final exam soil science.

Which of the following is NOT a soil texture classification? _____ A) Sandy loam B) Sandy silt clay C) Silt loam D) Clay loam E) Loamy sand

B sandy silt clay

The grade of a soil structure refers to ____ A) Size of the soil peds B) Stability of soil aggregates C) Distribution of soil pores D) A and B

B stability of soil aggregates

When you are using the feel technique to determine the soil's texture class, clay feels __ A) Plastic B) Sticky C) Smooth D) Gritty

B sticky

Soil structure refers to _____ A) The pore space of a soil B) The size and arrangement of soil aggregates C) Soil particle size distribution D) The cohesiveness holding soil particles together

B the size and arrangement of soil aggregates

Which of the following is not a soil formation factor? _________ A. Time B. Organisms C. Climate D. Topography E. Weathering

Weathering

Limestone is a _______ rock. A. Metamorphic B. Igneous C. Sedimentary D. Tectonic

c. sedimentary

Soil solids consist of __________ A. Minerals B. Organic matter C. Minerals and organic matter D. Minerals and living organisms E. Rock fragments

C minerals and organic matter

The color of a soil is dark yellowish-brown, 10YR 5/4. Here "4" refers to ________ A) Munsell color hue B) Munsell color value C) Munsell color chroma D) Munsell color brightness

C munsell color chroma

The material responsible for red and yellow color in soils is ________ A. Quartz B. Mica C. Oxidized iron D. Organic matter

C oxidized iron

Compared with the atmospheric air, soil air generally contains _____ A. Less carbon dioxide B. Less nitrogen C. More oxygen D. More ammonia E. None of the above

Enone of the above

Which of the following is not a component of natural soils? A. Mineral B. Water C. Air D. Organism E. None of the above

e. none of the above

A student obtained an intact soil core with a 5 cm i.d. by 6 cm height stainless steel cylinder from a field. Later he found the soil bulk density was 1.4 g/cm3 . What was the dry mass of the soil core? _____ A) 164.9 g B) 42.0 g C) 105.6 g D) 131.9 g E) 210.0 g

A 164.9g

Kaolinite is a ________ layer silicate. A. 1:1 B. 2:1 C. 2:1:1 D. tetrahedral

A 1:1

The porosity of a 100 cm3 soil core is 40%. The volume of pore space in the soil core is ___ A) 40 cm3 B) 60 cm3 C) 40,000 cm3 D) 140 cm3 E) 25 cm3

A 40cm3

What is the average volumetric composition of natural soil? _____________ A. 6% organic matter, 21% air, 21% water, 52% mineral material B. 25% air, 5% water, 70% mineral material C. 10% organic matter, 40% air, 40% water, 10% mineral material D. 40% mineral material, 20% water, 20% air, 20% organic matter

A 6% organic matter, 21% air, 21% water, 52% mineral material

Which of the following is a common reactive agent participating in chemical weathering of rocks? _____________ A. O2 B. N2 C. N2O D. CH4 E. H2

A O2

Sodium hexametaphosphate is added to soil samples in the laboratory during particle size analysis to cause _______ A) Dispersion B) Sedimentation C) Puddling D) Aggregation E) Flocculation

A dispersion

Which of the following is an aluminosilicate? ____________ A. Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) B. Quartz (SiO2) C. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) D. Calcite (CaCO3) E. Gypsum (CaSO4)

A feldspar (KAlSi3O8)

. Compaction will _______ soil bulk density A) Increase B) Decrease C) No change

A increase

In soil science, the clay particles have a diameter ____ A) Less than 0.002 mm B) Grater than 0.05 mm C) Ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mm D) Ranging from 2 to 50 μm

A less than .002mm

The soil clay minerals Fe/Al oxides may possess electrical charges. At pH 10.0, aluminum hydroxides are most likely to have _____________ charges. A. Negative B. Positive C. Zero D. Permanent

A negATive

If a solid cube is cut into equally eight pieces, its volume will ____ A) No change B) Increase 8 times C) Decrease 2 times D) Increase 2 times

A no change

Breaking down of a huge rock to small pieces by long-term thermal expansion/contraction is a process of __________. A. Physical weathering B. Chemical weathering C. Biological transformation D. Microbial degradation

A physical weathering

Flooded soils generally develop a gley (bluish gray) color. This is a result of __________ A. Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe (II) B. Reduction of NO3 - to NO2 - C. Decomposition of organic matter D. Reduction of SO4 2- to S2-

A reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II)

Soil potential acidity includes __________ A. Residual and exchangeable acidities B. Active and residual acidities C. Active and exchangeable acidities D. Active, residual, & exchangeable acidities

A residual and exchangeable acidities

Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured to indicate the _____________ of a soil. A. Salinity B. Base Saturation C. Acidity D. Solubility

A salinity

Soils that develop on steep slopes are subjected to greater erosional stresses than soils developed on gentler slopes. This statement is ______ A. True B. False C. Unclear

A true

The soil forming process "Transformation" is another term for _________ A. Weathering B. Transmission C. Transport D. Transition

A weathering

Isomorphic substitution occurs in __________ A. Allophane B. Fe/Al oxides C. Layer silicates D. Organic matter

C layer silicates

Natural soil hosts _________ of the world 's biodiversity. A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 80%

B 25%

A scientist extracted 50.0 g oven-dry soil with 100 mL of deionized water. He transferred 50 mL of the extracts to a weight-known (30.2300 g) evaporation dish. After evaporation, the dish and the residues weighed 30.4521 g. The total dissolved salt content of the soil was ____ A. 22.21 mg/g B. 8.88 mg/g C. 4.44 g/g D. 11.10 mg/g

B 8.88mm/g

The most abundant three elements in the Earth's crust are ___________ A. N, P, K B. O, Si, Al C. C, H, O D. Fe, Mn, N E. C, N, S

B O Si Al

Which of the following soils will probably demonstrate the highest pH value? __________. A. A saline soil B. A sodic soil C. A calcareous soil D. An acidic soil

B a sodic soil

Hematite is _______________ A. a layer silicate B. an iron oxide C. a primary soil mineral D. an Al hydroxide

B an iron oxide

The metamorphic rock Schist is derived from __________. A. Granite B. Basalt C. Sandstone D. Shale E. Slate

B basalt

A tensiometer is used to measure soil matric potential. When inserted in a soil for several days, the reading of the tensiometer increased from 0.3 bar to 5 bar. The moisture content of the soil _______ A) Increased B) Decreased C) Did not change

B decreased

Most crops cannot grow well in poorly drained soils, this is because poorly drained soils ___ A. Do not provide enough nutrients B. Do not have adequate O2 C. Have unpleasant colors D. Are low in temperature

B does not have adequate O2

A soil series is named ____ A) For the soil scientist who discovered and published the description B) For the geographical location where the soil was first described C) For the mapping unit in the area where the soil was discovered D) For the state soil scientist at the time of the soil's discovery E) For the topographic feature where the soil was first discovered

B for the geographical location where the soil was first descrobed

Granite is a __________ rock. A. Metamorphic B. Igneous C. Sedimentary D. Tectonic

B igneous

The downward movement will be ________ when water percolates through a clay layer and encounter an underlying sand layer. A. Prompted B. Inhibited C. Unaffected D. Facilitated

B inhibited

Colluvium is ________ A. Deposits on flood plains of rivers B. Materials accumulated at the bottom of steep hills C. Wind blown sand D. Weathered rock residues

B materials accumulated at the bottom of steep hills

Rocks formed from pre-existing rocks by heat and pressure are ________ A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. Shale

B metamorphic

Which of the following is NOT a secondary mineral in soil? ________ A. Kaolinite B. Mica C. Iron oxides D. Montmorillonite

B mica

Isomorphic substitution results in ___________ charges in soil minerals. A. pH-dependent B. Permanent C. Negative D. Moisture-dependent

B permenant

The soil clay minerals Fe/Al oxides may possess electrical charges. At pH 3.0, iron oxides are most likely to have _______ charges. A. Negative B. Positive C. Zero D. Permanent

B positive

Hue of a soil color refers to ____ A) The total amount of visible radiation that the soil reflects B) The traditional color of the dominant visible-wavelength-radiation that the soil reflects C) The brightness of the color D) The purity of the color

B the traditional color of the dominant visible wavelength radiation that the soil reflects

Alluvial materials are translocated by _________ A. Wind B. Water C. Gravity D. Animal or human activities

B water

A natural soil has a bulk density of 1.35 g cm-3 and a particle density of 2.60 g cm-3 . Its porosity is _____ A) 13.5% B) 26.0% C) 48.1% D)51.9% E) 100%

C 48.1%

The chemical composition of Gypsum is __________. A. CaCO3 B. SiO2 C. CaSO4 D. FeS2 E. Al(OH)3

C CaSO4

A soil has an EC of 6 dS/m, CEC of 15 meq/100g, and exchangeable sodium 3 meq/100g. The soil is a __________ soil. A. Saline B. Sodic C. Saline-sodic D. Normal

C Saline sodic

The soil forming process "Erosion" is equivalent to _________ A. Weathering B. Transformation C. Translocation D. Decay

C Translocation

Which of the following is the largest? _____ A) A granular ped B) A silt particle C) A columnar ped D) A sand particle E) A clay particle

C a columnar ped

An ideal soil contains a mineral fraction, organic matter, water and __________ A. Rocks B. Alluvium C. Air D. Dissolved nutrients

C air

An individual plant depends on the soil for __________ A. Carbon dioxide, energy, and hydrogen B. Nutrients, energy, and nitrogen C. Anchorage, water, and oxygen D. Oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide E. Water, anchorage, and energy

C anchorage water and oxygen

After a long time of water saturation, the redox potential of an organic matter-rich soil will__ A. Not change B. Fluctuate C. Decrease D. Increase

C decreases

For a specific soil, the saturated hydraulic conductivity is always _______ its unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A. Changing with B. Equivalent to C. Greater than D. Smaller than

C greater than

The water infiltration rate of a soil is typically _________ its permeability. A. Changing with B. Equivalent to C. Greater than D. Smaller than

C greater than

Soils in wetlands are called _________ soils. A. Marsh B. Anoxic C. Hydric D. Muddy

C hydric

Topography refers to ___________ A. Geography B. Land use C. Land relief D. Groundwater level

C land relief

A sandy soil and a clayey soil exist adjacent to each other in an upland position. The factor of soil formation that caused these differences is most likely ____ A) Organisms B) Time C) Parent material D) Climate E) None of the above

C parent material

Soil active acidity refers to _________ A. Protons resulted from microbial activities B. Exchangeable Al3+ on soil solids C. Protons in the soil solution phase D. Protons generated from CO2 dissolution E. Both dissolved and adsorbed H+ and Al3+ in soils

C protons in the soil solution phase

Natural soil is originally derived from __________ A. Sediments B. Plant residues C. Rocks D. Coal

C rocks

Where is most of the world's organic carbon stored? __________ A. Atmosphere B. Forest C. Soil D. Water

C soil

A mass of soil particles glued together by clay, organic matter, or microbial gums is called _ A) Single-grain soil B) Soil separates C) Soil aggregates D) Massive soil E) Duripan

C soil aggregates

The forces that hold individual soil particles together to form aggregates is described by ____ A) Soil structure B) Soil tilth C) Soil consistence D) Soil compaction

C soil consistence

Which of the following statements is NOT true? _____ A) Soil temperature fluctuates daily. B) Soil temperature varies with soil depth. C) Soil wetness does not influence soil temperature. D) The annual mean soil temperature is measured at 50 cm.

C soil wetness does not influence soil temperature

An example of rock physical weathering is ________ A. Minerals dissolved by water B. Oxidation C. Stress release D. Growth of lichen on the surface

C stress releif

The land use capability of a soil is classified as IVe-2. The "e" indicates the soil is ____ A) Too wet B) Too dry C) Subject to erosion risk D) Stony E) Water-interfered

C subject to erosion risk

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? ____ A) Soil particles are held together by cohesion and adhesion forces B) The cohesion force increases as water content decreases C) The adhesion force increases as water content increases D) The cohesion force consists of H-boding, van der Waals forces, and electronic attraction E) Soil consistence will increase if the direct contact area between soil particles increases

C the adhesion force increases as water content increases

Soil pH measures ____________ A. The concentration of H+ adsorbed on soil solids B. The concentration of H+ and Al3+ in the soil solution phase C. The concentration of H+ in the soil solution phase D. The concentration of both dissolved and adsorbed H+ and Al3+ in soils E. The concentration of both dissolved and adsorbed H+ in soils

C the concentration of H+ in the soil solution phase

In general, the largest source of acidity in natural acidic soils is _____ A. The aluminum ions in the soil solution B. The hydrogen ions added in acid rain each year C. The exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum on soil solids D. The hydrogen ions in the soil E. The sulfur in the soil solution

C the exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum on soil solids

Thermal expansion and contraction helps break a large piece of rock into small fragments. This is because _____________ A. Rocks typically collapse at above 30°C B. Thermal expansion and contraction enable fungal colonization on rocks C. Various minerals in rock expand and contract at different extents in response to temperature changes D. Rocks become dry under repeated cycles of expansion and contraction

C various mineral in rock expand and contract at different extents in response to temperature changes

Which of the following is NOT a soil forming process? _________ A. Breaking down of rocks B. Carrying away of rock fragments by wind C. Volcanic lava becoming rock D. Soil leaching by rainwater E. Addition of organic matter from tree leaves and grass roots

C volcanic lava becoming rock

. It is recommended to apply 2 Mg (tons) of lime (CaCO3) to 1 hectare (ha) of cropland and plow the lime in 18 cm deep to bring the soil pH to the target value of 6.5. A farmer purchased a liming material that was only 85% CaCO3 equivalent and he decided to till it in 20 cm deep. How much of the liming material should he apply to 2 ha of land? _________ A. 3.4 Mg B. 4.0 Mg C. 4.7 Mg D. 5.2 Mg E. 6.5 Mg

D 5,2 mg

. A soil has been measured and found to contain the following exchangeable cations (units of cmolc/kg): Ca = 12.5, Mg = 6.1, K = 0.6, Na = 0.4, NH4 + = 0.1, and H = 9.0. What is the base saturation of the soil? ______ A. 70.4% B. 47.2% C. 67.1% D. 68.6% E. 41.7%

D 68.6%

Liming is normally required for better crop production if the soil pH is ________ A. > 8.0 B. <7.0 C. > 6.5 D. <5.5

D <5.5

A soil horizon that is generally called the topsoil by most growers is the ___ horizon. A) B B) R C) O D) A E) E

D A

The chemical formula of pyrite is __________. A. CaCO3 B. SiO2 C. CaSO4 D. FeS2 E. Al(OH)3

D FeS2

Which of the following soils is not suitable for a construction base? _______________ A. A soil rich in kaolinite B. A soil rich in iron/aluminum oxides C. A soil rich in sand and silt D. A soil rich in smectite and vermiculite

D a soil rich in smectite and vemiculite

Which of the following soils has the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC)? __________. A. A soil with a high clay content and low humus content B. A soil with a high sand content and high humus content C. A soil with a high silt content and high clay content D. A soil with a high clay content and high humus content E. A soil with a low clay content and high humus content

D a soil with a high clay content and a high humus content

Diaspore is ________________ A. a layer silicate B. an iron oxide C. a primary soil mineral D. an Al hydroxide

D an AL hydroxide

Which of the following is not a clay mineral? ______ A. Goethite B. Smectite C. Biotite D. Apatite E. Gibbsite

D apatite

Soil alkalinity is caused by ________ in soils. A. Metal oxides B. Base cations C. Hydroxides D. Carbonates and bicarbonates

D carbonates and bicarbonates

If the parental material is rock characteristic of a given region, then the resulting soil is referred to as _________ A. Transported B. Elevated C. Superposed D. Residual

D residual

Surface runoff will form when the soil infiltration rate is _____ the rainfall intensity. A. Changing with B. Equivalent to C. Greater than D. Smaller than

D smaller than

Which of the following soils may demonstrate Al toxicity to plants? _________ A. Calcareous soil B. Strongly alkaline soil C. Neutral to slightly acidic soil D. Strongly acidic soil

D strongly acidic soil

The plant available water in soil is _________. A) The capillary water held in soil B) The water that a soil can hold against gravitational force C) The water between field capacity and air-dry moisture D) The water between field capacity and wilting point

D the water between feild capacity and wilting point

The space of soil pores is occupied by _____ A. Soil water B. Soil solids C. Soil air D. A and B E. A and C

E A and C

Effervescence will be observed in ________ soils upon addition of 0.1 M HCl solution. A. Acidic B. Alkaline C. Neutral D. Organic E. Calcareous

E calcareous

Dark grayish brown is the _________ of a soil color. A) Value B) Chroma C) Gleying D) Hue E) Common color name

E common color name

_____ soils developed from parent materials translocated and deposited by wind. A. Colluvial B. Lacustrine C. Residual D. Alluvial E. Eolian

E eolian

Which of the following soil structures is optimal for crop production? ____ A) Blocky B) Massive C) Columnar D) Platy E) Granular

E granular

In a soil survey report, a soil series is listed as being a deep soil. This refers to _____ A) The depth of the topsoil B) The depth to a water table C) The depth of the subsoil D) The depth to the bedrock E) None of the above

E none of the above

Which of the following characteristics is not used in soil profile description? ____ A) Soil color B) Soil pH C) Soil depth D) Soil consistence E) None of the above

E none of the above

When a soil is said to be firm, the person is referring to _____ A) A soil structure B) A soil separate C) A soil texture D) A soil aggregate E) A soil consistence

E soil consistence

Which of the following is not identified as an environmental function of natural soil? _____ A. To support plant growth B. To regulate water movement C. To recycle residues and wastes D. To serve as a habitat for living organisms E. To be used as an emergency food substitute

E to be used as an emergency food substitute

Which of the following is an agricultural use of soil? _____ A) Using the soil for recreation B) Using the soil for a home site C) Using the soil as a building material D) Using the soil for hazardous waste disposal E) Using the soil to grow trees for commercial sale

E using the soil to grow trees for commercial sale

The wavelength of a red color is ____ A) Smaller than that of a blue color B) Greater than that of a blue color C) In the range of ultraviolet radiation D) Below 380 nm

b greater than that of blue

Acidic soils have a pH _____ A. <7.3 B. < 7.0 C. < 6.5 D. < 5.5 E. greater than 5.5

c <6.5

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic colors in the Munsell color system? ___ A) Yellow B) Red C) Orange D) Blue E) Green

c orange