final exam psy 376
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study? 2 4 6 8
2
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.
Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.
What does it mean when we say that behavioral research is probabilistic? Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. Behavioral research involves probability sampling. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates.
Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.
Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increase recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas' theory. Thomas created his theory first, a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? James' theory would be considered better because it's more parsimonious. James' theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently. Thomas' theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. Thomas' theory would be considered better because it's more complex.
James' theory would be considered better because it's more parsimonious
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions? The answers provided are often spontaneous. The answers are unscientific. The answers must be coded. The answers are not taken seriously by participants.
The answers must be coded
According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples? They are not very representative of the world's population. They are not good for theory-testing mode. They are not used frequently enough. They are not very easy to measure.
They are not very representative of the world's population
A study conducted in the "real world" is often said to be conducted in: mundane surroundings a field setting an ecological situation authentic localities
a field setting
A simple difference is also called: a factorial design. a marginal means difference. an interaction effect. a main effect.
a main effect
Ethical decision making should be: determined by experts, like lawyers. an easy yes/no decision. based only on what is good for society. a thoughtful balance.
a thoughtful balance
Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? Abstract Introduction Results References
abstract
Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? A concrete construct A behavior that is directly observable Physical measurements (e.g., length) An abstract concept
an abstract concept
In small-N designs, each participant is treated: with multiple interventions. by a clinical psychologist. as a data point. as a separate experiment.
as a separate experiment
An independent-groups design is also known as a ______ design. between-subjects matched-groups within-groups mixed
between-subjects
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? anecdotal association causal frequency
causal
If a researcher is concerned about external validity, which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs? Do not conduct small-N designs if you are concerned about external validity. Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies. Conduct only reversal designs. Use only one's own clients/patients/students.
compare the results of a small-N design with other studies
According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following? Discriminant validity Content validity Convergent validity Criterion validity
criterion validity
In a multiple regression design, _____ variable is to dependent variable as _____variable is to independent variable. control; mediator manipulated; measured criterion; predictor bivariate; multivariate
criterion; predictor
According to the textbook, which of the following is a component of WEIRD people? Women Educated Interdependent Republican
educated
______ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Falsifiability Theorizing Empiricism Application
empiricism
If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: interrater reliability. subjectivity. face validity. credibility.
face validity
Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? People self-reporting more than they can know Fence sitting Faking bad Negatively worded answers
fence sitting
Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? Fence sitting Faking good Response sets People self-reporting more than they can know
fence sitting
Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "How often do you shop online?" "Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?" "When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?" "Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo?"
have you ever sent a sext
Julian creates a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are in their marriage and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Fuentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian's advisor recommending this? He is concerned that Julian has a double-barreled question. He is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order. He is concerned that Julian's participants will use shortcuts. He is concerned that Julian's participants will try to fake good.
he is concerned that julian's results could be affected by question order
Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the "friendliness" of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about? History Maturation Instrumentation Testing
instrumentation
When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus? Internal validity External validity Construct validity Statistical validity
internal validity
In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some ______ in exchange for ______. internal validity; external validity internal validity; statistical validity statistical validity; external validity construct validity; statistical validity
internal validity; external validity
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Observer bias Observer effects A masked study design Self-report operationalization
observer effects
Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: yea-saying biases. bystander effect. observer bias. faking good.
observing bias
In a causal claim, an independent variable is: one that is manipulated. one that is measured. one that is kept constant. one that has only one level.
one that is manipulated
Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? An ordinal scale of measurement A self-report measurement A categorical measurement An interval scale of measurement
ordinal
Which of the following would be an association claim? "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." "A majority of Americans like dogs." "Dog travels 50 miles to find its owners." "Being visited by dogs in the hospital decreases recovery time."
owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction
Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children interacting in the park. Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr. Ewell's study? His research topic is interesting. People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private. Research with children is generally not risky. Observing children is the only way to collect data about this topic.
people in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? Selection effects Design confounds Demand characteristics Practice effects
practice effects
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: reactivity. observer bias. faking good. interrater reliability.
reactivity
Observer bias relates mainly to __________, whereas reactivity stems from _________ validity; reliability researchers; participants faking good; faking bad outcomes; expectations
researchers; participants
Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? Science is based on empiricism. The study has been replicated. The study did not properly define cell phone use. Science is probabilistic.
science is probabilistic
A wait-list design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity? Maturation Selection History Attrition
selection
Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? Random selection Selection effects Carryover effects Demand characteristics
selection effects
For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? Self-report measurement Observational measurement Physiological measurement Archival measurement
self-report measurement
Which of the following is true of variables? Variables are the same as constants. All variables can be manipulated. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. Variables only need conceptual definitions.
some variables can be manipulated
Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim? No one should text and drive. Experts say a majority of drivers text while driving. Texting while driving reduces impulse control. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
texting while driving reduces impulse control
An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT: Using the word significant Including an asterisk in a table Using the notation p < 0.05 The inclusion of a graph
the inclusion of a graph
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? The principle of consent and honesty The principle of reliability and validity The principle of honor and accountability/commitment The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? The principle of beneficence The principle of respect for persons The principle of justice The principle of integrity
the principle of respect for persons
In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? They're impossible to discover. They impede scientific progress. They're federal crimes. Data are easy to acquire.
they impede scientific progress
Research studies are superior to personal experience because: they include at least one comparison group. they avoid constants. they use confederates. an authority is involved.
they include at least one comparison group
How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. They give people more answer options. They are easier for people to read. They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.
they slow down readers, making them answer more carefully
A study using a comparison group can still be threatened by demand characteristics. True False
true
Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat? Refusing to let participants drop out of the study Conducting a pretest-only study Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest Omitting a comparison group
using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest
In a conceptual replication, the ______ are the same, but the ______ is/are different from the original study. variables; operationalization independent variables; dependent variables researchers; outcomes methods; participants
variables; operationalization
In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? When they present all the evidence on a topic When they have a scientific degree When they based their opinions on their intuition When they have conducted scientific research on the topic
when they based their opinions on intuition
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit? 100 150 200 250
200
Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study.
according to the Belmost Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection
Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? They also ensure excellent internal validity. They study every member of the population of interest. They use a larger number of measures. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.
all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample
Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? Simple random sampling Convenience sample Systematic sample Cluster sample
convenience sample
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? Simple random sampling Purposive sampling Cluster sampling Convenience sampling
convenience sampling
The number of main effects that need to be examined is _____ the number of independent variables more important than equal to unrelated to independent of
equal to
Refer to Dr. Fletcher's study above. If Dr. Fletcher is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern, why wouldn't he conduct a true experiment? It is not possible to study private organizations, like fraternities/sororities. It is not possible to measure body concern. He was unable to recruit an equal number of males and females. He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority.
it is not possible to study private orgs like frats and sororities
Most people know plagiarism is bad, but why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? It violates an APA standard. It violates a Belmont principle. It's akin to lying. It makes psychology researchers look bad.
it violates an APA standard
According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions? They are more scientific than other analyses. Many outcomes in psychology are interactions. They are more complicated than other analyses. They are easier to understand than main effects.
many outcomes in psychology are interactions
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value? Margin of error Sampling bias Probability value Statistical significance
margin of error
The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity? Instrumentation Maturation Selection-history Attrition
maturation
According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? Women Members of minority religious groups People with developmental disabilities Refugees
people with developmental disabilities
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies _______with the independent variable. haphazardly systematically spontaneously especially
systematically
Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? negative association positive association zero association causal association
zero association
Different factors that could account for significant results are called ______. hypotheses biases predictions confounds
confounds
Another term for probability sampling is: purposive sampling. convenience sampling. random sampling. cluster sampling.
random sampling
What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast).
A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.
If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n): Likert scale. agreement scale. semantic differential format. open-ended format.
Likert scale
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? The correlation is negative. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. The correlation is not statistically significant The effect size is large.
The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population
Dr. Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study. In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable? Variable A cancels out Variable B. The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B. Variable A mainly affects Variable B. The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.
The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B
What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study? To increase internal validity and to establish external validity To compare participant variables and to establish covariance To find moderators and to find mediators To test limits and to test theories
To test limits and to test theories
A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following? A crossover interaction Multiple main effects A three-way interaction A within-groups factorial design
a three-way interaction
In quasi-experimental designs, the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions. This results in which of the following? The researcher being unable to rule out any threats to internal validity A study that is no different than a correlational design A weaker causal claim than a true experiment An unethical study
a weaker causal claim than a true experiment
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? anecdotal association causal frequency
association
Lauren, Sarah, and Jennifer are students in Dr. Shaffer's Research Methods class. For a class assignment, they are asked to devise an operational definition for romantic attachment, or love. Lauren decides to ask a group of married couples to report if they are in love with their spouse (1 indicates "Yes, I am in love" and 2 indicates "No, I am not in love"). Sarah decides to watch couples sitting on campus and measure how close they sit together, assuming that people who sit closer together are more in love. Jennifer decides to recruit a group of newlyweds and measure the change in heart rate that occurs between the start of the study (when the person is alone) and the moment they see their spouse walk into the room. Lauren's operational definition is _______; Sarah's operational definition is _______. quantitative; categorical qunatitative; categorical categorical; quantitative
categorical; quantitative
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: conducted a census. collected a sample. increased internal validity. biased the study.
conducted a census
Asking an expert or experts to evaluate a measure is used to establish ____ validity. content criterion divergent face
face
Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: a response set. acquiescence. yea-saying. fence sitting.
fence-sitting
Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? He must make a frequency claim first. He must manipulate all of his variables. He must measure all of his variables. He must conduct an experiment.
he must conduct an experiment
When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask? How many people are in the sample? How was the sample collected? How were the participants measured? How many people are in the population?
how was the sample collected
Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question? How well it is worded How many people answer it How short it is How many response options it has
how well it is worded
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. Reliability and validity are the same concept.
if a measure is valid, it is also reliable
A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on ______ validity, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on ______ validity. internal; external external; internal external; statistical statistical; external
internal; external
Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that the researcher is making a causal claim? "curbs" "seems to decrease" "suggests a chance" "is at higher risk of"
is at a higher risk of
According to the textbook, which of the following ethical questions might be posed specifically in reference to a reversal design? Is it ethical to remove an effective treatment? Is it ethical to treat only one person? Can confidentiality be assured? Can consent be given?
is it ethical to remove an effective treatment
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W.J., a male client who currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W.J. reduce the number of calories he eats. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only having W.J. record what he ate at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. (graph with three lines) What type of small-N design has Dr. Anderson used with W.J.? Interrupted time-series design Stable-baseline design Multiple-baseline design
multiple baseline
Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream Blood pressure measurements Number of panic attacks a patient reports A brain scan made using an fMRI
number of panic attacks a patient reports
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change? The number of main effects that need to be examined The number of interactions that need to be examined The number of participants needed The number of cells
number of participants needed
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? Self-report measurement Observational measurement Physiological measurement Archival measurement
observational measurement
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? negative association positive association zero association causal association
positive association
Another word for hypothesis is a(n) ______. theory observation prediction outcome
prediction
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of respect for persons The principle of justice The principle of beneficence The principle of integrity
principle of beneficence
The use of debriefing in a study (such as Milgram's obedience study) appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? Principle of beneficence Principle of integrity Principle of respect for persons Principle of justice
principle of beneficience
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester on whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. Using an EEG to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? The principle of integrity The principle of respect for persons The principle of beneficence The principle of justice
principle of justice
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester on whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. Using an EEG to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of beneficence The principle of justice The principle of integrity The principle of respect for persons
principle of respect for persons
Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity. They both are necessary for frequency claims. They both mean the same thing. Random sampling is more important than random assignment.
random assignment is necessary for internal validity, wheras random sampling is necessary for external validitiy
A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n): interrupted time-series design. stable-baseline design multiple-baseline design. reversal design
reversal design
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? the statistical validity of the study the internal validity of the study the construct validity of the study the external validity of the study
the external validity of the study
Dr. Tatman is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Imagine that Dr. Tatman finds that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he finds that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? The final exam scores were lower in the preparation group than the meaning group. The final exam scores were equally low in both groups. The final exam scores were lower than the national average. The final exam scores were lower than the final exam scores of students of his colleague, Dr. Fao.
the final exam scores were equally low in both groups
A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? The strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements The path and significance of the relationship between two measurements The validity and reliability of two measurements The outliers present in the two measurements
the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements
