3 endemic species Hold the record for sea crossings by terrestrial mammals Can't outcompete the black rat

Land Snails (Bulimulus)

60 endemic species Some are endemic to a single island, whereas others are endemic to certain zones of a group of islands. 24 species on Santa Cruz These snails are the darwins finches of the galapagos invertebrate world aestivate during the cool season, when very dry in the lowlands. Secrete a thick mucous layer over themselves that allows them to overwinter until rains return. These snails are a common food of the galapagos mockingbirds.

Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)

8 butterfly species many moth species Endemic subspecies

615; 10

A botanical survey of the Galapagos Islands (1911) contained ___ species, subspecies, and varieties of vascular plants were catalogued. Only __ new to science

90%

A majority of the endemics and natives, perhaps __% probably originated in western South America.

Ants, bees, and wasps (Hymenoptera)

Approx. 20 native ant species, few wasp species, and one bee species. 1 endemic is the carpenter bee (Xylocopa)

235; endemic

Approx. ___ flowering plants (species, subspecies, varieties) in the Galapagos are _______.

327; native

Approx. ___ flowering plants are ______.

Beetles (Coleoptera)

Aprox 411 beetle species in the archipelago. 70% of these are endemic 257 colonizations were necessary to account for 335 native and endemic beetles in the galapagos.

Alternanthera echinocephala

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant

Bursera graveolens (incense tree)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant

Cordia lutea (Yellow cordia)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant

Brachycereus nesioticus (lava cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant 1/7 genera that is Endemic to the Galapagos

Alternanthera filifolia

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic

Lecocarpus darwinii (curve-spined lecocarpus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic

Lecocarpus lecocarpoides (straight-spined lecocarpus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic

Lecocarpus pinnatifidus (wing-fruited lecocarpus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic

Ipomoea habeliana (Lava morning glory)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic Grows over lava

Tiquilia nesiotica (gray matplant)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic Super small flowers

Opuntia echios var. echios (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Baltra, Daphne, Santa Cruz, Plaza Sur

Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Espanola, San Cristobal Megasperma means big seeds

Jasminocereus thouarsii var. sclerocarpus (candelabra cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Fernandina, Isabela

Opuntia insularis (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Fernandina, Isabela

Opuntia helleri (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Genovesa

Opuntia galapageia var. galapageia (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Pinta, Santiago

Opuntia echios var. gigantea (prickly pear cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Santa Cruz Tallest prickly pear cactus

Jasminocereus thouarsii var. delicatus (candelabra cactus)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant Endemic to Santa Cruz, Santiago, Islets

Hippomane mancinella (poison apple)

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone plant poisonous latex on them.

Sea Lions and Fur seals

Belong to the eared seal family (Otariidae). Have small, visible ears and use their front flippers for swimming Can support the front part of their body with their flippers

Sharks and Rays

Cartilaginous fishes, Some of the more common sharks are the white tipped reef shark, black tipped reef shark, tiger shark, hammerhead shark rays include the spotted eagle ray, golden ray, eagle ray, and manta ray. The manta ray may reach a size of 6 m across and weight up to 450kg.

Dolphins and Whales

Cetaceans dolphins are more common Divided into two groups Baleen or Teeth Baleen include larger whales such as blue, finback, and humpback whales These whales sieve out plankton, shrimp, and other small creatures using baleen plates Toothed whales include sperm whale, killer whale, pilot whale, and dolphins

Hermit Crabs (Coenobita)

Common in and around mangrove areas. typically rests during the day, unless disturbed, and feeds at night As with all hermit crabs, it changes shells as it grows.

San Cristobal, Floreana, Isabela, Santiago

Darwin visited these four islands.

Galapagos

Discovered in 1535 by Tomas de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama. Accidental Drifted out to the west and encountered the galapagos Berlangas official report to the King of Spain mentioned giant tortoises, seals, iguanas, tame birds, and rocks "Islands of fire" Lots of rocks For the next 300 years, visitors included pirates and buccaneers, whalers and sealers, military personnel, adventurers, castaways, and the occasional naturalist. During the 17th century, pirates were probably the first persons to intentionally come to the archipelago. The islands were useful for pirates, because they were far enough from the mainland to remain hidden, yet close enough to trade routes and coastal cities for making raids. The islands were useful for a source of food, as giant tortoises were abundant. And at times, there was enough fresh water to get by. In the 1680s, the Englishmen William Ambrose Cowley visited the islands. By 1684, his map of the archipelago appeared, naming islands after English Royalty and Nobility. William Dampier, also English visited the Islands. Dampier was one of the first to describe the Galapagos Islands from a naturalists perspective. In 1697, he published a A New Voyage Round the World. Termed the word Sea Lion. His account included the importance of the numerous land turtles and their oil (could be used instead of butter). Returned to the islands in 1709, along with Woodes Rogers, who commanded the Duke and the Duchess. On a historical and literary note, earlier in the voyage, they found Alexander Selkirk marooned on the Juan Fernandez Islands. Based on available records, John Clipperton may have been one of the last pirates to visit the islands (1720). The presence of these pirates undoubtfully left some introduced species. And of course, it began the decline of the giant tortoises. In 1788, the British captain James Shields of the Emilia undertook one of the first Pacific Whale hunts. He returned with 140 tons of whale oil and 888 seal skins. Darwin heard of giant tortoise tattooed with the year 1786 suggesting that whales before the Emilia arrived. In June 1793, Captain James Colnett (HMS Rattler) prepared an updated chart of the islands (renaming them again). He also found an abundance of sperm whales and fur seals, and perhaps established the Post office box on Floreana. Patrick Watkins, An Irishman, was probably the first settler in the islands. He lived on floreana, where he grew vegetables that he traded with whaling crews, primarily for rum. Watkins was marooned, or requested to be left on the island in 1805. He left in 1809 apparently forcing a few wayward sailors to go with him on a small boat. However, only Pat made it to the mainland. The American Frigate, Essex, under Captain David Porter, visited the galapagos in 1813. One of the first persons to introduce goats to the Santiago Island. One of the first persons to describe the differences in the tortoise types from the different islands. In 1820, another ship named Essex, whaling ship was sunk by a whale. This ship visited the galapagos before it run in with the whale. By 1890, fur seal was considered commercially not worth pursuing. Between 1784 and 1860, whalers took more than 100,000 tortoises from the islands. Estimated population of tortoises in the galapagos in 1974 was about 10,000 General Jose Maria de Villamil was the first to push for colonization of the islands. in 1831, he commissioned a study of financial possibilities and found that the lichen orchil, or dyers moss, rocella gracilis, which produces a mauve dye, had economic potential. Villamil organized the sociedad colonizadora del arhipielago de galapagos, and went to work on persuading the newly ormed Ecuadorian government to annex the islands. general juan jose flores, ecuadors first president, supported villamil and on Feb 12, 1832 the archipelago was annexed as a territory of the republic of Ecuador. Floreanna was named in honor of the president flores, and the main town on isabela was named for villamil. Villamil is also rembered as the first governor of the galpagos. First real colonists on floreana were soldiers who had taken part in a failed coup on the mainland. 80 others joined them later that same year. Brought donkeys, goats, pugs, and cattle. Cut down highland forests to create pastures and to plant crops. Economic focus of these new settlers was orchil, live tortoises, and tortoise oil that they sold to visiting whalers and sent to the mainland. By 1852, the settlement had failed. 1858, was the next colonization effort when Manuel J. Cobbs moved to El Progreso, a settlement on San Cristobal,, and focused his efforts on the production of sugar cane, coffee, and tortoise oil. Cobos infamously used (abused) prisoners and indentured laborers until the assassinated him in 1904. The trade in orchil eventually declined because of the discovery of large quantities of the lichen in Baja California and because of the development of synthetic dyes. 1925-26, Norwegians colonized Floreana, San Cristobal, and santa cruz. On santa cruz they focused on fishing and canning turtles, lobster, and grouper, a venture that ended after the cannery boiler exploded in 1927. In 1929, German colonists arrived in Floreana, leading to many mysterious stories about the Dr. Friedrich Ritter, Dore Stauch,, baroness Eloise Wagner de Bosquet, and the Wittmer family. Stories ended in tragedy in 1934, when the Baroness and one of her partners disappeared. Ritter died of food poisoning and another inhabitant ended up mummified on Marchena (rudolph lawrence) The occurences remain a mystery to this day. During the 19th century, penal colonies were established on Florana and San Cristobal. 1944, the Ecuaadorian government established a third colony on isabela with 94 criminals arriving in 1946. In 1958, there was a rebellion leading to the closure of the prison. The wall of tears in Purrto Vllamil remains as a testament to the harsh reality of the prison. Towards the end of the 19th century, collecting specimens had become a driving force for visitors. Simeon Habel stayed 6 months in the archipelago in 1868. Harvard zoologist, Louis Afassiz, visited the islands on board the USSS Hassler in 1872. The Albatross visited in 1888 and 1891, collecting on various islands for the Smithstonian. at the turn of the 19th century, California expeditions began to grow. In 1901, Rollo Beck visited on the Mary sachs and brought back live and dead giant tortoise specimens for Lord Rothschilds. Beck reurned in 1905 and collected 76,000 specimens. Includes all but one of the giant tortoise species inhabiting the galapagos. William beebe visited twice. Once on the 1923 harrison williams expedition on the Noma, and again in 1925 on the Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition. One of the most influential publications of the time were those of WIlliam Beebe, his books, Galapagos worlds end (1924) and The Arcturus Adventure (1926) In 1911, the Us suggested a 99 year lease of the islands in return for 15 million dollars. Later, the Us and Ecuador discussed the rental or purchase of the whole archipelago. With the advent of WWII, the strategic significance of Galapagos grew, and, in 1941, the us put an air strip on Baltra to protect the Panama Canal in 1943, the airbase was home to 2,474 us officers and men and 750 civilian laborers. Largest colonization of the islands to date. water was transported from san cristobal to baltra. Us closed air strip in 1946. Galapagos residents dismantled the structures left behind, using the components to build many of the early houses in Puerto Ayora and Puerto Baquerizo Moreno. Military base on Fernandina Today, Baltra Island is home to one of two airstrips serving the tourists visiting the archipelago. The other is on San Cristobal Island. This was the beginning of the modern age in Galapagos

Sea Cucumbers

Echinodermata intertidal areas much more common but they have been depleted due to over fishing.

Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus wollebacki)

Endemic subspecies of the Californian Sea Lion. Main difference is in its size Smaller than its northern relative A full grown male may reach a weight of 250kg! Males are typically larger than the females. Often have a characteristic bump on the forehead, and a thicker neck. When wet, both appear dark brown, but when dry, the fur is a lighter brown. 50,000 sea lions live in colonies each colony has a dominant bull as the beach master. Beach masters colony will be up to 30 or more females and their young Not unusual to see a young bull challenge the dominant bull. scars are often seen on male sea lions, especially around the upper body. Young males hang out in bachelor colonies. pups arent allowed in the water at first, but after 5 months the begin to fish for themselves

non-vascular plants

Ferns and pines are a type of these.

Research

Floristics Surveying or listing plants in a particular area Pollination Biology Pollination biology of particular plants Direct and Indirect impacts of invasive species on threatened plants Systematics Classification of plants including the naming of species "A Taxonomic Revision of the Endemic Members of Cordia in Galapagos" Cordia revoluta was fairly easy to identify but the problem was that the other 3 species described were very difficult to distinguish garua season- best for pollination research but its very wet

Nils J. Andersson; 10; 325

In 1852, this Swedish botanist spent __ days on Santa Cruz Island, making ___ different collections

George Baur; 3; 13; 385

In 1891, this vertebrate paleontologist spent ___ months visiting __ islands, making ___ collections of vascular plants, several of which were previously unknown.

Robert E. Snodgrass & Edmund Heller; 6; 16

In 1898, this entomologist and this zoologist spent _ months visiting __ islands. Collected 949 plants.

David Douglas and John Scouler

In January 1825, these two men visited Santiago and collected plants. Cordia scouleri (Boraginacene) (Varronia) The Douglas Fir

1983; Conley K. McMullen; Flowering Plants of the Galapagos

In ___, This person made his first trip to the Galapagos. Since then, he has made over __ excursions to the archipelago. He published this book.

1971; Flora of the Galapagos Islands

In ____, Wiggins and Porter published this. Included 702 species, subspecies, and varieties of vascular plants.

1967; Ira L. Wiggins and Duncan M. Porter; 571

In ____, these two people from Stanford and Virginia Tech made ___ collections of vascular plants.

1964; Galapagos International Scientific Project

In ____, this project brought together scientists from many different disciplines. Included W.A. Weber and Charles Rick

Conservation

Increased human traffic to the islands brought an increase in challenges, both on land and sea. From the late 1920s, tuna fishing became a feature in the waters surrounding the Galapagos Islands. Until 1937, as much as 70% of the tuna arriving in California may have come from waters near the Galapagos Islands. In the late 1950s Ecuador began to restrict tuna fishing in its waters, including around Galapagos. But, Californian and Japanese vessels continued to fish these waters. One Patrol vessel Long liners arrived in 1961. By 1995, 25 Japanese registered long liners worked in Ecuadorian waters. These ships lay out 30 miles of line with thousands of baited hooks to catch tuna, sharks, swordfish, and marlin. Until 1996, over 30% of the Japanese catch came from Galapagos. Fishing continued until 1998 when a Special Law banned commercial fishing from the Galapagos Marine Reserve. In the 1930s, leaders from the American Committee for International Wild Life, Carnegie Institution, British Museum, and California Academy of sciences began to express concern about the future of the islands. This initial concern led to the government of Ecuador to adopt Executive Decree 607 in 1934, protecting key species, regulating collections, and controlling visiting yachts. In 1936, a US Rariff Act and Customs Order backed this law by mandating confiscation of all Galapagos fauna taken in violation of Ecuadorian law. This same year, through Supreme Decree 31, the Ecuadorian government declared the Galapagos Islands a national reserve and established a national Scientific Commission to design strategies for conserving the islands. In the 1950s, scientists and conservationists set to work with the government of Ecuador to turn around the situation in Galapagos. These Individuals included: Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Robery Bowman Julian Huxley (UNESCO) Peter Scott(WWF) Victor Van Straelen (ICUN) Dillon Ripley (International Council for Bird Preservation) Michael Acosta -Solis of the Central University of Quito Jean Dorst of the Paris Natural History Museum June 15, 1959 passed a new law making all of the Galapagos Islands a National park July 23, 1959, Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands with Victor Van Straelen as its first president in 1960, work began at the Charles Darwin Research Station. The first activities of the station addressed education, invasive species, and endangered species issues identified by Bowman and Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Galapagos resident Miguel Castro became the stations first conservation officer. In 1966, an analysis of the Galapagos situation recommended the establishment of a National Park Service and in 1968, the Government of Ecuador appointed the first two park conservation officers, Juan Black and Jose Villa. 3% of the islands is not national park. Santa cruz, floreanna, san cristobal, and isabela are inhabited. Baltra (Kinda) In 1969, Ministerial Accord 690A defined the borders of the National Park, leaving about 3% of the land area in the hands of colonists. Success stories involved the Espanola tortoise. Only two males and 10 males were known from the island at the beginning. All were taken to the station for protection and breeding. Later, a third male was returned from the San Diego Zoo Since then, hundreds have been successfully raised and returned to Espanola. Captive breeding has also benefited land iguanas, with many being repatriated to Santa Cruz and isabela. More recently, in 1991, 35 land iguanas were placed on Baltra after an absence of more than 40 years. As more humans arrived, more introduced plants and animals were introduced. generally, introduced organisms were able to outcompete indigenous members. Passiflora Passion Flower Dogs feed on tortoises, land and marine iguanas, and penguins among other animals. in the 1970s feral dogs killed over 500 land iguanas on Santa Cruz. Attempts to control these feral dogs have included shooting, poisoning, and sterilizing them. Cats are a nuisance as well. Feed on native birds, crabs, and lava lizards, and iguanas (bad thing). Burros can also cause damage by competing with native galapagos animals for plants and water, as well as by smashing eggs with their hooves. in the 1980s Lynn Fowler studied competition between Burros (500-700) and giant tortoises on Volcan Alcedo (Isabela). Pigs have caused major problems on some of the isalnds as well, primarily Santa Cruz and Santiago. In the 1980s, it was estimated that there were 2000-3000 pigs on Santiago. Negative effects include destroying vegetation, digging up tortoise and turtle eggs Wild cattle and horses, when in large numbers can cause quite a bit of trouble. This is especially true on isabela, where there are thousands of feral cattle. They feed on native vegetation, trample native vegetation and can spread introduced plants. Black rats are thought to have caused the extinction of the endemic rice rats on 4 uslands. Kill young tortoises and nesting black rumped petrels. They have been killing every tortoise hatchling on Pinzon. Efforts are being made to eradicate these rats from this island and elsewhere. Insects can prove to be a problem. The little red fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata is known from five islands, where it competes with indigenous insects. The yellow paper wasp Polistes versicolor was introduced fairly recently, and has now spread to many islands where it probably competes with native wasps, and perhaps the endemic carpenter bee. The worst insect pest is Philornis downsi, a species of fly accidentally introduced in the 1990s. Adult flies feed on fruit however they lay their eggs in bird nests, and the eggs hatch into larvae that make their home there. At night, the larvae feed on the blood and flesh of developing nestlings. It is threatening the mangrove and medium ground finches. Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya purchase infected many plants of the legume family. Sucks out the carbohydrates of the plant and weakens it to make it more susceptible to diseases. First biological control program Rodolia cardinalis. Kept the cottony cushion scale under control. Avian pox has infected mockingbirds, finches, and causes it to weaken or become less efficient at hunting. Could have came from introduced chickens. Without doubt, goats have caused the most harm to the indigenous plants. Their main effect is in destroying the vegetation through eating it and trampling it, which makes for less food for other organisms, especially giant tortoises. They also cause soil erosion by eating the plants down to the ground level. It has been suggested that the 38,000 goats killed on Pinta Island between 1971-1975 may have come from three goats that were introduced only 14 years earlier. Exotic plants (825+) have an enormous negative impact on the endemic and native plants. In fact, 65% of the endemic plants are considered threatened (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Lantana camara (Curse of India) garden plant but they produce fruits that birds like and are spread aggressively and outcompete natives and endemics. Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) can outcompete native and endemic plants. Seeds spread easily by wind Rubus niveus (Hill raspberry) super aggressive and could be number 1 exotic plant that takes over. Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) its chemicals can be used to combat malaria but there's no use for it in the galapagos. Damage in the miconia and pampa zone. Much damage in the miconia zone. 10% critically endangered, 15% endangered, 40% vulnerable Reasons for hope are quarantine in place (airports), control of exotic plants (quinine) and animals (goats and pigs), new populations discovered (Galapagos flax), new attitudes (conservation classes, native plant gardens) Tourism: growing, 12,000 tourists a year to 125,000 tourists a year from mcmullens first year to last. Effect on plants and animals.

Avicennia germinans (black mangrove)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Excretes excess salt from its leaves. Many times, found in an area where soil is very wet and oxygen poor. Pneumatophores roots

Conocarpus erectus (button mangrove)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Fruits look "button like"

Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Goats foot (leaves)

Cryptocarpus pyriformis (salt bush)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant No island that doesn't have this Small fruits and flowers

Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Prop roots Vivipory

Laguncularia racemosa (White mangrove)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Same family as button mangrove

Sesuvium portulacastrum (carpetweed)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant Succulent leaves

Scaevola plumieri (Sea grape)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant look like grapes

Hibiscus tiliaceus (Seaside hibiscus)

Littoral Ecological Zone plant more attractive flowers

Marine Life

Mixing of warm tropical waters and cool upwelling waters makes for a diverse

871; exotic

More than ___ flowering plants are ______. Humans brought these here.

Arid Lowlands Ecological Zone Dry Climatic -Vegetation zone

Most extensive climatic vegetation zone. Many plants that live here are succulent. Many others lose their leaves during the cool, dry season. Also common trait among many plants of this zone is the presence of spines and thorns. On Santa Cruz, this zone extends up to 120m on the southern slope, and to 300 m on the northern slope. Plants have spines or thorns for protection

Families

No endemic ________ in the Galapagos

Bats (Lasiurus brachyotis & L. cinereus)

Possibly endemic Probably came from South America, whereas the latter is a well known migrant from North America. Most feed on insects and nest in trees. Don't compete for food

Joseph D. Hooker

Published an enumeration of the plants of the Galapagos Archipelago with descriptions of those which are new. 1st flora of the archipelago

Echinoderms (Heliaster)

Sea stars Two species in the genus Heliaster are common in the intertidal areas

Galapagos Fur Seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis)

Seen less often than sea lions. Typically occupy more rugged shores fur seals are actually sea lions Generally smaller than sea lion neighbors head is shorter and broader nose is almost pointed ears stick out more than sea lions front flippers are a bit larger, which makes them better climbers Coat of the fur seal is much denser than that of the sea lion. two layers, outer long hairs and inner short dense fur tens of thousands of these fur seals were harvested in the 1800s Fur seals feed at night on fish and squid, though they tend to stay on shore more during the full moon. Bulls tend to defend a territory until they weaken enough for a challenger to take over.

Mollusks - Octopuses

Sometimes found among the intertidal zones, and occasionally they find themselves in ceviche bowls.

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Terrestrial "I took great pains on collecting the insects, but, excepting Tierra del Fuego, I never saw in this respect so poor a country the insects for a tropical region, are of very small size and dull colours." - Darwin Terrestrial invertebrates have had a difficult time reaching the archipelago. Once there, they have envountered an incredibly harsh climate. A greater variety of invertebrates is found in the moist uplands than in the arid lowlands. Approx. 2000 species of terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates in the galapagos. Just over half of these are endemic. Most of these originated in the relatively dry, coastal regions of south america, and arrived via rafting or on the wind. Many insects are relatively small, dull colored and or cryptically colored Many insects appear to be relatively poor fliers compared to their mainland relatives. Might be an adaption to life on an island, where frequent fliers could be blown out to sea.

Darwiniothamnus, Lecocarpus, Macraea, and Scalesia, Brachyereus, Jasminocereus, Sicyocaulis.

The 7 isolated/endemic plant groups.

High-altitude, Humid, Transition, Dry Littoral

The Climatic Vegetation Zones These are used more often

Littoral (Coastal) Zone, Arid Lowlands, Moist Uplands

The ecological zones

Archibald Menzies

The first person to collect plant specimens from the Galapagos (Isabela) in February 1795. He was a naturalist/surgeon, HMS Discovery. Sandwich islands

5; Climatic-vegetation zones

There are _ of these ________-__________ _____ have been proposed for the archipelago

Algae

These form a major food source for marine iguanas, some fish, sea turtles, some crabs, and certain other marine organisms. Most notable alga in the middle and lower zones is the green alga Ulva lobata (Sea lettuce). Marine iguanas favor this alga. Also located in the lower zones are several genera of red algae (protists.) Only green algae are the plants. Brown algae at the lower end of the intertidal zone. not eaten by marine iguanas. One such alga is the genus Saragassum.

Prop roots

Thick adventitious roots that grow from the lower part of the stem and brace the plant. On mangroves

Benjamin L. Robinson; Flora of the Galapagos Islands

This Harvard man summed up the state of botanical knowledge in _____ __ ___ _________ _______. 2nd flora of the galapagos

Ira L. Wiggins; 1000

This man from Stanford collected almost ____ plant specimens

1930; Henry Svenson

This man from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden visited the islands in this year. Collected 300 nimbers.

William A. Weber

This man from the University of Colorado collected mosses and lichens.

James Macrae; 41; Macraea laricifolia

This man visited the archipelago in 1825 (HMS Blonde) and took __ plant collections from Isabela. Plant named after him _______ and the only species in this genus.

Littoral (Coastal) Ecological Zone

This zone includes plants that are on the shoreline (from sandy beaches to lava boulders), or relatively close to it. These plants must be capable of surviving in a salt-rich environment that may be covered with water during certain parts of the day and exposed at other times. Few of these plants are endemic to the Galapagos.

Scalesia affinis & Alternanthera echinocephala

Two plants that Archibald Menzies collected.

Alban Stewart; A botanical survey of the Galapagos Islands

Visited most of the islands and collected over 3,000 numbers, and formed the basis of _ _________ ______ __ ___ _________ _______ in 1911.

California Academy of Sciences

Visited the islands for a year and one day.

Bony Fishes

Yellow tailed surgeonfish, hieroglyphic hawkfish, blue parrotfish, and jewel

3; ecological zones

_ major __________ _____ have been suggested for the Galapagos archipelago.

7

_ plant groups have been isolated long enough to constitute endemic genera.

Ghost Crabs (Ocypode)

commonly seen digging burrows in the sand and quickly disappearing On the beaches, one often sees sand balls, which are pellets of sand that they have examined for food.

Sea Urchins

echinoderms Eucidaris (pencil spined urchin) Most obvious Lytechinus (Green Sea urchin) Endemic

Crabs

hundred crab species Grapsus (Sally Lightfoot) most conspicuous Young dark in color black Faster than adults Pinches of these crabs are adapted for scavenging and feeding on algae and detritus. Predators are herons, moray eels, and certain fish.

Intertidal life

over 1350 km of shoreline include rocky shores, sandy beaches, mangrove lagoons, and mudflats. Each has a characteristic of flora and fauna Different life forms occupy different levels of the intertidal zone Those that live in the higher zones may be exposed to harsh conditions, and the ones on the lower zones will be exposed briefly.

Spiders (Araneae)

over 50 species of spider inhibit the galapagos hunting spiders and orb web spiders Huntering spiders is Heteropoda Neoscona is a common web builder Young of the latter often parachute from one location to another or "Balloon"

Crustaceans - Barnacles

related to crabs, both have jointed limbs and a tough exoskeleton. Have 12 feathery limbs used to catch food organisms. in the lowest intertidal and subtidal zones is Megabalanus (acorn barnacle), which grows to 5 cm in height.

Pneumatophores roots

specialized root structures that grow out from the water surface and facilitate the aeration necessary for root respiration in hydrophytic trees such as many mangrove species

Birds

spend time in the intertidal zone. feeding on crabs, mollusks, and other invertebrates. Lava lizards venture to the intertidal zones to catch flies and other insects.

Lobsters

spiny lobster blue lobster, red lobster, and slipper lobster.

Vivipory

when a root grows out of a plant seed.