FINAL EXAM (RET1024)
What is the approximate INTRAPLEURAL pressure value at the end of expiration, during normal quiet breathing when there is no gas flow? - 5 cm H2O -10 cm H2O 0 cm H2O +5 cm H2O
- 5 cm H2O
During normal quiet breathing, the intrapleural pressure is approximately ______ cm H2O at the end of expiration, when there is no more gas to exhale. -5 +10 0 +5
-5
During normal quiet breathing, the intrapleural pressure is approximately ______ cm H2O at the very beginning of inspiration, just prior to the beginning of inhalation. -10 -5 +5 0
-5
What is the approximate alveolar pressure just before expiration begins? 0 cm H2O +10 cm H2O - 2 cm H2O +2 cm H2O
0 cm H2O
When 600 mL volume of gas is delivered to the lungs it generates an alveolar pressure of 6 cm H2O. Calculate the lung compliance. -100 L/cm H2O -0.01 L/cm H2O -0.1 L/cm H2O -3600 L/cm H2O
0.1 L/cm H2O
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air? -0.296 mm Hg -159 mm Hg -47 mm Hg -149 mm Hg
0.296 mm Hg
Resistance vessels of the circulatory system include: 1. arterioles 2. arteries 3. venules 4. veins -2,3,4 only -all of the above -1 and 2 only -3 and 4 only
1 and 2 only
Which of the following is true regarding the P wave on the ECG? 1. it usually precedes atrial contraction 2. it represents ventricular depolarization 3. it represents atrial depolarization 4. it precedes ventricular contraction -1 only -2 and 4 only -1 and 3 only -2 only
1 and 3 only
Which of the following vessels carry deoxygenated blood? 1. superior vena cava 2. femoral artery 3. pulmonary vein 4. pulmonary artery -1 and 4 only -2 and 3 only -3 only -1 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Which of the following volumes or capacities cannot be obtained directly by simple spirometry? Functional residual capacity (FRC) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Residual volume (RV) -1 and 4 only -1 and 3 only -I, 2, 3, and 4 -1, 3, and 4 only
1 and 4 only
What is the approximate amount of anatomical dead space in normal adults? -1 mL/lb predicted body weight -2 mL/lb predicted body weight -3 mL/lb predicted body weight -4 mL/lb predicted body weight
1 mL/lb predicted body weight
Which of the following vessels can be used to access the heart for a right heart catheterization? 1. internal jugular vein 2. antecubital vein 3. right subclavian artery 4. femoral vein 5. femoral artery 6. right radial artery -1,2,3, 4 only -1, 2, 4 only -4 only -3 and 5 only
1, 2, 4 only
Stroke volume is dependent on which of the following? 1. preload 2. afterload 3. contractility 4. left ventricular end diastolic pressure -1,2,3 only -1,2,3,4 -1 and 2 only -1 and 3 only
1,2,3,4
Which of the following describe the annuli fibrosi of the heart: 1. electrically isolates the atria from ventricles 2. conducting fibrous connective tissue 3. provides structural support for the valves 4. support the papillary muscles 5. Separate the atria and the ventricle -1,3,5 -1,2,5 -2,4 only -1 only
1,3,5
A 49 year old patient in the cardiac unit has a stroke volume of 40 ml, heart rate of 90 bpm and a body surface area of 2.0 m2. The cardiac index is: -1.7 liters/min/m2 -3.6 liters/min/m2 -1.8 liters/min/m 2 -1.9 liters/min/m2
1.8 liters/min/m 2
What percentage of the total airway resistance depends on small airways less than 2 mm in size? -20% -10% 30% 40%
10%
The pleural space surrounding each lung contains a maximum of ________ serous fluid. -100 mL -20 mL -50 mL -10 mL
10mL
Normal Left ventricular preload is: -120 mmHg -50 mmHg -10 mmHg -20 mmHg -80 mmHg
10mmHg
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung's airways? -149 mm Hg -0.228 mm Hg -47 mm Hg -159 mm Hg
149 mmHg
Assuming a patient has a Left ventricular pressure of 150/12, what would the aortic systolic pressure be? -12 mmHg -120 mmHg -150 mmHg -100 mmHg
150 mmHg
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air? -159 mm Hg -47 mm Hg -149 mm Hg -0.228 mm Hg
159 mmHg
Which of the following is true regarding the QRS complex on the ECG: 1. it usually precedes atrial contraction 2. it represents ventricular depolarization 3. it precedes ventricular contraction 4. it represent atrial depolarization -1 and 4 only -2 and 3 only -1 and 2 only -3 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
The blood vessels are comprised of 3 main layers. They are: 1. epicardium 2. tunica adventitia 3. myocardium 4. tunica media 5. endocardium 6. tunica intima -1, 2, 5 -2, 4, 6 -4, 5, 6 -1, 3, 5 -1, 2, 3
2, 4, 6
Beginning in the right heart, trace the proper sequence of valves as blood flows through the heart: 1. mitral 2. tricuspid 3. aortic 4. pulmonic -2,4,1,3 -1,3,2,4 -1,2,3,4 -2,4,3,1
2,4,1,3
Normally the central venous pressure (CVP) is: -2-6 mmHg -25/10 mmHg -6-12 mmHg -12- 20 mmHg
2-6mmHg
A patient's FVC is measured at 3 liters. The textbook normal value for this patient's FEV1 is approximately ______ liters. -2.5 -1.8 -3.0 -3.5
2.5
Atrial contraction is responsible for about what percentage of the filling of the ventricles? -90% -20% -5% -70%
20%
What is the normal RV/TLC ratio in healthy adults up to age 49? -20% to 25% -5% to 10% -10% to 15% -30% to 35%
20% to 25%
If the purkinje fibers have taken over as the pacemaker of the heart, the heart rate will typically be approximately: -40-60 bpm -60-100 bpm -20-40 bpm -less than 20 bpm
20-40 bpm
Under normal, resting conditions, how much carbon dioxide is produced by the body? -200 mL -150 mL -100 mL -50 mL
200mL
Which of the following represents normal pressure in the pulmonary artery: -4 mmHg -24/11 mmHg -110/70 mmHg -35/5 mmHg
24/11 mmHg
What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure for the following patient: Pulmonary artery 38/18 mmHg Cardiac output 4.8 L/min BSA 2.2 M2 -15 mmHg -25 mmHg -33 mmHg -19 mmHg
25mmHg
Which of the following blood vessels can be used for a left heart catheterization? 1. jugular vein 2. left subclavian vein 3. right radial artery 4. femoral vein 5. femoral artery -1,2,4 only -3 and 5 only -2,3,5 only -5 only
3 and 5 only
Place in order the normal sequence for electrical stimulation of the heart beat: 1. bundle branches 2. purkinje fibers 3. SA node 4. AV node 5. HIS bundle 6. internodal pathways -3,6,4,5,1,2 -3,5,4,6,2,1 -3,6,4,1,5,2 -3,6,4,5,2,1
3,6,4,5,1,2
Which of the following represents a normal cardiac index? -2.0 L/min/M2 -5.0 L/min/M2 -3.5 L/min/M2 -6.5 L/min/M2
3.5 L/min/M2
Approximately what percentage of the inspired tidal volume normally remains in the conducting airways, never reaching the alveoli? -30% to 40% -5% to 10% -15% to 20% -20% to 30%
30% to 40%
Under normal conditions, approximately what percentage of minute ventilation (VE) is dead-space ventilation (VD)? -30% to 40% -15% to 20% -20% to 30% -5% to 10%
30% to 40%
An adult with a predicted body weight of 150 lbs. has a tidal volume of 450 mL. What is this person's approximate alveolar volume for each breath? -300 mL -150 mL -200 mL -100 mL
300mL
Calculate the ejection fraction for the following patient: LVEDV 110 ml LVESV 72 ml -68% -53% -75% -34%
34%
The ERV is 1600 mL, VT is 500 mL, IRV is 1400 mL, and RV is 800 mL the VC is __________. -3500 mL -3200 mL -1400 mL -2400 mL
3500mL
Normal preload in the left ventricle is approximately -100-120 mmHg -60-80 mmHg -4-12 mmHg -2-6 mmHg
4-12mmHg
During cardiac cath a patient has an LV end diastolic volume of 140 mls and LV systolic volume of 84 mls. This represents an ejection fraction of _________% and is considered to be _______ normal. -60 %, equal to -40%, less than -40%, more than -60%, more than
40%, less than
The inherent rate of the atrioventricular node is: -<70 bpm -20-40 bpm -40-60 bpm ->100 bpm -60-100 bpm
40-60 bpm
The TLC is 6000 mL, the ERV is 1000 mL and the RV is 500 mL. What is the IC? -4500 mL -3900 mL -5500 mL -Not enough information to calculate.
4500mL
What is the partial pressure of water vapor at 370 C and 100% relative humidity (RH)? -47 mm Hg -149 mm Hg -159 mm Hg -0.228 mm Hg
47 mm Hg
An average 20 to 30-year-old male will have a tidal volume of approximately _______________ mL. -500 -900 -800 -1200
500
If a person's total minute ventilation (VE ) is 9 L/min and the total deadspace ventilation (VD) is 3 L/min, what is the person's alveolar ventilation (VA)? -6 L/min -12 L/min -3 L/min -27 L/min
6 L/min
If a patient has a predicted body weight of 170 pounds and has a tidal volume of 680 ml and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute, what is the patient's VA? -6.12 L -8.2 L -2.04 L -10.2 L
6.12 L
Which of the following represents a normal cardiac ejection fraction: -60% -80% -45% -30% -75%
60%
Bradycardia is described as a heart rate less than _______bpm and tachycardia as a heart rate of greater than ______bpm. -50, 75 -100, 150 -70, 120 -60, 100
60, 100
Normally the SA node initiates impulses at a rate of: -20-40 bpm -80- 120 bpm -60-100 bpm -40-60 bpm
60-100 bpm
Calculate the stroke volume for the following patient: LVEDV 126 ml LVESV 58 ml -78 ml/beat -68% -2.2 ml/beat -68 ml/beat
68 ml/beat
Normal stroke volume is equal to approximately: -40 mmHg -70 ml/beat -140 ml/beat -40 ml/beat -5 L/min
70 ml/beat
The normal SvO2 in the pulmonary artery is: -40% -95% -75% -100%
75%
Which of the following would be considered normal sinus rhythm? The patient has a HR of ______bpm and the impulse originates in the __________. -70, atrioventricular node -110, sinoatrial node -75, sinoatrial node -55, sinoatrial node
75, sinoatrial node
Normal barometric pressure (atmospheric pressure) at sea level is approximately _______________ mm Hg. -747 -100 -159 -760
760
If a patient has a physiologic dead space of 175 mL and has a stable tidal volume of 850 mL with a respiratory rate of 12/minute, what is this patient's alveolar minute ventilation (VA)? -8.1 L/min -12.3 L/min -10.2 L/min -7.0 L/min
8.1 L/min
What is the "textbook" normal amount of FVC expired during FEV1 in healthy adults? -83% -67% -94% -97%
83%
The tidal volume (VT) is 650 mL and the respiratory rate (f) is 14 breaths/min. The total minute ventilation (VE) is ____________L/min. -9.1 -7.0 -0.91 -2.1
9.1
Normal oxygen saturation in the pulmonary veins is: -70% -99% -68% -75%
99%
Which of the following conditions define a restrictive impairment? -A low FEV1 and normal FEV1/FVC -A low FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio -A high FEV1, but low FEV1/FVC ratio -A normal FEV1, but low FEV1/FVC
A low FEV1 and normal FEV1/FVC
The organization that administers the RCIS credentialing exam for Cardiovascular Technologists is called: -Society of Invasive Cardiovascular Professionals (SICP) -Alliance of Cardiovascular Professionals (ACVP) -CAAHEP/JRC-CVT -Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI)
Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI)
Why are anticholinergic bronchodilators less useful than adrenergic bronchodilators in the treatment of small airway bronchoconstriction? -Adrenergic innervation is greatest in the large airways. -Cholinergics require a higher dose that adrenergics to elicit the same effect. -Cholinergic innervation is greatest in the large airways. -Cholinergic innervation is greatest in the small airways.
Cholinergic innervation is greatest in the large airways.
A patient who cannot breathe requires an emergency airway. This emergency airway should go through which of the following structures? -Cricothyroid ligament -Thyrohyoid membrane -Aryepiglottic muscle -Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Which of the following mechanisms primarily explains the increased work of breathing in restrictive diseases? -Decreased lung and or chest wall compliance -Increased resistance in the small airways -Loss of elastic recoil in the lung. -Increased airflow
Decreased lung and or chest wall compliance
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loss of elastic lung tissue? -Emphysema -Chronic bronchitis -Acute respiratory distress syndrome -Pneumonia
Emphysema
Which of the following values indicates significant airway obstruction? -FEV1/FVC < 65% -FEV1/FVC < 70% -FEV1/FVC < 75% -FEV1/FVC < 80%
FEV1/FVC < 65%
Which of the following conditions are associated with restrictive pulmonary disease? -Fibrotic lung disease, skeletal deformities, acute respiratory distress syndrome -Fibrotic lung disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma -Skeletal deformities, COPD, asthma -Asthma, COPD, fibrotic lung disease
Fibrotic lung disease, skeletal deformities, acute respiratory distress syndrome
If the lungs fail to empty normally during exhalation due to weakened elastic recoil forces or high resistance to airflow, the retained volume causes which change in a chest radiograph? -Pneumothorax -Pleural effusion formation -Flattening of the diaphragm -Hilar lymph adenopathy
Flattening of the diaphragm
The term "internal respiration" refers to_____________. -Ventilation into and out of the conducting airways -Gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary level -Gas exchange at the systemic cellular-capillary level -Ventilation into and out of the lungs
Gas exchange at the systemic cellular-capillary level
Which of the following characteristics influence pulmonary function? -Height -Eye color -Diet -Place of birth
Height
________ is the protein that transport oxygen in blood and a normal value is: -Hemoglobin, 15 gm/dl -Hematocrit, 15 gm/dl -Hemoglobin, 34% -Hematocrit, 42%
Hemoglobin, 15 gm/dl
Which law explains why a patient can develop a pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation with high alveolar pressures? -LaPlace's law -Hooke's law -Poiseuille's law -Boyle's law
Hooke's law
Which of the following terms describes the rise in PaCO2 above normal? -Hypercapnia -Hypocapnia -bradypnea -tachypnea
Hypercapnia
A PaCO2 of 25 mm Hg is described by which of the following terms? -Hyperventilation -Hypoventilation -Tachypnea -Orthopnea
Hyperventilation
A PaCO2 of 60 mm Hg is described by which of the following terms? -Hypoventilation -Hyperventilation -Eupnea -Tachypnea
Hypoventilation
Patients with decreased lung compliance (increased elastance) tend to breathe with which of the following? -Increased RR, decreased VT, inspiratory time = expiratory time -Decreased RR, increased VT, inspiratory time < expiratory time -Normal RR, increased VT, inspiratory time < expiratory time -Decreased RR, normal VT, inspiratory time > expiratory time
Increased RR, decreased VT, inspiratory time = expiratory time
Which of the following mechanisms primarily explains the increased work of breathing (WOB) experienced by a majority of patients with obstructive airway disease. -Increased airway resistance -Loss of elastic recoil in the lung. -Loss of compliance. -Increased airflow.
Increased airway resistance
The vocal cords are at their widest during which of the following? -Valsalva maneuver -Expiration -Coughing -Inspiration
Inspiration
Which of the following is a characteristic of anatomical dead space? -It is reduced when a tracheostomy is in place. -It changes if a part of a heart is surgically removed. -It increases during deep expiration. -It decreases with emphysema
It is reduced when a tracheostomy is in place.
Which of the following is a feature of body plethysmography? -It measures nonventilated air space. -It measures ventilated CO2 space. -Successive vital capacity measurements can be made. -It is slow.
It measures nonventilated air space.
Which of the following is a physiologic benefit of surfactant? -It enhances the elastic properties of the chest wall. -It enhances the elastic properties of the lung. -It reduces the pressure required to open the small airways. -It provides a stabilizing influence to alveoli of different sizes.
It provides a stabilizing influence to alveoli of different sizes.
Which of the following is the function of the surfactant? -Increases surface tension. -Lowers surface tension. -Lubricates alveoli. -Feeds alveolar cell type I.
Lowers surface tension.
Which group of cells engulfs microorganisms and foreign material in the alveolus? -Type I alveolar -Type II alveolar -Macrophage -Goblet
Macrophage
Nitrogen Washout is a technique designed to do which of the following? -Measure functional residual capacity indirectly -Estimate physiological dead space -Evaluate the diffusion capacity of the lungs -Assess for airway obstruction reversibility
Measure functional residual capacity indirectly
Which of the following determines PACO2 of alveolar gas and thus the PaCO2 of the blood leaving the lungs? -Metabolic CO2 production per minute, alveolar ventilation, and CO2 rate of elimination. -The balance between metabolic CO, alveolar ventilation, production of HCO3, and pH -The balance between oxygen usage and CO2 production. -The balance between pH, production of HCO3, and metabolic CO2 production per minute.
Metabolic CO2 production per minute, alveolar ventilation, and CO2 rate of elimination.
Which of the following determines PACO2 of alveolar gas and thus the PaCO2 of the blood leaving the lungs? -Metabolic CO2 production per minute, alveolar ventilation, and CO2 rate of elimination. -The balance between metabolic CO, alveolar ventilation, production of HCO3, and pH -The balance between oxygen usage and CO2 production. -The balance between pH, production of HCO3, and metabolic CO2 production per minute.
Metabolic CO2 production per minute, alveolar ventilation, and CO2 rate of elimination.
Which structure is responsible for substantially increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity for the purpose of warming and humidifying inspired air? -Nasal fossae -Vibrissae -Nasal septum -Nasal turbinates
Nasal turbinates
Which of the following conditions is classified as a restrictive pulmonary disease with normal compliance? -Neuromuscular diseases -Acute respiratory distress syndrome -Pulmonary fibrosis -Pneumonia
Neuromuscular diseases
Which of the following conditions is associated with increased FRC and RV? -Obstructive -Restrictive -Mixed -Idiopathic
Obstructive
A 68-year-old woman demonstrates the following clinical data on a pulmonary function test: TLC above normal RV above normal FVC below normal FEV1 below normal FEV1/FVC below normal MVV below normal Based on the information the patient appears to have which of the following? -Obstructive lung disorder -Restrictive lung disorder -Both restrictive and obstructive lung disorder -Neither restrictive nor obstructive lung disorder
Obstructive lung disorder
Which of the following statements are characteristic of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurements? -PEFR is useful for evaluating airway response to bronchodilator drugs. -PEFR reflects small airway function. -PEFR in normal adults may exceed 20 L/sec. -The results of PEFR are independent of patient effort.
PEFR is useful for evaluating airway response to bronchodilator drugs.
Which portion of the forced vital capacity maneuver reflects flow rates from the large airways? -Peak Expiratory Flow -FEV1 -FEF 25%-75% -FEV1/FVC
Peak Expiratory Flow
A mucous plug stuck in an airway can cause which of the following? -Pulmonary fibrosis -Pulmonary shunt -Pleural effusion -Dead space
Pulmonary shunt
People with emphysema have an increased work of breathing (WOB) as a result of their high expiratory Raw. In order to keep their airways open during exhalation, they perform which one of the following maneuvers? -Pursed-lip breathing -Breath hold -Deep inhalation -Rapid exhalation
Pursed-lip breathing
The amount of volume that remains in the lungs following a forced exhalation is which of the following? -RV -ERV -IRV -TV
RV
Which of the following hemodynamic (blood pressure) and saturation values are most consistent for a patient with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a left to right shunt? -RA 97%, 2 mmHg -RV 99%, 25/6 mmHg -RA 85%, 11 mmHg -RV 85%, 42/14 mmHg
RV 85%, 42/14 mmHg
Which of the following pressures and saturations are most consistent for a patient with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with a left to right shunt? -left ventricular saturation of 88% and pressure of 100/60 mmHg -RA saturation of 88% and pressure of 12 mmHg -RV saturation of 88% and pressure of 38/10 mmHg -RV saturation of 76%, pressure of 20/6 mmHg
RV saturation of 88% and pressure of 38/10 mmHg
Which of the following breathing patterns is a common signal of respiratory distress and possible ventilatory failure? -Rapid shallow breathing -Tachypnea -Bradypnea -Dyspnea
Rapid shallow breathing
When resistance to exhalation is abnormally high which muscles will be used to assist exhalation? -Pectoralis major muscles -External intercostal muscles -Sternomastoid muscles -Rectus abdominis muscles
Rectus abdominis muscles
The amount of volume that remains in the lungs following a forced exhalation is which of the following? -Residual volume (RV) -Tidal volume (TV) -Functional residual capacity (FRC) -Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
The MVV is relatively unaffected by which of the following respiratory conditions? -Restrictive -Obsstructive -Mixed -Idiopathic
Restrictive
Kyphoscoliosis can create which of the following pulmonary defects? -Restrictive lung pattern -Obstructive lung pattern -Variable extrathoracic obstruction -Fixed upper airway obstruction
Restrictive lung pattern
Spirometry is most useful for the measurement of which of the following? -Slow and forced lung volumes and flowrates -Measuring the amount of gas trapped in the lungs after exhalation. -Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide -Functional residual capacity
Slow and forced lung volumes and flowrates
Which of the following breathing patterns is the most efficient to improve alveolar ventilation? -Slow, deep breathing -Rapid, shallow breathing -Rapid, deep breathing -Slow, shallow breathing
Slow, deep breathing
The term that describes a patient with a respiratory rate of 30/min. is which of the following? -Tachypnea -Bradypnea -Hyperventilation -Orthopnea
Tachypnea
In the human pulmonary system, expiration occurs when which of the following occurs? -The diaphragm returns to its dome shape. -The pressure in conducting airways is equal to ambient pressure. -The rectus abdominus contracts. -The diaphragm descends.
The diaphragm returns to its dome shape.
According to Poiseuille's Law, what happens when the radius of a bronchiole is decreased by half? -The flow rate of the gas moving through the airway is halved. -The pressure to move gas through the airway decreases by 16-fold. -The flow rate of the gas moving through the airway doubles. -The pressure to move gas through the airway increases by 16-fold.
The pressure to move gas through the airway increases by 16-fold.
The impact of the anatomical shunt (created by bronchial circulation) is described best by which of the following statements? -The systemic venous blood will have the same amount of oxygen as the alveolar gas. -The systemic arterial blood will have the same amount of oxygen as the alveolar gas. -The systemic arterial blood will have more oxygen than that of the alveolar gas. -The systemic arterial blood can never have the same amount of oxygen as the alveolar gas.
The systemic arterial blood can never have the same amount of oxygen as the alveolar gas.
Surfactant is secreted by which type of cells? -Type I alveolar cells -Cuboidal cells -Goblet cells -Type II alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Minute ventilation (VE) is the product of which of the following parameters? -VT x f -VT x VC -VD x f -VD x VT
VT x f
The S4 heart sound is associated with _____________: -passive atrial filling -passive ventricular filling -active ventricular filling -ventricular ejection
active ventricular filling
The purpose of the delay in the atrioventricular node is to: -allow for complete atrial filling -increase preload -allow for complete ventricular filling -slow the heart rate -allow the ventricles to contract fully
allow for complete ventricular filling
VA represents the ventilation that directly influences the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the _________________. -alveoli -atria -veins -inspired air
alveoli
A complete absence of breathing is called ___________________. -apnea -hypoventilation -Biot's respiration -Cheyne-Stokes breathing
apnea
Indications for spirometry include all of the following except _____________. -assessment of the diffusion capacity -establishment of pulmonary disability -measurements of abnormal airflow -assessment of bronchodilator effectiveness
assessment of the diffusion capacity
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac which may be life threatening is called: -pleural effusion -cardiac tamponade -pericarditis -pericardial effusion
cardiac tamponade
In most adults, the _____________________ is located just under the sternal angle (angle of Louis). -lobar bronchi -carina -subsegmental bronchi -segmental bronchi
carina
A decrease in ventricular filling time will: -increase preload -increase afterload -decrease afterload -decrease preload
decrease preload
One of the main purposes of the Atrioventricular node is to: -normally acts as pacemaker of the heart -allows full depolarization of the atrial septum -delay impulses before depolarizing the ventricles -speeds up the impulses to the ventricles
delay impulses before depolarizing the ventricles
The heart muscle receives the majority of it's blood supply and oxygen during: -diastole -atrial diastole -systole -ventricular contraction
diastole
Blood exiting the coronary sinus goes: -directly to the SVC -directly to the right atrium -directly to the pulmonary veins -directly to the coronary veins
directly to the right atrium
The purpose of the intercalated discs in the cardiac conduction cells is to: -facilitate the quick transmission of depolarization -holds the cells together -stop impulses from traveling to the ventricles -slow down impulse transmission at the AV node
facilitate the quick transmission of depolarization
The capacity resulting from a maximum breath from RV forcibly exhaled until empty is called ________________________________. -forced vital capacity (FVC) -functional residual capacity (FRC) -inspiratory capacity (IC) -total lung capacity (TLC)
forced vital capacity (FVC)
The ____________________ cells create and secrete mucous into the conducting airways. -alveolar type I -alveolar type II -macrophage -goblet
goblet
The _______ is the percentage of erythrocytes found in a blood sample. A normal value is: -hematocrit, 15 gm/dl -hemoglobin, 15 gm/dl -hematocrit, 42% -hemoglobin, 42%
hematocrit, 42%
When systemic vascular resistance increases, afterload will __________. -decrease -increase to a critical point and then decrease -increase -decrease to a critical point then increase
increase
In a normal heart, an increase in preload can result in a/an _________ in stroke volume. -increase until a critical point and then decrease -decrease until a critical point and then increase -increase -decrease
increase until a critical point and then decrease
The space between the type I cells of the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary endothelium is the ____________________________. -pores of Kohn -interstitium -Lamellar bodies -macrophage
interstitium
As the ventricles complete diastole and begin to contract, all the cardiac valves are closed. This period of the cardiac cycle is called: -isovolumetric relaxation -passive ventricular filling -atrial systole -isovolumetric contraction
isovolumetric contraction
Left ventricular hypertrophy will shift the PMI to the _______ and Right ventricular hypertrophy will shift the PMI __________. -right/midline, left -left, left -left, no shift -left, right/midline
left, right/midline
The point of maximal impulse (PMI) is located: -mid sternum, 5 ICS -mid axillary, 5 ICS -mid clavicular line, 5 ICS -mid clavicular line, 4 ICS
mid clavicular line, 5 ICS
A blood clot forming on an atherosclerotic plaque that completely occludes the right coronary artery will cause a: -myocardial infarction of the inferior LV wall -myocardial infarction of the right ventricle only -cardiac tamponade -myocardial infarction of the posterior lateral LV wall
myocardial infarction of the inferior LV wall
Under normal conditions, inspired air is warmed, humidified, and filtered in the __________________________________. -larynx -tracheobronchial tree -hypopharynx -nasal cavity
nasal cavity
When cardiac conduction cells are depolarized, the cell becomes __________ charged outside and _____________ charged inside. -positively, neutral -negatively, positively -negatively, neutral -positively, negatively
negatively, positively
When fluid accumulates in the intrapleural space, it is known as a ____________________________. -pleural effusion -emphysema -empyema -pneumothorax
pleural effusion
A myocardial infarction involving the circumflex coronary artery will cause damage to the ___________ LV wall. -inferior -posterior lateral -anteroseptal -anterior
posterior lateral
The posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity is lined with ________________________________________. -stratified squamous epithelium -pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -lymphoid tissue -simple squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A patient's left heart preload can be estimated using: -mean systemic pressure -central venous/right atrial pressure -pulmonary artery pressure -pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
A left heart myocardial infarction will cause: -systemic arterial congestion -pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema -systemic venous congestion -increased stroke volume
pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema
A 55-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital in obvious respiratory distress. Her increased rate and depth of breathing have raised her minute ventilation from 10 to 15 L/min. Arterial blood gases show a normal PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg. It seems odd that this woman, with a minute ventilation this high, has a normal PaCO2. What is the explanation for this? -A normal PaCO2 associated with high minute ventilation indicates that much of this patient's ventilation is not in contact with blood flow. -The change in minute ventilation has little impact on the PaCO2; therefore, PaCO2 is normal. -This patient's dead space has decreased. -There is an increase in alveolar ventilation.
A normal PaCO2 associated with high minute ventilation indicates that much of this patient's ventilation is not in contact with blood flow.
The ability to generate high expiratory flow rates depends on which of the following factors? -Airway patency, muscle strength, and neurologic function. -Neurologic function, diaphragmatic function, and airway patency. -Diaphragmatic function, muscle strength, and neurologic function. -Muscle strength and diaphragmatic function
Airway patency, muscle strength, and neurologic function.
Which of the following is a force that opposes the movement of gas through the bronchioles? -Airway resistance -Static compliance -Pressure of the ribs -Elastance
Airway resistance
The end-tidal PCO2 is a reflection of which of the following? -Alveolar gas composition -Arterial gas composition -Mixed-inspired PCO2 -Mixed-expired PCO2
Alveolar gas composition
Which of the following is the term used to describe a volume of gas that is approximately 150 mL in the average adult trachea and does not participate in external respiration? -Anatomic shunt -Anatomic dead space -Physiologic shunt -Silent unit
Anatomic dead space
Which of the following terms defines the conducting airways from the mouth and nose down to and including the terminal bronchioles? -Anatomic dead space -Physiologic dead space -Anatomic tidal volume -Gas-exchange units
Anatomic dead space
All gases in the atmosphere exert pressure, which varies with weather and altitude. These gases combine and are referenced as to which of the following? -Transthoracic pressure -Barometric pressure -Hydrostatic pressure -Water vapor pressure
Barometric pressure
Which of the following statements is true of the FEF25%-75%? -Because the FEF 25%-75% is so variable, its validity is questionable. -It is more sensitive to flow coming from l medium to large airways -Normal FEF 25%-75% for a healthy young adult is approximately 6 to 8 L/sec. -It does not have more variance than other measures of flow.
Because the FEF 25%-75% is so variable, its validity is questionable.
At the end of a spontaneous 500-mL inspiration, the PA is 0 mm Hg and at the end of a positive pressure lung inflation to 500 mL, PA is 10 mm Hg. Why does the lung contain the same volume at these two different alveolar pressures? -That is the lung capacity. -Volume is the same regardless of the type of breath. -Because the pressure gradient is the same. -Because the flow gradients is the same.
Because the pressure gradient is the same.
Which of the following methods allows indirect measurement of RV and the capacities containing it? -Body plethysmography -Nitric oxide wash out -Oxygen dilution -End-tidal carbon dioxide
Body plethysmography
Which of the following methods to measure gas in the lungs is based on Boyle's law? -Body plethysmography -Helium dilution -End-tidal CO2 -Nitrogen washout
Body plethysmography
A 68-year-old man suspected of having emphysema is referred for a complete pulmonary function study. The physician requests FRC to be measured. Upon completion of both the helium dilution and body plethysmography, it is noted that the FRC obtained via body plethysmography is higher than that obtained via helium dilution. What is the probable explanation for the difference in obtained FRC values? -Body plethysmography measures all gas in the chest while helium dilution only measures gas that is in communication with unobstructed airways -Body plethysmography measures only gas that is in communication with unobstructed airways while helium dilution measures all gas in the chest. -Helium dilution only measures the true FRC. -Body plethysmography overestimates FRC.
Body plethysmography measures all gas in the chest while helium dilution only measures gas that is in communication with unobstructed airways
______________________ bring the oxygenated blood supply to the cells of the conducting airways. -Pulmonary arteries -Hemiazygos veins -Canals of Lambert -Bronchial arteries
Bronchial arteries
The diaphragm and all other ventilatory muscles will be paralyzed if neck trauma occurs at which level of spinal vertebrae? -C2 -T2 -C6 -C4
C2
A patient's right heart preload can be estimated using the: -pulmonary capillary wedge pressure -CVP or right atrial pressure -pulmonary artery diastolic pressure -mean arterial pressure in the PA
CVP or right atrial pressure
A 57-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. The patient has a significant smoking history and states that he quit 5 years ago. He informs the respiratory therapist that he has become, more and more, short of breath over the last 6 months. He is treated and following emergency department discharge is sent to the pulmonary function lab for follow-up testing. This patient's pulmonary function testing shows a decrease in all volumes and capacities, but a normal FEV1 and a reduced DLCO. The most likely cause of this patient's pulmonary problem is __________________________. -pulmonary fibrosis -asthma -emphysema -chronic bronchitis
pulmonary fibrosis
A decreased diffusion capacity (DLCO) is associated with which of the following disease states? -Pulmonary fibrosis -Asthma -Pulmonary embolism -Pulmonary hemorrhage
pulmonary fibrosis
Two thirds of bronchial circulation, containing unoxygenated blood, drains directly into the ______________________. -subclavian artery -pulmonary arteries -aorta -pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
The SA node and right atrium get their blood supply from the: -left circumflex artery -carotid artery -left anterior descending artery -right coronary artery
right coronary artery
The anterior border of the mediastinum is the ________________. -left lung -right lung -sternum -vertebral column
sternum
The exact location of SA node is in the __________ at the junction of the _______. -superior right atrium, IVC -superior left atrium, pulmonary veins -superior right atrium, SVC -right atrial septum, tricuspid valve
superior right atrium, SVC
Right heart failure will cause: -systemic arterial congestion -systemic venous congestion -pulmonary congestion/pulmonary -edema -increased RV stroke volume
systemic venous congestion
The conduction zone of the lungs ends after which structures? -terminal bronchioles -subsegmental bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts
terminal bronchioles
What is cardiac output? -the amount of blood in the ventricle at end diastole -the total volume ejected by the ventricles in one beat -the combined volume of blood ejected from the ventricles -the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one minute
the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one minute
Based on the Frank-Starling principle in the heart, which statement is true? -the greater the filling of the ventricle, the weaker the strength of contraction -the strength of cardiac contraction is dependent on vasodilation/vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries -the greater the filling of the ventricle, the greater the strength of contraction -the faster the heart rate, the stronger the heart contracts
the greater the filling of the ventricle, the greater the strength of contraction
The anatomical shunt, occurring the heart, that normally decreases the systemic saturation about 3-5% is called the: -pleural veins -thebesian veins -pulmonary veins -bronchial veins -coronary sinus
thebesian veins
Platelets are known as: -albumin -leukocytes -thrombocytes -erythrocytes
thrombocytes
The _______________________pressure gradient is responsible for the flow of gas into and out of the alveoli during breathing. -transpulmonary -transairway -transthoracic -transdiaphragmatic
transairway
The pressure gradient responsible for maintaining alveolar inflation and prevents the lungs from collapsing is the _____________________________________. -transdiaphragmatic pressure -transairway pressure -transthoracic pressure -transpulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
Tidal volume is the __________________________________________________. -volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal ventilation. -amount of air in the lungs which does not participate in ventilation. -maximum volume of air that can be inhaled. -volume of air exhaled after maximal inhalation.
volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal ventilation.