Final Exam PYSC 2301

What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?

Changes in memory begin to occur.

Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit form a humanistic therapy?

Cody, who has a hard time putting through and feelings into words in a logical manner.

Cognitive universalism tends to, - the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Contradict

Which of the following questions would be most likely to produce divergent thinking?

"How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?"

Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude?

"I love to go to the clubs - it makes me so happy!"

According to Sternberg, intelligence is compromised of how many aspects?

3

What disorder seems to hold an association with bipolar disorder?

ADHD

People high in the need for ______ want to be liked by others and are good team players

Affiliation

Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking?

Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity.

Who is most likely to be diagnosed with a phobic disorder?

Jennifer, who is morbidly afraid of snakes and refuses to even look at a picture of a snake

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of antisocial personality disorder?

Most people with this disorder are female

Which of the following was a criticism of Kinsey's research?

The study had a restricted sample.

Jasmine often requires her friends' approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) _____________ drive.

acquired (secondary)

Behavior-based therapies are ________- based whereas psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are ________ based.

action; insight

Sandy took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs were detonated near the finish line killing three spectators. For approximately two weeks after the marathon, Sandy was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Sandy be diagnosed with?

acute stress disorder

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?

concrete operations

Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 explanation of culture-related disorders?

cultural binding

The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the ____________ approach.

drive-reduction

If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known as

extrinsic motivation

Erika and William, along with their children Maximillian and Stella, are all seeing a psychologist to help work through some difficulties that have been occurring in their home. From time to time, their therapist opts to work with one of them instead of all four at once. This group of individuals is receiving _____________ therapy.

family therapy

Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over?

his taste in clothes

Thomas like to "hang with the guys." These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)

in-group

which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false

it is formed based solely on what a person believes about him or herself

A behavioral theorist would be most likely to link depression to _________________, whereas a social cognitive theorist would probably point to ____________________.

learned helplessness; distortions in thinking

According to the behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of

learned responses

Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder?

major depressive disorder

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a

mechanical solution

What is thinking?

mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information

Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as

normative social influence.

Robert Trivers's theory of ____________ states one must consider the extent to which pregnancy will require them to make an investment of time and effort when deciding whether to have sex with a potential partner.

parental involvement

Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task.

scaffolding

In the Strange Situation, _______ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return.

secure

The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?

social learning

In the United States, insanity is a term used by

the legal system

Which of the following questions would be most immediately addressed by conducting what Richard Lazarus refers to as a primary appraisal?

"How big of a deal is this problem?"

Cattells' initial research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into ________ source traits.

16

In Terman's study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problem occurred only in those with IQs of.

180 or higher

At what age can the typical infant roll over?

2 months

Olivia is a teenager who has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. What percentage of individuals with anorexia that receive treatment make a recovery?

40 to 60 percent

Surveys suggest that about _________ percent of women and _________ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction.

40-45; 20-30

Researchers believe that up to the age of ________, individuals possess the ability to understand phonemes of all languages.

9 months

According to Noam Chomsky, what is language acquisition device?

A biological element of the brain that allows us to learn language

What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?

Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics.

In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use.

Age- group comparison norms

Calvin is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he didn't get his dream job. Furthermore, Calvin believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Calvin explains, "I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn't!" How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process?

All or nothing thinking

Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kübler-Ross's research, what might you tell him?

Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness.

Why are antidepressants taking the place of many anti anxiety drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders?

Antianxiety drugs may be addictive and have more side effects.

Amelia has recently given birth to her first child. She mentions that she often goes into her baby's bedroom to check if he is still breathing. Would this qualify as an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

As long as Amelia is not compelled to check on her baby and does not suffer from severe anxiety if she is unable to do so, then this is not an OCD.

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of their studies on human personality traits?

Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.

Which of the following test came first?

Binet's mental ability test

Studies show that _______ personality disorders occur more frequently in women while _________ personality disorders happen more often in men

Borderline; Antisocial

Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink?

Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan

Catherine runs a weekly meeting of Alcoholic Anonymous, and several dozen members come every week. In addition, each week some new members show up to see what the group is all about, and some members who were there the previous week do not return. Which of the following is most likely true about Catherine?

Catherine has likely experienced some problems with alcohol in her past, and is probably not a professional therapist

Ed and Harry believe that ghosts are running rampant in a nearby town. When looking for the information on the internet, they ignore any sites that are skeptical of their beliefs and only visit sites that support their beliefs. This is an example of

Confirmation Bias

Which of the following does NOT happen in the germinal period?

Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta.

In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer?

To create a test that is culturally fair.

In cultures in which western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have ____over the last 20 years

Tripled

Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?

Turner's syndrome

Greg rushes to an appointment, arriving 20 minutes early, whereas Aaron arrives with only minutes to spare. Slightly annoyed when Greg point this out, Aaron replies very casually, "Hey, I'm here." We might assume Greg has more of a _____________ personality while Aaron is more ________.

Type A; Type B

Soleil has been very upset with her boss for the past few days, because she was reprimanded for something that was not her fault. Soleil's boyfriend keeps encouraging her to talk to her boss about the problem, but Soleil always has difficulty expressing negative emotions, and thus keeps them stuffed inside. Soleil appears to have a ________ personality.

Type C

Studies of the infant brain shows signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?

Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells.

________ believed that language helps to develop concepts, whereas ________ believed that concepts must be developed first if language is to follow.

Vygotsky, Piaget

"I believe that emotions and physiological arousal tend to happen simultaneously." Which theorist would be responsible for making such a statement?

Walter Cannon or Philip Bard

What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?

What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativity?

While Dr. Akido knows his patient, Aki, believes her anxiety has a biological explanation, in learning more about her family of origin, he suspects it has a psychological cause.

Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect?

You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center.

Ria experienced a sudden attack of intense fear when she was boarding a plane with her friends to fly to Mexico for spring break. Ria's heart raced, she became dizzy, and she was certain she would die in a plane crash if she boarded the plane. Subsequently she did not go on her trip, and the plane arrived safely in Mexico 3 hours later. Ria experienced

a panic attack

"It can't happen to me. I'm special" is a common attitude found in adolescents who

a personal fable

Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered

a secondary sex characteristic.

If behavior is assumed to be cause by external characteristics, this is known as

a situational cause

In bilateral anterior cingulotomy,

a thin wire electrode is used to destroy a small area of brain tissue

Dodi is always looking for new hobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, Dodi constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Dodi is high in the need for ______________.

achievement

When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into

aggression.

Aaron hates to go to restaurants for fear that he will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of

agoraphobia

Individuals with bulimia nervosa often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well no ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as

all or nothing thinking

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her way?

ambivalent

LeDoux's work on the physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain?

amygdala

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of ______________________ in combating prejudice.

an equal status contact

What is meant by display rule?

an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a culture

Marcus's personality reflects the characteristics of both males and females, and this combination allows him to be more flexible in everyday behavior and his career choices. The term that describes this combination of male and female personality attributes is:

androgyny

In Shcachter and Singer's classic study, participants who received epiephrine and were in the company of the "angry" research confederate interpreted their physiological arousal as _____, whereas those who were exposed to the "happy" confederate interpreted their arousal as_____

anger; happiness

Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. According to Jung, this concept is known as a(n)

animus

A new therapeutic technique known as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is showing promise in the treatment of

anorexia nervosa where other treatments have failed

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on

anxiety during childhood

Leptin is a hormone involved in

appetite reduction

Stephan gets a text message from his girlfriend saying that she will have to work overtime tonight. Stephan immediately assumes his girlfriend is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Stephan has engaged in what type of distorted thinking?

arbitrary inference

Joaquin moved from Nicaragua to the United States. He learned to speak and write English, changed his last name so that it would sounds more "American", and no longer maintains any of his old culture's styles of dress or customs. Joaquin has used which method of entering the majority culture?

assimilation

In Asch's study, conformity decreased when

at least one confederate agreed with the participant

Prejudice is about ______________ whereas discrimination is about __________________.

attitudes; behavior

According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!"

authoritarian

Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years are most likely due to _______ parenting.

authoritative

According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that has been found to have possible ______________ foundations for the experience of detachment.

biological

Colleen found herself attracted to her psychology instructor. She would frequently go by his office just to be near him. When he didn't respond to her advances, Colleen eventually told him that she had thoughts of killing herself so that he would spend time trying to counsel her. What personality disorder best describes Colleen's thinking and behavior?

borderline personality disorder

personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with

brain structure and function

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior

The first stage of David Allen's Getting Things Done (GTD) method is _____________ anything and everything that has your attention.

capturing

Unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat are called ________________.

catastrophes

Which theory of aging is compared to the laminated number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out?

cellular-clock theory

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well-spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and make her decision based on that. Sandy was using ______________ processing.

central-route

If LaShonda experiences a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?

changing her behavior

Trait theories are less concerned with ______________ and more concerned with _____________________.

changing personality; predicting behaviors

Neuroimaging studies examining potential causes of schizophrenia have discovered that an area of the brain called the ____________ appears to have significantly less myelin coating on the axons of its neurons in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the condition.

cingulum bundle

Jermaine eats a late breakfast at 10:00 a.m. but finds he is hungry at 11:30 a.m. when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast?

classical conditioning

Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?

cognitive

The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a

cohort effect

The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n)

cohort effect.

According to Adler, the defense mechanism of _______________ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority.

compensation

Jacob believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career. According to self-determination theory, which stage is Jacob still working to complete?

competence

In which of Piaget's stages would be a child who has just developed the ability to conserve?

concrete operations

Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before. They told her that if she does any other career, hey would no longer respect or support her decisions , according to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her...

conditional positive regard

dr. hill is constantly late for meetings. she often arrives to her classes 5-10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. using the five factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill?

conscientiousness

Maria sat down with her daughter, Zoe, and together wrote out a list of things that Zoe was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would face is she did not do them. This is most like which technique?

contingency contracting

Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?

cystic fibrosis

What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die?

denial

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

direct instruction

Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb's laziness. This is an example of a ________________ cause.

dispositional

Dissociative amnesia is different from retrograde amnesia because

dissociative amnesia is typically psychological in origin.

Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia nervosa in that individuals with binge-eating disorder

do not typically purge the food they eat

Maria was approached by her neighbor asking her to adopt two to three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt one. what compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?

door-in-the-face

Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended up with $10 more than he originally planned. What technique did Conner use?

door-in-the-face technique

Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter?

dopamine

What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

dopamine

Motivational theories such as ___________ are physical in terms of their needs whereas ______________ is based on psychological motives.

drive theory; McClelland's need theory

DeWayne has decided to seek psychotherapy for some personal difficulties he has been having. While on the telephone with one possible clinician, he asks her to describe the kind of treatment approach that she uses with clients. "I don't limit myself to a single theory or approach," the therapist answers. "Instead I operate in a(n) _______ fashion, integrating various treatment approaches based on the specific needs of each client."

ecletic

In a study examining the influence of culture on individual eating habits, researchers found that women from the United States were more likely to eat in response to _______________, whereas women from Japan were more likely to eat in response to _______________.

emotional cues; hunger signals or social demands

What may be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially success in their life and career choices.

emotional intelligence

Studies show that _____ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to positively promote their health and sense of well-being, which coincides with ___ theory

eustress; arousal

Keisha works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter's theory, her effort is an example of what he calls

expectancy

Candice believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)

external focus of control

For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of ____________ or some form of "time-out" can be quite effective.

extinction

In the Big Five theory of personality, "E" stands for

extraversion

According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to a. find a consistent sense of self.

find a consistent sense of self.

According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood is

finding a mate.

Charles has suffered from schizophrenia for many years, and now resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting cancer for many months, died that morning. Charles has no appreciable facial reaction, and in a very monotone voice says, "okay." The nurse is not surprised by Charles's lack of response to the awful news, because she knows that ___________ is one symptoms often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia.

flat affect

Rodney has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion to any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as

flat affect

To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Bella must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist continuously pops each one. After a while, Bella realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as

flooding

A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of

formal concept

In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning?

formal operations

Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?

free-radical theory

One day at work, Pauline's earring fell on the floor and she was unable to find the back. To keep from loosing her earring, Pauline reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Pauline overcame

functional fixedness

Studies have suggested the increased rates of major depressive disorder in women may have a basis in ________.

gender roles, social factors, and emotional processing

Researchers believe that 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder are due to

genetic factors

One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as

habituation.

The Savic et al. 2005 study found that homosexual men responded to a pheromone in the same way as

heterosexual women

Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?

humanistic

Motivational interviewing is an alternative therapy to what therapeutic approach?

humanistic therapy

According to Freud, the ________ works off of the pleasure principle whereas the _________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.

id; ego

Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of __________________ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.

identification

Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the bases for

implicit personality theory

Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about

impression formation

Dr. WIlliams uses exposure-based therapies to treat many of her patients. Client A is actually confronted with the situation that causes her anxiety while Client B is asked to think about and visualize the frightening situation. Client A's treatment method would be described as _______, whereas Client B'a treatment method is_________.

in vivo; imaginal

Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of?

in-group/out-group theory

Clara is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why she has self-destructive relationships with all her friends. This type of therapy is known as _________ therapy.

insight

Huong has moved from China to the United States. While she dresses and acts like her American friends, she still has retained much of her cultural heritage and attends traditional Chinese dance classes on the weekends. This is an example of

integration

The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is

integrity versus despair.

Due to the types and degree of emotions often experienced by people with borderline personality disorder, their personal relationships are often characterized by _______

intense emotions, impulsivity, and relative instability

Nina appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, because she knows that she is capable of addressing any concerns that are raised by a customer. According to Julian Rotter, Nina has a(n)

internal focus of control

Eli enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces. His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation ___________ in nature.

intrinsic

As part of the medical treatment trial she is particpating in for severe and suicidal depression, Kierra was given subanesthetic doses of _____________, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term effects

ketamine

The hidden meaning of a dream is the ___________ content, according to Freud.

latent

Researchers have found that it takes _____ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one

longer

In a _______ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.

longitudinal

One suggested physiological cause of antisocial personality disorder is that people with this condition have:

lower-than-normal levels of stress hormones.

Melanie has just received an exam grade in the psychology class. She earned a grade of 89%, which is a "B". All of her work this semester thus far has earned "A" grades, and she is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could possibly have happened," she laments to her best friend, Keesha, who just rolls her eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Melanie is employing the cognitive distortion called _________________.

magnification

Jorge finds himself feeling depressed most of the day. He is constantly tired yet he sleeps very little. He has feelings of worthlessness that have come on suddenly and seemingly have no basis in reality. What might Jorge be diagnosed with?

major depressive disorder

Lisa has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving 2 hours late for work. Lisa tries to explain that she must often drive back home to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliances have been left on. Lisa's condition is abnormal from the ______________ definition.

maladaptive

Biological explanations of disordered mood have focused on the effects of several different brain chemicals, and medications used to treat these disorders are designed to work on the various neurotransmitter systems. Which of the following is not one of the chemicals that has been implicated in mood disorders?

melatonin

Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love - or as Vivian tells her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is

mere exposure

Researchers have found that a ______________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ____________________________.

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences

Research suggests we engage mental images in out mind __ the way we engage or interact with physical objects

much like

Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Gardner, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists?

naturalist

According to numerous studies, the five personality factors of the five-factor model have ______ percent rate of heritability across several cultures.

nearly a 50%

Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing

observable behaviors.

Research shows that African American clients prefer a therapist ______________ whereas Asian men prefer a ________ therapist.

of the opposite sex; male

How many axes does the DSM-5 use to aid mental health professionals in making a diagnosis?

one

An important component to Carol Dweck's theory of motivation is

one's view of self

Sexual dysfunctions and problems can be cause by

organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Follow-up research to Stanley Milgram's original study has found that ______ of "teachers" will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal.

over 60 percent

Megan's daughter Kayla was afraid of dogs. Megan took Kayla to a therapist to help her overcome her fear but was surprised when the therapist brought a dog into the room. At first Kayla was asked to watch from across the room as the therapist showed her how to approach and pet the dog and not grab its tail. Eventually, Kayla was asked to come over and mimic the behavior she had observed. After just a few sessions, Kayla was no longer fearful of dogs. What technique did the therapist use with Kayla?

participant modeling

According to Robert Sternberg's three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects?

passion

One of your friends tells you, "I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long, not to mention the person who gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV." What kind of processing might your friend be using?

peripheral-route processing

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their

personality

which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory

Devin's wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assumes he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example of

personalization

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the

phallic stage

What is the major cause of organic sexual dysfunction?

physical causes

Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is

physical contact.

Dr. Haldol has several patients with schizophrenia who appear to exhibit excessive or distorted characteristics in relation to what one might consider normal functioning. Specific symptoms include varied hallucinations and multiple delusions. According to the DSM-5, these are referred to as

positive symptoms

According to Kohlberg, about one-fifth of the adult population is at the ______ level of morality.

postconventional

Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 may experience higher incidences of

posttraumatic stress disorder

Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as

preferential looking.

Gary is having trouble with psychology and statistics. He goes to the school's academic help center for tutoring and spends extra time working on problems at home. Gary's method of coping is

problem focused

Although the term may apply to many therapies, transference is typically associated with ___ therapies

psychodynamic

With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination with

psychotherapy

Latanya tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Latanya?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively challenge a client's irrational beliefs?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?

reaction formation

If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a _________ trait.

recessive

David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a delusion of

reference

Through the technique of ____________, a person-centered therapist conveys they are trying to comprehend the experience of the person with whom they are working.

reflection

Which of the following is not one of the main types of therapy noted by your textbook that helps people improve their overall functioning?

regressive therapy

According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called ________________

romantic

According to Richard Lazarus, when someone asks themselves, "How can I deal with this potentially harmful stressor?" the individual is focused on a _______________ appraisal.

secondary

An old motto of the U.S. Army was "Be all you can be." This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of

self-actualizing tendency

Albert Bandura considers______________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

self-efficacy

Which of the following may be an effective option for come concerns if a therapist isn't available in your local community?

self-help group

Which of the following is not a hormone that influences eating behavior in human beings

serotonin

Today's electroconvulsive shock therapy is often quite useful in the treatment of

severe depression.

Many of Kyle's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed?

shadow

In 1972, a jet carrying a rugby team from Peru crashed high in the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Many of the players survived for over two months by eating the remains of those who died. Psychologists justified their cannibalism because that was the only way they could have survived so long without food. By what definition might their behavior best be classified?

situational context

Alex sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Alex takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. Of which theory of gender development would this be a good example?

social learning theory

Trypanophobia, also known as a fear of receiving an injection, is an example of

specific phobia

What part of an infant's body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?

stem cells

As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory?

stress

studies of the heritability of personality traits have found

strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed by genetics

A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of

surface traits

Dr. Kali works with clients to help them learn deep relaxation. He has them list their fears from least to most anxiety provoking. Dr. Kali than slowly exposes his clients to each of their fears and assists them in gaining control of their anxiety. His approach is best known as

systemic desensitization

While serving as a chaperone for her son's class trip to the museum, Cara witnessed someone fall down a flight of stairs. She was able to request emergency assistance by simply dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone. Which step in the decision making process for helping was Cara?

taking action

Bradly has been on an antipsychotic drug for many years to control his schizophrenia. He has developed repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, legs, and body. These side effects make up a syndrome known as

tardive dyskinesia

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their

temperament

Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study

tendency to divorce

According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience?

that point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualization

Family therapy is a form of group therapy in which

the entire family participates as no one person is seen as the problem

When examining Stanley Milgram's research, some have suggested that a teacher's willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more of a product of ________________ than of obedience, but as of yet no research supports this specific conclusion.

the foot-in-the-door technique

Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain that they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of

the imaginary audience.

According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated toward _____________ point of arousal.

the optimal

What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior?

the original, or common-sense, theory

According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?

the sinking of Titanic

as examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _______ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while ______ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure

thematic apperception test; Rorschach

According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is because

they are not asked to take part.

The Kinsey report indicates that more than ____________ as many men had intercourse by age 16 than did women.

three times

What is the function of a validity scale?

to determine if a person is giving an accurate response

What is the most likely reason that someone would perform an exorcism?

to release evil spirits

Which of the following therapies has been successful in the establishment of desirable behaviors and modification of problem behaviors by allowing an individual to earn special privileges or treats, such as food and candy?

token economies

According to Freud, the ____________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

unconscious

Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions appear to be

universal

Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden, or even when watching a movie or television show were there was a snake. Erin's attitude toward snakes was most likely acquired through

vicarious conditioning.

Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most likely to study?

what parts of the brain influence social behavior

John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as

working backward from the goal

Dr. Kirby has been meeting with 9-year-old Loren, whose family lost everything in a tornado. In her initial visit, Loren was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. During a 2-month follow-up with Dr. Kirby, Loren is still exhibiting many of the same symptoms. What should Dr. Kirby do?

Dr. Kirby will revise Loren's diagnosis from ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder.

If Dr. Phelps uses an eclectic approach to her work as a therapist, what specifically is she doing?

Dr. Phelps uses one, or a combination, or any number of therapeutic treatments depending on the situation

Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy's parents?

Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair.

Which infant temperament is associated with babies who are very regular in their schedules of sleeping and eating?

Easy

The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.

Embryonic

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers?

Emotional intelligence

_______________________ refers to techniques or interventions that have produced desired outcomes, or therapeutic change in controlled studies.

Evidence-based treatment

Eileen smiles wherever she goes. She smiles a lot in the classroom, which in turn prompts her fellow students to smile, making them feel happier too. This effect is be explained by which of the following theories of emotion?

Facial Feedback

Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, which has a resulted in a deficiency of a protein needed for William's brain development. William most likely suffers from.

Fragile X syndrome

Bella leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. Using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her arm through without getting wet. In using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, Bella has overcome

Functional Fixedness

The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the _____ period

Germinal

Dr. Ellington is directive in his approach clients. He pays close attention to body language and often focuses on a client's denied past. What type of therapeutic approach is Dr. Ellington using?

Gestalt approach

Which of the following is NOT a noted advantage of group psychotherapy?

Group therapy is appropriate for anyone, so it is more "available" to those with personal struggles

How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from mental illness?

He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids, or humors.

In terms of arousal and task difficulty, easy tasks typically demand a ______ level for optimal performance, whereas difficult tasks require a ______ level

High-moderate; low-moderate

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?

ID

Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Individuals with bulimia nervosa may have a normal body weight whereas those with anorexia nervosa tend to be severely under their expected body weight.

Psychotherapies that attempt to increase the understanding of a client's motives are known as ___________ therapies

Insight

While taking a shower, Miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how he solved this problem, Miguel said, "The answer just seemed to pop into my head." Miguel's experience is an example of?

Insight

Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for?

Intellectual disability

What does the Flynn effect theorize?

Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries

In Gardner's view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in _________ intelligence

Interpersonal

The phrase "I'm embarrassed because my face is red" is best explained by which theory of emotion?

James Lange

The largest study of human sexual behavior conducted since the work of Alfred Kinsey was begun in 1983, and was spearheaded by:

Janus and Janus

Studies indicate that women from ___________ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry.

Japan

Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat?

Joaquim, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Hispanics, something that his IQ score seem to reflect

You have walked in late to class and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that you professor is talking about the theories of

Julian Rotter

Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?

Karen Horney

In _________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.

Klinefelter's

Edward sapir and Benjamin whorf theorized that - , a concept reflected din their linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Language shapes thoughts

Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?

MMPI-2

Which of the following people may have the greatest ability to cope with stress?

Mary, a very religious person who is involved in her community

Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of __________ on the developing baby.

Mercury

The goal of all test developers is to - cultural bias in their intelligence tests.

Minimize

Which of the following cases would a humanistic approach probably be least efective in treating?

Miranda, a cooperate executive who suffers from marked delusions and active auditory hallucinations

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about whereas traditional person-centered therapy does not.

the _____ is based on the five-factor model while ______ is based on the work of raymond cattell

NEO-PI-R; 16PF

Nicole's therapist tells her that she is applying arbitrary inference to her thinking, which ultimately is causing her to be depressed. Which of the following is an example of Nicole's arbitrary inference?

Nicole tends to jump to conclusions with little or no evidence to support her beliefs.

Which of the following is not one of the three elements of emotion?

Objective experience

Which of the following represents the fertilization process for which monozygotic twins?

One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits.

One of the first therapists to begin a movement toward the humane treatment of patients was

One of the first therapists to begin a movement toward the humane treatment of patients was

The basic units of sound in a language are known as?

Phonemes

According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence has a low relationship to academic success and would be the most difficult to measure in the classroom?

Practical

People in the United States often think of sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered?

Prototype

Dr. Davenport gives all of her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test reguardless of whether the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test.

Reliability

Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling?

Schachter and Singer's theory

One day at school someone collides with you in the hall and knocks you down, causing you to be angry. However, when playing football with friends, if you get knocked down, you do not express anger. What theory best explains how we label each situation and choose the appropriate emotion to show?

Schachter-Singer

In Maslow's theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization?

Seldom, although there are times in a person's life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily

Which of the following is an example of a halo effect?

Shawn unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring his own alma mater.

Jolene rarely takes any work home, preferring to leave her work worries at the office. She is a bit carefree and not as ambitious as some of the other women in her office. Instead, Jolene likes to have a lot of leisure time whenever possible. She is also easygoing and doesn't lose her temper often, preferring to avoid conflict. Which of the following statements about Jolene is most likely TRUE?

She has a Type B personality

Dr. Cavendish is trying to establish which is known as a therapeutic alliance with her clients. What specifically should she do to accomplish this goal?

She should be more empathetic and caring when working with her clients.

In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self, and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges.

Professor Becker designed an IQ test. To validate this test, the professor should be careful to do which of the following?

Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study?

Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people who like to hurt others.

What is a most likely explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?

Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex.

In Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, what is they key to achieving one's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

Support from others around you

"Mommy goes bye-bye" is an example of

Telegraphic speech

What do studies show about the overall effectiveness of cyber therapy?

Cybertherapy can be effective for people who otherwise might be unable to get to a therapist.