Final EXAM PSY

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exhaustion

Garcia's wife died last month. Immediately after her death Garcia is devastated crying and angry and very upset, the alarm phase according to General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Then he went through a phase where he felt tense and on edge all the time and kept trying to do anything to feel better, the resistance phase. Now, however, he just feels tired and numb without any energy to even be sad because of ___1__ due to long term severe stress.

Psychotherapy

A century ago, the outlook for people suffering from mental illness was discouraging. They were usually just locked away in mental asylums so that society did not have to deal with their unusual behaviors. Today, however effective treatments are available for most types of mental illness. Treatments include behavioral therapies (including ABA, systematic desensitization, and aversion therapy), ________ (including CBT, DBT, group therapy, person oriented therapy, and more), medication (including tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, stimulants, and mood stabilizers), and treatments using new technologies (like TMS and VRT). These treatments can be done on an outpatient basis so that a person can continue to live their lives while being treated for mental illness. Hospitalization (confining a person to an institution) is not done unless a person consents or is at risk of hurting themself of others in the immediate future.

danger

A person can actually succeed in killing themselves even when they are just trying to get attention and do not really want to die. Furthermore, suicide is the second most common cause of death for Americans aged 15-25. Therefore any time a person expresses suicidal ideation (thoughts of killing theirself), the threats should be taken seriously as posing ___1____ (one of the 3 or 4 D's of abnormal behavior) because the person is at risk of causing harm to self or others and this behavior must be prevented even if it requires hospitalization (confining a person to a mental institution) against their will.

Lazarus' Cognitive Mediational Theory

A person is a haunted house is more likely to get afraid from seeing a bat according to the ___1__ theory of emotions which says people in an emotional situation first use top-down processing to form a cognitive appraisal of the situation and then interpret physiological arousal according to those expectations to determine what subjective feeling they have.

Schachter-Singer Theory Two Factor

A person who has consumed a large amount of cocaine (a stimulant) is more likely to get angry at minor incidents according to the ___1__ theory of emotions which says people in an emotional situation first feel physiological arousal and then use a cognitive appraisal of the situation to determine what subjective feeling they have.

stereotype/s

A public stigma is the negative attitude that the society holds about a group of people (like those with mental illness). It can leads to prejudice (feelings or affect like being afraid of mentally ill people), discrimination (behavior like not hiring a mentally ill person), and ____1__ (cognitions like mentally ill people are violent). As bad as these public behaviors are, when a person with a mental illness applies this attitude to themselves they form a self-stigma (believing they are bad if they are mental ill) that prevents them from seeking treatment and lowers their self-esteem (value of themselves).

Psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (M.D.) who attended 4 years of medical school plus an internship of 6 months to a year in psychiatry; this training allows these professionals to prescribe medicine, but they often do not engage in psychotherapy, but will often partner with a psychologists or counselor who does psychotherapy.

A schizophrenic man needs his medications refilled. He is not experiencing any problems currently other than side effects from the medicine, but must get a new prescription before the pharmacist can provide the medications that keep him able to function psychologically. (This man needs a profession that can prescribe psychoactive medications, but otherwise he is doing well.)

Social Worker (A social worker has a master's degree or doctoral degree in social work which is a related but different field than psychology; this training allows them to help people find resources in the community like parenting classes, support groups, foster homes, medical assistance, social and financial services, stress management groups, substance abuse treatment, and more. Social workers usually help patients locate other specialists rather than provide therapeutic treatment themselves.)

A teacher suspects that a child in her class is not being well cared for and wants someone to check on the family situation and refer the parents to classes and resources on parenting. (The parents need help finding community resources to improve their ability to care for their children. If the children are not being well cared for, they may need a foster home.)

1A) Four symptoms that point to the primary diagnosis for A.W. are: "Daydreaming" regularly., Frequently gets distracted in the middle of doing a task., Her problems staying organized., How late you will be for each appointment 2B) The primary diagnosis for A.W is ____Attention Deficit Disorder___ and her son is being treated for is ___Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder____. Lifestyle routines that will improve A.W. and her son's mental health as well as physical health are ___Nutritious Diet____, ____Good Sleep Habits___ , and ___physical activity____ A medication that would help A.W. and her son is ___Stimulants____ . Psychotherapy called ___Dialectic Behavioral Therapy____ may be helpful for A.W. but her son would likely respond better to the behavioral therapy called ____Applied Behavioral Analysis___.

A.W. is a 46-year-old woman who never attended college because her high school counselor told her she was not "college material." Given her lackluster academic performance, she never thought to question this advice until her 9-year-old son was evaluated and treated because of his poor school performance despite having extremely high intelligence. Although A.W. had always been a quiet calm person unlike her extremely active son, she did relate to many, if not most, of his symptoms of inattention that were discovered during his evaluation. A.W. remembers always getting in trouble for "daydreaming" regularly, missing homework assignments, and still frequently gets distracted in the middle of doing a task. A.W. asked the pediatrician whether adults can benefit from treatment, because she recalled seeing an advertisement on television about adult with these symptoms. The pediatrician told her that her son's condition does run in families and that treatment is available for adults that might help with her problems staying organized. He sheepishly added, "I always suspected that you might have it. My reception staff notices too. They place bets on how late you will be for each appointment. Jennie won today."

Cannon-Bard Theory

According to the ___1__ of emotions, Alan begins crying and feels despondent simultaneously when he hears that a tornado hit his home town because the situation causes subjective feelings and physiological arousal to both occur at the same time.

Resistance

After being assaulted while walking downtown last Saturday evening, Gary at first felt shocked and exhausted during the alarm reaction phase of dealing with the stress. Now Gary feels constantly on edge as he copes with the constant stress of dealing with doctors, police, lawyers,and other people's responses to his assault. This period of coping with ongoing stress is the ___1_ phase of general adaptation syndrome. If Gary is unable to resolve the situation, he is at risk of reaching the exhaustion phase and developing learned helplessness (the sense that he cannot do anything to improve his situation).

electroconvulsive therapy

After decades of struggling with Major Depression (a mood disorder characterized by persistent low mood), Gyeong had tried medications called antidepressants including SSRIs, SNRIs, MOAs, and tricyclics; multiple forms of psychotherapy including CBT, DBT, and Person Centered Therapy; transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) which used magnets to affect the flow of blood to the brain; and diet and lifestyle changes like eating a nutritious diet ever day and getting 20 minutes of physical activity everyday. Still Gyeong experienced low mood, insomnia, fatigue, and suicidal ideation (recurrent thoughts of death). Gyeong's therapist, who has a biological perspective on mental illness, finally suggested ________ which involves using electrodes attached to her skull to induce seizures and convulsions in Gyeong in hopes of improving her long term emotional state.

Family / Group Therapist A family/group therapist provides counseling for multiple people in a single session; this training allows them to keep a group of people with a common mental health issue working in positive ways as they support and help each other. They often lead support groups or engage in marriage counseling. **WRONG**

After discharge, Covid-19 patients need a professional to connect them with community health resources that provide continuing support, or help families give support, to people convalescing at home from serious illness.

Counselor A counselor has a master's degree in psychology or a related field and training in conducting psychotherapy; this education allows them to treat mild mental health disorders, but they must refer more serious problems to another professional, usually a psychologists and/or psychiatrist. However, counselors are often less expensive for patients than mental health professionals with more training.

After his divorce, Nathan feels mildly out of sorts and needs someone to help him sort out his new lifestyle and priorities. (Nathan is having a mild problem and just needs a little help. He probably would rather not spend more money than he has to.)

Binge Eating

After his girlfriend of 3 years broke up with Mateo, he drove through KFC and ordered a 20 piece bucket of fried chicken, 2 large orders of fries, a large milkshake, and a family sized chocolate cake, He then proceeded to eat all of that food in one episode of ___1__. If he regularly engages in behavior like this followed by purges using vomiting or laxatives, he may be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.

Amygdala

After surgery for a brain tumor, Chloe no longer seems to be afraid of dangerous items like a hot stove or sharp knives. Chloe had learned to fear these items before her surgery. Probably Chloe's ___1__ in the limbic system was damaged during the brain surgery or by the tumor.

tend and befriend

After the earthquake in Haiti, people from all over the world sent supplies to the devastated country. Also many aide workers went to the island to help the residents rebuild. This social bonding response to stress is called ___1_ and is in part caused by increased levels of the hormone oxytocin which is produced by the hypothalamus.

social functioning

Agoraphobia is a specific phobia (unreasonable fear of something) that is a fear of public spaces. It is also one of the symptoms of Social Anxiety disorder, but this broader disorder also includes fear of scrutiny from other people and avoidance of other people that results in social impairment (problems with ____1_____) even in areas that are not public but include other people.

Gender Identity

Alfred Kinsey has suggested that sexual orientation is not a binary distinction between people attracted to men and people attracted to women. Instead it is a continuum that has heterosexual (attracted only to members of the opposite ___1__) at one endpoint and homosexual (attracted only to people the same as you) with bisexual (attracted to men and women) as a centerpoint. A person may fall anywhere on the continuum. The continuum did not include people who are asexual and not interested in sexual relationships with anyone.

Bisexual

Lucas has dated both men and women and finds himself sexually attracted to both genders. Lucas describes himself as neither heterosexual (only attracted to the opposite sex) or homosexual (only attracted to the same sex) but instead ____1__. He is clear however, that he enjoys and wants sex so he is not asexual.

Aliyah is at her whit's end. Home schooling her two young children, working online from home, caring for her aging parents (who also live in her home), and managing household chores by herself is extremely stressful. She does all this without any serious problems, but she would really like to talk to a professional who charges affordable rates about some stress management ideas.

general practitioner

Aliyah is receiving treatment for bipolar disorder that is using evidence based practice (approach to therapy coming from a biopsychosocial perspective and combines the expertise of many people). Therefore she sees a psychiatrist who has an M.D. and specializes in prescribing drugs to treat mental illness to get her mood stabilizers (medications to prevent mania). She also is engaged in dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) which involves attending a support group for people with bipolar disorder and then meeting individually with a counselor (a mental health profession with a master's degree in psychology). Plus she sees her ___1___ (medical doctor with no training in psychology but is her primary care doctor) to make sure that she eats a nutritious diet, keeps good sleep habits, and gets regular physical activity, because these aspects of physical health also impact her mental health.

Social Norms

American culture does not have a healthy relationship with food. Social media like websites and facebook hold up an icon for feminine beauty that is represented by overly thin models who have a BMI (ratio of height to weight) that is less than 18.5 and thus unhealthy. At the same time __1___ (the unwritten rules for the society) support an unhealthy fast food diet that has too much fat, animal products, and starches in it and not enough fruits & vegetables in it to be a nutritious diet, and as a result obesity (being very overweight) has become an epidemic in the United States.

Commitment

Amy has had a difficult life. Her parents died when she was still in grade school and she grew up in a series of foster homes. She had no money to attend college right after highschool so she worked 2 jobs for several years to save money; however then she was in a car accident and became paralyzed from the waist down. Medical bills and her inability to work ate up all the saved money, and now she lives on a disability check which barely covers the bills. Yet she views all these obstacles as challenges rather than insurmountable problems in life. She shows ____1___ to improving herself and her future and thus has applied for several scholarships for paraplegics so she can go to college. In fact she feels like she is in control of her future (has an internal locus of control) plans on attending graduate school to become a counselor for people with disabilities. Amy can be described as having a hardly personality because she shows remarkable resilience given all the stress she has experienced in her life.

1A)Four symptoms that point towards Ani's primary diagnosis are: Scammed hundreds of retirees, Denies any responsibility, Recomposes himself to project a charming personality., does not regret "fooling the idiots"; 2B)The primary diagnosis for Ani is _____(Antisocial personality disorder)___ and a possible comorbid diagnosis is _____(Major Depression)____ Lifestyle routines that will improve Ani's mental health as well as physical health are ____(Good Sleep Habits)____ , _____(Nutritious Diet)____ , and ____(Physical Activity)___ A medication that would treat Ani's comorbid (secondary) diagnosis is _____(Antidepressants)____. Behavioral therapy that may be helpful in changing Ani's actions is ____(Positive reinforcement only)___ If Ani remains a danger to himself and others and cannot learn to live within the laws of his culture, he may need to go to ____(prison)______in order to protect other people.

Ani Korban was convicted of grand fraud. He scammed hundreds of retirees in a dozen states over a period of three years. All his victims lost their life savings and suffered grievous and life-threatening stress symptoms. He seems rather peeved at being convicted but tries to hide his displeasure by claiming to be eager to "heal, reform himself and get reintegrated into normative society". When asked about the fact that three of his victims died of heart attacks as a direct result of his misdeeds, he barely suppresses a laugh and denies any responsibility: his "clients" were adults who knew what they were doing and had the deal he was working on gone well, they would all have become "filthy rich." He then goes on the attack deriding his victims: "they had no right to bring charges against me. They were the fools." He looks completely puzzled and disdainful when asked why he did what he did. "For the money, of course" - he blurts out impatiently and then recomposes himself to project a charming personality. Ani is contemptuous towards the "meek and weak". He believes that life is hostile, one long cruel battle, no holds barred, and morality was invented by the strong to emasculate and enslave the masses. He does not regret "fooling the idiots"; he merely regrets having been caught. It depresses him to face incontrovertible proof that he is not as intellectually superior to others as he had always believed himself to be. Ani doesn't believe in "premature planning". "One day at a time is my motto." - he says smugly - "The world is so unpredictable that it is by far better to improvise." The prison guards have expressed that for the last 2 weeks Ani has had anhedonia and sleeps nearly 20 hours a day, but do not really feel very sorry for Ani.

Impulsivity

Antisocial Personality Disorder (sociopath or psychopath) is a personality disorder with the following symptoms: Failure to obey laws and social norms by engaging in behavior which results in criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest if detected by law enforcement Dishonesty by lying, deception, and manipulation for profit or self-amusement ____1___ - engaging in behavior without thinking through the consequences Aggression or irritability, manifested as frequently assaults others, or engages in fighting Blatantly disregards safety risking harm to self and others Irresponsibility shown as a lifelong pattern and with significant signs after age 15 Lack of remorse for actions or injury to others

agoraphobia

Anxiety disorders are all characterized by extreme feelings of fear. However, when and how these feelings arise depends on the specific disorder. Phobias are indicated by extreme, irrational fear around a particular object or situation; for example ____1___ is fear of public spaces. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is indicated by nearly constant feelings of fear about nothing in particular but everything in general. Panic Disorder is indicated by sudden episodes of intense fear that then pass just as quickly. Social Anxiety Disorder is indicate by fear of people that leads to isolation and loneliness.

optimism

Ariel always expects the best out of herself and others and she is sure that the good work of people will make the world a better place. Ariel's __1__ is likely to improve her health as well as lift thee spirits of everyone around her.

problem-focused

As the deadline for a big project at work comes near, Aaron realizes he will not be able to have a complete presentation ready by the due date. Aaron addresses this stressful issue by hiring a personal assistant who can take over some of the workload like typing and making copies. This action is a positive ___1__ coping strategy for dealing with the work related stress. He also expresses his appreciation for the support from his boss and assistant as they help him which reflects relationship-focused coping because it maintains his friendship with these people,

Extrinsic reward

The food given to a mouse in order to get it to press a level is a(n) ___1__. The satisfaction that the mouse feels from running on his wheel is an intrinsic reward. Both of these types of rewards can motivate behavior.

competent treatment

Beatrice is a very good counselor (a person with a master's degree in psychology who treats mild mental illness), but the new client she started treating is such a hunk. She would really like to ask him out on a date, but she can't because the ethics (moral standards) for mental health professions (people who treat mental illness) clearly state that there should be appropriate interactions between therapist and client meaning no sex, no alcohol, and no social friendships. Beatrice cannot even talk to her friends about this dreamboat because she also must maintain confidentiality (keeping the secrets of her clients). In fact, Beatrice believes that because of her emotions towards this guy, the standard of _____ (providing actual help for her client, not just lusting after him) requires that she refer him to a new therapist who could behave more professionally. Sometimes Beatrice hates being a moral person.

Obesity

Because Elaine's BMI is well over 40, Elaine's doctor has diagnosed her with ___1__ and recommended a calorie restricted diet for Elaine. If Elaine does not address her weight her risk for several health problems will be very high including her risk for: diabetes (high blood sugar), cardiovascular disease (heart disease), and sleep apnea (when a person stops breathing while asleep).

counselor

Because a psychiatrist has both a medical degree and training in psychotherapy, this type of therapist can conduct talk psychotherapy (although the often do not) and prescribe medications for psychiatric disorders. A psychologist has a doctorate degree in psychology but no medical training so they often cannot prescribe medication but often conduct talk psychotherapy. A __1___ with a Master's degree in psychology often conducts psychotherapy for minor issues, but refers seriously ill patients to a psychiatrist of psychologist. Correct!

appropriate interactions

Because mental health professionals hold a position of power over the people that they are treating, it is vital that these professional abide by the ethics (standards for moral behavior) set by the American Psychological Association (APA). These standards include giving the patient competent treatment that helps the patients improve rather than just locking patients up away from society as mental asylums do; having ___1____ with patients that include no sex, no alcohol, and no social friendships; getting informed consent from patients for any treatment used rather than imposing treatment against the will of someone; and keeping the confidentiality of the patient by not sharing information about the patient with others unless legally required to. Correct!

Drive

Because of my addiction to caffeine, my body perceives a deficit in my need for the stimulus (caffeine) every morning because after several hours of no caffeine I am below my body's set point for it. As a result I develop a(n) ___1___ to get some caffeine and engage in the drive reducing behavior of brewing a pot of coffee. Thus the first cup of coffee is SOOOO good because it puts my body back into homeostasis for caffeine.

anhedonia

Because rumination (obsessing about one's problems) can actually make Major Depression (2 or more week of low mood or ___1___) worse. Insight Oriented Therapy which look into the cause of a problem behavior is not usually helpful for people suffering from this mental illness. Instead, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which tries to change unrealistic thinking is much more effectivie.

brain surgery

Because the biological perspective on mental health focuses on physiological influences (from the body) on emotions and behaviors, it endorses treatments such as medication (psychoactive drugs that affect hormones and neurotransmitters); nutritious diet (eating 50% fruits & vegetables, 25 protein & dairy, and 25% wholes grains); physical activity (daily exercise); and on occasion ____ (like lobotomies, cutting the corpus callosum, and deep brain stimulation). Correct!

Oxytocin

Because women have more of the hormone ___1___ in their system than men, women are more likely to exhibit the "tend and befriend" response to stressors while men are more likely to exhibit the "fight or flight" response triggered by the hormone adrenaline and then become aggressive because of their higher levels of the hormone testosterone.

Testosterone

Becky's husband has noticed that at the midpoint of her monthly cycle, right around the time of ovulation when Becky's ovaries have just released an egg, Becky is much more interested in sex. She has also become even more interested than normal in sex this month because she is on a medication that contains __1__ which increases sex drive in both men and women. Men produce this hormone naturally in their testes, and women produce a smaller amount in their adrenal glands.

Aversion Therapy

Behavioral therapies apply the concepts of learning theory to helping people deal with mental illness. Applied behavioral analysis uses rewards and punishments to teach children with autism new skills or help break a bad habit. ______ therapy can cure addictions by using counter conditioning to associate something unpleasant like nausea with the addictive drug. Systematic desensitization can reduce fear due to a phobia or during a panic attack, by teaching a person to associate relaxation with the fearful situation.

Person centered

Bernice receives unconditional positive regard (support, encouragement, and acceptance) from her psychotherapist no matter how badly she has behaved. Her therapist comes from a humanist perspective and uses ______ therapy to help Bernice feel safe and meet her needs by getting approval from an authority figure.

Psychologist (A psychologist is a doctoral of psychology (a Ph.D. or Psy. D.) who has no medical degree but instead attended 5 years of graduate school in psychology plus an internship in clinical psychology; this training allows these professionals to treat all psychiatric disorders including severe, chronic conditions with intensive psychotherapy, but they cannot prescribe medications in most states, and so often work in partnership with a psychiatrist. They may also work in a team with counselors and family/group therapists as well.) **WRONG**

Bert's parents just moved into his house because they have grown too ill to live by themselves. Now Bert, his wife, his parents, and Bert's teenage daughter are all constantly fighting and need help to resolve their issues with each other. (Everyone in this household needs to meet with a professional who can help them work together to solve their common problems)

Left Hemisphere

The field of psychoneuroimmunology investigates how emotions and physical health are related. In general people who focus on positive emotions like happiness and peacefulness (which involve the ___1____ of the cerebral cortex the most) have fewer illnesses and heal faster than people who focus on negative emotions like anger and fear (which involve the right hemisphere more).

Substance Use Disorder

Beverly has had 11 serious boyfriends in the last 8 months, often engages in self-injurious behavior where she cuts her arms to get attention, has a great fear of abandonment for anyone who might leave her, and often engages in very reckless activities like driving while drunk and "playing chicken" with other drivers that risk harm to self or others. The last three weeks however, she has been feeling down all the time and nothing gives her pleasure. She also admits that she drinks heavily - 5 or more drinks nearly every day, and she experiences withdrawal if she does not get a drink everyday. Beverly likely has several comorbid mental illnesses: two personalty disorders called Borderline Personality Disorder and ___1___ (aka addiction), and one mood disorder called Major Depression.

Type A personality

Bob is a highly competitive, very conscientious, driven to succeed, hostile, workaholic. Because of his ___1__ , he is at a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (heart related disease) than people with the more laid-back Type B personality. However he is also likely to experience greater achievement (successful accomplishments) at work because of his personality traits. Bob's secretary is a quiet, introverted, detail oriented, perfectionist who has a Type C personality and tries very hard to please Bob but rarely expresses emotions. Bob's secretary may have an increased risk of developing cancer because of these personality traits.

Gender Identity

Bobbie, age 3, was born with genitals that were intersex (combining aspects of both masculine and feminine characteristics). Surgery was done at birth to rebuild a penis and Bobbie was assigned the biological sex of male; however, Bobbie prefers to play with dolls, wears dresses, and quite emphatically tells everyone she meets "I am a girl." Bobbie's __1__ is female which is different from what the doctor put on Bobbie's birth certificate, so Bobbie can be described as transgender.

learned helplessness

Boo Boo is a puppy rescued by the SPCA. Boo Boo had been found chained outside with no way to escape the weather or get to clean water, so he was constantly confronted with uncontrollable stress. Now because of __1__ Boo Boo is having difficulties learning to go into his shelter when bad weather comes or to use the water dispenser in his new home. He also likely has elevated levels of the hormone cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands in response to toxic stress.

Mood

Borderline Personality Disorder (a personality disorder characterize by an unstable self-concept) and Bipolar Disorder (a mood disorder characterized by period of major depression - extreme lows lasting at least 2 weeks, and also periods of mania - extreme highs lasting days or weeks) are sometimes confused with each other because in both disorders a person can have extreme emotions. The difference is that while an unstable self-image and unstable relationships causes emotions to fluctuate wildly from minute to minute from high to low and back again, changes in ___1____ last days, weeks, or months during which emotions are consistently high or low for a long while.

nurture

Both nature (inborn characteristics like genetics) and ____1___ (experience like abuse or trauma) affect a person's chances of developing a mental illness. For example, if your identical twin has autism, then you have an 40% chance of also developing this disorder affecting communication and social skills which demonstrates an affect of genetics. However, experiences like having an older parent or prenatal exposure to drugs like antidepressants also makes you more likely to develop the disorder.

1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are: Exhibits self-stimulatory vocalizations, Rarely communicated verbally with others, Has little insight into the emotions of staff or other residents, Obsessive about what food he will eat, Repetitively pacing w/ a particular pattern of steps and hops. 2B) The primary diagnosis for C.P. is [ Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Binge Eating Disorder ] 3C)Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications to reduce self-harm come from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Antipsychotics ] Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ None or only supportive therapy ] Another treatment option when the person is unable to engage in daily functioning to the point that they are in danger of harm to self or others: [ Hospitalization or Group Home ]

C.P. is a 35 year old man who has lived in a group home since age 14. He exhibits self-stimulatory vocalizations most of the time--very loud, fast and threatening. He is able to speak clearly with correct grammar, however he rarely communicates verbally with others. He is highly aggressive and violent-- generally having 3-4 incidents per week that must be reported to the state. He has little insight into the emotions of staff or other residents. He is generally noncompliant, impatient, and characterized as lazy by the staff. He will act out violently hurting himself and others when asked to do anything for more than a few minutes. He enjoys riding horses but hits them occasionally. He spends much of the day repetitively pacing with a particular pattern of steps and hops. He often tries to get out of facility, and if not constantly watched, he will wander the neighborhood and enter nearby homes. He is obsessive about what food he will eat and has poor table manners eating very fast and spilling much of the food. Left to his own devices, however, he will eat exceptionally large amounts of food, to the point of having stomach aches. As a result he is severely overweight.

Daily Functioning

Camille suffers from severe social anxiety disorder where she is terrified to be around people but feels intensely lonely because she has so few friends. Thus the disordered has caused serious social impairment (poor social functioning). She has become a shut-in because of this and has trouble with ______ (everyday necessary routines) because she is afraid to take out her garbage or go out to buy supplies. She lives on food delivery and the empty cartons and left over food stack up in her home. As a result, her apartment became extremely dirty and began to stink so much that it caused distress to her neighbors. They called in a social worker to help Camille find resources in the community that might be useful to her, like a trash pick-up service, a support group, and grocery delivery services.

Competent Treatment

Currently the largest provider of housing for mentally ill people are jails. Because mental ill people show behavior that is not culturally accepted and breaks the social norms of society, their behavior makes the public uncomfortable and feel threatened. Also sometimes people with mental illness do break the law and when they are held responsible they are put in prison. If a person is judged to be legally insane, then the law does not hold them responsible for their own behavior. However, any mental health professional will tell you that not holding people responsible for their own behavior will never change the problem behavior. ________ (as required by APA ethics) can help most mental illnesses, but the practice of locking people up in asylums to warehouse them does not improve mental health or solve the problems.

1A) Four symptoms that point to the primary diagnosis for this patient are: Another personality named Betty appeared., The patient had been born as Kegan., Toddler had been sexually assaulted repeatedly in the train station restroom., Personality Carl then appeared 2B) The primary diagnosis for the patient is ____Dissociative Personality Disorder___. Carl has a comorbid diagnosis of ____Obsessive Compulsive Disorder___. Betty has a comorbid diagnosis of ____Bulimia Nervosa___. Kegan has a comorbid diagnosis of ____agoraphobia____. Kegan is experiencing ____dissociative amnesia____ when he cannot remember periods of time. Lifestyle routines that will improve both Kegan and Carl's mental health as well as physical health are ___nutritious diet_____, ____Good Sleep Habits_____, and ____physical activity____ A psychotherapy called _____Cognitive Therapy____ may be helpful integrating all of these personalities who share a body, but _____hypnosis____ is a very bad idea because false memories may be implanted during this period of increased suggestibility.

Carl is a 23 year old man who was referred for psychiatric treatment by his dentist. Although Carl reports brushing his teeth and flossing four times a day, he has horrible decay and several cavities on his teeth. Carl is in fact constantly thinking about how his actions affect his health and safety. In addition to brushing and flossing after every meal and before bed, he showers morning and night, constantly wears an orange safety vest when walking outside ("so motorists or hunters can see me and not hurt me" he says), and thoroughly cleans his apartment with disinfectant every day - which takes up 3 hours of his daily routine. If he fails any of these safety rituals he cannot stop thinking about the risks to his safety despite his best efforts. He is finding his poor dental health extremely distressing because of these types of intrusive thoughts. Over the course of psychotherapy, another personality named Betty appeared and Betty had a habit of eating huge amounts of food in a single sitting, but then inducing vomiting to prevent weight gain. This habit would explain Betty/Carl's poor teeth. Further investigation revealed that the patient had been born as Kegan, and abandoned by his teenage mother when he was just a toddler. His mother left him at a train station and never came back. The police were called when the child was found bleeding and nearly dead because the toddler had been sexually assaulted repeatedly in the train station restroom. The personality Carl then appeared because the personality Kegan developed an extreme fear of all public spaces after this instance. When Kegan was interviewed in his apartment, he reported that he did have periods of "missed time" during which he has no memory but groceries and other supplies appeared in the apartment. Kegan attributed the deliveries to his friends who frequently visit him since Kegan does not leave the apartment, none of the friends ever admitted to being the delivery person. Kegan earns money as a telemarketer who does direct sales calls from his home.

Homeostasis

Carl was shivering when he came in because his body temperature (normally 98.6 degrees for humans) was lower than optimal. So he had a drive to get warm and engaged in the drive reducing behavior of putting on a sweater. Soon he was sweating with the sweater on inside the house because now his body temperature was above its set point of 98.6 degrees, so he took the sweater off. Carl's body was trying to maintain ___1___ for body temperature by sweating when he was hot and shivering when he was cold.

Psychologist A psychologist is a doctoral of psychology (a Ph.D. or Psy. D.) who has no medical degree but instead attended 5 years of graduate school in psychology plus an internship in clinical psychology; this training allows these professionals to treat all psychiatric disorders including severe, chronic conditions with intensive psychotherapy, but they cannot prescribe medications in most states, and so often work in partnership with a psychiatrist. They may also work in a team with counselors and family/group therapists as well.

Carla has PTSD after surviving a hurricane that destroyed her community and killed most of her family. She needs intensive psychotherapy to deal with her severe nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks. (Carla is experiencing a severe problem which will require intensive psychotherapy)

Carry is not able to manage basic daily activities because of overwhelming obsessions and compulsion that take up nearly 12 hours every day. Carry requires therapy to end this obsessive-compulsive behavior. (Carrie requires intensive psychotherapy for his sever, chronic mental illness)

immune system

Carry keeps a very strict bedtime of 10:30 pm. He has to get up for work at 6am every morning and he knows that getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep each night can lead to health problems like diabetes (high blood sugar), reduced ___1___ functioning leading to more infections, obesity (having a BMI over 30), and cardiovascular disease (heart and circulation problems).

Adrenal Glands

Children from abusive or neglectful homes often have been exposed to toxic stress (long term, uncontrollable, damaging levels of stress) which leads to the stress reaction called learned helplessness where the children stop even trying to improve their situation. As a result their ____1____ increase production of the hormone called cortisol which can lead to cardiovascular disease (heart related diseases). Thus preventing child abuse and neglect is essential to promoting better health and personal success of people.

Biological Sex

Chris is genetically XX and was born with female genitals (a clitoris, labia, and vagina), but Chris identifies as a man and feels more comfortable assuming a male gender role. Therefore, Chris's gender identity is male even though his ___1___ is female. Therefore Chris is transgendered.

binge

College age people are at high risk of abusing alcohol. ___1____ drinking is defined as consuming 5 or more drinks in one evening and a drink is 12 ounces of beer, 6 ounces or wine, or one shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor; however many college age people drink this much at parties and do not realize that it is overuse. College educated people are less likely to use tobacco either as smoking, chewing, or vaping, though, compared to people with only a high school education and that is good for their health. Illicit drugs (psychoactive substances that are obtained illegally) are a danger for people that does not seem to be affected by attending college.

Incentive

College students take classes in order to learn information they may need in the career that they wish to pursue. However, the intrinsic reward of fulfilling these long-term goals often do not provide enough ___1___ to get students to study just for the sake of learning; i.e. the need for achievement by itself is not enough to motivate them working each and every day. Therefore, students can also earn an extrinsic reward called good grades for demonstrating while still in school the knowledge that they have learned in their studies.

fruits & vegetables

Colorful (red, green, orange, yellow, purple, blue) plant foods usually belong in the food group for ___1__ and make up 50% of a nutritious diet. Brown and white plants (like rice, potatoes, oats, wheat, barley, and rye) make up the whole grains & starches food group and make up only 25% of the food you should eat each day. People also need a small amount of oils & fats in their diet but ones that are liquid at room temperature are healthier. Even vegetarians must also get 25% of their food from the protein & dairy group, but nuts, beans, lentils, eggs, cheese, and yogurt are excellent choices for people who do not eat meat.

cortisol

Cooper works at a very stressful job. In addition, Cooper's marriage is struggling and Copper's father is very ill. Because of these long term stressful situations, the levels of the hormone __1____ are probably high in Cooper's bloodstream.

Psychologist

Darryl has a history of domestic violence and today in therapy Darry told his _____ (person with a Ph.D. in psychology but no medical training) that his cousin and ex-girlfriend are "gonna get it" because she is now dating Darryl's cousin. Darryl showed his therapist a gun in his waist band and mentioned that he was heading over to "give it to them" after the session was over. Although American Psychological Association standards for ethics (morals for mental health professionals) say that the therapist should maintain confidentiality and not share information about Darryl to others, these standards have an exception when a person is at risk of harming themselves or others. Therefore the therapist immediately calls the police and tell them that Darryl may be planning on shooting his cousin and ex-girlfriend.

Personality Disorders

Developmental disorders are mental illnesses that are often diagnosed before age 18. Anxiety disorders are mental illnesses where the biggest symptom is anxiety. _______ disorders involve traits of a person that influence their behavior across all aspects of their life. Mood disorders are characterized by long term (days, weeks, or months) emotional states that cause distress or dysfunction. Psychotic disorders all include a break from reality.

Psychodynamic

Different perspectives in psychology explain mental illnesses as the result of different causes. For example, from a humanist perspective, depression can be seen as a response to not having a person's needs for affiliation or unconditional positive regard met. From a behaviorist perspective, depression can be view as learned helplessness that prevents the person from escaping stressful situations. From a biological perspective, major depression is related to reduced amounts of the neurotransmitter serotonin. From a(n) ___1__ perspective, major depression related to unresolved problems in childhood. From a sociocultural perspective, major depression can be explained as the result of an overly demanding society. From a cognitive perspective, major depression is viewed as the inaccurate thoughts making situations seem worse than they actually are.

cognitive perspective

Different perspectives in psychology explain mental illnesses as the result of different causes. For example, from a psychodynamic perspective, alcoholism (substance use disorder for alcohol) is caused by a fixation in the oral stage of development. From a sociocultural perspective, alcoholism is related to society's acceptance of the use of alcohol by adults. From a biological perspective, alcoholism is related to physical dependence that causes tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. From a humanist perspective, alcoholism can be seen as a response to not having a person's needs for safety and freedom from toxic stress met. From a behaviorist perspective, alcoholism may be seen as a learned reaction used to avoid problems. From a(n) ____1__, alcoholism is the result of inaccurate beliefs about the effects of using the psychoactive drug.

Behavioral

Different perspectives in psychology explain mental illnesses as the result of different causes. For example, from a psychodynamic perspective, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is caused by a fixation in the anal stage of development. From a sociocultural perspective, OCD is related to society's preoccupation with cleanliness and germs. From a biological perspective, OCD is related to levels of the hormone called cortisol. From a(n) __1___ perspective, OCD may be seen as a learned reaction to environmental stimuli. From a cognitive perspective, OCD is the result of inaccurate beliefs help in memory. From a humanist perspective, OCD can be seen as a response to not having a person's needs for order and aesthetics met. From a behaviorist perspective, OCD can be view as learned dysfunctional routines in the person's daily functioning.

Biological

Different perspectives in psychology explain mental illnesses as the result of different causes. For example, from a sociocultural perspective, anorexia nervosa is viewed as a consequence of society valuing thinness over health. From a humanist perspective, anorexia can be seen as a response to not having a person's needs to feel attractive and have personal control of their life met. From a behaviorist perspective, anorexia can be view as learned unhealthy eating habits. From a(n) ___1___ perspective, anorexia nervosa is explained as misdirected signals of hunger and satiety. From a psychodynamic perspective, anorexia nervosa is the result of an overly critical superego. From a cognitive perspective, anorexia nervosa is explained as inaccurate thoughts about how thin a person's body really looks like.

distress or dysfunction

Dissociative Identity Disorder (also called multiple personalities) often involves periods of time when a person cannot remember where they were or what they did (a symptom called dissociative amnesia) and also the person can find themselves in a strange place without knowing how they got there or even where the place is (a symptom called dissociative fugue). These symptoms can cause great ___1___ in the person's life and thus cause the person to seek treatment.

conflict

Dorothy is in a very stressful situation. First her house was blown away by a tornado and that catastrophe is a huge source of stress. She also is having an interpersonal ___1___ with a witch because they disagree over who should possess a pair of red shoes. Finally, she has to deal with numerous small hassles like Toto her dog running off, getting accurate directions from the Munchkins, and dealing with an impostor wizard. She seems to produce extra oxytocin (a hormone produce in the hypothalamus) in response to stress because she shows the tend and befriend response to all this stress and gathers up an assortment of individuals who all need her to help them as she navigates her way out of the stressful world of Oz. Despite all this she has great resilience and thrives under these conditions because she views problems as challenges, has commitment to reach her goals, and exercises control over her actions with good self-regulation. Dorothy has a hardy personality.

Psychiatrist

Dr. Feelgood. M.D. has his own practice as a(n) ______ who see people who need psychiatric medications, but he also works for a pharmaceutical company to develop new drugs. To test a new drug he developed Dr. Feelgood gave it to several of his patients without telling them what the drug was or that it was still experimental. The American Psychological Association then revoked his license to practice as a mental health professional because Dr. Feelgood violated the APA ethics, specifically he did not get informed consent from his patients before treating them with the experimental drug. Correct!

Counselor

Dr. Phys is a psychiatrist (an M.D. who specializes in treating mental health problems) who generally only prescribes medicine to patients. Dr. Stim is a psychologist (a Ph.D. in psychology) who believes rewarding healthy behavior and punishing unhealthy behavior is the best way to treat mental health. Mr. Logos is a(n) ______ (a person with a master's degree in psychology) who uses psychotherapy to change unhealthy and incorrect thoughts that patients have in order to improve their mental health. Based on this information, you know that Dr. Phys has a biological perspective, Dr. Stim has a behaviorist perspective, and Mr. Logos has a cognitive perspective on mental health. Correct!

Basic Needs

Drive theory was originally developed to explain how homeostasis is maintained for physiological needs (what humanist theory calls ___1__), so these are called primary drives. However, psychologists were so impressed with the theory that they expanded it to apply to psychological needs like affiliation (the need for friends and love), achievement (the needed to succeed), and competency (the need to feel skilled at something). Because these needs are relatively new additions to the theory, they are called secondary drives.

Safe Sex

Even though Americans age 15 to 24 make up only about one quarter of the people in the United States, they make up half of the new cases of diseases like gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV, HIV, syphilis, and genital herpes because they are at the highest risk of getting sexually transmitted infections (STI's). To avoid these diseases, it is very important to practice __1__ every time you have sexual intercourse. The only way to prevent transmission of these diseases is to abstain from sex or use condoms during all types of sex (oral, anal, or vaginal). This rule applies to both homosexual (two people of the same gender) and heterosexual (two people of different genders) relationships.

stigma

Even though mental illness has such a great prevalence (rate of occurring) that the majority of people will be diagnosed with some form of mental illness in their life, people often avoid seeking treatment for mental illness. One reason is that a public ___1__ exists that judges people with mental illness as weak or incapable. Sometimes people even adopt this societal view and form a self-stigma where judge themselves as weak for having a mental problem. These attitudes lead to discrimination in the workplace against people seeing a mental health professional.

Patients Values

Evidence Based Practice says that any therapy used for a patient must be in line with the ______ so that it does not violate their religious, cultural, or personal beliefs and values. Tailoring therapy to respect these issues also meets the APA ethics (standards of morals) that say that patients must give informed consent (their permission after knowing the risks and benefits) to be treated.

1A) Was regularly violating the law, Showed no remorse, Could be extremely charming, Felt no empathy for other people's struggles, A history of dropped assault charges 2B)The primary diagnosis for F.F. is [ Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASD) ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Substance Use Disorder (addiction) ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Tranquilizers for violence ] Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ Positive Reinforcement Only ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ None or only supportive therapy ] Other treatment options when the person cannot live within the laws of the culture: [ Prison ]

F.F. is an extremely successful investment broker. However, recently he has run into financial trouble when one of his aides reported some of his business strategies to the police and he was hit was hefty fines and possible incarceration. Apparently F.F. was regularly violating the law and using insider information to enrich himself. He showed no remorse for the people who lost their life savings and businesses because of this behavior. Instead, F.F. was routinely heard to say "It's only illegal if you get caught." Although, F.F. could be extremely charming to prospective clients, he routinely hired private detectives to gather dirt on any person he worked with and felt no empathy for other people's struggles. F.F. would then blackmail anyone who did not cooperate with F.F.'s demands. F.F. also had a history of assault charges, all of which were eventually dropped after F.F.'s lawyers had "explained the situation" to the complaining witnesses. Although, there is no indication that he is physically dependent or regularly uses illegal drugs, F.F. admits to using marijuana and cocaine "once or twice" and has a record of multiple DUI's. 1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are:

1A) Stopped following through on assignments for school and other planned work, Socially awkward and isolated from her peers as teen, Talking to voices only she could hear, Speech was disorganized and hard to follow, History of eccentricity 2B) The primary diagnosis for F.Z. is [ Schizophrenia ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Social Anxiety Disorder ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Antipsychotics ] Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ None ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Person Centered Therapy ] Another treatment option used in the past, but is much less common today: [ Brain Surgery was used in the past ]

F.Z.is a 25 year old Latina woman with a history of eccentricity. She had lived independently and attended college, but recently moved back into her mother's home following expulsion from college when she stopped following through on assignments for school and other planned work and thus failed her courses. Medical notations indicate that F.Z.'s mother was an avid smoker, consuming approximately two packs of cigarettes daily before and during pregnancy. Records indicate that F.Z. experienced a turbulent home life because of ongoing conflicts between her parents that resulted in repeated separations and reconciliations. However, her school records show good academic work and normal social relationships during grade school. In her late teens F.Z began to display signs of being socially awkward and isolated from her peers. She still says that she is lonely but feels anxious around other people. In early adulthood started to display worsening symptoms like talking to voices only she could hear, displaying unusual behavior like standing motionless while staring at the floor for long periods of time, and odd beliefs like insisting that a loud fan run continuously so that "they can't overhear us". During her examination, F.Z. displayed few signs of emotion and when she spoke her speech was disorganized and hard to follow. Treatment did prove successful in managing F.Z.'s symptoms, and after several weeks of treatment she was able to obtain a part-time job and maintain daily household chores with supervision from her mother. She continues to have flat affect and lethargy, and also experience minor muscle tremors as side effects of treatment. 1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are:

depression

For good health people need at least 20 minutes a day or 45 minute on 3 days each week of physical activity. This exercise has several health benefits including: increasing cognition (ability to think); reducing the risk of obesity (having a BMI over 30); improving mood by decreasing anxiety (worry and tension) and __1___ (constant feelings of sadness for weeks at a time); reducing the risk of diabetes (high blood sugar); decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease like heart failure and high blood pressure; and decrease the risk of developing cancer.

Insight Oriented Therapy

Freud's psychodynamic theory that maintains people can use a defense mechanism to repress problems into their unconscious mind led to the development of _____ which is a type of psychotherapy that encourages patients to remember the origins of their psychological issues. Correct!

Whole Grains

Fruits & vegetables (red, green, orange, yellow, blue food that grows out of the ground) should make up half of the food you eat each day. A serving is usually 1 cup raw or 1/2 cup cooked and people need at least 9 servings a day of them. Protein & dairy (meat, milk, beans, and nuts) should only be one quarter of the food you eat each day. A serving is usually 3 or 4 ounces and people only need 3 or 4 servings total each day from this group. ___1___ (brown is better in this group) also make up only one quarter of the food you eat each day. A serving in this group is usually 1/2 cup and people only need about 4 servings per day. People also need a small amount of oils & fats (liquid at room temperature is healthier) in their diet, but 1-2 very small servings per day is enough. People do need a large amount of water (not alcoholic and non-caffeinated liquids) everyday. One serving is 8 ounces and 6 - 8 servings every day is healthy.

1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are: BMI dips below 15, Put rocks or weights in her pockets to hide her weight, Clear her plate w/out digesting a single bite of food, Would only drink unsweetened lemon water, Never felt accomplishments were enough 2B) The primary diagnosis for Giselle is [ Anorexia Nervosa ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , and having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine Medications from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Antidepressants ] Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ Positive Reinforcement for eating ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Insight Oriented Therapy ] to look for the original cause of the behavior or [ Cognitive Therapy ] which would focus on changing Giselle's mental representation of her body Another treatment option when the person is at risk of harm to self or others: [ Hospitalization]

Giselle is a 21-year-old, Caucasian female of Hungarian decent. She was the first born of two daughters after her parents immigrated to the United States in the 1980's to escape the communist repression of their country. Giselle's younger sister Holly is eight years behind her in age but, much like her sister, has a very grounded and intellectual personality. Both girls stand approximately five feet, eleven inches tall, but while Holly weight is a healthy 140 pounds, Giselle's weight fluctuates and is often much lower and her BMI dips below 15 from time to time. Giselle and Holly are both considered accomplished in their own rights, with Giselle enrolled in medical school and Holly being acknowledged as a "stand-out athlete" at her high school. Giselle never seemed to feel that her accomplishments were enough, however. At the present time, Giselle is home from medical school, taking a leave of absence to clear her mind and regroup her life. While in high school, Giselle's mother would constantly bring her to the doctor to check up on her weight. Giselle would do things like put rocks or weights in her pockets to hide her weight loss and tip the scale at 120 pounds, as opposed to the less than 100 pounds that she truly weighed. Holly describes her sister's systematic approach to the dinner table as Giselle would figure out ways to clear her plate without digesting a single bite of food (i.e. dropping food on the floor, pretending to use the restroom and flushing portions of her meal). Her parents were not entirely fooled by these tricks, but they were also not aware of how little Giselle actually ate. In addition to a lack of food consumed her diet, Giselle would only drink unsweetened lemon water. She also ran 3 miles every morning to burn calories. Still Giselle was not satisfied with her body and covered the walls of her room with motivational posters designed to motivate her to eat less food and exercise more strenuously. Giselle admits that she thinks constantly about how "fat" she believes that she looks and feels compelled to engage in eating and exercise rituals to reduce her anxiety about gaining weight.

Cognitive Therapy

Gloria is 5' 8" tall and weighs 90 pounds, but she refuse to eat anything except one boiled egg white and green salad with no dressing because she sees herself as "fat". Gloria likely has the psychiatric disorder called anorexia. Medications called antidepressants can help her by relieving any underlying depression Gloria is experiencing and increasing her appetite. However, a type of psychotherapy called _______ is needed to change the way she thinks about her body and food.

Grandma Betty is experiencing severe depression since Grandpa died and refuses to take what she calls "happy pills". She needs someone to talk to over an extended time with her serious psychological issues. (Grandma is having a severe problem and she wants psychotherapy not medication)

Greg and Stacy have been having marital problems and would like someone to help them discuss their differences with each other. (Greg and Stacy are looking for a therapist who can talk to both of them at the same time as they work on their common problem of improving their marriage)

Social Worker A social worker has a master's degree or doctoral degree in social work which is a related but different field than psychology; this training allows them to help people find resources in the community like parenting classes, support groups, foster homes, medical assistance, social and financial services, stress management groups, substance abuse treatment, and more. Social workers usually help patients locate other specialists rather than provide therapeutic treatment themselves. **WRONG**

Gregor has bipolar disorder and must take lithium to manage his moods. He is looking for someone to monitor his medication and make sure he is getting enough but not too much. (Gregor needs someone who specializes in prescribing medication for mental health problems)

Mood Stabilizer

Gregor has bipolar disorder, in which he experiences periods of very low moods called depression and periods of exceedingly high moods called mania. Because this disorder is due in part to genes (nature) that affect the balances of hormones in the blood and neurotransmitters in the brain, the biological perspective is correct that this disorder must be treat the body and not just the mind. So Gregor must take a(n) _______ medication called lithium to manage his moods so he needs a psychiatrist (medical doctor who specializes in mental illness) to monitor his medication and make sure he is getting enough but not too much. Correct!

biopsychosocial

Human behavior is very complex and affected by many factors. Health is affected by physical condition of the body as the biological perspective says and by the necessity of getting needs met as the humanist perspective says. It is also impacted by thoughts and ideas in memory as the cognitive perspective says and by the people and culture around us as the sociocultural perspective says. Furthermore, learning does influence health like the behaviorist perspective says and so do unconscious defense mechanisms like the psychodynamic perspective says. None of these perspectives are wrong, but they each are too simplistic to completely describe mental health and behavior. The ___1__ perspective says that many conditions affect for mental health and interact with each other, so all the other perspectives are partially true, but incomplete by themselves.

Nutrient

Humans need glucose, fatty acids, proteins, and many different vitamins and minerals to maintain good health. Each ___1__ from our food is used by our cells to keep our bodies functioning. A nutritious diet that is 50% fruits & vegetable, 25% whole grains & starches, 25% protein & dairy, and has a small amount of fats & oils will provide all of these needed substances.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)

In the United States, psychotherapists use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) to assign a diagnosis for a patient. In Europe the ___1__ is used more often. The diagnoses from these books help provide consistency in diagnoses across different healthcare providers and are usually required by insurance agencies. They do not, however, often serve as an aid in treating the individual who has the problem.

Body mass index

Isabella is suffering from anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder in which she refuses to eat. She has lost a tremendous amount of weight and now has a(n) ___1__ of just 16, which is well below the healthy ratio of height to weight of 18.5 to 24.9. Isabella's brother has a different eating disorder called binge eating disorder, in which he binges on extraordinarily large amounts of food when he is under stress, and as a result is obese; his score is well above 30.

Ekman

Jae-Sun is Asian, from Korea, and speaks no English. Yet he understands that the Caucasian, English speaking flight attendant from Australia is angry just by looking at her face because ___1__ theory tells us that certain basic emotional expressions are instinctual and are produced and understood by all human beings. These basic emotions are anger, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, and disgust.

Affiliation

Jake was sentenced to solitary confinement for starting a riot in prison. This type of punishment is considered extreme because even hardened criminals have a drive for __1__ that compels them to seek out the company of other human beings. Because this need for other people is a psychological need and not biological, it is a secondary drive in drive theory.

alarm reaction

Jamie's little brother hid in a closet and jumped out as Jamie walked by causing Jamie to exhibit a(n) ___1__ where Jamie's heart started pounding, he started breathing rapidly, and he became hypervigilant. This is the first phase of responding to stress according to general adaptation syndrome (GAS). It is followed by resistance (trying to reduce the stress) until exhaustion occurs.

Schizophrenia

Janet has been experiencing delusions, where she has odd beliefs that are counter to reality, and hallucinations, where she perceives sights and sounds that are not real. Janet may be suffering from the psychiatric disorder called ______. A type of medication that could help her is called an antipsychotic, and a type of psychotherapy that could be useful helping her manage practical matters is person centered therapy.

Cognitive

Jared has been suffering from major depression for the last 3 months (low mood, no energy, anhedonia, and insomnia) since his girlfriend of 2 years broke up with him. He tells his psychotherapist, "She knew that i am a terrible person who no one can love and no one ever will love." Using _____ therapy, the psychotherapist disputes this idea and tries to change Jared's thinking by saying "You have friends and family who love you very much. She is just one girl, not everyone." The therapist hopes to change Jared's thinking and replace his self-schema that he is a terrible person that no one will ever love with more positive ideas that support higher self-efficacy, Jared's belief in his own abilities.

delusion

John believes aliens are stalking him in order to take over his body; this unrealistic belief that others do not share is a(n) ___1___. John also says he can feel and see a huge lump on his arm where the aliens implanted a tracker under his skin; this false perception that no one else can feel or see is a hallucination. Both of these symptoms suggest John has schizophrenia.

occupational functioning

Karen has autism and is demonstrating behavior that qualifies as causing distress or dysfunction because even though the behavior does not bother her it is impairing her: social functioning by limiting her ability to make friends or communicate with her family, daily functioning because she has not yet learn to go to the toilet by herself but she is 10 years old, and ____1____ shown by the fact that she is not able or even interested in learning to read in school

Applied Behavioral Analysis

Kenneth is 12 years old, but still does not play with other kids and has limited language skills even though he is able to complete very complicated math problems.Kenneth may be suffering from the psychiatric disorder called autism. Although medications cannot cure autism, early intervention with a type of behavioral therapy that uses punishments and rewards to teach skills called ___________ has helped Kenneth learn skills that have improved his quality of life.

Intrinsic Reward

Knitting is Amelia's hobby, or it used to be. Amelia used to knit because she just loved to do it, but now she has opened a craft store and must knit items to sell. Somehow the ___1__ that Amelia used to get from knitting has gotten much less now that she sells the items she makes.

Relationship-Focused

Last weekend, Felix discovered that his roommate had been secretly stealing money from Felix's wallet from time to time. Felix screamed obscenities at his roommate but never actually said why he was so angry. This is a negative form of ___1__ coping with stress. Then Felix went for a run to deal with his anger, a positive emotion-focused form of coping. Later when Felix calmed down he got a safe with a combination lock installed in his closet so that he could safely store his wallet. This action was a problem-focused form of coping.

Glucose

Left untreated diabetes results in high blood sugar which means the levels of __1__ (blood sugar) in the blood are too high and can cause damage to many organs. This disease is caused by the pancreas not producing enough of the hormone insulin or the body not being able to use what is produce. Left untreated it will result in blindness, kidney failure, and death.

Water

Lincoln decided to change his lifestyle in order to increase his health. Therefore he made a daily schedule that included 8 hours per night of sleep, 20 minutes every day of physical activity in order to get in his exercise, drinking 8 glasses of ___1____ every day, and limited alcohol to one drink (12 ounces of beer OR 6 ounces of wine OR 1.5 ounces of liquor) per day.

control

Long term stress can become toxic stress and cause serious physical and mental health problems. However, people who have a hardy personality show remarkable resilience and thrive even in stressful circumstance. These people tend to view obstacles they encounter as challenges rather than insurmountable problems in life, they show commitment to reaching their goals regardless of setbacks, and take ___1____ of their future rather than allowing circumstance to dictate their fate. For these people even relatively high levels of stress can lead to positive results in their lives.

Serotonin

Louis is seeing a therapist who is using cognitive therapy (a psychotherapy that tries to change incorrect thinking) but he also needs a medication for his depression, so Louis's therapist referred him to a psychiatrist (a medical doctor who specializes in mental illness). This medical doctor prescribed antidepressants (medications that increase the amount of neurotransmitter called _______) for Louis. Correct!

prison

Lucifer is a serial killer who shows no remorse for the pain he causes others and takes no responsibility for his impulsive killing sprees. Lucifer likely has the psychiatric condition called antisocial personality disorder. Medications called tranquilizers may be used to reduce his violent behavior by making him calm and psychotherapy know as behavioral therapy (but only positive reinforcement) may teach him culturally accepted ways to act, but most likely Lucifer will end up in _______ because he is a danger to himself and others, breaks the law, and his disorder does not respond well to therapy.

withdrawal

Many people drink large amounts of alcohol (beer, wine, or hard liquor), even though only 1 drink a day is part of a nutritious diet (what people should eat each day based on the FDA plate and cup mnemonic). However, this consumption of depressant drugs (psychoactive drugs that increase the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA) does not meet the criteria for Substance Use Disorder (addiction) unless it causes distress and dysfunction and at least 2 of the following symptoms are present: tolerance (needing increasing amounts of the drug for the same effect) ________ (physical illness when drug not available) risky use (behavior that may cause harm to self or others) impaired control (using more often or in larger amounts than intended) social impairment (poor social functioning)

Harm to self or others

Many people, especially those with a Type D personality, who have experienced toxic stress (uncontrollable chronic stress) will developed learned helplessness (the inability to learn to escape a problem even when a solution is available). These people have entered the third phase called exhaustion of the General Adaptation Syndrome (theory of organism's response to stress) where their energy to fight is completely depleted. Therefore they are at high risk of __1___ (hurting someone) because they may have suicidal ideation (recurrent thoughts of death) that make suicide seem like the only way out. This action would be a permanent solution to a temporary problem, however, and cause pain for everyone who loves and depends on that person.

developmental disorder

Many psychological disorders can not be diagnosed at all in children, but ___1___ are usually first diagnosed in children or teens. These types of disorder include autism (characterized by poor communication and social skills), attention deficit disorder (the inability to pay attention and stay on task) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (problems with attention and problems being still and staying in one place)..

Homosexual

Maria and Abigail have lived together for 23 years and raised 2 adopted children together. Maria nor Abigail both have feminine genitals (labia, clitoris, and vagina) and they both have a gender identity (who they feel themselves to be) of female. Neither of them have ever been interested in dating men, but love each other dearly. They represent a(n) ___1__ couple.

1A)Four symptoms that point to the primary diagnosis for Maria are: Recurrent nightmares., Was attacked by a group of men on the way home from school., Emotions were numbed., Was anxious, tense, and easily startled 2B) The primary diagnosis for Maria is ____Post Traumatic Stress Disorder____ and a possible comorbid diagnosis is ____Panic Disorder____ . Lifestyle routines that will improve Maria's mental health as well as physical health are: ____Good Sleep Habits_____ , _____nutritious diet____ , and _____physical activity_____ A medication that would reduces Maria's symptoms but is extremely addictive is _____tranquilizers_____. Behavioral therapy using new computer technology that may be helpful for Maria is ____virtual reality therapy____ Psychotherapy called ____dialectic behavioral therapy_____ that takes a biopsychosocial perspective and uses group and individual therapy session may be helpful for Maria. Maria is afraid to tell her friends because of the of ____nutritious diet/stigma_____ mental illness that leads to a stereotype (simplified mental representation of a group of people) of people who see a mental health professional as weak or incapable. Maria think people may engage in victim blaming and think she is at fault for doing something wrong because she is suffering from a psychiatric disorder. Maria had no trouble going to the hospital for her physical injuries, however.

Maria is an intelligent, slightly plump, 18 year old woman who has come to therapy to deal with her recurrent nightmares. When she was only 15 when she was attacked by a group of men on the way home from school. They took turns screaming abuse at her and then they each raped her. Finally, they tried to stab her to death and would almost certainly have succeeded had the police not arrived on the scene. For months after this horrifying event, Maria was not herself. She was unable to keep the memories of the attack out of her mind. At night she would have terrible dreams of rape, and would wake up screaming. She had difficulty walking back from school because the route took her past the site of the attack, so she would have to go the long way home. She felt as though her emotions were numbed, and as though she had no real future. At home she was anxious, tense, and easily startled. She felt "dirty" and somehow shamed by the event, and she resolved not to tell close friends about the event, in case they too rejected her. To this day Maria suffers from panic attacks that leave her unable to function at least 3 times each week and sometimes more often. She is even considering dropping out of high school.

Marilyn takes multiple medications to help her depression and ADD. She needs a doctor who specializes in prescribing these psychoactive drugs.

Dopamine

Max takes a type medication called an antipsychotic to help control his symptoms of schizophrenia, a psychotic disorder in which a person experiences hallucinations (unreal perceptions) and delusions (irrational beliefs). However, this medication blocks the neurotransmitter called _____ which controls movement and pleasure, so it causes unwanted side effects like tardive dyskensia (a movement disorder) and flat affect (not expressing emotions).

Eating Disorders

Mental illnesses can be grouped into classes of disorders that share some features. Disorders that all have feelings of worry and panic as a symptom are in the class called Anxiety Disorders. Disorders that are commonly diagnosed in people under age 18 and respond best with early intervention are in the class called Developmental Disorders. Disorders that are primarily about a person's relationship with food are in a class called ____1____. Disorders that affect most of the areas of a person's life because of traits the person has are in the class called Personality Disorders. Disorders that are characterized by a disturbance in the long term (weeks or months) emotional state of a person are in the class called Mood Disorders. Finally, disorders the involve a break with reality are in a class called Psychotic Disorders.

Emotion-Focused

Michelle is feeling very down because the dog she has had for the last 14 years just passed away. She decides to go for a run because she knows that exercise (regular physical activity) can help a person manage anxiety and improve mood. Michelle is using ___1__ coping to manage the stress of her dog's death.

mania

Mood disorders are characterized by long term changes in mood that cause distress of dysfunction and are statistically uncommon. For example, a person must suffer from a low mood or anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure) for at least 2 weeks before Major Depression can be diagnosed. To diagnose a person with Bipolar Disorder, that person must have both periods of depression that last weeks or months and periods of ____1____ (abnormally extreme good mood) that last days or weeks.

1A) Chronic insecurity and unhappiness, Work life was similarly erratic, Pattern of unstable relationship., "Spilt" people, herself included, into all-good and all bad, Rage over her flaws 2B)The primary diagnosis for Ms. S. is [ Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Major Depression ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Mood Stabilizers ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ] which uses a biopsychosocial perspective and [ Cognitive Therapy ] to address incorrect thinking and which might be combined with behavioral therapy Another treatment option if the person is a risk of harm to self or others: [ Hospitalization or Group Home ]

Ms. S was an attractive, very bright young woman who entered into intensive therapy to deal with issues related to her chronic insecurity and unhappiness for the last couple of weeks about her tendency to get involved with unsuitable and disappointing men. Early on a pattern became apparent showing that her emotions fluctuated rapidly every day from optimistic happiness to anger and doom. Her work life was similarly erratic. She had held 7 different jobs in the last 3 years. Each job began as the "perfect career" for Ms. S and then a month or two later was "the worst job in the world." She also had a pattern of unstable relationships; each of which lasted only a few weeks. She tended to heavily idealize each new man she met. Each man was the answer to all her problems, nothing else mattered in her life, and all efforts to engage her in reflection about the man in question were met with intense anger. She would say that she was deeply in love, ready to make the move into marriage and family, and an entire new aspect of her life was about to unfold. Her future husband was flawless and so was she. Then, without any apparent warning, Ms. S would end the relationship saying that not only was he a terrible disappointment and a loser but he had always been a terrible disappointment and a loser. She insisted she had always known that he was inappropriate but had chosen to overlook his shortcomings, knowing it wouldn't last, because she had enjoyed dating him. She tended to "split" people, herself included, into all-good and all-bad. When an all-good person fails her, her rage at the disappointment and sense of shame caused a shift from all-good to all-bad. Ms. S was unable to tolerate her own imperfections and she had to significant depression and rage over her flaws when she was forced to confront them. 1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are:

Type B Personality

Noah is super laid-back. He never seems to get terribly upset about anything; he also never seems to be on time for anything or complete any work projects by their due date. Noah is what is called a __1__. Noah's cousin, on the other hand, is very competitive, ambitious, and time conscious what is called a Type A personality. Because of their personalities, Noah's cousin is at greater risk of cardiovascular disease (heart related diseases) especially if he feels a great deal of hostility (aggressive anger at other people).

post-traumatic stress disorder

On September 11, 2001, Omar was working in the World Trade Center on the 3rd floor of Tower 2. He still has nightmares about that day that keep him from sleeping well, and sometimes he has flashbacks where he feels like he can hear the boom of the floors above him exploding. He also has panic attacks every time a plane flies overhead, and cannot bear the anxiety he feels going to an airport. Omar may be suffering from __1__.

culturally accepted

One mnemonic used to remember the requirements for behavior to be considered abnormal (not just individual differences) is the 3 (or 4) D's. These are: Deviance - the behavior must be statistically uncommon meaning that less than 15% of people show it and the behavior must not be ___1__ (behavior regularly seen in the society) Distress or Dysfunction - the behavior must cause the person who has it to either feel uncomfortable about it or not be able to manage their life Danger - the behavior is so risky that is may cause harm to self or others

Set Point

One problem with very fast weight loss is that your body changes in response to this perceived starvation so that the metabolism (speed at which glucose is burned) slows down and the __1__ for weight goes up so that your body tries to maintain heavy weight and a larger supply of fat when it is at homeostasis (the not too much and not too little amount for a drive).

whole grains & starches

Parker loves cheeseburgers and eats one every day for lunch. However, in order to balance his diet that has 6 ounces of beef and 1.5 ounces of cheese (3 protein & dairy servings) with a spoonful of mayonnaise (1 serving of oils & fats) on a bun (2 servings of ___1__), Parker must also eat 6 servings of fruits & vegetables everyday. He manages this by eating 2 cups of cooked veggies with his burger (broccoli, cabbage, carrots, beets, squash, and so on), drinking 1 cup of fruit juice, and eating 1 cup of fresh fruit as a dessert.

General Practitioner (A general practitioner (GP) is a medical doctor (M.D.) or nurse practitioner (L.P.N.) who attended medical school or nursing school but received no psychiatric training; their training allows these professionals to treat all physical illness. They are often the first health professionals to see a person with a mental health issues, but they need to refer mental health patients to specialists for treatment.)

Paula has no energy, does not really enjoy life much, and has no appetite. She does not know if she is physically ill or depressed. (Paula is not sure if she has a physical or mental illness; she is looking for her first visit with a health professional)

Compulsions

Pedro suffers from obsessions (intrusive, repetitive thoughts that cause him anxiety) and spend 2 or 3 hours a day performing ________ (repetitive actions that attempt to reduce his anxiety). Pedro is suffering from the psychiatric disorder called Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Medications called tranquilizers can reduce his anxiety but might become addictive. Therefore, Pedro also needs psychotherapy called group therapy based on a sociocultural perspective that allows Pedro to meet with other people who have the same disorder so that they may help each other overcome it.

culture

People cannot be diagnosed as mentally ill just for acting unusual. Before a behavior can be diagnosed as a problem it must be statistically uncommon (less than 15% of people show the behavior), not culturally accepted (it violates the social norms for a(n) __1___), and cause distress of dysfunction (it either makes a person unable to care for themselves or makes the person upset with their behavior).

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorders affect all aspects of a person's life because they are caused by traits of the person that cause distress or dysfunction. Borderline Personalty Disorder is the result of a person having a trait of severe instability that affects emotions, relationships and their self-concept. ____1___ is the result of a person having the trait of not caring about other people's rights or feelings. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is the result of a person having the trait of obsessing over things and performing compulsions to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessions.

Philip was just released from jail, but needs help finding an anger management class to meet his parole requirements. (Philip needs to locate a community resource in order to meet his parole requirements)

anxiety disorders

Physical activity (regular exercise) reduces stress (reactions to challenges and threats) and depression (sadness and anhedonia). A nutritious diet of 50% fruits & vegetables, 25% protein and & dairy and 25% whole grains helps maintain homeostasis (not too much and not too little) for the hormones and neurotransmitters that affect mental health. Therefore these two healthy lifestyle habits are effective treatments for most mood disorders (mental illness affecting low term emotional states) and ______ (mental illness characterizes by excessive worry and tension). They also help many other disorders as well.

Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

Psychotherapy that was originally developed to treat borderline personality disorder (a pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships and self-concept) is called ___1__. This type of treatment combines individual session of cognitive therapy (where inaccurate thinking is discovered and challenged) with group therapy (therapy where several people with a similar problem help each other). This two pronged approach to treatment has since been found to be useful for many different disorders.

Schizophrenia

Quinton has a psychotic disorder called ___1__ that leads him to behave in very unusual ways. Sometimes he smells odors, hears sounds, or sees objects that no one else can perceive, a symptom known as a hallucination. Other time he has very odd beliefs that no one else shares like the idea that bread is just a cold form of fire or that books can send words into your mind to destroy the brain; symptoms like this are known as a delusion. Other times Quinton stands without moving for hours or even days in very odd positions, a symptom known as catatonia.

Heterosexual

Raphael was born with intersex genitals that were neither fully masculine (penis, scrotum, and testes) or fully feminine (clitoris, labia, and vagina). As an adult, Raphael identifies himself as a man who is sexually attracted to women. Raphael's sexual orientation is __1__ and his gender identity is male.

Psychological Need

Raquelle's GPA dropped to a 2.8 last year which is below the 3.0 she would like to maintain (her set point for good grades). As a result she has a drive to get achieve good grades this semester and pull up her GPA that currently motivates her to study alot (her drive reducing behavior). Once she has pulled her GPA up so she is at homeostasis (enough good grades for her), she probably won't study as much. Drive Theory considered Raquelle's studying to be a secondary driven because achievement (succeeding in an area) is a(n) ___1____.

hypothalamus

Road rage refers to the response some drivers have to perceived dangerous driving by other people where drivers go on the attack after whoever they perceive as driving badly. The adrenal glands located above the kidney release the hormone adrenaline stimulates the fight or flight response to stress, but the reason aggression to perceived danger can occur as well as a fleeing the danger, where a person would avoid a bad driver, is that the __1___ (a part of the limbic system and an endocrine gland) in the brain controls both of the four F's which include both of these responses plus feeding and reproduction.

1A) Becomes anxious and cannot concentrate on anything 2A)Just cannot stop himself 3A)Fails to use protection 4A)Constant cheating is damaging his marriage 5A)Is having sex even more frequently now 2B) Substance Use Disorder and Insomnia 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week. Medications from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Tranquilizer for short term withdrawal ] Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ Aversion Therapy ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Dialectic Behavioral Therapy ] that combines group and individual counseling or [ Insight Oriented Therapy ] to look for the original cause of the troubling behavior

S.P. is a business man in his late forties. He has come in for counseling because his wife of 26 years has threatened to leave him if he does not get help for his "problem." S.P. loves his wife and does not want to hurt her or have her leave, yet he has multiple mistresses and regularly hires prostitutes for sex. Once he even slept with his boss's wife at the office despite the risk of his boss walking in on them. He claims that he just cannot make it through the day without having sex at least twice and his wife just cannot keep up that pace so he needs the extra women. If he goes a day without having intercourse he becomes anxious and cannot concentrate on anything except finding a partner for sex. He admits that on some occasions he even pressures women to have sex against their wishes because he feels desperate and just cannot stop himself. He even lost a previous job because of sexual harassment claims from co-workers. Other times he fails to use protection even though he is aware of the risks of STIs or pregnancy, because no birth control is readily available and he cannot control his desires. He knows that this behavior is wrong and that his constant cheating is damaging his marriage, but he still he feels compelled to engage in it. In fact, he is having sex even more frequently now in response to the marital stress. He also has trouble sleeping because he worries a great deal about the situation. 1A)Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are: 2B)The primary diagnosis for S.P. is Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and a possible comorbid diagnosis is Social Anxiety Disorder 3C)

Transgender

Sam was born with feminine genitals and was raised as a girl until age 14. Therefore Sam's biological sex is female. However, during high school Sam began to take on a masculine gender role (he dressed and acted as a boy) and told everyone that he had always felt like he "just did not fit into the girl role." Sam is planning to have surgery to make his body's features consistent with his male gender identity (his subjective sense of who he is). Sam can be considered ___1__.

Sarah age 8 and Bobby age 4 survived a home fire but both of their parents were killed and they have no living relatives in the country. They need someone to locate a foster home for them. (Sarah and Bobby need help finding a place to live, financial support, and health services in their community)

1A) Four clinically significant symptoms are: Made me feel physically uncomfortable, Could not sleep b/c I was breaking my routine, Having intrusive thoughts, Spend 75 minutes checking, All the routines I had to complete each day 2B) The primary diagnosis for Sarah is [ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Insomnia ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Phyiscal Activity ] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications to reduce self-harm come from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Tranquilizers ] which is addictive and should only be used short term or [ Antidepressants ] which is safer for longer term use Behavioral therapy which applies learning theory to clinical psychology: [ Flooding ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Cognitive Therapy ] to change her thinking and [ Group Therapy ] to talk to others with a similar problem. [ Dialectic Behavioral Therapy ] is multipronged psychotherapy that could combine this two above approaches.

Sarah's story: "My earliest memory of the problem was when I was about eight years old. I felt I could not step on the pavement cracks. I don't know why, but it made me feel physically uncomfortable if I did it. So I would very carefully walk and find a different route if pavement was too cracked to walk on it without stepping on a crack. I also must say my prayers respectfully and sincerely every night or I could not sleep because I was breaking my routine. When I had my fourth child I began having intrusive thoughts that I might go into my children's bedrooms in my sleep, take out their dressing gown cords, and strangle each one of the children. Therefore, before I could sleep, I had to find their dressing gowns, take the cords out of the dressing gowns, and tie them into as many knots as possible. Then I'd go back to bed, but I still couldn't sleep. I would get out of bed again, get the cords, put them in a bag, seal the bag, and put the bag in a high cupboard. I often used to ask myself what was wrong with my memory and why I couldn't remember whether the gas has been turned off, even though I'd checked it 13 times and I only checked 10 seconds ago. I would spend 75 minutes checking that I turned off every light, locked every door and window, and put everything in its place before I could ever leave for work. I was becoming perpetually exhausted because of all the routines I had to complete each day before I could relax."

Achievement

Scarlett graduate top in her class and is now shooting up the ladder in her new firm. She also runs marathons and is a neighborhood watch leader. She seems to work tirelessly at any project she takes one and never settles for anything less than perfection. Scarlett apparently has a very high need for __1__ that results in this drive to succeed at everything. She also may have higher than average levels of the hormone testosterone that can increase competitiveness. However, given her Type A personality she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease than more laid back people.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud developed a type of psychotherapy called _____ in which people are encouraged to free associate (say what ever comes into their mind) in order to discover unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego that underly their mental illness. The modern version of this type of therapy is called Insight oriented therapy. Its focus on the cause of disturbing behavior rather than directly trying to change the behavior is helpful for some disorders like substance use disorder (when a person compulsively uses a psychoactive substance despite negative consequences) but not as helpful for other disorders like major depression (a state of low mood that lasts for over 2 weeks). Correct!

pregnancy

Sonya and Parker have been dating for a while, but they both had sexual relationships before and they are not planning on having children any time soon. Therefore, they always practice safe sex and use condoms every time they are intimate in order to prevent __1__ and avoid transmitting STIs. Sonya is also on the pill but that (and most other forms of birth control) do not protects against diseases like HIV, chlamydia, and syphilis which can be contracted by having unprotected sex

Satiety

Stacy was starving at dinner because she had skipped lunch. Likely her levels of glucose (blood sugar) were low and her levels of gherlin (hormone produced by the stomach) were high. She had a second helping of meat, potatoes, and salad before she reached ___1___ (homeostasis for hunger) and was ready to leave the table.

suicidal ideation

Suicide is the second most common cause of death for Americans age 10-25. Therefore it is very important to take any ___1____ (thoughts of killing or hurting one's self) very seriously and get help for the person because they are at high risk of harm to self or others. If necessary hospitalization (confining a person to a treatment facility) can be used to stop the danger that the person's behavior is causing.

1A) Four clinically significant symptoms that are criteria for the primary diagnosis are: Been unable to sleep for the last 4 days. Had these periods of "too much" energy, irritability and racing thoughts that could last days or even a couple of weeks, Multiple bouts of depression over his life, each of which lasted several weeks, Often thought of death but had never attempted suicide, His grandfather and aunt also experienced this pattern 2B) The primary diagnosis for Ted is [ Bipolar Disorder ] and a possible comorbid diagnosis is [ Substance Use Disorder (addiction) ] 3C) Treatment options for the primary diagnosis include: Healthy lifestyle routines that improve physical and mental health including: consuming [ Nutritious Diet ] , having [ Good Sleep Habits ] as part of the daily routine, and [ Physical Activity] 20 minutes each day or 45 minutes 3 times a week Medications to prevent the extreme highs and lows in emotional states from the class of psychoactive drugs called: [ Mood Stabilizers ] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, using the specific type of therapy called: [ Cognitive Therapy ] that addresses incorrect thinking and [ Dialectic Behavioral Therapy ] which uses a multipronged approach based on its biopsychosocial perspective Another treatment option when the person is in danger of harm to self or others: [ Hospitalization ]

Ted was a 54-year-old electrician who came to an outpatient mental health clinic because he had been unable to sleep for the last 4 days. He explained he sometimes had these periods of "too much" energy, irritability and racing thoughts that could last days or even a couple of weeks. During these episodes of excess energy, he was excited, happy, and self-confident — "like a different person." He would talk fast, be full of energy and good cheer, do all the work needed around the house and all the job and then start (and often finish) new projects. He would need little sleep or no sleep and still be up and ready to go the next day. Ted also admits to having multiple bouts of depression over his life, each of which lasted several weeks or months. At these times, he had no energy or enthusiasm at home, lacked energy to do anything, experienced deep feelings of guilt, loss his interest in sex, and felt that life wasn't worth living. Instead of playing with his children or talking to his wife, he watched TV for hours, slept long hours, and drank heavily while awake. During these depressed states Ted would drink nearly a case of beer each day. He reported that when he cried more than once in a day, it was a sign that "the depression was back." Since his teenage years, he often thought of death but had never attempted suicide. Ted also reports that his grandfather and aunt also experienced this pattern of periods of energy and periods of sadness. His grandfather had even been committed to an asylum because of the behavior.

Homosexual

Terry was born with a penis and testes and so the doctor labelled Terry a boy. Terry, however, feels more comfortable with the culturally defined gender role of a women. Terry has married a woman and they are raising their children to call both parents "Mom." Terry's biological sex may be male, but Terry's gender identity is female and Terry's sexual orientation is ____1____.

Catharsis

The James-Lange Theory of emotion argues against using ___1__ , expressing emotion in order to reduce the feeling, because the theory says that people's feelings arise because of the physiological response. In fact the extension of this theory called facial feedback theory says that by making the expressions of the emotion, a person can change their subjective feeling. Other theories downplay the direct body to feeling connection. For example, the Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory says the mind does a cognitive appraisal of the situation after the body reacts before the emotion is felt. Lazarus Cognitive Meditational Theory goes even further and say top-down processing generates expectations based on thoughts about the situation before the body even reacts.

The Overeater's Anonymous group would like a professional to guide their self-help meetings. (This group of people want a professional to lead them as the work together on their common problem.)

prevalence

The Safer Relationships student group is passing out free condoms on campus because this form of protection is the only way to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during sex and these diseases like HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and pubic lice have an extremely high ___1__ rate (how common they are) among college aged people.

nutritious diet

The biological perspective for psychology focuses on how physiology affects mental health including the development of mental illness. Many of the therapies this perspective promotes are medications (psychoactive drugs used to treat illness), but this perspective also promotes physical activity (exercise) to help anxiety and depression. It also points out that almost all psychological disorders improve if a person eats a(n) __1__ and has good sleep habits that let them get 8 hours in bed every night.

Thyroxine

The endocrine gland in the neck called the thyroid produces a hormone called __1___ which controls the metabolism (how fast the body burns glucose). The stomach produces a hormone called gherlin that makes a person hungry. Body fat produces a hormone called leptin that reduces a person appetite. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin that allows the body to use food. All these hormones work together to regulate how much a person eats

physical dependence

The four areas of behavior affected by Substance Abuse Disorder (addiction) are: Impaired control indicated by engaging in behavior more than intended and psychological dependence (Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but unable to do so Social impairment indicated by work, family, school, or other relationship problems Risky Use indicated by continuing despite negative effects or causing risk of harm to self or others because of dangerous use ____1____ indicated by tolerance (needing more to get the same effect) and/or withdrawal (physical symptoms when stopping)

Hypothalamus

The interstitial nucleus of the anterior ___1__ is an area in the brain that influence sexual behavior and is larger in heterosexual males than it is in females or homosexual men.

Nucleus Accumbens

The limbic system is often called the emotion center of the brain because many of the subcortical areas are very active in emotional behavior. One called the hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis (having enough but not too much of bodily needs) and it also produces the hormone oxytocin that helps foster loving feelings. Another area called the amygdala is very active during fearful events. A third area called the _____1____ serves as the pleasure center of the brain and responds to the neurotransmitter called dopamine that produces pleasurable sensations.

alogia

The mental illness called schizophrenia is a collection of psychotic disorders where there is a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perceptions. Its symptoms include: Hallucinations (unreal perceptions), Delusions (beliefs not shared by other people), ___1__ (disorganized speech), Catatonia (odd movement and postures), and Negative symptoms: such as flat affect (not expressing emotions), lethargy (tiredness), apathy (not caring about things), lack of libido (low sex drive), and social withdrawal (poor social functioning).

danger

The mnemonic for remembering the requirements for a behavior counting as a mental illness is the 3 or 4 D's of disorders. They are: Deviance: behavior must not be culturally accepted (i.e. it violates the society's social norms) adn it must be statistically uncommon (i.e. less than 15% of the population shows that behavior) Distress or Dysfunction: behavior must bother the person who has t or interfere with the person's social functioning (getting along with other people), daily functioning (taking care of themself) or occupational functioning (holding a job or doing school work) ______: behavior that risks harm to self or others because it is unsafe or threatening

Antipsychotics

The most effective way to treat mental illness is to use evidence based practice so that multiple treatments which have been shown to be effective for a disorder are combined to treat a person. Thus a person with schizophrenia may be treated with talk-based psychotherapy in the form of Person Oriented Therapy, and medication in the form of ______ which reduce the symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, and hospitalization if the person is at risk of harming theirself or someone else, or other supervised living arrangements called group homes where they get help with daily functioning but also can come and go as they wish.

Happiness

The saying "Money can't buy everything" seems to be true. Although the wealth of American families has been increasing since World War II, the subjective ___1__ of Americans has not, suggesting that simply having more money does not make people more satisfied with their life.

General Practitioner A general practitioner (GP) is a medical doctor (M.D.) or nurse practitioner (L.P.N.) who attended medical school or nursing school but received no psychiatric training; their training allows these professionals to treat all physical illness. They are often the first health professionals to see a person with a mental health issues, but they need to refer mental health patients to specialists for treatment.

Theo's teenage daughter has lost quite a bit of weight recently to the point that her wrist bones are visible and she stopped having her period. She also seems much more anxious than she used to be. Theo does not know why she has changed, because she refuses to discuss much of anything with her "out of touch" father. Theo wants a professional to check out his daughter and determine if his daughter needs treatment for an illness.

Drive

When a person holds their breath, a(n) __1__ develops that motivates a person to inhale (a drive reducing behavior) because oxygen levels in the person's body are below the set point for oxygen. By taking a breath the person increases the oxygen levels in their body so that they get back to homeostasis (the perfect level of oxygen that is not too low or too high.)

Dialectic Behavioral Therapy

Three types of psychotherapy have similar names but use very different techniques to treat psychological disorders. Behaviorist therapy uses the principles of operant and classical condition with methods such as aversion therapy (pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior), flooding (using habituation to extinguish an unwanted behavior), and systematic desensitization (step by step method to associate relaxation with a feared object). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) uses some behavioral techniques along with one-on-one talk cognitive therapy to correct a patient's inaccurate thoughts about their self and the world. ___1___ uses a combination of one-on-one meeting to review individual progress to and group classes on skills a patient needs like relaxation or social skills to treat patients.

stress

Today is Tammy's wedding day, she also graduated from college last week, moved into a new apartment earlier this week, and she will start her first full-time job next week. Although all of these events are very good and Tammy does not perceive any of these events as dangerous, Tammy may still be experiencing a great deal of ___1__ because of all the changes in her life this month.

Tracy is in the emergency room after a second suicide attempt. Tracy has a long history of violent mood swings, periods of extreme depression, severe anxiety, and risky behavior that is a danger to self and others. Tracy needs a highly skilled professional to provide intensive psychotherapy and diagnose the root cause of Tracy's dysfunctional behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Valerie cannot stop thinking about making sure her garden gets the perfect amount of water, is weed free, and does not get infested with bugs. The recurrent intrusive thoughts called obsessions run through her mind all day every day even thought she wishes she could stop worry about the garden so much. In order to help reduce the anxiety (worry) she experiences from the thoughts, Valerie engages in ritualistic behaviors called compulsions like testing the garden soil, pulling weeds, and inspecting each plant's leaves for several hours every day. This behavior has caused her great distress and dysfunction shown by the fact that she cannot sleep well because of the worry and she lost her job (a problem with occupational functioning) when she started missing work to care for her garden. Valerie can be diagnosed with ___1___.

nutritious diet

Vegans who do not eat animal products still need to get 25% of their food each day from protein & dairy foods. Some good plant based foods in this group are beans, nuts, and lentils. Foods in the fruit & vegetables group including: apples, broccoli, carrots, dates, eggplants, figs, grapes, horseradishes, iceberg lettuce, jalapenos, kale, lemons, melons, nectarines, olives, peas, quince, raspberries, squash, tomatoes, ugly fruits, victoria plums, watermelons, xigua, yams, zucchinis and more should still make up half of the food eaten each day. Whole grains & starches (which are healthiest if you eat the brown versions like brown rice, whole wheat, and the skin of potatoes) should also be about 25% of the food eaten each day to maintain a(n) ____1____.

Mood Stabilizers

Vincent alternates between week long periods of mania (intense good moods where he sleeps little and is very active) and depression (intense sadness and despair where he feels suicidal). Vincent probably has the psychiatric condition called bipolar disorder. He must take a type of medication known as _______ to manage these mood swings and he may also benefit from dialectic behavioral therapy where he attends a group meeting to learn about how food, sleep, and lifestyle can affect his mood swings and then meets one on one with a therapist to apply this knowledge to manage his own mood swings. Correct!

whole grains and starches

Watching your serving size is important in eating a nutritious diet. A typical serving of fruits & vegetables (colorful plant foods) is 1 cup raw or 1/2 cup cooked - because these food generally get smaller when heated, i.e. cook down. A typical serving for ___1_____ is 1-2 ounces by weight or 1/2 cup (4 ounces) by volume. This is about 1 slice of bread or 1/2 of a bun or roll. A typical serving for most protein & dairy foods is 3 or 4 ounces by weight (like a quarter pound burger). That means a serving of meat fits inside the palm of your hand. For oils & fats, one spoonful counts as a serving, so use salad dressing sparingly.

Group Therapy

Weight Watchers, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Bereavement support groups can all be viewed as forms of _____ where individuals with similar problems meet together to help each other deal with their issues. This type of therapy is also used when a family/group therapist helps an entire family or a couple work out issues in their domestic life.

water

When Jane is filling her plate in the cafeteria she makes sure that half of it is covered in fruits & vegetables, another quarter of it has foods in the protein & dairy group (which includes all animal products), and the last quarter of her plate has brown whole grains and starches. She also uses a small amount of oils & fats and no added sugars to make sure that her lunch is part of a nutritious diet. In addition to the food she eats, Jane makes sure to drink 8 glasses of ___1____ every day to maintain health.

Self-Injurious Behavior

When a person is at risk of harming themselves or others because of suicidal ideation (recurrent thought so death), _____ (like cutting or severe starvation), or violent acting out (due to a lack of regard for others or manipulation of others), then that person must be hospitalize (confined to an institution) for safety reason. Otherwise, the ethics (moral standards) of competent treatment (therapy design to help a person) and informed consent (permission from the patient) dictate that people being treated for mental health not be confined against their will when they have not broken any laws.

Leptin

When levels of the hormone ___1___, which is produced in the body's fat cells, are high, that person will feel less hungry and eat less. When levels of the hormone insulin, which is produced in the pancreas, are high, cells will burn glucose and use up the available blood sugar. Then when levels of the hormone ghrelin, which is produced by stomach, get high a person will feel more hungry and eat more.

General Adaption Syndrome

When organisms are exposed to ongoing stress, they respond with a pattern of behavior know as the ___1___. This pattern consists of a first alarm reaction in which responding initially decreases followed by resistance in which the organism tries to escape and continues until finally exhaustion occurs.

display Rule

While Janie was at her grandmother's funeral, Janie received a text stating that she had been a awarded a very prestigious scholarship worth $50,000 towards tuition and books at any college Janie may choose. Although Janie was overjoyed, she did not jump and yell for joy or break into a happy dance because ___1__ say that happiness should not be shown at a funeral. All cultures have these social norms for when emotions can be expressed, but they may differ on exactly what the rules are from one culture to another.

Stressor

While on a hike, Tom walks along the top edge of a cliff. Then the wind starts blowing and it starts to get dark. The height, wind, and dark are each a(n) __1__ that causes Tom to perceive danger. General Adaption Syndrome says that Tom's first reaction to the dangerous situation is alarm when he slows down and becomes extra careful. Then he begins the resistance phase of his reaction when he tries to find a safe, not windy, sheltered space away from the cliff's edge. If Tom fails to find this safe place he may reach the exhaustion phase when he gives up and stops even trying to find a safer place.

Substance Use Disorder

While psychoactive medications called tranquillizers like Valium or Xanax reduce neural activity in the central nervous system and thus do reduce anxiety for people suffering from disorders like phobias and panic disorder, these medications are not used for long term therapy because these drugs are highly addictive. Therefore the patient is likely to develop ______ disorder on top of the disorder that they already have. However, a person can engage in 20 minutes of physical activity (i.e. exercise) to get their pituitary gland to release hormones called endorphins that will naturally reduce tension without the risk of addicition.

Genitals

While the erogenous zone (areas responding to sexual touch) for men tend to be primarily focused on the ____1___ (the penis, scrotum, and testes), women on average have them spread over many parts of the body. Touching these areas of the body causes physiological arousal that is often very pleasant, but the other senses including smell and sight also influence sexual desire. In addition, a person's cognition (thoughts) and their culture (the society that they live in) affect how they express their seuxality. Group of answer choicesgenitals

Immune System

Widows have a much higher incidence of physical illnesses than married women the same age. Psychoneuroimmunology explains that this poor health may be because high levels of chronic stress can interfere with the functions of the __1__ which defends the body against disease.

Attention Deficit Disorder

Williams is a calm quiet person, but he has had trouble concentrating all his life. It cause him to daydream, get easily distract, be late often, and be terribly unorganized. His doctor diagnosed Williams with the psychiatric condition called _____ and suggested Williams begin taking medications called stimulants to help increase his attention. Williams also began receiving a type of psychotherapy call behavioral therapy which uses rewards and punishments to teach Williams how to increase his ability to stay on task.

Purge

Wilma is suffering from bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder. She maintains a normal weight with a BMI of 23, because although she binges and eats extraordinarily large amounts of food at times, Wilma will ___1__ the food from her body by forcing herself to vomit and by taking large doses of laxatives.

Psychodynamic Perspective

You are a clinical psychologist (a mental health professional with a Ph.D. in psychology) and you are treating a client with bulimia nervosa (an eating disorder characterized by binges on food followed by purges using vomiting or laxatives). Because you take a biopsychosocial perspective to treating mental illness, you might use dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT) which takes a multi-pronged approach to treatment including group therapy based on a sociocultural perspective and individual insight oriented therapy based on a(n) ______ plus physical techniques like encouraging a nutritious diet that is 50% fruits & vegetables, 25% whole grains, and 25% protien & dairy foods. Correct!

sympathetic nervous system

You are driving down the road when your car stops abruptly and you hear a loud "BANG." Your ___1___ kicks into gear releasing the hormone adrenaline from your adrenal glands into your blood to prepare you for a fight-or-flight response to the emergency.

You have been experiencing dizzy spells, fainting, and stomach aches. You are not sure if it is a physical problem or "just nerves" (You need an initial visit to a health professional to determine if this is a physical problem or mental health problem.)

You just started college and feel a bit overwhelmed. You do not have any extreme problems but could use some advice on how to adjust. (Your problems are not severe and your money is in short supply.)

Antidepressants

Zane lost his job two months age and since then believes he is a loser with no future, has had trouble sleeping, feels sad all the time, does not enjoy ball games like he used to, cannot concentrate, and has no energy. Zane may be suffering from the psychiatric disorder called major depression. A type of medication that could help him is called ______, and a type of psychotherapy based on the cognitive perspective that could be useful helping him see that his belief that he has not future may not be accurate is cognitive therapy.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

___1__ also called Medical Student Disorder is very common in students who are first learning about mental illness (psychiatric disorders). It can cause great anxiety (feelings or fear and worry), but students should keep in mind that just because they show some of the symptoms of a disorder, they do not necessarily have it. Also the prevalence (how common something is) of these problems is so high that it is totally normal to suffer from one at some point in your life, just like it is totally normal to have a cold at some point in your life.

Evidence Based Practice

______ takes a biopsychosocial perspective and seeks to combine treatments from multiple perspectives including the biological perspective (focusing on medication and physical treatments), the behaviorist perspective (focusing on learning healthy behavior), the cognitive perspective (focusing on changing irrational thinking), and psychodynamic theory (focusing on childhood roots of problems). By combining these approaches the most effective treatment for a person can be accomplished in a way that considers the patient's values (beliefs and morals of the person with the problem) and the therapist's expertise (area that the therapist has the best knowledge of).

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