Final Exam

The function of Angiotensin II is to

.Trigger the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands Constrict blood vessels throughout the body

Put the following events of the renin-angiotensin system in the correct order:

1. The kidneys sense a decrease in blood pressure and release renin. 2. Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin. 3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme. 4. Raises blood pressure SO Aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands. 5. The tubules increase Na+ reabsorption and water retention.

Which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing across the mucosal layer of the GI tract into the blood and lymphatic vessels?

Absorption

Which of the following is found within a sarcomere?

Actin and myosin proteins

Which of the following regulates salt balance?

Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

Increases sodium (Na+) reabsorption in the kidneys.

Aldosterone; Adrenal gland (cortex)

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is carried through the blood in what form?

As a bicarbonate ion

Ventricles fill with blood.

Atrial systole

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in a typical spinal reflex?

Brain

Triggered by fat and protein in chyme, signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

Cholecystokinin (CCK),

The respiratory condition asthma causes difficulty breathing because of ________.

Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles

Signals breakdown of fat and protein; suppresses immune function

Cortisol; adrenal gland (cortex)

In a negative feedback system, which one of the following statements is TRUE

Deviations from a desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted reverses a change in a controlled condition

The basement membrane is a supportive layer of proteins that gives

Epithelial cells a place to anchor

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Exchanging blood gases

Released in response to the stomach stretching; causes release of gastric juices.

Gastrin

Released when blood sugar is low, it signals release of stored glucose from the liver

Glucagon

Stimulates growth of muscles and bones

Growth Hormone (GH); Pituitary gland

The hormone ADH

Increases water reabsorption from collecting duct of kidneys

Released when blood sugar is high, it tells cells to take up glucose

Insulin

Largest organ; protects against injury and infection

Integumentary

Which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system?

Liver, Gallbladder, Salivary glands

Which of the following transmits electrical impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

Motor neurons

All of the following are types of connective tissue EXCEPT

Muscle

The eruption of a mature oocyte from a follicle is called

Ovulation

The nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys come from the metabolism of

Proteins

Proximal tubule

Reabsorbing most of the water and solutes from the filtrate; cells contain microvilli for increased surface area for absorption

After blood leaves the right atrium of the heart, where does it go next?

Right ventricle

In response to acidic chyme, stimulates release of bicarbonate and water from the pancreas

Secretin

Sperm cells are produced in the

Seminiferous tubules

Name ONE structural feature that allows capillaries to exchange materials with their surroundings.

Single layer endothelial cells

Heart disease patients often have "pacemakers" implanted. What structure does this device replace the activity of?

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

Protects and supports the body; provides internal framework

Skeletal

Which of the following statements describes a neutrophil?

The first cell to respond to infections

If blood pressure suddenly increases, which of the following events would help return blood pressure to normal?

The heart rate will decrease.

Which of the following statements about baroreceptors is TRUE?

They are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure.

Loop of Henle

Thin segment: freely permeable to water; lots of water reabsorption Thick segment: impermeable to water; only NaCI reabsorbed

Why are the lungs different sizes?

To make space for the heart

When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

Ureter

99% of water and solutes that are filtered through the glomerulus are reabsorbed. How are these materials returned to the circulation?

Vasa recta Peritubular capillaries

The ____________ in saliva helps begin the breakdown of carbohydrates, like starch.

amylase

Contain a thick layer of smooth muscle in the wall.

arteries

Transport blood under high pressure

arteries

AV valves are open.

atrial systole

atria contract

atrial systole

Composed of a single layer of endothelial cells.

capillaries

Exchange solutes and water with cells of the body.

capillaries

The purpose of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchiole wall is to ________.

change the diameter of airways to alter airflow

To regulate breathing, the medulla oblongata receives signals from __________ and sends signals to the _____________

chemical receptors to the diaphragm

The liquid mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called ________.

chyme

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals _________, causing the thoracic cavity to ________.

contract / expand

Contraction of precapillary sphincters would __________ blood flow into a capillary bed.

decrease

The _________ muscle separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

diaphragm

Positive feedback control occurs

during the process of blood clotting

Skin cells form a protective barrier for the body. They are

epithelial cells connected to each other by tight junctions

Oxygen-rich blood flows through the ____________ of the heart.

left atrium and left ventricles

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive organs and delivers it to the ________.

liver

Bile is produced in the ___________ and stored in the __________.

liver / gallbladder

Structures that absorb excess fluid in tissues and return it to circulation are called Answer

lymphatic vessels

Regulates sleep-wake cycle

melatonin; pineal gland

The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle ________.

must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body

The purpose of bicarbonate released by the pancreas is to ________.

neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach

What is a nephron?

o Functional unit of the kidney -Remove approximately 180 liters of fluid from the blood daily - Return most of it, minus the wastes that are excreted

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

only target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor

oxytocin; Pituitary gland

Repolarization

phase of an action potential where sodium (Na+) channels close and potassium (K+) channels open, releasing potassium (K+) from the neuron

Electrical impulses that stimulate heart muscle contraction originate in the __________.

sinoatrial node

During inhalation, air passes through the larynx and then enters the

trachea

Contain valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

veins

Large-diameter vessels that carry blood back to the heart

veins

Semilunar valves are open.

ventricular systole

Ventricles contract.

ventricular systole