Final Exam Review

Concerning somatic senses; which system synapses in the medulla? A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system B. Anterolateral system

A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system

_______ is how often the receptive fields are firing A. Frequency coding B. Population

A. Frequency coding

What molecules activate the Umami taste? A. L Glutamate B. Hydrogen ions C. Salts (Na+) D. Different configurations of sugars E. Alkaloids

A. L Glutamate

What receptor recognizes pain? A. Nociceptor B. Hair cells

A. Nociceptor

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are _______ whereas their postganglionic fibers are _______ A. Short; long B. Long; short

A. Short; long

A ________ receptive field is when fewer primary neurons converge onto a secondary neuron, making the small receptive field much smaller. A. Small B. Large C. Medium

A. Small

Within the organ of corti, what happens when the hair cell's sterocilia bend to the tallest member (excitation) thanks to the tectorial membrane receiving input? A. Cell polarizes which decreases action potential frequency. B. Cell depolarizes which decreases action potential frequency C. Cell polarizes which increases action potential frequency D. Cell depolarizes which increases action potential frequency.

D. Cell depolarizes which increases action potential frequency

What molecules activate the Sweet taste? A. L Glutamate B. Hydrogen ions C. Salts (Na+) D. Different configurations of glucose E. Alkaloids

D. Different configurations of glucose

What are the neurotransmitters released in the analgesic system? A. Ach B. Substance P C. Norepinepherine D. Endogenous opiate Enkephalin

D. Endogenous opiate Enkephalin

What neurotransmitter is released by the Sympathetic postganglionic fibers? A. Acetylcholine B. Acetylcholine and epinepherine C. Acetylcholine and norepinepherine D. Norepinepherine only

D. Norepinepherine only

Describe permeability changes and ion fluxes during an action potential

In a resting potential, both the sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels are closed. The cell then depolarizes and the sodium channels open. At the peak, the Na+ channel closes and the K+ channels open. Then the K+ channel closes and the cell is back to resting membrane potential.

Given that K+ equilibrium potential is -90mV and the membrane potential is -70mV, in what direction with K+ move through open K+ channels? A. K+ will move out of the cell B. K+ will move into the cell C. Na+ will move out of the cell D. None of the above

K+ will move out of the cell.

Olfactory signal transduction

Makes it through the mucous —> Binds to a receptor —> makes a G-protein —>activates adenlate cyclase —> changes ATP into cAMP —> cAMP acts on the sodium channel by opening it so that Na+ can enter the cell and cause a depolarization

Intensity of the stimulus is coded by receiving what two types of sensory?

Population and frequency coding

Is a stretch reflex a postural reflex or a withdrawal reflex?

Postural

Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane

Potassium is high inside of the cell with a resting membrane potential of -90 mV, while sodium as a high concentration on the outside of the cell and has a membrane potential of +60mV.

What section of the brain perceives pain? A. Somatosensory cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalmus D. None of the above

Thalmus

Define Nernst equation and explain why the equilibrium potential for K+ is -90mV and +60mV for Na+

The Nernst equation describes the relation of diffusion potential to the ion concentration difference across the membrane. It is determined by the ratio of concentrations on that specific ion on the two sides of the membrane. It is the equilibrium potential for a single ion. The cell membrane is very permeable to potassium, so its "resting membrane potential is much close to -90mV, but is at -70mV because the cell membrane is also slightly permeable to sodium. EMF= ±61/z*log Ci/Co

What neurotransmitter do Nicotinic receptors respond to? A. Acetylcholine B. Acetylcholine and epinepherine C. Acetylcholine and norepinepherine D. Norepinepherine only

A. Acetylcholine

WOTF is the correct identifier of the Beta 2 receptors A. Activation is generally inhibitory of the bronchiole smooth muscle (dilation of bronchioles) B. Excitatory response on cardiac muscle tissue (increased HR) C. Excitatory response to vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

A. Activation is generally inhibitory of the bronchiole smooth muscle (dilation of bronchioles)

What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers? A. Acetylcholine B. Acetylcholine and epinepherine C. Acetylcholine and norepinepherine D. Norepinepherine only

A. Acetylcholine

Within the organ of corti, what happens when the hair cell's sterocilia bend to the shortest member (inhibition) thanks to the tectorial membrane receiving input? A. Cell polarizes which decreases action potential frequency. B. Cell depolarizes which decreases action potential frequency C. Cell polarizes which increases action potential frequency D. Cell depolarizes which increases action potential frequency.

A. Cell polarizes which decreases action potential frequency.

Concerning somatic senses; which system will transmit information Faster? A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system B. Anterolateral system

A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system

Which system will recognize fine touch, proprioception, and vibration? A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system B. Anterolateral system

A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system

What allows the passive movement of Na+ across the cell membrane? A. Na+ leak channels B. Sodium Potassium pumps C. K+ leak channels D. None of the following

A. Na+ leak channels

What section of the brain localizes pain? A. Somatosensory cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalmus D. None of the above

A. Somatosensory cortex

Hyperpolarization of a cell membrane is when: A. The cell becomes more negative (~-90mV) B. The cell becomes more positive (~60mV) C. The cell becomes less negative D. The cell chemical electric gradient doesn't change.

A. The cell becomes MORE negative

What spinal tract does the Sympathetic ganglionic fibers originate? A. Thoracolumbar B. Craniosacral C. Spinocerabellar D. Spinothalmic

A. Thoracolumbar

What is the purpose of an action potential? A. To send a signal by depolarizing a neuron's cell body B. To send a signal by polarizing a neuron's cell body C. To inhibit a signal by depolarizing a neuron's cell body D. To inhibit a signal by polarizing a neuron's cell body

A. To send a final by depolarizing a neuron's cell body.

What spinal tract does the Parasympathetic ganglionic fibers originate? A. Thoracolumbar B. Craniosacral C. Spinocerabellar D. Spinothalmic

B. Craniosacral

WOTF is the correct identifier of the Beta 1 receptors? A. Activation is generally inhibitory of the bronchiole smooth muscle (dilation of bronchioles) B. Excitatory response on cardiac muscle tissue (increased HR) C. Excitatory response to vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

B. Excitatory response on cardiac muscle tissue (increased HR)

What molecules activate the sour taste? A. L Glutamate B. Hydrogen ions C. Salts (Na+) D. Different configurations of sugars E. Alkaloids

B. Hydrogen ions

Nicotinic receptors permit the passage of ______ and ______ when Ach binds to them. A. Cl-; K+ B. K+; Na+ C. Ca+; K+ D. Ca+; Na+

B. K+; Na+

A ______ receptive field is when many primary sensory neurons converge onto a single secondary neuron A. Small B. Large C. Medium

B. Large

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are _______ whereas their postganglionic fibers are _______ A. Short; long B. Long; short

B. Long; short

WOTF is NOT a function of RODS in the eye? A. Function well in low light - used in night vision B. Most abundant in the fovea C. Most abundant in the periphery D. Low sharpness but high sensitivity E. Have much convergence F. Poor ability to distinguish between two nearby points

B. Most abundant in the fovea

WOTF below DOESN'T belong to a graded potential. A. Stimulus does not reach threshold level B. Obeys the all or none law C. Stimulus causes local change in membrane potential D. It dies down over a short distance E. Can be summated Does not obey the all or none law

B. Obeys the all or none law

Concerning sensory receptors, Lateral inhibition is important on localization of a stimulus. At which level do sensory neurons become inhibited? A. Primary sensory neurons B. Secondary sensory neurons C. Tertiary neurons

B. Secondary sensory neurons

Depolarization of a cell membrane is when: A. The cell becomes more negative (~-90mV) B. The cell becomes more positive (~60mV) C. The cell becomes less negative D. The cell chemical electric gradient doesn't change.

B. The cell becomes more positive (~60mV)

WOTF is the correct identifier of the Alpha 1 receptor? A. Activation is generally inhibitory of the bronchiole smooth muscle (dilation of bronchioles) B. Excitatory response on cardiac muscle tissue (increased HR) C. Excitatory response to vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

C. Excitatory response to vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

What section of the brain performs the behavioral and emotional response to pain? A. Somatosensory cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalmus D. None of the above

C. Hypothalmus

What allows the passive movement of K+ across the cell membrane? A. Na+ leak channels B. Sodium Potassium pumps C. K+ leak channels D. None of the following

C. K+ leak channels

WOTF is NOT a function of CONES in the eye? A. Most abundant in the fovea B. Responsible for sharp vision and color vision during the daytime C. Low sharpness but high sensitivity D. Little convergence Provide highly detailed vision at the expense of sensitivity

C. Low sharpness but high sensitivity

The neurotransmitter Substance P is best associated with _______. A. Hunger B. Vision C. Pain D. Hearing

C. Pain

What molecules activate the Salty taste? A. L Glutamate B. Hydrogen ions C. Salts (Na+) D. Different configurations of sugars E. Alkaloids

C. Salts (Na+)

WOTF below DOESN'T belong to an action potential? A. Stimulus reaches threshold B. Stimulus causes depolarization to threshold level C. Cannot be summated D. Can be summated E. Obeys the all or none law.

D. Can be summated

Repolarization of a cellular membrane is when: A. The cell becomes more negative (~-90mV) B. The cell becomes more positive (~60mV) C. The cell becomes less negative D. The cell goes from a positive to a negative state.

D. The cell goes from a positive to a negative state

Describe Alpha-gamma coactivation

Gamma motor neurons initiate contraction of the muscular regions of the intrafusal fibers, but is too weak to have any influence on whole muscle tension. The firing rate remains constant in the intrafusal fibers. Alpha motor neurons cause the extrafusal fibers to contract. They both need to be activated to cause a muscle contraction because if the gamma were not activated, the intrafusal fibers would become slack and no AP could fire, making it impossible to signal length change. If the alpha were not activated, no contraction would occur because the gamma alone cannot produce a contraction.

Define membrane potential

Membrane potential refers to the separation of charges across the membrane and the difference in the relative number of cation and anions in ICF and ECF. Measured in millivolts. All cells have membrane potentials, they have excitable tissues to produce rapid transient changes in the potential when excited. Ions responsible for generation of resting membrane potential are the Na+, K+, and large negatively charged intracellular proteins.

Compare the structure and function of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Muscle spindles: stretch receptors that send information to the spinal cord and brain about muscle length and changes in length. Small elongated structures scattered among and arranged parallel to the contractile extrafusal fibers. Consists of connective tissue capsule enclosing a group of small muscle fibers known as intrafusal fibers. Golgi tendon organ: found at the junction of tendons and muscle fibers and respond to muscle tension. They are composed of free nerve endings that wind between collagen fibers inside a connective tissue capsule.

Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) sodium potassium pump,

The sodium-postassium pump effects 20% of the membrane potential. It pumps in 2K+ into the cell, while pumping out 3 Na+ using energy from ATP.

Describe the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction

1) Need to have an action potential which comes down the motor neuron 2) Action potentials trigger voltage gated channels to open 3) When they open calcium enters the presynaptic terminal 4) When Acetylcholine is released from presynaptic terminal it travels across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptor located on the motor end plate 5) When binds to a receptor it opens a nonspecific channel. It is nonspecific because Na+ and K+ can both go through 6) Sodium will then enter when the channel opens and Potassium will leave 7) Sodium entering the cell causes more sodium channels to open which then allows for muscle contraction

How many K+ are pumped into the cell by the Sodium-potassium pumps? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

Concerning somatic senses; which system will cross in the spinal cord? A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system B. Anterolateral system

B. Anterolateral system

Which system will recognize pain, temperature and coarse touch? A. Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal system B. Anterolateral system

B. Anterolateral system

_______ is how many receptive fields are activated. A. Frequency coding B. Population

B. Population

What will happen in an Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (ESPS)? A. Action potential will fire B. Action potential will not fire C. Cl- influx into the neuron D. Na+ influx into the neuron E. A and D

E. A and D

What molecules activate the bitter taste? A. L Glutamate B. Hydrogen ions C. Salts (Na+) D. Different configurations of sugars E. Alkaloids

E. Alkaloids

What will happen in an Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)? A. Action potential will fire B. Action potential will not fire C. Cl- influx into the neuron D. None of the above E. Both B and C and K+ efflux out of the neuron

E. Both B and C and K+ will efflux out of the neuron

T/F considering the Nerst equation, an action potential fire when cell membrane potential is at -90mV.

False - Membrane potential must reach threshold before it can fire. Threshold can be found at around -45mV

If you've enjoyed this quizlet - consider buying me a beer. JK, I don't drink. But perhaps it'll go to my/kids college fund or gas money. I love you all.

Venmo: @erik-robbins