Final exam physio 58 lecture only 1-3
What are the different steps of the scientific method?
1) observation 2)Question 3)Hypothesis 4)Experiment 5)Develop conclusion
What is the sequence of protein structures?
1)primary structure 2) secondary structure 3)tertiary structure 4) quantinary structure
What is a dehydration reaction?
2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule
What is the bodies homeostasis of temperature, Arterial blood pH, Blood glucose
37 degrees Celsius, 7.35-7.45, 70-99 mg/100ml
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
What is an organism?
A living thing ( human being)
What is the function of the mitochondria?
ATP synthesis which helps power the muscles, neurons, brain, nerves. Etc
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs working together to carry out a particular function. Ex: digestive system
What are cells in the human body?
Basic unit of life. EX:Neurons, muscle fibers, beta cells,
What are atoms?
Building blocks of matter ex: C,H,O
What is an organelle?
Cellular structures with specific functions. Ex: ribosome, mitochondria.
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Composed of a variety of glands that secrete hormones • Allow for the maintenance of a variety of homeostatic parameters • Blood glucose, water, ions, volume, pressure, etc • Metabolic rate • Hormones regulate life functions • Sleep, growth, appetite, immunity, stress response, labor, nursing
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control center of the cell. Contains DNA. And is the site of rRNA synthesis
What is a polymer of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Where are proteins derived from?
DNA.
What is another word for hydrolysis?
Degradation or catabolic
True or false do all cells have the same size, shape or function?
False
What are the monomers of lipids?
Fatty acids
What is the function of the urinary system?
Filters blood to produce urine and regulates blood volume and pressure, reabsorption of nutrients back into the blood, electrolyte concentration of blood, excretion of waste, blood pH, stimulates erythropoiesis.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Form between an electronegative atom such as O or N and a partially positive atom
What are different types of cells?
Gametic cells-sex cells Somatic cells- all other cells except sex cells Nerve cells RBC, WBC Muscle cells
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Gas Exchange - oxygen and carbon dioxide. Breathing - movement of air. Sound Production. Olfactory Assistance - sense of smell. Protection - from dust and microbes entering body through mucus production, cilia, and coughing.
What are the general senses?
General senses include touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, vibration, and pressure
What are tissues?
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
What are the three secondary effectors of the negative feedback loop for high blood glucose?
Hepatocytes(liver cells) Adiposecytes(fat cells) Muscle fibers(muscle cells)
What is Cl- used for in the body?
Inhibits neruons
What is the control centers job?
Interprets measurement/ stimulus, decides on response
What can mutations do to your DNA?
It can change the sequences of amino acids and structures which can cause the DNA to change the structure and function of the proteins.
What does 02 do for our body?
It helps bring in oxygen to our body which is required for many functions like giving our body the necessary components to make water.
What is a hypothesis?
It is a tentative explanation to the question
What is homeostasis?
It is the bodies ability to keep internal conditions relatively constant.
What is quantinary structure?
It is the combination of multiple tertiary subunits.
What is digestion?
It is the mechanical or chemical break down of food in the body. Mechanical is smooth muscle movement and chemical uses digestive enzymes.
What is ingestion?
It is things we bring into our bodies that we want to digest or break down like food,drinks, vitamins, minerals, medicine.
What is the sensor's job?
It is to detect a measurement/ stimulus
What is Na+ and k+ used for in our body?
It is used for action potentials.
What is excretion?
It is whatever cannot be absorbed or broken down in our body gets excreted out as feces.
What does the body do after eating a high glucose meal?
It will initiate a negative feed back loop to bring your glucose levels back in range Sensor- beta cells of pancreas Control center-beta cells of pancreas Effector- Beta cells release insulin into the blood.
What does the body do when your temperature raises to 37.5 Celsis?
It will initiate a negative feed backloop Sensor-internal thermoreceptors detect body temp Control sensor- hypothalamus Effector-sweat glands, smooth muscle cells of blood relax and this leads to vasodilation.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell and are also involved in breaking down cells that become too old or worn out. They are also used to help transport waste.
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Maltose: G + G Sucrose: F + G Lactose: GA + G
What are some examples of proteins in your body?
Motor proteins, signaling molecules, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, etc.
What is the functions of the muscular system?
Movement of skeleton • Facial expressions • Supports body • Stabilizes joints • Breathing • Temperature regulation • Assists in fluid movement • Protection
What is a polysaccharide?
Multiple glucose monosaccharides linked together in different arrangements
What is the effectors job?
Muscle, gland, or organ that directly reverses initial change.
What organ system regulates your blood pressure, heart rate, allows movement of body,vasoconstriction or dilation of blood vessels?
Muscular system
What does the body do when you are fasting?
Negative feedback look is initiated by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Sensor-Alpha cells of pancreas Control center-alpha cells of pancreas Effector-alpha cells of pancreas Glucagon is released into the blood and it will communicate with hepatocytes. Glucagon binds with a receptor which will then tell your liver cells to release glucose into the blood.
What is the function or peroxisomes?
Oxidation
What are functions of the nervous system?
Participates in negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis • Interacts with other organ systems • Voluntary movement • Reflexes • Thinking, learning, memory • Emotions • Fight or flight response
What is the function of ribosomes?
Performs translation( synthesize proteins by translation)
What is the chemical makeup of nucleotides?
Phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base
What are three intermolecular attractions?
Polar to polar attractions Non-polar to non-polar Opposite charges attract( only charged molecules)
What is the R group type?
Polar,non polar, acidic and basic
What are the different categorical functions of proteins?
Receptors- can bind to hormones or neurotransmitters leads to a cellular response Signaling molecule- which bind to receptors Antibodies-detect pathogens Antigens-identify cells as self or foreign Enzymes- catalyze chemical reactions Carrier proteins- hemoglobin which carries 02 Transport proteins- Ion channels or pumps intracellular transport
What two organ systems work closely together to deliver oxygen to cells and to get rid of the carbon dioxide the cells produce
Respiratory and circulatory system
Which organ systems allow for the regulation of blood pH?
Respiratory and urinary system
What are the different organelles?
Ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus, cytoskeleton, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus
What is an example of a lipid monomer?
Saturated and unsaturated
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Separates intracellular and extracellular environments • Phospholipid bilayer • Selectively permeable • Participates in communication and transport • Provides form
What is the term ligands referring to?
Signaling molecules
What are the functions of carbohydrates in the body?
Source of short term energy, stored for energy usage later, component of cell membranes
What is the exception of lipids?
Steriod because they have a ring structure around them and don't have fatty acids.
What are the body's level of organization?
Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
What is another word for dehydration?
Synthesis and anabolic
What is the overall structure of a protein?
Tertiary structure.
What is h2o used for in our bodies?
The body is mainly made of water, it helps to dissolve things, performs hydrolysis reactions and is also a major component in our blood.
What happens to proteins under non-optimal conditions?
They denature
What is an ionic bond?
They form between ions. Ex: H+ and Cl- which makes HCl
What is a covalent bond?
This occurs when atoms share electrons.
What is absorption?
This occurs when the enzymes break down the food into smaller pieces so we can absorb them in our blood stream. We wants to reabsorb glucose, fats, amino acids, water, vitamins, minerals and medications into our circulation/ fluids of our body.
What is the goal of the scientific method?
To learn about our world or body
What is the function of the reproductive system?
To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring.
What organ systems regulate your blood pH and allow for excretion of water and maintain our Blood pressure?
Urinary system
Which organ systems allow for the excretion of waste?
Urinary, respiratory, and Digestive system
What do we use Ca2+ for in our body?
We use it as neurotransmitter release, muscle contractions binds to triptonin cross bridge cycle
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
a reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule
What is an example of a secondary structure?
alpha helix and beta sheet
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
What are macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the different macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is an example of positive feedback?
childbirth and blood clotting
What are the general functions of the special senses?
detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into electrical impulses
What is a non polar covalent bond?
equal sharing of electrons
What are three examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
What holds the secondary structure of proteins together?
hydrogen bonds
What is the function of the digestive system?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
What is an example of a tertiary structure of a protein?
myoglobin
What do subatomic particles include?
neutrons, protons, electrons
What is a monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What holds the primary structure of a protein together?
peptide bonds
What are two kinds of covalent bonds?
polar and nonpolar
What is a polymer of a protein?
polypeptide. Is a protein that has a specific 3D shape/ structure and many functions.
What are the components of negative feedback loop?
sensor, control center, effector
What are examples of polysaccharides?
starch- plant storage molecule glycogen- animal storage molecule cellulose- structure component of plants
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
transports nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body Regulation of temperature, blood pH and Blood pressure Protection- blood clotting and immunity
What is a polymer of lipids?
triglyceride and phospholipid, steriod
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined together
What is a polar covalent bond?
unequal sharing of electrons