Final Exam Review (LDR2001)

Author Douglas Adams once said this about giving service

"To give real service, you must add something which cannot be bought or measured with money, and that is sincerity and integrity."

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Developed Socratic Method. Sentenced to death for "corrupting" Athen's youth.

Conclusion

- Focus on the next step: the interview! - Thank the reader for their time and consideration - Request an interview to further discuss your qualifications

Cover letter body

- How can you benefit them? - Tell how you are an ideal match for the job - Expand on relevant education, skills, and experience to offer additional details not found on your resume

Cover letter introduction

- Why are you contacting this person? - How did you learn about the job? - Who are you? - What do you know about their organization (research) ?

Behaviors and traits of leaders who cast light include

- humility - compassion - courage - optimism - integrity

Relational Leadership Model

- purposeful - inclusive - empowering - ethical - process-oriented

Handy Dandy Resume formula

1) Information Dump 2) Identify the Soft Skills behind your job duties/list 3) Identify the Soft Skills needed to get the job or into graduate school 4) Establish the action verbs you want to use for your bullets 5) Put it together (5Ws + 1H) (who, what, when, where, why and how)

Johnson (2012) identifies 14 personal competencies for establishing cross cultural relationships. Seven of these competencies include

1. Be nonjudgmental 2. Be flexible 3. Listen attentively/observe carefully 4. Assume complexity 5. Manage personal biases 6. Show respect 7. Show empathy

Nash (1990) proposes four qualities that are necessary for participants to advance ethical standards in an organization

1. Critical thinking skills to analyze and convey the ethical components of a problem or dilemma 2. Possession of a high degree of integrity to stand up for your personal and professional ethics 3. The ability to see situations from others' perspectives (showing concern for others) 4. Personal motivation to do the right thing

Kidder's Ethical Decision Making Model provides three principles for ethical decision making

1. Ends-based thinking 2. Rule-based thinking 3. Care-based thinking

Lucas and Anello (1995) propose eight assumptions about ethical leadership, which are central themes in the study and practice of ethical leadership

1. Ethics is the heart of leadership 2. All leadership is values-driven 3. Personal values intersect with organizational values 4. Ethical leadership can be learned 5. Ethical leadership involves a connection between ethical thought and action 6. Character development is an essential ingredient of ethical leadership 7. Ethical leadership is a shared process 8. Everything we do teaches

The content of a cover letter can be broken down into three basic parts

1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion

Kidder (2005) provides a framework for examining right-versus-right choices using a four dilemma paradigm model

1. Justice versus mercy; fairness and equity conflict with compassion, empathy and love 2. Short term versus long term: immediate needs run counter to future goals 3. Individual versus community: self versus others or small group versus larger group 4. Truth versus loyalty: honesty competes with commitment, responsibility, or promise-keeping

Kidder's Nine Checkpoints for Dealing with Ethical Issues

1. Recognize that there is a moral issue 2. Determine the actor 3. Gather the relevant facts 4. Test for right versus wrong issues 5. Test for right versus right paradigms 6. Apply the resolution principles (ends-based, rules-based, care-based) 7. Investigate the "trilemma options": Is there a third way through this dilemma (middle ground sometimes will be the result of a compromise between two rights) ? 8. Make the decision- this requires moral courage, an attribute essential to leadership 9. Revisit and reflect on the decision- go back over the decision making process and seek its lessons; this feedback loop builds expertise and helps adjust the moral compass

Kellerman divides bad leadership into two categories

1. bad as in ineffective 2. bad as in unethical

Aristotle virtues

1. intellectual virtues 2. character/moral virtue

Swanson's Theory of Caring - 5 processes

1. knowing 2. being with 3. doing for 4. enabling 5. maintaining belief

From interviews with 24 leaders from 16 different countries, Kidder (2005) identified seven common values among them

1. love 2. truthfulness 3. fairness 4. freedom 5. unity 6. tolerance 7. responsibility and respect for life

According to Kidder, oral courage can be viewed as the intersection of three conceptual fields

1. principles 2. danger 3. endurance

Beauchamp and Childress (1979) proposed five principles of biomedical ethics, which were later adapted by Karen Strohm Kitchener, a professor of education, for the counseling psychology field

1. respecting autonomy 2. doing no harm 3. benefitting others 4. being just 5. being faithful

Tichy and Devanna use these two characteristics to relate to ethical and moral dimensions of leadership

1. the courage to confront reality even if it is painful 3. have healthy egos to withstand peer pressure

Seligman (2002) identified six virtues common to more than 200 religious and philosophical traditions

1. wisdom and knowledge 2. courage 3. love and humanity 4. justice 5. temperance 6. spirituality 7. transcendence

Combination resumes

A combination of the chronological resume and functional resume. It focuses on skill sets, but also lists employment history. These types of resumes are most commonly used for someone who wants to change their career path entirely or have limited experience

Resume

A summary of your education and experiences. It should be focused on what is relevant to your industry

A 2012 Gallup Values and Beliefs Poll on moral values in the United States showed that

Americans are twice as likely to rate the country's state of moral values as "poor" compared to rating them as "excellent" or "good"

Ethics Quotient

An elaborate ethics selection system used by Ethisphere. Factors considered include ethics codes, ethics resources and employee training programs on ethics, whistle-blower protection, and internal communications by employees at all levels of the organization on matters related to ethics, policies and laws

Only include relevant information in your resume

Ask yourself- "Does the employer care?" and "If so, why?" (Tailor your resume to the position you are applying to.)

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Believed sensory experience to be the basis of all knowledge, although the five senses and the common sense provided only the information from which knowledge could be derived. Aristotle also believed that everything in nature had within it an entelechy (purpose) that determined its potential. Active reason, which was considered the immortal part of the human soul, provided humans with their greatest potential, and therefore fully actualized humans engage in active reason. Because everything was thought to have a cause, Aristotle postulated an unmoved mover that caused everything in the world but was not itself caused. (See also Unmoved mover.)

David Kaczynski truth versus loyalty dilemma

David Kaczynski turned his brother, Theodore Kacsynski, in to the authorities because he suspected him of being the Unabomber- the man who plagued the country for more than two decades by sending bombs through the mail, killing or permanently harming several innocent victims.

Utilitarianism

Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number

Spell it out in your resume!

Don't assume the employer knows what UCF or NEA (National Education Association) stand for

Be Specific in your resume

Don't assume the employer thinks your experience is similar to that of the other guy. Explain your role and/or duties. Use key words from the job description to highlight your skills and qualifications

Enron Case

Enron, a corporation in the early 2000s, waived many of its ethics policies, including allowing Andrew Fastow, its chief financial officer, to work for Enron and another entity that was clearly a conflict of interest for the company. After the collapse of Enron, the board noted that exception should have been "a red flag the size of Alaska"

Chronological resumes

Have educational and employment history organized by date. This resume works well for students who have related experiences within their field

Madoff honesty versus loyalty dilemma

IN 2008, Mark and Andrew Madoff, Bernard Madoff's sons, reported to authorities that their father was operating a major Ponzi scheme, which robbed billions of dollars from over 1,000 investors. Bernie Madoff was arrested the next day by the FBI and received a lifetime prison sentence, the legacy earned form running one of the largest financial fraud schemes in the world.

Social learning theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals learn from others (Sims & Lorenzi, 1992)

If participants admire or identify with another member or leader, they will be more likely to imitate that person's behavior

Transforming Leadership Theory

James Burns, leaders take followers goals motivations needs and feelings into consideration and use power for good

Use professional language in your resume

Make sure that your email address is appropriate that your wording sounds professional

Size does matter in a resume!

Make sure your name stands out (bold and 14-16 pt. font) and the rest of your resume is in 11-12 pt. font. (Times NEw Roman or Arial font are recommended.)

The Corruption Perceptions 2011 Index

Published by the world's leading nongovernmental organizations fighting corruption. It ranked 182 countries and territories from zero to ten, with ten being a clean score and zero indicating most corrupt. It is a poll of polls, reflecting the perceptions of business people and country analysts.

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens. (430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Terry Schiavo ethical dilemma

Terry Schiavo was kept on life support for nearly 15 years beginning in 1998 after collapsing in her home and never regaining consciousness. This represented a legal case in which the values of justice versus mercy clashed. This dilemma raged into a public debate about the moral and legal rights of life and death

These are the key factors in the transforming leadership process

The moral purposes of both leaders and participants

Principle of doing no harm

The principle requires you to avoid hurting others or damaging their projects, efforts, or property.

Ethics exist in a cultural context; they are culturally bound or culture specific

There is no universal agreement on what behaviors or practices are considered appropriate, legal, ethical, or moral across cultures

How did the leaders of British Petroleum (BP) fail to exhibit moral courage?

They ignored signs of faculty equipment that resulted in one of the biggest oil spills in history in the U.S Gulf coast in 2010.

Toms Shoes company modeling socially responsible behavior

Toms Shoes donates a pair of shoes to a disadvantaged child with each pair sold

James MacGregor Burns

Transactional & Transforming Leadership

Examples of corporate irresponsibility

Walmart has a record of using discriminatory practices based on race and sex in hiring employees and Nike operated sweat shops that employed child laborers in developing countries

Ethics are temporal in nature

What was considered by many to be an ethical and legal standard practice back then may be unacceptable by now, especially in light of changing laws and legal norms

How do you provide an example of how an ethical environment is established?

You identify a problem as having moral or ethical implications and involve others in the decision-making process. The process of doing so should be include all the elements of the Relational Leadership Model and the dimensions of knowing-being-doing

Cultural relativism is germane to

a specific culture, society, or community

Nash's four qualities of leadership, when translated into behavior and action, help create

an ethical organizational environment

Kellerman (2004) and Lipman-Blumen (2005) address the notion of

bad or toxic leaders and their resulting negative consequences

The Golden rule is an example of ____ thinking

care-based

Corruption is a ____ constructed behavior, with varying degrees of tolerance and therefore varying frequencies of occurrence across countries

culturally

Cultural tolerance implies that

differences in practices are recognized, but not for the purpose of imposing or changing the practices to suit a particular cultural belief

Newman's Own product line, founded by Hollywood actor Paul Newman, models socially responsible behavior because it

donates all of its profits to charitable organizations

James MacGregor Burns (who developed the Transforming Leadership Theory) labels ideals as

end values

All participants- positional leadership and members alike should be

equally empowered to hold each other accountable and work towards a shared set of core values

Leaders who cast light facilitate

ethical processes and uphold ethical principles in their actions and in how they treat others

Modeling can also have these effects

external effects that extend beyond organizational boundaries

Functional resumes

focus on skill sets gained through a variety of activities, such as educational course work, clubs and organizations, as well internships and volunteer work. This resume format works best for students lacking relevant work experience or changing careers

Kant's categorical imperative

follow only the principle that you want everyone else to follow

To place worth on moral concepts through intercultural comparison is ____

futile

Developing a ____ mindset and cultivating ____ are important components of ethical leadership

global ; diversity

Observational learning has its history in the practices of ancient Greeks, who referred to this concept as

imitation or mimesis

Kellerman's definition of ineffective leadership

includes the failure of achieving a desired change

Ethics and morals differ not only among various countries but also among

individuals in the same country

Dialogic leader

initiates discussions with peers and members about what is ethical and what the material interests of individuals are

Cover letters

introduce you and your resume to prospective employers

Bird and Waters (1989) provides an interesting notion of modeling or influencing ethical behavior through verbal exchanges or

moral talk / dialogic leadership

Through behavioral modeling, constituents learn that

negative consequences result from behavior by observing how a peer is treated

In some cases, followers can influence

nontoxic leaders to the toxic realm of behaviors or at a minimum, they support the actions of toxic leaders

The Enron case demonstrates that

not all leadership is "good"- our learning about leadership can come from both positive and negative exemplars

Bandura postulated that

people can learn indirectly from observation or by vicarious learning

Leaders who cast shadows abuse

power, manipulate information, are deceitful, and act incongruently

Participants have an obligation under the principle of "doing no harm" to

protect an individual's right to confidentiality when addressing a violation of rules or standards and ensuring that due process is provided and safeguarded

Transforming leadership theory is about the _____ and ____ between leaders and followers

relationship ; influence

Ethisphere

renowned third think tank dedicated to furthering business ethics and corporate social responsibility

In order to teach their young students, Greek Scholars would

select the best models in Greco-Roman literature

Sherron Watkins, a former executive of Enron, displayed personal courage when

she exposed breaches of conduct by her boss Ken Lay. Watkins risked losing her high-level and high-paying job in doing so.

Dialogic leadership or moral talk can be used in

student organizations as a way to model ethical approaches to help create and sustain an ethical environment

Try to avoid using a template when making a resume

templates tend to not be flexible with spacing and adding information. They also don't allow you to be unique!

Craig Johnson (2012) uses the powerful metaphor of light and shadow to illustrate

the differences between ethical and unethical leadership

Moral muteness

the lack of discussion about ethics

Bandura (1977)

the pioneer of social learning theory

Kidder (2005) describes moral courage as

the quality of mind and spirit that enables one to face up to ethical challeneges firmly and confidently, without flinching or retreating

The Dell computer company modeling socially responsible behavior

they are known as a leader in its industry for its recycling initiatives

Kanungo and Mendonca (1996) argue that there are universal moral values

they assert that morally good acts are based on moral laws that are universal because they incorporate fundamental values such as truth, goodness, beauty, courage and justice. These values are found in all cultures, although cultures may differ with reagard to the application of these values

Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream modeled a type of socially responsible behavior in the business world when

they donated 7.5% of pretax profits to social programs. By doing this, Ben and Jerry attempted to model a moral standard for other business leaders to follow.

Kidder (1995) defines tough choices as

those that pit one right value against another. the really tough choices then, do not center upon right versus wrong

Values or ideals are expressed by _____ leaders

transformational

Nash's idea of having personal courage is of utmost importance when

trying to make the right decision for the good of an organization in the face of opposition from the membership

Kellerman's definition of unethical leadership

unethical leadership fails to distinguish between right and wrong

Transformational leaders are ____ driven

value

Aristotle's ethical theory

virtue theory

According to Kellerman, someone can be an ineffective leader but be considered an ethical leader

while the goals were not accomplished, the person still led with integrity

Lipman-Blumen (2005) describes toxic leaders as those

who engage in numerous destructive behavior and who exhibit certain dysfunctional personal characteristics. To count as toxic, these behaviors and qualities of character must inflict some reasonably serious and enduring harm on their followers and their organizations