Final Exam Psych

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful processing B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving C. processing and storing D. storing and retrieving

A

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied? A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied. B. Children who are not easily provoked are more likely to be bullied. C. Children who blend in to a crowd are more likely to be bullied. D. Children who tell adults about bad behavior are more likely to be bullied.

A

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

A

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

A

Late maturing boys are ________. A. at a higher risk of depression B. less likely to experience conflict with parents C. less likely to participate in high school athletics D. more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

A

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

A

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

B

Which statement about groupthink is correct? A. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus. B. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. C. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. D. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on.

B

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information? A. cognitive B. informational C. normative D. rational

B

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. A. artistic B. cognitive C. emotional D. psychosocial

B

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. A. Collectivism B. Dispositionism C. Moralism D. Situationism

B

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. A. case studies B. experiments C. naturalistic observation D. surveys

C

What is the just-world hypothesis? A. a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve B. a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the afterlife C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve D. an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished

C

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

C

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? A. confirming one's sexual orientation B. controlling the id C. developing a positive sense of self D. developing a secure attachment to a caregiver

C

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? A. egocentrism B. language development C. object permanence D. pretend play

C

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. disorganized D. permissive

b

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. relearning effect C. self-reference effect D. Stroop effect

A

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? A. conventional B. formal operational C. post-conventional D. pre-conventional

A

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. A. consummate B. fatuous C. infatuation D. romantic

A

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________. A. companionate B. consummate C. fatuous D. romantic

A

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

A

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment. A. Asch B. conformity C. Dollard D. social psychology

A

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people B. short-term memory itself has different forms C. people process happy memories better than sad memories D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

B

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. moving D. physical

B

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. A. racist B. sexist C. typical D. xenophobic

B

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. A. aggressive discord B. cognitive dissonance C. perceptive deception D. peripheral dissension

B

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus? A. group patterns B. groupthink C. inter-group bias D. pattern bias

B

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

B

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

B

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

B

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

C

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? A. two B. three C. four D. five

C

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/guilt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

C

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory B. mental trauma that creates a memory C. physical trace of a memory D. sensory component of a memory

C

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________. A. companionate B. consummate C. empty D. romantic

C

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________. A. consummate B. empty C. fatuous D. infatuation

C

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked. A. ally B. associate C. confederate D. union

C

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia C. retrieval D. storage

C

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

C

What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term

C

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A. embryo B. placenta C. protean D. zygote

D

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? A. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. B. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. C. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. D. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

D

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study? A. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the presence of another dissenter. B. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the size of the group. C. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—whether the response was public or private. D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

D

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? A. The respondents wanted to leave, but Zimbardo would not let them. B. The students were not randomly assigned. C. The study went on too long. D. Zimbardo did not use a control group.

D

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing theory D. misinformation effect paradigm

D

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

D

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? A. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. B. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. C. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

D

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

D

Who was Stanley Milgram? A. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles B. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group C. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

D

_______ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

D

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. A. mental B. physical C. psychological D. psychosocial

D

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. A. abused B. born addicted to cocaine C. diagnosed with ADHD D. separated from their parents

a

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

a

Etiology is another word for ________. A. causes B. conditions C. forms D. psychopathology

a

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders. A. differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture B. is borderline or narcissistic C. is incompatible with Western cultural norms D. is split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

a

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion. A. can perform miracles B. can quit smoking C. do not love your parents D. will be arrested for committing a crime

a

What is comorbidity? A. co-occurrence of two disorders B. having two causes for a single disorder C. having two causes of death D. mental disorder leading to death

a

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. integrity vs. despair C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

a

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction? A. Jerome C. Wakefield B. John Waller C. Stanley Rachman D. Thomas Szasz

a

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. A. anxiety B. obsessive-compulsive C. personality D. phobia

b

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. postformal D. sensorimotor

c

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide? A. alcohol dependence B. history of previous suicide attempts C. popular music that promotes suicide D. substance abuse

c

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________. A. a combination of genetics, mental predisposition, and bad parenting combined with the MMR vaccination caused autism spectrum disorder B. delaying vaccinations lessened the odds that a child would develop autism spectrum disorder after a vaccination C. quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life was related to the development of autism spectrum disorder D. the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

d

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. guilt C. initiative vs. guilt D. integrity vs. despair

d

Alan suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Alan may be experiencing a(n) ________. A. associative fugue B. catatonia C. depersonalization D. dissociative fugue

d

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this? A. disorganized B. grandiose C. paranoid D. somatic

d

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common? A. conviction that the patient herself is the cause of many people's troubles B. generalized anxiety and specific phobias C. obsession with the suffering of others D. repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

d

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect? A. Exposure to environmental pollutants such as mercury has been linked to the development of this disorder. B. Genetic factors appear to play a prominent role in the development of this disorder. C. It is characterized by a pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior. D. This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

d

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. initiative vs. guilt D. trust vs. mistrust

A

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

A

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms? A. Isla Fischer B. John Waller C. Marcia Cross D. Thomas Szasz

d

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores. A. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens." B. The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed. C. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average." D. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

C

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

C

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? A. avoiding the development of any contingency plans B. having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions D. voting publicly in front of group members

C

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

C

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. A. cognitive dissonance B. group polarization C. the Asch effect D. the Milgram influence

C

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

D

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. Freudian D. permissive

D

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

D

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory. A. cognitive balance B. group effect C. individual exchange D. social exchange

D

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

D

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. A. assessments B. case studies C. naturalistic observations D. surveys

D

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. A. cognitive dissonance B. diffusion of responsibility C. social exchange D. stereotypes

D

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

D

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. A. experiments B. FASD C. schemata D. teratogens

D

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal. A. confirmation bias B. discrimination C. in-group bias D. scapegoating

D

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

D

Specific normative events are also called ________. A. age-related standards B. averages C. benchmarks D. developmental milestones

D

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________. A. aggression B. altruism C. diffusion of responsibility D. social loafing

D

What is the main point of the quizmaster study? A. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior. B. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. C. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. D. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

D

Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation? A. fearing you will die B. making a suicide attempt C. spending an unusual amount of time talking about death D. writing suicide letters

a

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder? A. It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors. B. It involves persistent, unfocused anxiety. C. It is most often diagnosed during adolescence. D. Men are more often diagnosed than women.

a

_______ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. A. anxiety B. body dysmorphic C. obsessive-compulsive D. personality

a

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback? A. Eugene was bitten by a snake. Now when he sees a snake, he is careful to move away slowly and silently. B. Eugene was in a boating accident. Now he experiences intense fear of large bodies of water and avoids boats. C. Eugene was in a car accident. He is convinced that if he starts, stops, and restarts the engine five times in a row he will avoid having a car accident. D. Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

d