Final Exam Modern Art 2470 Artist

Joseph Kosuth

"Chair" Wiki's definition of a chair The subject is language Language is imprecise: "chair" means all 3 "Photostat"= were inherently impermanent prints Art as Idea as Idea, "image", 1966, Photostat, 4' square Ready-made Conceptual art, though often shown in museums, was a statement about artists' resistance to art commoditization Concept is the removal of medium from art. "Removal" is a common idea of 1960s conceptualism

Robert Venturi

"Less is a bore"= battle cry of postmodernism felt Las Vegas was full of "decorated sheds" (at least in the 1970s) and that that was OK. Elder housing—Venturi made the building into a sign Simple set of boxes Interested in details b.1925 collaborated with his wife Denise Scott Brown father of architectural postmodernism he argued that prior to the modernist revolution, architecture had always reflected a mixed palette of practical values, not the polarized back and white of idealized perfection-moreover, that it was time to go backhand reconnect with the varied continuum of historical experience

Christo (Christo Javacheff)

(b. Bulgaria) not a member of the New Realists but met them Parallel to the American assemblage movement, but in Europe: NOUVEAU RÉALISM in Paris after he escaped from Soviet-ruled Czechoslovakia (born Bulgaria, attended art school in Sofia, traveled to Prague—all behind the Iron Curtain Since the 1970s they have been wrapping architecture or hanging drapery in specific sites.

Louise Nevelson

1899-1988 Born in Russia, grew up in Maine Influenced by Alexander Calder Wood Sculptures First to have one woman exhibition; during time of the war Nevelson's work was often shown in groupings, spot lit in darkened galleries, so they formed little "places" or "environments" These artists were influenced partly by the film of Pollock painting

Giacometti

1901-66 Henri Carter Bresson, Photograph after walking in the rain inspired one of his work Turned from surrealism in the 1930s He was a friend of Jean Paul Sartre Influenced almost every artist discussed loved his mother and used her in his work greatest sculptor to emerge within the milieu of prewar Surrealism tried to unify individual human forms with a space that eroded their recognizable humanity and covered his figures with "the dust of space" if seen from a distance but it also yielded very large images, still with the attenuated, ravaged equivalency of perceived reality he searched for ways to represent civilization's never ending quest for the nature of both reality and its perception

Jean Dubuffet

1901-88 "Art Brut"= brutal art Interested in the arts by children, the insane, and urban graffiti No real voice had by them Painter; L'Art Informel/Tachisme He was a merchant before the war Coined the term "outsider art" Similar to surrealist No interest in paintings' history Inspired by the unheard voices in the art world

Mark Rothko

1903-1970 Wore suits and were Jewish Born in Russia; exiled to the US Got into Yale; academic work 2 years at Yale: interest in Greek tragic drama-myths of Oedipus, writings of Aeschylus and Sophocles Technique involved applying paint not with brushes but in thin with sponges and rags Not really all-over paintings How to view a Rothko painting: Wrong: don't step back Stipulated that his paintings Stand real close to it; absorb the color and feel the fundamental human emotions from Greek tragedies

Isamu Noguchi

1904-1988 Japanese American artist (difficult to be at the time to get famous) Studied with sculptor Gutzon Borglum Noguchi, Kourus, 1944-45, marble, slate base Greek statue; classical Surrealist influence

Arshile Gorky

1904-48 Transition between European Modernism and the New York School born in Armenia; family persecuted in racial cleansing Moved to US to become an artist Many of his paintings contain references to his childhood Hometown was his inspiration worked for the WPA mural program Very poor; changed from easel On the FAP mural program, was also following the example of the Mexican muralists (influencing the American artists) During WWII, was exposed to surrealism in NY, esp. Miro and Masson But unlike Mexican muralists, he goes for surrealism Influence form biomorphic surrealism combined cubist faceting with biomorphic abstraction but unlike the surrealists, he DID NOT use "psychic automatism" Not really a surrealist Car wreck, cancer, girlfriend dumped him Committed suicide

Willem de Kooning

1904-97 Action Painting/Gestural Abstraction Born and raised in the Netherlands and attended art school there Illegal immigrant; no one paid attention to him Dutch traditional in the Netherlands; once in the states create abstract work A friend of Gorky, like him De Kooning was deeply influenced by Picasso Painted on large canvas; acrobatic ways and moved around= reason he is action painter Existentialism European philosophy asserting man's essentially alienated state De Kooning was known for his abstract paintings of women. Tortured images filled with expressionist emotion

David Smith

1906-1965 Buddies with artists and drank with them Smith began as a painter studying European modernism Creating collages and then sculptures Skill as a welder Paintings as sculpture Segments of I-beams used in steel cage building construction In his later extensive Cubi series Smith used chrome steel "painted" with a carborundum wheel

Barnett Newman

1907-70 "zip"= reporters called it that Color Field Painting Newman also sought to express essential human themes Wrote articles about other artists; wasn't really welcomed as artist Newman wrote that the verticals represented "man's" (humans') reaching or striving impulse Have to be standing to look at his painting (and other large paintings)

Franz Kline

1910-1962 Pennsylvania Black and white work; looked like calligraphy Industrial/mining work could be his inspiration Kiline specialized in black and white paintings until the late 50s and use a large house painting brush. Paintings suggest bridges or industrial architecture "Action Painter"

Jackson Pollock

1912-1956 Tragic life: drove car into a tree and killed himself "Action Painting" Pollock was the 1st American abstract painter to become famous: "Jackson broke the ice" From Wyoming, Pollock encountered European modernism in high school in California; then attended the Art Students' League in NYC under Thomas Hart Benton Dark and realist Cubism + Surrealism Becoming an alcoholic; started attending therapy Pollock interested in Indian Sand Painting Around the time Pollock moved to a farmhouse on Long Island he started rolling out canvas on the floor and dripping and throwing the paint Walking around the canvas that he threw on the ground and dripped paint on it Not drinking for several years; selling his work; very difficult to work with a camera on you; goes back to drinking

John Cage

1912-1992 Avant-garde musician who profoundly influenced the next direction in American art Huge influence in art and music Didn't do well in classes; joked about/around testing and school Focused on sounds and duration-how piece is structured in time and how time frames our experience Assortment of metallic sounds Used all manner of unlikely objects to create "found sounds" was influenced by Marcel Duchamp's ready-mades and his use of chance Wore black and playing unusual instruments Zen Buddhism Silence Understand meditating; always some kind of sound to listen to; nothing was really silent

Joseph Beuys

1921-1986 Germany Most Famous German artist of the late 20th century Unique man Pilot in WWII; bombing small towns Teaching about art=art Everyone needed to cooperate to help the world Humans and animals Influenced by minimalism and Fluxus, made conceptual art, and created strange performances or "actions" using materials based on his own life story First visit to the US and first exhibition here, he was wrapped up at the airport and delivered to the gallery in SoHo New York (in Manhattan Gallery) Spent three days alone with the coyote, which represented a powerful animal for indigenous Americans. Relates to minimalism because it emphasizes experience over object. Believed in a teaching art and in social art. Not interested in selling art or being "in the market" 1 man movement

Andy Warhol

1928-1987 Family of Czechoslovakian immigrant family From Pittsburg Trained/Major in Graphic Designer/Commercial Artist 1961: begins his tabloid disaster paintings Combines industrial and art techniques-painting and photo taking Combining photographic silkscreen and painting on canvas High and Low art! Photo-silkscreen print (industrial process) in art materials (paint on canvas): "industrial painting" Hybrid technique Subtle idea "I want to be a machine" making a connection of art and commerce "in the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes" "Business is the best art" Non-relational composition "The Factory"= gather his own entourage; make the paintings for him invented the technique of photo-silkscreen transfer. But he used oil or acrylic paint on canvas. He combined commercial art and "fine" art. very crazy and had crazy hair

Jasper Johns

1930 Decided after the war to become an artist "I didn't have to design it. —Things the mind already knows" Also found motifs; the numbers from a standard calendar, runs them in order, creating a grid, a highly structured type of all-over painting often made fun of the serious, macho New York School Painters. The brushstrokes are ironic metaphors known for using readymades

Adrian Piper

2 birth certificates of one saying black and the other white Trying to make the viewer uncomfortable Explores prejudices and stereotypes that "corner" us born September 20, 1948 an American conceptual artist and philosopher. Her work addresses ostracism, otherness, racial "passing," and racism.

Hans Namuth

A rising artist/photographer Filmed Pollock Photographer who specialized in artists: his photos and films of Jackson Pollock became Famous German-born photographer. specialized in portraiture, photographing many artists, including abstract expressionist Jackson Pollock. His photos of Pollock at work in his studio increased Pollock's fame and recognition and led to a greater understanding of his work and techniques used his outgoing personality and persistence to photograph many important artistic figures at work in their studios.

Ai Weiwei

Also acted as the artist consultant on the "Bird's Nest" Olympics 2008 Beijing Herzog and de Meuron, National Stadium, 2008, Beijing, China Later criticized the project for its expense and commercialism Left the job Was arrested without cause in 2011 and held more than 2 months causing international uproar installation of 9,000 backpacks at Munich's Haus der Kunst. It depicts a sentence written in Mandarin characters saying 'She lived happily for seven years in this world'—a quote from a mother of one of the thousands of kids lost in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, which citizens believe to be the fault of negligent construction.

Richard Estes

Another important photorealist Paintings of the camera's view of the world Cast reflections; optical complication an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes.

Nicolas Schöffer

Art and technology Sensors would face the light and move the sculpture Constantly moving Compared to Moholy-Nagy, Light Space Modulator Hungarian-born French artist. He can be considered as the father of cybernetic art. This interest in artistic dynamism was originally initiated by the Cubo-Futurists and then intensified and solidified by the Russian Constructivism artists, such as Naum Gabo and Moholy-Nagy. All these artists were concerned with opening up the static three-dimensional sculptural form to a fourth dimension of time and motion.

Allan Kaprow

Art historian took John Cages' class in music composition at the New School Compose life; not just music "A happening is performed according to plan but without rehearsal, audience, or repetition. it is art but seems closer to life." Collapses the distinction between artist and audience. Also there are no viewers Participants= artists

Miriam Schapiro

Asked why women's crafts were never shown in art museums Became very popular over time during the FAM FEMMAGE= called her works; "feminist + collage" Made quilting very popular; very complicated work; now being looked as art works In 1971, the Whitney Museum became the 1st US art museum to show American quilts as art Taught in CA Taught art to only to women Collages made with scraps of many different fabrics. P&D artists were interested in art's decorative function, and some were influenced by Matisse. In suggesting that there might be multiple criteria for art, Feminist P&D contributed to the emergence of POSTMODERNISM in art (FAM coincided with the onset of Postmodernism)

Julian Schnabel

B. 1951 Gave the art scene the boom decade its most representative figure Paradigmatic artist in a period largely averse to the romantic except when laced with deconstructive irony Self-promoted and the most critically debated painter of the early 1980s

Richard Serra

Based on minimalism but adds an idea: A physical process, gravity, is at work, and generates tension in viewer. American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal. was involved in the Process Art Movement.

Roy Lichtenstein

Born in NY Ohio State with MFA Ben-Day dot screen Hand reproduced the Ben-Day dot screen-the result of printing halftones in the 1960s Getting half-tones Comic book style Lack of transformation: "art doesn't transform, it just plain forms" In the early 60s, he worked with 2 types of comics: war and romance Later on, transformed a variety of at works into his combos style

Claes Oldenberg

Born in Sweden Family immigrated to Chicago when he was 7 Chicken wire and plastic wrapping with paint on it Moved to NYC, started out within the assemblage-junk movement mass market foods and commodities took on an anthropomorphic quality (like the human body in some way) and often referenced human sexuality Around 1962, turned to stuffed sewn canvas items often blown up in scale Hard vs. Soft= male sexuality

Nam June Paik

Bought a camera and began making videos Earlier a music student in Korea became a follower of John Cage and Fluxus the "father of video art," was one of the first artists to purchase the SONY Portapak when it went on the market in 1965. By the 1980s video projection technology was available and video installations became popular.

Richard Hamilton

British Pop-Independent Group "Pop art" at first meant "American mass media" Not a "normal" art exhibition-not so much art works as images of popular culture Just What I It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing? 1956, collage (images from magazines), 10+ h Reproduced in B & W as cover for the catalog for "This is Tomorrow" exhibition This British work is filled with images from American magazines, esp. advertisements

David Hockney

British expatriated to Hollywood Moved to Hollywood, CA and lived the celebrity lifestyle Acrylic paint: synthetic paints become better and more available in the 1950s-60s

Le Corbusier (late work)

Brutalism In love with conflict In the 1950s turned from the International Style to explore his first love, reinforced concrete eccentric late modernism Reinforced concrete= le bout Complicated light play Rough concrete surface= brutalism Late Modernism Still modernist because of its concern with the frank expression of materials and construction, and the appeal to beauty of form. le béton brut - "brutalism" le béton = concrete

Tony Oursler

By the 1980s video projection technology was available and video installation became popular Video artist Gallery is dark and very creepy American multimedia and installation artist. His art covers a range of mediums working with video, sculpture, installation, performance and painting.

George Segal

Chicken wire and plaster casts from life set in real contexts Artists performed actions in these environments often invitation their friends: the first "events" an American painter and sculptor associated with the Pop Art movement.

Ilya Kabakov

Created a catapult and leave through the roof Viewer must peak in from the outside, as if sneaking a peak at a private space You are kept out of the room Looking from the outside in A worker's room in a Russian Cold War era "commune" in Moscow Viewer is "outside looking in"

Clement Greenberg

Critic= his theory is called FORMALISM Formal parts of art: color, texture, balance, etc background in literature; making himself a critic Formalism interpreted the history of modern art as a process toward ever-greater PURIFICATION OF THE MEDIUM Paintings should be about: flatness, color, 2-D space and "opticality"(purely visual) Formalism= Painting must evolve toward its essential elements: color, flatness, pure opticality; features that painting shares with other genres like sculpture or literature should be eliminated from painting PURIFICTION OF THE MEDIUM

Francis Bacon

Figurative expressionist an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, grotesque, emotionally charged and raw imagery. His painterly abstracted figures are typically isolated in glass or steel geometrical cages, set against flat, nondescript backgrounds

Anselm Kiefer

First Nazi Concentration Camps Punished officers a student of Joseph Beuys but Kiefer dealt with aftermath of WWII differently Contrast early German Expressionism German painter and sculptor He studied with Joseph Beuys during the 1970s His works incorporate materials such as straw, ash, clay, lead, and shellac. works are characterised by an unflinching willingness to confront his culture's dark past, and unrealised potential, in works that are often done on a large, confrontational scale well suited to the subjects.

James Rosenquist

From ND Worked as a billboard painter in NY Had a little of art school education Up close and personal to the advertisements Was one of the First Pop artists to comment on social issues of his day. Here the collage technique represents cultural discord The wrap-around painting was the first major Pop Art statement about the Vietnam War. Sold for $60,000 and appeared on the front page of the NYT Most expensive for being sold and was reported in the news Bits and pieces of popular culture Creates a narrative underneath the image presented

Gerhard Richter

German postmodernist painter Postmodernist as anti-modernist: Richter has no one style but works in multiple styles Capitalist realism Defiance of the Informalist or Tachist abstraction dominant in West Germany Anti-modernist no inner core of self also satirizes abstract painting: all painting Based on blow-ups of his own photographic paintings, outrageous virtuoso paint handling and smearing becomes ironic commentary Satirizes realist paintings; especially photorealistic paintings

Chuck Close

Gridded for copying In black and white Gigantic picture/painting But still look like photographic Prosopagnosia (face blindness; don't recognize them a second time) Meticulous paintings of artist friends based on photographs transferred via grids suffered spinal artery collapse in 1988 but continued to paint, switching from the photographic image to the pixelated image produced by digital media.

Frank Gehry

Guggenheim Museum, 1991-97, Bilbao, Spain Deconstructionism o Dismantled architecture; no logic, chaotic o Located in Spain o Both postmodernist and deconstructionist o Also a museum of contemporary art b. 1929 motivation was to learn from chaos rather than to celebrate it subsequently specialized in "difficult," quirky buildings, hamlet-like assemblages that manage to compel despite their ad hoc look, imperfect details and off-the-rack materials

Philip Guston

Hooded guys Cartoonish style Painting himself Late at night; messy artist New Image Painting "Bad painting" Used to do abstract paintings, but time has moved forward and need a new style Experiences in his childhood KKK would go after the Jews He became his enemy Jewish was part of the New York School but years later began to paint cartoonish hooded beings who smoked cigars painted in an unsophisticated manner

Yes Men

In 1984 thousands of people were exposed to toxic gases after a leak in a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India "Andy Bichlbaum" as "Jude Finsterra" infiltrates television news impersonating a Dow Chemical spokesperson commenting on the Bhopal tragedy, 2004 A culture jamming activist duo and network of supporters. Through actions of tactical media, primarily aim to raise awareness about what they consider problematic social and political issues

Yves Klein

Influenced by Duchamp Monochromatic canvas calls attention to the nature of art Different price tag on all of them Critique the art world; prices on work Nude models "in the painting"-"human brushes" Makes a connection with mythic Pollock painting process Never would be allowed in America; making fun of abstract expressionists

Jenny Holzer

Intervention - art enters a situation outside the art world Postmodernism Deconstruction art as urban intervention an American neo-conceptual artist The main focus of her work is the delivery of words and ideas in public spaces. belongs to the feminist branch of a generation of artists that emerged around 1980, looking for new ways to make narrative or commentary an implicit part of visual objects.

Alberto Burri

Italian Medic taken to America (prison) during WWII medical doctor, knew form his wartime service with the Italian army Showed the interest of art while looking at rags, ragged tattered burlap Collage=wound Painter 1915-95 heavy impasto= matiere obsessive interest in surface textures and slow-moving rather than rapidly activated form obtained them from burlap and other foreign matter, stitched together with surgical precision and combined with garners passages of red paint, signifying blood-soaked bandages

Lee Krasner

Knew Picasso Training in the war Excellent technique and well traveled Traditional painting style; expressionism and impressionism Easel paintings Kandinsky style painting New York School #2 Color Field Painting aka Color Field Abstractions Fields; not gestures

Keith Haring

Known for drawing cartoon images at subway stations or empty spaces left by unsold advertising an American artist and social activist whose work responded to the New York City street culture of the 1980s by expressing concepts of birth, death, sexuality, and war. work was often heavily political and his imagery has become a widely recognized visual language of the 20th century

Walter de Maria

Lightening Field, 1971-77, Quemado , New Mexico, still extant, maintained by the Dia Foundation; 400 stell poles, 7200' above sea level By the late 1960s and early 1970s, some artists sought to take art out of the art gallery altogether and work on an environmental scale. Visitors must make appointment, groups no more than 6, must stay overnight. Dia deposits visitors at the site so they have no vehicle. No staff is present. The conditions for viewing the art are uncomfortable, lonely, and restricted.

Damien Hirst

Made so much money YBA art tries overtly to shock or appall the viewer Not much to admire but to impress the press best-known of the YBA's, whose work has no theoretical viewpoint and is known for its ability to "shock." He also (like Jeff Koons) acknowledges the status of art in the 1990s as a speculative commodity. "Shock Art"

Morris Louis

Many different directions here and abroad in the 1960s-groups working at the same time-shared almost opposite sides Post-painterly abstraction stain paintings; use of new synthetic "acrylic" paints Post painterly abstraction Openness Picking up canvas and letting paint run Stain painting; diluting paints Just color; pretty but that's not what makes a painting Who got his theory in part from Frankenthaler promoted a small group of painters whos work exemplified his theories Diluted acrylic pigment poured across canvas The painting appeals to a pure "optical aesthetic" in accordance with formalist theory

Kenneth Noland

Many different directions here and abroad in the 1960s-groups working at the same time-shared almost opposite sides Post-painterly abstraction: make everything flat and use corners; stripes; purely optical experience; very nonobjective All these works fell under Greenberg's rubric Post-painterly abstraction Inspired by targets (artist who became famous from creating targets???)

Carl Andre

Minimalism Best buds with Stella Lot of troubled once his wife died Mind blowing artist Firebricks= mundane found industrial material in modular repetition "Cuts in Space" (creating not form but place Object points outside the work, to the context of the work Refer to ideals

Jeff Koons

Neo-conceptualism/Neo-Geo focuses on the institution of art acknowledges that is a commodity Works is highly satirical Art world loved and hated Jeff Koons Problem of meaning? Low-brow subject matter reflects collapse of critical influence and the rise of a new breeds of curators and collectors Amer. B. 1955 produces work in a range of media that brings together "high-brow" and "low-brow" advocacy of bad taste is pure satire Postmodern-DECONSTRUCTION!!

Jean Michel Basquiat

Neoexpressionist Identity Art East Village Postmodern Communication Micro-expressionist Crude, expressionist brushstrokes and sometimes collage, but based on signs and symbols. American artist art focused on "suggestive dichotomies", such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation, and inner versus outer experience

Donald Judd

No color in his wall reliefs; like paintings but not really paintings Use of shadows So simple, the view must be self-reflective aware of being there Minimalism Designed by the artist; made by an industrial fabricator Shadows Light and free space in a room

Robert Morris

No color; different places Requires a more active viewer (viewer is like a performer) The sculpture points to the space and context: context is part of the art Takes art and put the entire concept and puts in a room ***Context is part of the art! "One's awareness of oneself existing in the same space as the work is stronger..." Modular Repetition Post-minimalist artists used soft materials and industrial materials-materials that had no intrinsic "art" appearance Focus on what the artist doing but not the beauty of the piece a former minimalist, varied his own work in the late '60s, to emphasize process: he started using soft materials that respond to gravity

Mike Kelly

Not so happy world for children Arena #5 (ETs) 1990, plush and plastic toys, blanket Probably talking about his own childhood "craft items": work comments on child abuse 1954- 2012 was an American artist His work involved found objects, textile banners, drawings, assemblage, collage, performance and video.

Victor Vasarely

Optical illusions did some of these as prints for broader distribution Interest in optics and perceptual science The New Tendency a Hungarian-French artist, who is widely accepted as a "grandfather" and leader of the short-lived op art movement. 1908-97 seek to reconcile movement with an activated perceptual experience painting became a complex form of revelation and a means to explore visual process rather than a clever exercise in multiplying decorative possibilities dominant interest in affirming the relationship of art and technology through his optical experiments

George Rickey

Out of style an American kinetic sculptor. combined his love of engineering and mechanics by designing sculptures whose metal parts moved in response to the slightest air currents.

Barbara Kruger

Photos staged or somewhere With phrases on top it imitates advertising images and displays how they are designed to work on us through subtle cultural and gender references. a former layout designer for magazines like Vanity Fair, makes art out of words and images that look like ads but function differently Neo-conceptualism Postmodern-DECONSTRUCTION !!!

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers

Pompidou Center, 1971-84, Paris, France Museum of Contemporary art o France o Steel skeleton, ducts, and escalator on the outside: the structure is turned inside out. o The inside-out reversal is a characteristic of DECONSTRUCTIONISM • a variety of postmodernism o Structure is inside out= Deconstructionism • Structural parts exposed, color coordinated • Inside given to galleries= open plan • Escalators outside o Blue, white, and red= French Flag o Building is a symbol for France: the building is a sign o The language of signs is fundamental to POSTMODERNISM b. 1937 and b. 1933 gave monumental neo-modernism a rocket-like relaunch

Michael Graves

Portland Public Service Building o Made building colorful and playful o Architectural eliminates out of proportion o User friendly-> fun • Compared to aspects to Keystone, steps of Greek temple b. 1934 once a confirmed disciple of Le Corbusier matured into something more during a year spent at the American Academy in Rome, there discovering he quickly achieved a genuine signature style- Cubism combined with Classicism in buildings that could never be mistaken for anyone else's

Daniel Buren

Poster, 1968-89 French conceptualist did not work with words, instead he painted only stripes Was commissioned by the city of Paris to place his stripes in many Metro stations Rather than being the bearers of formalist qualities, like Stieglitz' photographs, conceptual photographers seek to set up a situation was commissioned by the City of Paris to place his stripes in many Metro stations—where the pointed beyond themselves to their contexts.

Dan Flavin

Primary colors Ready-mades Walk up to it and covered in color by the light Worked with a found industrial object: commercial lighting Minimalism Loved corner pieces minimalism American minimalist artist famous for creating sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures.

Christo and Jean Claude

Site art intervenes in the natural or built environment a refugee from Bulgaria; b. 1935 raised in Morocco and Tunisia; 1935-2009 Met in Paris 1958 (b. Bulgaria) not a member of the New Realists but met them after he escaped from Soviet-ruled land Since the 1970s they have been wrapping architecture or hanging drapery in specific sites keep their work up for a couple days to weeks References principles of minimalism, but on a large scale and involving entire communities, volunteers, and years of planning.

Eva Hesse

Soft materials in random arrangements based on the pull of gravity Challengingly ugly a Jewish German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics She is one of the artists who ushered in the postminimal art movement in the 1960s.

Robert Smithson

Spirited Jetty, 1979, rock, salt crystal, earth, water, Great Salt Lake, UT Microcosmic idea In the red waters of the Great Salt Lake By the late 1960s and early 1970s, some artists sought to take art out of the art gallery altogether and work on an environmental scale. Spiral Jetty exists far from the gallery and museum-going public and is known through diagrams, photographs, maps, and a film. Awareness of natural environment

Cindy Sherman

Staged photos, referring old cinema Postmodernism Conveying certain ideas Representation of woman in film industry staged photographs that reference old cinema are textbook examples of postmodernism (born 1954) an American photographer and film director, best known for her conceptual portraits.

Bruce Nauman

Subject is the role of the artist in society Self-portrait as fountain, 1966, staged photo Compared to Duchamp, Fountain and Namuth photo of Pollock painting Waxing Hot= Phrase for abstract artist; Emotional Was one of a large number of post-minimal artists who turned to film and video Walking in a exaggerated manner Square Path, film Like Duchamp, explores the role of the artist: here, our expectation that artists are seers or prophets, like fortune-tellers. The true artist helps the world by revealing Mystic Truths, 1967, neon In the late 1960s many artists banded together to protest against the Vietnam war Art pointing to its context Comparing it to the F-111 Conceptual art inspired them to use words and images in new ways

Judy Chicago (Judy Gerowitz)

Taught in CA Taught art to only to women Controversial work The Dinner Party, 1974-79, Brooklyn Museum Tiles, inverted triangles Names of famous women; but are not credited enough 33 plate settings; famous in the art world of women who were unrecognized Created and highly criticized (FAM coincided with the onset of Postmodernism) Pluralism: Art of the 1970s began to acknowledge multiple viewpoints Another issue was the validity of collective creativity

Francesco Clemente

Transavanguardia= Italian neo-expressionism; self absorbed Italian Neo-Expressionism: called the Transavantguardia Clemente's style varies with his location, but self-portraits dominate. The style of his art varies from location o New York= hyperactive, stressed out o Rome= tends to go native and employ serene fresco o India= switches to indigenous media as natural pigment son paper applied in a suitably refined miniaturist manner

Karel Appel

Usage of Primary colors Monstrous; violent made Used People and Emotions Amsterdam/Dutchman painter B. 1921 Part of CoBrA his rather brutal images managed to avoid melodrama or despair by their exuberance and visible pleasure of execution

Rachel Whiteread

Whiteread, House, completed Oct. 23, 1993; destroyed in Jan, 1994, poured concrete, London Built it and filled it with concrete Then took it apart part of the YBAs an English artist who primarily produces sculptures, which typically take the form of casts.

Robert Rauschenberg

Worked at a hospital to help the PTSD patients who were recovering; played games to get them to socialize and help them recover "Visual Silence" The Assemblage artists NOT Pop Art Critique of the artistic Ego Use of chance-like Duchamp, but not like Surrealists

Hans Hartung

a German-French painter, known for his gestural abstract style born in 1904, but is often identified by his artistic activity in Paris and his involvement in the French Art Informel or Tachist movements His post-war paintings - emotional abstractions which explored varieties of gesture and mark were surprisingly premeditated, carefully copied from sometimes much earlier, spontaneous drawings enlarged to fit the canvas.

Mel Chin

a conceptual visual artist. Motivated largely by political, cultural, and social circumstances Works in a variety of art media to calculate meaning in modern life Places art in landscapes, in public spaces, and in gallery and museum exhibitions, but his work is not limited to specific venues.

Philip Johnson

a follower of Mies van der Rohe. But in the 1970s became a Postmodernist b. 1906 dwelling was essentially a sophisticated emulation of an idea originating with Mies, enriched by historical references to earlier events in the modernist tradition

Frank Stella

b. 1936 Jewish "Literal Painting"= not post-painterly abstraction "What you see is what you see" Just materiality of the composition itself wanted to banish meaning too but not like Greenberg-he took a position opposite that of Greenberg Literal painting means you don't get any meaning or optical high-were just facts "Literal painting": here painting is a solid dense object in the world "Protractor paintings" Canvas shape generates the painting itself Pinstripe paintings "Flying V Paintings" They are MODULAR-Modular Repetition

Ann Hamilton

b. 1956 large scale multi-media environments with philosophical themes, beginning in 1990s Attendant burns the words out of the book: words become smoke, smoke infuses the horsehair and thus the environment explores how we apprehend the world, not just with our eyes but with our bodies: the feel and smell of horsehair, the scent of the burning pages, the dim light that encourages use of senses other than sight

Bill Viola

b.1951 His work stresses the formal qualities of video and Viola's work uses video to create mediation on the phenomenal world Perhaps the world's most famous vido artist, Viola is not a strong postmodernist and often works from a modernist viewpoint—his work stresses the formal qualities of video and personal expression of the artist

George Brecht

contribution to one exhibition was to bring a chair. Influenced by Duchamp's Fountain story Fluxus events had minimal scores that could be interpreted many ways; both the event and the score are works 3 Aqueous Events, 1963 • Have people have experiences

Jonathan Borofsky

created all sorts of images mostly of male stereotypes New Image "New Image" used images like signs in a sign system - a characteristic of Postmodernism an American sculptor and printmaker

Robert Colescott

created new versions of "old masters," from an African- American viewpoint an American painter. He is known for satirical genre and crowd subjects, often conveying his exuberant, comical, or bitter reflections on being African-American.

George Maciunas

founder of Fluxus 1961-1978 Graphic design An art collective a Lithuanian-born American artist. He was a founding member and the central coordinator of Fluxus, an international community of artists, architects, composers and designers. most famous for organising and performing early happenings and for assembling a series of highly influential artists' multiples. "fluxus"="flowing"

Jean Tinguely

made art out of discarded machinery In 1960, made an enormous motorized assemblage in the MoMA garden, for the opening of the exhibition, The Art of Assemblage

Robert Mapplethorpe

mixed photographic formalism with identity art, but his subject matter was challenging postmodernism: emphasizes difference an American photographer, known for his sensitive yet blunt treatment of controversial subject-matter in the large-scale, highly stylized black and white medium of photography His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-portraits and still-life images of flowers

Jeff Wall

stages situations and photographs them, showing the photos as transparencies in back-lit boxes common to industry and trade shows. a Canadian artist best known for his large-scale back-lit cibachrome photographs and art history writing.

Helen Frankenthaler

stain painter; dating Greenberg Many different directions here and abroad in the 1960s-groups working at the same time-shared almost opposite sides 1928-2011 Post-Painterly Abstraction Rich Jewish family and had best education Wanted to start off where Pollock ended Began where Pollock left off-but took pouring paint in another direction Stained paintings

Richard Stankiewicz

used hardware and plumbing Assemblage and Environments Began to grow in the late 50s acquired added emphasis in the conglomerates of rusting machine discards These artists were influenced partly by the film of Pollock painting American sculptor, known for his work in scrap metal. 1922-83

John Chamberlain

worked with derelict auto parts Compared to Kline The subtext is the violence of the car accident These artists were influenced partly by the film of Pollock painting b. 1927 crushed and shaped sculptures from polychrome auto-chassis fragments, it also gained, in 3D form, something of the color and frozen dynamism that Rauschenberg and Johns had carried forward from Abstract Expressionism