Final Exam Psyc

Dr. Stanley, a psychologist, conducts a study on the effect of the color red on babies. Although there is no visible change in the babies when they see the color red, he studies their neural patterns and notes that specific sections of their brains are being stimulated by the color. In this scenario, which of the following approaches has Dr. Stanley used for his research?

biological approach

In the context of psychology's scientific method, a variable is anything that

can change

Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to

alter consciousness

A psychologist who is more interested in what a person does than how a person feels, has more likely adopted the _____ approach of psychology

behavioral

In the visual system, ____ is the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.

binding

Jake, a researcher, measures the levels of testosterone in adult males who tend to be highly aggressive. He is of the opinion that hormone levels are the single-most prominent cause of male aggression. In this scenario, Jake is most likely using the _____ approach in his study.

Biological

Which of the following is a similarity between the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and glutamate?

Both are associated with Alzheimer disease.

Which of the following is a similarity between the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine?

Both are involved in the learning process.

____ is a type of psychological research that uses surveys, case studies, and interviews to find out the basic dimensions of some variable.

Descriptive research

Professor Wong measured the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to follow the same group of participants over time and collect similar data when the children are in 3rd grade, 6th grade, and 9th grade. This is an example of which type of research design?

longitudinal design

In the context of Specialized cell structure, which of the following components of a nerve cell hardens in patients with multiple sclerosis?

myelin sheath

As a part of a medical research study, a researcher exposes two groups of participants to either an actual painkiller or a sugar pill. The participants feel their pain being eliminated even with the sugar pill. In this case, the sugar pill is known as the

placebo

The _____ of the wavelengths of a visual stimulus determines the perceived saturation, or richness, of the stimulus.

purity

in which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli

classical conditioning

Dr. Jackson has spent a lifetime studying how adults solve problems. It is likely that Dr. Jackson specializes in the _____ approach to psychology.

cognitive

Sleepwalking is more likely to occur when individuals

consume alcohol before going to sleep

The ___ consists of participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable.

control group

In the visual system, the major purpose of the iris of the eye is to

control the pupil size

A ____ design is a type of correlation study in which variables are measured at a single point in time and the observations from this single measurement are compared.

cross-sectional

A key aspect of the process of testing hypothesis is

data analysis

in operant conditioning a punishment is a consequence that

decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, how many types of cone receptors are there in the human eye?

four

In the context of the structure of the eye, the area toward the center of the retina that contains only cones is called the

fovea

negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

has nothing to do with "good" and "bad" behavior

According to evolutionary psychologists

human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.

Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe's and Carl's views reflect the _____ approach to psychology.

humanistic

According to the ____ approach to psychology, a person is in control of his or her life and has the capacity for positive growth.

humanistic

Dennis, a psychologist, conducts a survey on why most people tend to help a crying child. After the survey, he explains that most people help a crying child because they choose to live by higher values such as altruism. In this scenario, Dennis's explanation is reflective of the _____ approach to psychology.

humanistic

Which of the following is the role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

it helps to control the level of alertness

Which of the following is true of daydreaming

it helps us make plans

which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning

it is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning

it is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning

it produces high rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction

which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning

it reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning

it reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning

it reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed

______ is the systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

learning

In the context of sensation and perception, specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called

sensory receptors

Which of the following occurs when a human being experiences chronic stress?

Adrenaline and norepinephrine are constantly circulated in the body.

Which of the following is a function of the axon in the nerve cell in the context of specialized cell structure?

It carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

Which of the following is the purpose of using an operational definition?

Establishing an operational definition ensures that everyone agrees on what a variable means.

Which of the following statements is true of stressors?

They are events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities

Which of the following is a true statement about dendrites?

They are treelike fibers projecting from a neuron.

Which of the following statements is true of research samples?

They must be representative of the population to which the investigator wants to generalize his or her results.

Dr. Smith conducts an experiment on motivation. His experimental group is administered the independent variable. His control group is not. Dr. Smith hires Jack to act as a research subject who has little motivation despite the encouragement provided to him during the experiment. Dr. Smith wants to see how Jack's behavior affects the motivation of the actual research subjects in the experimental group. In this experiment, Jack is serving as

a confederate

According to the science of psychology, a behavior is a[n]

action that can be directly observed

In the auditory system, the _____ or tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound.

eardrum

In the auditory system, the bones of the middle ear vibrate by vibrations of the

eardrum

Professor McDonald believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference has been known to enhance the survival of their species. This opinion best illustrates the _____ approach to psychology.

evolutionary

The ____ to psychology focuses on ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining scientific human behaviors.

evolutionary approach

...

in continuous reinforcement a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Psychologists use ____ to study the role of the brain in psychological processes.

neuroscience

In the context of the structure of the eye, the axons of the ganglion cells make up the

optic nerve.

In the auditory system, the pinna is the

outer, visible part of the ear

In the context of visual processing in the brain, the simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is referred to as

parallel processing

which of the following is true of partial reinforcement

partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction

The College of Architecture in the city of Exodia has a student population comprised largely of foreign students. The dean of the college has hired a psychologist to help the faculty understand and manage the needs of these foreign students. In this scenario, the psychologist hired by the dean is most likely a

socioculturalist

in classical conditioning the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning is known as

spontaneous recovery

in operant conditioning organism learn

the association between a behavior and a consequence

According to the all-or-nothing principle, which of the following would happen if the size of the electrical charge in a neural impulse was twice the size needed for the electrical impulse?

the intensity of the impulse would not be affected

According to Freud

they believe that sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think.

The cognitive approach to psychology

they view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system

In the auditory system, ____ is the tone saturation, or the perceptual quality, of a sound.

timbre

Which of the following is the use of molecular genetics?

to discover the specific locations on genes that determine an individual's susceptibility to many diseases.

In an emergency, the sympathetic nervous system helps the body by

triggering the release of stress hormones