Final Feravich

what is pos psych and its goals?

the scientific and applied approach to uncovering strengths and promoting positive functioning (in people) -to study human strengths (buffer against mental illness), still have balance between study of strengths and weaknesses -focus on normal people -conduct evidence-based research (study humanistic concepts empirically like love)

Life Orientation Test (LOT)?

-measure of dispositional optimism (not learned) -Scheier and Carver, 1985 -born this way, genetic predisposition to optimism or pessimism

How do we measure control?

-measure of personal efficacy -measure of locus of control (James Rotter)->overall health (pick 1 of 2)

What Learned Optimism predicts?

-measured with ASQ -better academic performances -superior athletic performances -more productive work records -greater satisfaction and interpersonal relationships -more effective coping with life stressors -less vulnerability to depression -superior physical health

what is mindful meditation?

-mindful meditation: the development of deep insight into the nature of mental processes, consciousness, identity, reality, and the development of optimal states +directed thinking to give deep insight -mechanism not known to science, yet for great outcomes, clear association +different from rumination and deep problem solving thoughts -outcomes of mindfulness: +stress reduction and effects on hardiness and coherence in hospital patients +increased empathy in medical students +increases in pos. emotional states and decreases in anxiety +increases in spirituality, oneness motivation, and personal trust (social connection)

what is misregulation?

-misregulation: fail to obtain our desired outcome 3 ways: -under regulation->emotional instability -irresistable impulses: temptations demonstrate the conflict between internal and external rewards -procrastination +no plan/ambivalence +goal conflict +unrealistic goals (perfectionism)

Explanatory style predicting success in work?

-more motivated -persist longer despite setbacks -better performances -more likely to stay at current job, less turnover -outsell pessimistic explanatory styles -self-fulfilling prophecy- if you believe you can accomplish you do

can you do this?

HELL YES YOU CAN!!!

what is psychoanlaytic theory?

biological theory and nature: develop our identities based on our biology. biology is based on sex drive (psychosexual stages), who we are is in place by 5 yrs. old (personality)

Making amends?

how to encourage forgiveness: -acknowledge you did something wrong -make an effort not to do it again -ask for forgiveness -take action to make up for it -washing your hands helps you get rid of guilt

what are the three main forces of psychology?

psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and humanistic theory

The Luck Factor?

(Richard Wiserman, 2003) -research to study if individuals who thought they were lucky or if they generated their own good fortune +harder work->luckier -lucky people generate good fortune by: +noticing chance opportunities +listening to their intuition (requires fine tuning) +create self-fulfilling prophecies +adopting a resilient attitude

quote and starting slides of positive emotions: broaden and build, empathy, and flow?

-"Beware that when fighting monsters, you yourself do not become a monster.. for when you gaze long into the abyss, the abyss gazes also into you." Friedrich Nietzche -anhedonia, like apathy (epidemic)- not liking the things you usually enjoy doing

how does stress affect depression?

-# of stressful life events and s alleles increase probability of depression -need environmental factor to instigate it

Insecure-Resistant or Insecure-Anxious?

-15%, distressed when Mom leaves, inconsistent when Mom comes back -inconsistent Mom, abuse, distraction

what is resilience?

-2 components: had some traumatic life event, doing okay anyway (not thriving or doing great, normal functioning is resilience) -neg event takes some people out (succumb/suicide), survival w/ impairment (never get back to baseline), resilience- back to acceptable levels, can thrive if you have meaning and purpose (take something from what happened to you) -chronic, delayed, mild- types of disruptions, mild or great but get back->resilient

what are the benefits of mindfulness?

-2008 meditation study, fMRI activity with 6 meditative states -visualization, one-pointed concentration, generating compassion, devotion, fearlessness, open state -buddhist monks meditated for 10 yrs. v. novice (1-3 yrs.) meditators outcomes: -voluntarily regulate brain activity (can control wandering thoughts), could see when experts were going from one thought process to the next (not for novices) -dramatic increase in key electrical activity related to pos. emotions (LPC) -high activity in a parallel site that related to distressing emotions (RPC)->empathy -brain shift reflected an extremely pleasant mood

what is sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

-4 complaints of intelligence: -analytical: break problems down into components, linkers -creative: deal with novel problems in new ways -practical: use info for success in life -tacit knowledge: expression of common sense, core element of practical knowledge: procedural knowledge

Insecure-Disorganized?

-5%, children engage in freezing behaviors

prescription for disaster: pharmaceuticals?

-50% (75%) of FDA $$ comes from pharmaceuticals -begin approving drugs faster w/o confirming research -phase IV clinical trials bypassed-> bad side effects, were once very controlled studies -government panels made up of people in the industry -inventing diseases that can be common experiences -outcome of deregulation

What are the three characteristics of a successful relationship?

-Attachment (bonded well as a child) -Love (mature love- absence of self-absorption) -Purposeful, positive relationship behavior (learned)

What are the 4 parenting styles?

-Based on 2 continuums: emotionality and control -Authoritative- know limits of their kids, give opportunities for success (Secure attachment), warm&responsive, restrictive&demanding -Authoritarian- tough love, you shouldn't have needs b/c I don't, rejective&unresponsive, restrictive&demanding -Permissive- try to be kid's best friend, thinks they don't know how to parent,ends up being more impulsive and aggressive (insecure-resistant), warm&responsive, permissive&undemanding +disciplinarian, more punitive, neg. feedback , may have love but not know how to show it -Uninvolved- not discipline or care, have an insecure-disorganized child, rejecting&unresponsive, permissive&undemanding

Back to Gratitude?

-Being grateful can build pos. illusions -Being grateful encourages feelings of closeness and self-disclosure -Being grateful can lead to perseverance and determination (true grit) -Being grateful leads to prosocial behavior -Being grateful leads to mentoring -Being grateful promotes optimism and hope -People who are grateful are more forgiving

How can pos. emotions improve health?

-Cohen, individuals w/ high, medium, or low pos. emotional style or neg. emotional style -DV: objective and subjective cold symptoms: weight of mucus, response to how do you feel? -people w/ low pos. emotional style 3x more likely to get the cold and experience more subjective cold symptoms v. high pos. emotion styles

Forgiveness: Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases?

-Compassion and forgiveness are very similar, benefits health and well-being -Forgiveness is adaptive, evolutionary underpinnings: compassion and types of forgiveness in different groups +chimpanzees +adaptive for individual and group -For forgiveness to have health benefits it has to deal with a damaged sense of self (transgression from another person or something we did) (might have to forgive a situation) +idea we're vulnerable to others, situations, and our own failure causes dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex (where we process emotions) and the anterior cingulate cortex (activated when ostracized, when we need to reevaluate some stuff) -Reason why group is damaged: when things aren't forgiven: they create escalations that can destroy the group

Are programs that increase self-esteem successful?

-D/F students given 3 different conditions: 1. try to raise self-esteem 2. internal control-tried to give feedback to improve or gave praise 3. control group +those who perceived control did the best +those only praised did poorly-had no sense of control, avoided studying

Brain function imaging?

-EEG- electroencephalograph- uses electrodes, detects very rapid changes in electrical activity, gives fastest activation (milliseconds) -PET-positron emission tomography- show how something metabolizes (NTs, process sugar, etc.), images of molecules injected and demonstrate slow changes in neural (biochemical activity) -MRI (fMRI-functional)- high resolution brain anatomy -TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation- disrupts electrical activity in brain temporarily; demonstrates necessity of brain area

vulnerability and resilience in children at risk?

-Emmy Warner did research w/ vulnerable children in Hawaii (some kind of risk factor- illness, birth issues, divorce in family) -count up # of risk factors, affects IQ -followed 700 children for 40 yrs. 47% had birth complications, 33% at high risk -33% of group still developed into confident, competent adults- were thriving -50% had records in teens, as adults only 10% of women had records, only 25% had records as men

What are differences among emotional terminology?

-Emotion: response tendencies towards an object or event (that is specific) +ex: I feel love towards my spouse, I feel emotional towards a movie +event/object->feeling->response -Mood: objectless and eventless +lasts longer than an emotion +operates in the background -Pleasures: related to physical stimulation +pleasure of the senses, physical stimulation and sensation +short-lived -Happiness: pos. emotion that reflects our subjective state +subjectively defined: based on my own opinion +synonymous w/ objective well-being -Affect: psychological term for emotion +immediate physiological response +emotion up, heart rate up, sweating up, put a label on it +has valence: 2 ends of a continuum (good v. bad, pleasant v. unpleasant) of arousal

How do we define positive emotions?

-Emotions are viewed as more complex than pleasures (more than sense or stimulus-response) -Linked to specific action tendencies (when angry we yell and lash out w/ specific behaviors) -Recognize emotions based on facial expressions- universal +monkeys: angry, scared, disgusted=neg. emotions have more specific behaviors than pos. emotions, intense emotions also have very specific behaviors +what do you do when happy? smile/laugh/be outgoing/relax

What is the empathy motive?

-Empathy: when we can put ourselves in the shoes of another person , see and feel things just like another person, your heart -Sympathy: understanding what you're going through, your head -Altruism: helping another individual without anything to gain in complete interest of the other person, question is whether we can ever do anything truly selfless? -Empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1987; 1991), empathy up, altruism up +can depend on your intention + the more likely you are to be empathetic, the more likely to be altruistic +individual differences in empathy levels create individual differences in altruism levels +eye-tracking models for altruistic and non-autistic people

What is flow?

-Flourishing: measured using measures for emotional well-being: a person high in emotional well-being and positive functioning is considered to be flourishing +people with high flourishing tend to experience low mental illness +languishing= low in mental illness and low in emotional well-being, unmotivated, apathetic people that lack grit -we work towards optimum functioning (beyond simple hedonic happiness)=flourishing +25% of Europe (Denmark, Switzerland and 10% of France, Hungary, Portugal, Russia are considered flourishing) -Critical elements of well-being/flourishing: +pos. emotion +engagement +relationships +meaning +accomplishment -Mihaly Csikzentmihalyi's theory: general theory of positive inidividuals need to perform 2.9 pos. acts for every neg. acts to flourish

Conclusions of Research on Flow?

-Flow encourages persistence and enhances skills -Flow is a better predictor of math skills -Talent that is a source of flow earlier predicted later involvement and identification with the talent -Modified work environments increase chances of flow -You've already engaged in a technique called savoring- taking an opportunity to enjoy the here and now, capacity to which you attend to, appreciate and enhance, life experiences by simply thinking about pos. times, generates gratefulness +to savor completely: plan a time when you want to reminisce about a pos. experience +be in the here and now to fully appreciate the experience, attend to environment you chose to savor +place social and self esteem needs secondary (happen naturally) +make a mindful effort

How do we measure flow?

-Flow is experienced when we change our environment to meet our goals or when we change ourselves to better meet the demands of the environment -Researchers use experience sampling method- participants record feelings throughout the day-> can see what activities give pleasure, meaning, and purpose -Day reconstruction for overall flow

Research to support broadening of thought-action repertoire?

-Fredrickson and Branigan, 2001, exercise to decide if three triangles in a pyramid or 4 triangles in a box best represents three squares in a pyramid (thought exercise) +three triangles in a pyramid means you look at the whole picture: look at the outside, shape of total figure, you tend to be more open-minded and broad in thinking, when you don't converge on one reward you could potentially get more than one +4 squares in a box: represents details or individual components of top figures -Mednick's remote associates test, 3 words that an additional word can be associated with, if you can solve this you tend to be a broader thinker -other study: individuals with more positive emotions do think more broadly: manic individuals do more creative things and have more creative thinking, increase dopamine levels by creative thinking (creates feedback loop in manic people) +graph: Fredrickson and Branigan, 2001, IV: watched films w/ diff emotions, DV: listed number of things they liked to do (listed more items when happy v. angry or sad)

Theories, Historical Value, and Needs?

-Freud said we had 2 basic needs-for life (eros) and death (thanatos), driven towards these 2 things we'll all die eventually b/c our bodies are driven towards death (aggression is a manifestation of that) -Maslow- hierarchy of 5 needs, modern theorists have 7, add cognitive and aesthetic needs (drive to see beauty) -Henry Murray's psychogenic needs-16 basic needs (in 6 categories- inanimate objects, power/prestige, power, etc.) -values have a sense of goodness or badness that needs do not have -definitions of morality are based on the strength of the need (steal bread b/c you don't have any food)

What are the three theories regarding emotional development?

-Genetic-Maturational Perspective (biological basis for love, in genes, as we mature love develops in a predicted way +emotions have biological underpinnings (biological or learned?, ex: universality of facial expressions) +we do have individual differences based in temperament (easy, difficult, slow to warm)-> how we love temperament= biological basis/underpinning +evidence for emotions being genetically based, twin studies of infants, identical twins have more similar emotions +emotions develop on a stage-like process (stages created by biology)

What is transformation?

-George Coe: a change which, though not necessarily instantaneous, seems to the subject of it to be distinctly different from a process of growth, however rapid -often transformation is preceded by despair or perceived fallenness -AA: ability to give up alcohol transformed +mystical change/epiphany v. insightful change -30 yr. clinical research: interviews: findings: +told very few people +variety of backgrounds +distinctive: date, time, vivid +surprise: unexpected, not of self +positive +permanence -outcomes: release of negative affectivity (previously chronic), embrace another person, changes in values and priorities, wanted fewer and closer relationships, connected to humanity and creation, changes in identity

What benefits lead to behaviors?

-George, Ellison, and Larson, 2002 -IV: 4 categories: +church attendance, regular +affiliated with major religion +engage in private religious practices +use religion to cope +choose one to describe yourself -DV: physical and mental health, longevity -results: people who went to church on a regular basis had the best outcomes +highest pos. correlation with better overall health. recovered from sickness faster, lived longer +people who used religion to cope: recovered from illness more quickly even more than people with regular church attendance

A Brief History of Eastern Thought?

-Hinduism, Confucianism, Buddhism -main beliefs: enlightenment: being your best inner self, harmony -eastern culture: has a bigger pic and philosophy of what is goodness -you put out good energy, good energy comes back to you

What do we know about hope?

-Hope is in place by 2 yrs. old (Trust v. Mistrust, Erikson) -Hope is based on attachment (based on life events, interaction w/ caregiver) -based on pathway/expectancy thinking -associated with our goals -hopeful people make more goals hope aids in regulating our behavior (social connection too) -collective hope: whether or not when many people have hope for the same thing there is more power in that, goal directed thinking for a large group of people -7 steps of strength: believe in ability, have faith, recruit others (tell them about your hopes), set goals (smaller implementation goals 1st), believe in yourself, recognize strengths and believe you can do it

Questions to see if your relationship is flourishing?

-How can you be sure your relationship won't end in divorce? communication, growing with your partner, appreciating each other, adventures -signs in your relationship today are predictive of your relationship tomorrow -How do you make the right decision? Choose right? -Do you like one another and is that liking based on respect and affection? -Doesn't passion fade? not with effort -What about conflict? Is it constructive or destructive? -Shouldn't we have limerance? (love at first sight, No, most relationships with limerance aren't long-lasting, and relationships with limerance are uncommon)

The Evolution of the Golden Rule?

-Humans and primates have a sense of fairness -Bees, mole rats, meerkats -The trust game->impose sanctions -Cultural differences in acceptance/rejection -Neurobiological substrates

External locus of control?

-I don't have control over things. -I have no control over my health. -Outcomes determined by chance -Avoid challenges -Abandon activities -Suffer more anxiety and depression

Internal locus of control?

-I have control over things. -I can control my health. -Outcomes are determined by the person themselves -These individuals achieve more in school -Are more independent -Deal more directly w/ marital problems -Believe you can change other people's opinions -Work towards political change -Take responsibility for own actions

epidemics in american youth: depression?

-I-we balance (imbalance in the US), we used to have a big we (depended on each other), now it's about me (I), want to stand out, failure becomes all your own, don't have family or resources to deal with these feelings -self-esteem movement: idea in the '70s, knew we needed to increase self-esteem b/c it affects everything else, innoculate w/ self-esteem, no one works for it (kids know it's not true when you lie to them), so it's unwarranted, didn't earn that self-esteem, NEGLECTS real strengths (everybody gets a trophy, who's the best?), has a causal relationship with violence High self-esteem is associated with violence

The Hedonic Treadmill?

-Impact bias: aka duration neglect which is the tendency to believe that happiness or pain will last longer than it actually does -lottery winners and accident victims-happier when? -happiness is relative to the event and after feelings from the event dissipate, happiness levels will eventually return to baseline +adaptation level theory: states that repeated encounters w/ the same pleasure producing stimulus creates increasingly less pleasure, return to set point +contrast hypothesis: ordinary events seem less pleasurable relative to a new and thrilling experience +habituation hypothesis: initial thrill wears off over time as we become accustomed to the pleasurable feelings -results of study (refresh from old notes or quizlet)

How do thoughts lead to pos. behavior which builds enduring resources?

-Intellectual resources: develop problem-solving skills, learn new information -Physical resources: develop coordination, develop strength and cardiovascular health -Social resources: solidify bonds and make new bonds -Psychological resources: develop resilience and optimism, develop sense of identity and goal orientation -One good deed has multiplicative outcomes you touch several people's lives and that spirals outwards

What research supports building resources?

-Isen, 1970 IV: found a dime in a payphone or didn't, DV: more likely to help people +only 4% of individuals helped when they didn't find a dime v. about 80% of individuals helped when they found a dime -Estrada et. al, 1997, IV: doctor given a bag of candy v. not DV: diagnosis +doctors were more efficient, made better diagnoses while being more productive

A Brief History of Western Thought?

-Judaism: following rules and rejection of self -Greek mythology: Socrates: happiness through self-knowledge, reason->science, more individualistic -Christianity: happiness delayed until after death, no self-indulgence->virtuous, gave rise to science/empiricism and individualism, rational, always about the self, introspection -postmodernism (do away with truth and certainty) -this all led to western v. eastern culture -western->individualistic (separate) -eastern-> collectivist (connected)

what research demonstrates the benefits of mindfulness?

-Langer experiments +hotel maids: told their work satisfied surgeon general's recommendation for an active lifestyle v. not->decreased weight, BP, body fat +awareness of it increased activity -Chanowitz and Blanck: cutting in line for a printer IV: good v. bad excuse for cutting (in a hurry), or no excuse, DV: did they let them cut? +people with any reason were allowed to cut in line, bad reasons too->demonstrates mindlessness

flourish video notes

-Life should be more than just not suffering PERMA is that more to life -P is life satisfaction content -Good ratio of positive to negative thoughts -Study of positive to negative words in business meetings study -RCT studies with happiness is the goal -Write down 3 things that went well today and why they went well -engagement=flow, 5 highest strengths, rollerskating boy -Active passive constructive destructive -Serve a higher power -Suicide research, testing people in the army: no meaning and purpose: more likely to commit suicide, can give meaning by creating life goals of what they want their grandchildren to see that they had done -Grit can predict achievement -Spelling bee finalists -AG, posttraumatic growth -Made changes in the army to encourage resilience -Positive psych being practiced in other countries -Have teachers trained to build well-being -Belong to something to increase flourishing

learned optimism v. helplessness?

-Martin Seligman- theory on learned helplessness +emphasis on mental illness -Seligman and Maier, 1967 +condition 1: the inescapable condition- train 1/2 the dogs to know they can't escape their condition, 1/2 trained to know they can escape, floor w/ electrified grid, dog is in harness +dogs that could escape had some mechanism (slide nose along bar) to stop the electric current +condition 2: electrified grid, dogs had to jump over a barrier to not get shocked +dogs in escape condition 1 learned to jump over the barrier, but the dogs in the inescapable condition 1 never learned to jump over barrier-didn't believe they could control it -practical outcomes of learned helplessness: when put in situations where we have no control, we give up +not all people will give up -Learned helplessness->hopelessness->depression -problem: not every person learns helplessness +studied by Christopher Peterson (student of Seligman)

Milgram's obedience study?

-Moral humility -people thought 1-2% of people would go all the way (psychopaths) v. results 2/3 did +variations on original study (women, feedback of learner v. no feedback) -moral overconfidence- "that's not something I would ever do" +when confronted w/ adversity, people do well: a real test of character is when you give them power -what can we do about moral overconfidence? +character is not a trait +choose leaders with greater moral humility: know fallible +ask yourself, could I have done and what are the conditions under -when put in particular situations, we fill the role we're given (Stanford Prison Experiment)

What evidence do we have that empathy is hard-wired?

-Motivated to feel empathy based on genetics: monozygotic twins are more alike on empathy than dizygotic (fraternal) twins +fraternal twins demonstrate almost no relationship on the trait +newborn babies are distressed when another infant cries, by age 1-2 infants comfort other people -J. Kiley Hamlin's studies: infants as young as 3 months old demonstrate a preference for cooperative behaviors (reach for figure that is shown to helping v. hurting, needed to be presented w/ eyes) +research done by them recently has shown infants prefer those who are like them and will help them more compared to hindering those not like them -giving leads to happiness (children w/ toy and puppet) -tendency to help kin data- more likely to help everyday and in life or death circumstances when that person is more closely related to you -theory of mind: knowing the intentions of another person, measured using false belief task -Mirror neurons (discovered by Giacomo Rizzolatti in 1981)-primarily located in the parietal lobe (associated w/ movement), fire when you do something or when you watch someone do something +associated with symbolic representations

PNI and personality types?

-PNI: psychoneuroimmunology thermostat, how our brain reacts to psychological thinking, affects immune system +systems interact (immune, endocrine, nervous) -Type D: killer personality, some components similar to Type A, some specific components of Type D +hostility (part of Type A too) +cynical (think there's a plot or conspiracy behind bad things, bad opinion of people and the world, makes them more helpless) +suppress negative emotions (bottle, explode)->social inhibition (isolation), not liked by others -Health outcomes: +speak out (w/ ability to control and regulate self) social repression lowers killer T cells (harder to fight infection), self-expression can reverse, contributes to specific immunity +relax when you're sick +fighting w/ a loved one: increases BP, heart rate, killer T cells +gender differences matter: wives more likely to harden arteries with issues of hostility, for men: with issues of dominance

How can you cultivate empathy?

-Practice sorting compassionate and non-compassionate thoughts given a frustrating/annoying situation

Do infant attachment styles relate to adult attachment styles?

-Preoccupied- needy and clingy, low self esteem behaviors (worry they're cheating) serial long term daters, high attachment related anxiety, low attachment related avoidance -Dismissing- find something wrong with every partner-insecure avoidant, more promiscuous, disciplinarian parent, low attachment related anxiety, high attachment avoidance -Fearful- were probably abused, think they're better off and deserve to be alone, high attachment related anxiety, high attachment related avoidance -Secure: low attachment related anxiety and avoidance -Measurement: match yourself to descriptions of adult attachment styles

how does this affect psychological states?

-Proudfoot et. al, 2009 -gave cognitive behavioral training that addresses control (teach people attributional styles) +measure attributional style, psychological strain down, job satisfaction up, and professional self-esteem up

Learning Theory (behaviorists)?

-React differently by culture (some don't recognize sadness, treat it as a disease) -Reinforce behaviors (reinforcement or Punishment) 3 learning theories: -Classical Conditioning: stimulus (behavior), response, Pavlov's dogs -Operant Conditioning/Instrumental conditioning: response (behavior), stimulus -Observational Learning Theory: learn by observing, learn our emotions +Harry Harlow- monkeys learned to attach based on isolation v. peers v. nurturing mother. contact comfort, learning of love (romanian orphanages, infant massage study)

what is mindlessness?

-behavior governed by automatic processes -comes about through repetition or through a single exposure -people become bored, complacent -afraid we'll be seen as incompetent -automatic processes can create flow -mindless when you take everything at face value

Spirituality and Human Functioning?

-Religion: the belief in and worship (structured and structured belief system) of a higher power -Spirituality: sense of something bigger than self +pos. mental health +experience more pos. emotions +reduced drug/ substance abuse +healthy marital functioning +successful parenting strategies +better coping skills +purpose and meaning +greater social support +morbidity and mortality (less disease and death)

What is locus of control?

-Rotter, author of this theory: -Is it healthier or better to control as (1) we control situations or outcomes- internal or (2) outcomes are outside of our control-external -affects coping, do you give up or do you look for opportunities to regain control (healthier)

Ainsworth's Classifications of Attachment?

-Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, insecure-disorganized

Seligman, Steen, Park, and Peterson 2005?

-Seligman doesn't think the hedonic treadmill hypothesis is true, studies to see if interventions can change baseline, STEEN happiness index and CES-D (measures depression) -procedure: joined on internet, randomly assigned to 1 of 6 different conditions (placebo, gratitude visit (letter), three good things, write about when you were at your best, using signature strengths in a new and purposeful way, identifying signature strengths)- do these for a week and write about it -outcomes of intervention 1 asterisk: main effect (sig. change at any pt.) 2 asterisks: interaction: effect across time -interaction and main effect for gratitude visit- happier and less depressed (lasts longer than happiness, a whole month), most significant differences in gratitude letter -3 good things- depression reduce for 6 months+ and after a month happiness increases and then stays for 6+ months (greater effects with reduction of depression) -you at your best- happier and less depressed at post-test (no time after that) -using signature strengths: interaction over time, happiness up from 1 week-6 months, depression down from post-test- 6 months -identifying signature strengths: significant at post-test for happiness and depression, but not after -these are purposeful things to do to increase happiness

individual pos. therapy/secondary preventions?

-Seligman's ABCs- pos. psych therapy, greater decreases in depression -smoking, insomnia, alcohol addiction, anorexia programs

Measure of self-efficacy?

-belief we can do what we set out to do; belief that your capabilities can produce effects by your own actions (Bandura, 1977) +2 components: efficacy expectations: raw talent to do it and outcome expectations: do we value it? +have to believe you can do it and want to do it

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory?

-Trust v. Mistrust Ages 0-1/Mom/Hope, dependent -Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt Ages 1-3/Parents/Choice, curious and get in trouble -Initiative v. Guilt Ages 3-6/Family/Morals, tattle -Industry v. Inferiority Ages 6-12/School/Competence, develop talents -Identity v. Role Confusion Ages 12-20/Peers/Loyalty, gain identity -Intimacy v. Isolation Ages 20-30/Sig. other/Love, real love -Generativity v. Stagnation Ages 30-65/Workplace/Care, career -Integrity v. Despair Ages 65+/"mankind"/wisdom -conflict at each stage, dependence on significant other to succeed in stage. virtue as an outcome of each stage -when successful you move on to the next stage (if unsuccessful stay in a stage), look at age of behavior

drug use= $$$?

-US makes up 5% of population, 50% of pharmaceuticals -change levels for statin drugs (not enough individuals to use them) -mark up (prozac 11 cents->$142, zanex 2 cents-> $132 -those with no insurance pay full price -govt. funding and vaccines +vioxx killed more people than Vietnam war +12x more likely to commit suicide on prozac -pay at least 2x as much in US than Europe and Canada

What's the key to pos. emotions and health?

-We know there are several benefits to pos. emotions, from Friedrickson's research, we know that pos. emotions: +build thought-action repertoires +undoes lingering neg. emotions +builds personal resources -From other research, we find pos. emotion: +fuels psychological resilience +facilitates approach behaviors (activity engagement w/ environment) +fuels psychological and physical well-being= optimum functioning -Individuals who score high on PANAS found additional benefits of pos. emotion +reduces cold symptoms +improves recovery from breast and bypass surgeries +reduces injuries in high school hockey player +reduce likelihood of strokes in old people

Baumeister, Bushman, and Campbell 2000?

-a lot is correlated w/ self-esteem -self-esteem and bullying: was accepted that bullies had low self-esteem without research +people with low self-esteem are uncertain and confused about themselves, avoid situations +bullies: murderers, rapists, wife beaters, etc. all have high self-esteem +more arrogant countries tend to be more aggressive -causal studies on aggression, manipulate anger +narcissistic individuals- inflated self-esteem and grandiose views of personal superiority, inflated sense of entitlement, low empathy, separate from others in their head -self-esteem is unstable +experience sampling method +hostility in narcissists towards other -causal relationship between high levels of self-esteem/narcissism with aggression

What is a positive experience?

-activities that are goal-directed -activities are bounded by rules; you receive feedback immediately on your success in the activity. For ex. if you are practicing some basketball moves, you receive feedback when you make a basket (reward) or not (punishment) -activity requires a balance between ability and difficulty, skills or talents, or anxiety and boredom -attention is completely absorbed in the activity, so much so that you lose track of time -performance is separate from thought, you have a sense of being "in the zone" -you intuitively sense your ability to control outcomes in order to reduce your margin of error to zero -experience of the activity is intrinsically (internally) rewarding

popular character strength education programs?

-address problems in schools to satisfy parents, teachers started their own unscientific character ed programs popcorn park-good for little kids, 6 pillars -study done in 2000 by Lemming, J.: character ed program w/ 24 lessons consisting of a story with a new protagonist each time to demonstrate character strengths, writing activities, projects, and discussions -2 districts, 900 students total, pre and post tests administered for heartwood curriculum to measure ethical understanding (went up), ethical sensibility (emotional responsiveness to other students) n.s. in 1-3 grade, went down in 4-6 grade, ethical conduct went down in 1-3 grade and up in 4-6 grade. Ethnocentrism (would they play w/ kids of another ethnicity), would do so, went up in 1-3 grade, n.s. in 4-6 grade -this all depended on classroom climate

what important conclusions came from the VIA?

-adults and youths demonstrate overall agreement on what values are important, however adults in the US agreed more with other adults on values -gratitude, zest, hope, and love have the greatest associations with life satisfaction (happiness) -to get greater happiness you want to increase those strengths -increases in religiousness, hope, and love happened right after 9/11->togetherness in a tragedy=terror management theory -people valued jobs and experiences that reflected their character strengths -more strengths equate to more satisfaction -intellectual ability had to do with appreciation of beauty, love of learning, creativity, and judgment-> associated with lower life satisfaction

What is Attributional Retraining?

-attributional retraining (cognitive behavioral training group in ASQ outcome study) +changed explanatory style by self mastery training->reduced psychological strain, increased professional self-esteem, increased job satisfaction -overly optimistic people (targeted) can become too unrealistic -believe less vulnerable and salience of the stereotype -make uncontrollable, causal attributions -attributional retraining->increase motivation, perceived control, better academic performance especially +higher GPA post-training, dropped fewer classes, less test anxiety

what does it mean to be self-regulated?

-approach goals or avoid failures? -how does this develop? amotivation/nonregulation->extrinsic motivation (4 incremental types of motivation to get to internal)->intrinsic motivation and regulation

how do we facilitate internalization?

-associated with secure attachment -amt. of internalization is a function of competence +physical or emotional readiness -increase feelings of autonomy -sense of choice, volition, and freedom from external pressures->transforming values into own -variations in three basic needs (autonomy, competence, and inter-relatedness)

how to get off the hedonic treadmill?

-be kind and help (get outside of yourself) -savor the moment -duration (lasts longer) -complexity (details stay with you) -stress reduction -social connection -balanced self-monitoring (approach-avoid) -nourish important relationships -pursue meaningful goals

Summary of pos. emotions?

-broaden thought-action repertoires -undo lingering emotions -fuel psychological resilience -build personal resources and facilitate approach behaviors (activity engagement w/ environment) -fuel psychological and physical well-being -optimum functioning

what's the key to positive emotions and health?

-can identify emotions that activate SNS-studied this extensively, bodily change-quickest reaction (anxiety attack) -upward spiral: reciprocity -positive emotions and vagal tone -pos emotions and social connections, social connections and vagal tone: measure of PNS (respiratory): take deep breath, pulse goes up, activates PNS to slow heart rate-calmer demeanor, great health benefits of meditation -measure of vagal tone (vagus nerve responsible for calming body down), intervention was meditation (increased positive emotions, social connections, and vagal tone, pos emotions cause increased social connections which causes increased vagal tone)

What are the benefits of compassion?

-chimpanzees spontaneously do aiding behavior -infants' pupil diameters decrease when helping and seeing others help (show increased attentiveness) -it's our 1st impulse to help others -we get more pleasure out of giving than receiving -reward pathways activate when we spend on others rather than ourselves -hedonic happiness related to more inflammation than eudaimonic happiness (more compassion, better health) -stress predicted mortality in non-helpers (not in helpers) -improves emotion regulation: decrease negative emotional activity, doesn't decrease willingness to help (suffering) -compassion broadens our perspective and increases social connections (increases PNS activation)

What is hope?

-close your eyes and think of your future, what images come to mind: belief that our future will be bright -goal directed thinking regarding individual values: +expectancy: perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals +agency: motivation to use your talents -hope thoughts (pathways of corr. and causality+agency-author of causal chain of events) from learning history->emotion set (pre-event-determine value of goal)->outcome value->pathway thoughts and agency thoughts of expectations for the goal)->stressor->goal achievement or non-attainment

approach behaviors?

-cognitive strategies: praying, preparing for the worst, etc. -using any strategy is better than no strategy -more coping strategies-> increases happiness -flexibility in person to use variety of strategy and environmental flexibility so people are supported in coping strategies

Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment?

-combination of DNA and learning to attach -as humans, our DNA predisposes us to want to attach (won't happen without good environment) ex: mother predisposed to attach to infant, worries after birth could interfere w/ attachment -How are we predisposed to attach? Behaviors? hold baby right away, mothers recognize their child's crying, infant knows mom's smell, moms do baby voices- baby likes that, mom is 6-8 in away from baby's face-that's where baby can see, rooting- infant nuzzles neck looking for breast milk -leads to internal working model that acts as a template for future relationships -based on the strange situation- measured and looked at attachment styles (Mary Ainsworth)

the compassionate mind?

-compassion: the emotional response when seeing the suffering of another that motivates us to help the person -compassionate instinct: 4 components

How do we define values?

-conceptual definition: (Rokeach, 1973) an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end state is preferred to an opposite mode of conduct or end state -value system: an enduring organization of beliefs (don't change often, traditional v. liberal) -stable over time (to become part of the system) -values do change over time-makes them variable, things influence the value system (culture, community, family beliefs)

what are positive institutions?

-consistently elevating individual strengths -aligning our strengths with others (within the institutions) so that strengths are the catalysts for change (magnified) and weaknesses become less relevant -refraction (changing direction) of the highest human strengths out into the world; institutions become the vehicles by which the highest human strengths are magnified and lead to pos. outcomes for everyone!

supplements?

-conventional medicine dominates -vitamins and minerals-unconventional practices -success rates are based on sound research

can you learn to be wise?

-expect to work at it -be open -be aware of your limits -seek to understand diff. POVs -study expemplars -balance when to adapt or change -work at problem solving -get outside problem solving: -identify problem before it gets out of control -define problem correctly -carefully formulate strategies -determines resources -monitor and evaluate progress

can one person develop all 24 character strengths?

-could develop all of them if you come up with a systematic, careful way to do so -unlikely to develop strengths on opp. sides of continuum equally

How does optimism work?

-cyclical -optimism is a source of motivation -use more effective coping strategies, allow us to be more flexible when coping (build resources) and in general -more frequently experience positive emotions Qualities of optimists: -information seeking, active coping and planning, pos. reframing, seeking benefit, use of humor acceptance Pessimist Qualities: -suppression of thought, giving up, self-distraction, cognitive avoidance, focus on distress, overt denial

Cultural Differences with Explanatory Style and Behavior?

-depression (CPCN) measured as DV, looking at pessimism +differences between western and eastern cultures w/ level of pessimism (white americans v. chinese americans v. mainland chinese) +eastern cultures score lower on depression, pessimistic explanatory style equating to depression may be a cultural phonomenon (less prevalent in eastern cultures)

problems with character ed programs?

-different teacher characteristics -curriculum (taught it differently) -character strengths (differences in teaching them) -biases -rewards (big debate, should we do this?) -length of intervention (program)

well-being: long-term effects of control-relevant interventions?

-elderly individuals in nursing homes -IV: given responsibility or no responsibility -responsibility group: have influence on your own lives (how room is arranged, visiting (where?when?who?)), what to do with time, complain for change) -no responsibility (do all they can to help them, nurses take care of plants, give schedules, tell them where and when to go) -nurse's ratings of activity, being interested, how social they are -did physical measures of their health -behavior ratings (how much they used their wheelchairs, participation in group activities (jelly bean guess, lecture)) -1st study: sickness?healthy with more responsibility -2nd study: 1977, same test with additional measure of mortality (less responsibility-sicker, die sooner) -random assignment, look at outcome of interest, great study, great finding

preventions?

-primary: actions that people take to lessen psychological difficultires +universal: primary prevention aimed at an entire community, convenience +selective: primary prevention focused on a particular at-risk population -secondary: most of our programs, actions individuals take after problems unfold

what are real-time measures of satisfaction?

-experience sampling method (beeper method, now use cell phones), check in on people throughout the day, ask how they're doing, moment by moment (no error from recall) -peak-end theory/rule: individuals will have a tendency to remember the peak experience as well as the end experience -day reconstruction theory: divides your day into several different time slots, helps with capturing an overall happiness with unpleasant events throughout the day that experience sampling can't detect, like parenthood, each indiv. moment can be gross or unpleasant

lobbyists?

-from 600 to over 1200 -influence congress legislation and lack of oversight over FDA -peer reviewed journals are heavily dependent on drug company funding +false report of findings -outcome of deregulation

what goals contribute most to well-being?

-goals that fit or match a person's needs, values, and motives -goals that deeply express personal identity -goals that are oriented toward intrinsically satisfying activities -goals that have been autonomously chosen -concordance theory: individual experience greater enjoyment, fulfillment, and well-being when they take personal ownership of tasks that were freely chosen and provides opportunities for personal expressiveness

wisdom: a master strength?

-had people list intelligent, creative, wise, and famous people -who is wise: factual knowledge, procedural knowledge, knowledge across lifespans: understand changing environment, relativism of values: committed to common good: values can be relative to culture, awareness and management of uncertainty: can cope with uncertainty, includes perceptiveness, think before they act, understand fairness, logic, good reasoning, stay open-minded -measure of wisdom: give scenario -wisdom increased with age (sharply during adolescence) -some experts are wiser than others -are wise people happier? no, understand world, more realistic->sad

how does social deprivation affect later resilience?

-harry harlow experiment w/ contact comfort -raised in isolation-damaged for life, (afraid) -separated monkeys from moms at diff intervals, after more than 3 months- the monkeys can't reconnect with other monkeys -fine w/o a mother if socialized w/ peers (will grow up to be normal) -environment has effect on well-being

What do we do about insecure attachment?

-have knowledge about your attachment style- can change your outcomes

primary preventions programs?

-head start: geared toward low income individuals, higher scores on achievement test, less likely to be in special ed, higher achievement, more likely to go to college -preventions for minorities; identify at-risk groups

endocrine system?

-hormonal system: hormones produced in blood stream -motivate and get you moving (CNS activation of endocrine system) -imbalance in brain->hypothalamus reacts w/ hormones sends info to pituitary (master) gland, talks to all other glands -adrenal glands (part of fight or flight-responsible for stress response) -adrenal medulla causes bodily changes in times of stress (BP up, heart rate up ,etc.), catacolomines -adrenal cortex secretes cortical steroids (like cortisol)->increases available energy for the body (fat, sugar, inflammation, sodium)

What is true grit?

-how hard you work to overcome obstacles -help people find their passion -don't worry about balance -provide criticism lessons -be a model of grittiness -offer challenges -teach people to handle and learn from failure -encourage optimism

what does it mean to be self-regulated?

-humaninstic tradition: reaching our goals helps us become self-actualized -self-regulation: the how of goal achievement +direct our lives to the needs, values, and personal qualities that define us -ability to change/orient self towards goals +repressors/prevention focused/avoidant: deal w/ stressful situations by trying not to think about it +sensitizers/promotion focused/approach: deal w/ stressful situations by finding out as much as possible

What is the Function of Values?

-important way to express ourselves -gives parameters for social norms -define good and bad behaviors (tells us what is admirable) -helps us regulate our behaviors (approach/avoid, gives us total self concept by what we regulate) -shared values reduce conflict and promote empathy -define our goals (lead to goals, specific behaviors) Research: when do our values predict behaviors? -values are important to our identity, should predict behavior -original research showed that no, 0.25 correlation between values and behaviors -new research with better measures showed new experience reflects old/direct experience, if value is important to self image, value and behavior match, when someone makes us aware of our hypocrisies behavior matches better, if value is strongly regarded or specific, when we examine aggregated data with better measures we get a correlation of about 0.5

How can we develop appropriate levels of self-esteem?

-set/give individuals realistic goals -set goals for others v. for self (giving is better than receiving) -accomplish something worthy; engage in ethical behavior -avoid social comparisons -empathize improvements

how does exercise affect the brain?

-increases blood vessel growth (particularly in prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision making, problem solving, thinking, and social relationships)) -cortisol levels decrease (drops stress hormones), increase important NTs-norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (become more alert, regulation of mood through sleep, obsessions, needs), serotonin adds to social relationships and connections which leads to pos. emotion, dopamine-reward, responsible for connection between reward and behavior) -promotes release of important growth factors

Explanatory style predicting success in school?

-individuals are more motivated with positive explanatory style, succeed more -persist longer despite setbacks -higher GPA based on persisting, didn't give up -found similar results in China too -some conflicting data shows pessimistic explanatory style may help motivate in different disciplines

What variables do we measure for attachment?

-infant's reaction to Mom leaving->upset->secure -infant's reaction to Mom coming back-> easily consoled->secure -60-65% of individuals are securely attached, Mom must serve as secure base (infant holds Mom's legs, explores, then comes back)

what is the tyranny of choice? Schwartz, B. (2004)

-maximizers aim for best possible choice (get all the info, do some research) -satisficers aim for good enough, are happy with it -the greatest maximizers are the least satisfied with their choices -opportunity costs: comparisons result in losses, remind you of what you don't get -high regret results in less happiness, satisfaction with life, and optimism and greater depression -high regret=maximizers -high expectations causes by excess (wealth)->pressure and personal failure that could have been avoided->depression

chart for behavioral changes?

-large reward or severe punishment->external justification->temporary change -small reward or mild punishment->internal justification->lasting change

Kok, et. al, 2015?

-looked at relationship between pos. emotions and health -vagus nerve (pos. emotion and social connections) when we feel safe we can broaden and build -PNS and vagal tone: measure of relaxation breathing, connects pos. emotions and health +people who did loving kindness meditation (LKM) (generating feelings of love, compassion, goodwill towards self and others), increased vagal tone and pos. emotions -pos. emotions up->social connections up->vagal tone up

How does explanatory style predict success?

-lower score on neg. explanatory style, higher number of wins +individuals with negative explanatory styles died sooner -athletics +persist despite setbacks +better performance +Seligman et. al, 1990 measured swim times and as optimists or pessimists, pessimists had slower times, can predict outcomes

What Learned Helplessness Predicts?

-many measures for optimism, some look at outcomes of learned helplessness (based on experience) +optimism for individuals can vary by subject (dating v. academics v. creativity), ASQ (attribution style questionnaire)- measures events->learn to be hopeful/optimistic v. helpless and hopeless dependent on outcome -the belief that any efforts are futile predicts: +depression that leads to internal, stable, and global attributions +inability to reject a tumor that was implanted in rats (27% v. 54%) +experienced depression after being presented with bad news (low grade) +impaired problem solving +higher risk for morbidity (disease) and mortality (death), baseball players +reduced stress in cognitive therapy

What is love?

-many ways to study love and how to love, need many approaches -Pragman: practical love, older man marrying younger woman- to provide, older couple still together even if they're no longer intimate -eros: sexual or passionate love/romantic -philos: brotherly love or friendship -storge: motherly or dependent love -agape: unconditional love (godly love- God can love you no matter what), unselfish love

what is mastery orientation?

-mastery/incremental goals: traits that can change and improve over time -performance/fixed/stable and unchangeable/entity orientation goals

How and Who benefits?

-need to explore where benefits come from, different definitions and practices -explaining the health benefits: 1. engage in healthier practices 2. have larger numbers of social support 3. greater psychological resources +ex: less fear of death -orientation (how you think about religion and practice it, 3 types) 1. Extrinsic- people who have value not in religion, but get comfort, security, status, and social support- benefits of religion 2. Intrinsic- greater life satisfaction, increased optimism, increased social support 3. Quest: not sure who God is, seek answers to their questions +lower levels of prejudice, high degrees of sensitivity to the needs of others

more info from the article: a case of double-edged optimism?

-need to know our strengths and weaknesses, put you back in balance (of feelings of optimism) +some people are dark clouds, some people always see the bright side +Seligman looked to see if there's a limit to # of strengths, is there a negative to any overdeveloped strength? -Brian: rough childhood-> low self-esteem/self-worth +became successful, had depression, alcoholism, obesity, heart disease all the same -Major points: +a little bit of stress is helpful for us (beneficial to the body), prolonged, not too intense exercise, no stress wouldn't challenge the body enough +rats w/ bacterial infection, little shock helped resist disease +obstacles aren't helpful when viewed as threatening, needs to be thought of as a challenge +Brian learned from his father to view problems as obstacles, can view success as a threat too +importance of persistence

history of the VIA of strengths?

-needed individuals who care about values to study them -mayerson foundation commissioned research on top character strengths of individuals +looked to define good character strengths of individuals +how can we tell if a character strength program works? measures to do so? -Christopher Peterson and Seligman developed lexicon of strengths that lists mental illnesses and symptoms like the DSM +lay out definitions and experiences to help attack disorders -VIA, 240 Q's, 10 per character strengths, highly reliable across nations and across the US except for religiousness

how do neurotransmitters work?

-neuron: cell body w/ nucleus, myelin sheath speeds travel, dendrites pick up info, travels down to axon, w/ chemical response passed to next neuron -information coming in, turned into neurochemical response (noise) -axon-dendrite, releases NT to next neuron to prepare for different activities -synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, birth-6yrs.-14yrs. (more neurons then prune to make more efficient connections with important information)

Insecure-Avoidant?

-not bothered by Mom's absence, distressed upon Mom's return (20% of people) -Mom is heavy handed, a disciplinarian -clingy adults

what are the reward centers of the brain?

-nucleus accumbens -ventral tegmental area -prefrontal cortex -orbitofrontal cortex- close to decision-making and reward centers of brain (connection between thoughts and feelings) -medial prefrontal cortex -anterior cingulate cortex: switch between unconscious and conscious behavior

what traditional disciplines are related to positive psych?

-nun study: followed nuns for 90 yrs. (starting in the 30's)- wrote biographies when they joined the convent, coded for cheerfulness, most cheerful survived longer, lots of built in controls for looking at nuns (no children/no relationships/no worries about homes/have other nuns/job stress/ no substance use) -mills study: collect from old data, look at smiles in graduation pictures (full face smiles), look at who's still alive

general results for seligman et al., 2005?

-older people happier/less depressed than younger people -gender and ethnicity were not associated with happiness or depression -largest pos. changes occurred in gratitude visit, but not for long term -participants in 3 good things and using signature strengths saw greatest long-term improvements

Results of LOT for optimists?

-positive correlation with self-mastery (teaching individuals they can improve on their skills) and self-esteem +how we perceive our talents (entity orientation-motivated to see things as written in our DNA) v. self-mastery: believe you can learn and improve, not just born with talent, efforts pay off, incremental orientation -negative correlation w/ neuroticism, anxiety, and depression -better recovery from coronary bypass and less pre-surgical distress -endure cancer biopsies more easily -better adjustment to pregnancy and post-partum depression -continue alcohol treatment -tend to use approach-oriented coping strategies for positive reframing (change thinking in positive way, take more action, gain meaning and purpose) -accept plights in uncontrollable situation (flexible) -better adjustment to college

what is mindfulness?

-operating in the "here and now", get the most out of the moment -active search for novelty (new opportunities) -flexible state of mind -openness -sensitive to context and perspective in the present (things don't have equal weight flexible in your environment, be flexible in your attention) -not necessarily governed by rules, but activity varies stimulus field

NTs in love?

-other people matter: greater human needing is belonging Biochemical Reactions to love: -up oxytocin (NT and hormone) (in brain and blood), love drug, up with hugs, nasal sprays (increased heart rate), increased loving feelings, touching, empathy, and compassion -ex: measure oxytocin levels of wedding party highest oxytocin in bride, 2nd highest in the mother of the bride -oxytocin is linked to bonding and attachment -other neurological changes associated w/ love +for hedonic processes, pleasure and increased dopamine (reward pathways) +when dopamine is activated, the amygdala deactivates (mostly creates neg. reactions when activated) -attachment processes- orbitofrontal cortex (underbelly of prefrontal cortex), closest to emotional center of our brain +nucleus accumbens, VTA, dopamine pathway +think about that person

what are qualities of mindfulness?

-outcomes of mindful meditation -nonjudging, nonstriving, acceptance, patience, trust, openness all increased -letting go, gentleness, generosity, empathy, gratitude, loving kindness

How do emotions develop?

-part of our emotions are genetically designed (written in our DNA) +physical and behavioral changes associated with happiness (same across all space, time, and culture) =same expression even in animals -environmental/learned and experiental components as well -emotions can vary by culture- learned component ex: slow or quick to anger -primary emotions: come about 1st +pos. emotions on board 1st: observed at 1 month, evolutionary advantage: attach to child more readily +joy, surprise, interest +neg. primary: fear, disgust, sadness

what is rumination?

-passively (automatic) and repetitively focusing on one's symptoms of distress and the circumstances surrounding those symptoms (opp. of controlling own mind) +intensifies and lengthens periods of depression +earthquake/bereaved men ruminate->higher levels of depression 10 days after event -should strike balance between pleasant distractions and coming to terms with one's feelings -"Linkers"-set lower order goals to get higher order goals (dopamine for anticipation), more likely to ruminate on unrealized goals -less happiness, more neg. feelings, higher stress in people who ruminate -less stress and depression as "linkers"

can personality be changed?

-personality usually assumed as stable traits -behavior is based on much more than stable traits -genetic basis assumes little change +neurochemical imbalance, pharmaceuticals +genetic underpinnings make disorders stable and unchangeable too (w/o chemistry), but behavior can also be responsible -neuroplasticity- ability for brain to change structure and function in experience to trauma +rumination and other behavioral habits create neural pathways +propensity towards depression, genotypes: genotype 1: L/S genotype, genotype 2: L/L, genotype 3: s/s- predisposed to depression, only became depressed when they had a highly rejecting mother (environmental condition), 35% genetic contribution

What is explanatory style?

-pessimistic explanatory style: people who view neg. events as their own fault (internal). likely to happen again (stable), and undermining other aspects of their lives (global) -optimistic explanatory style: people who view neg. events as not their own fault (external), unlikely to happen again (unstable), and limited to just one aspect of their lives (specific) -ex. of explanatory styles

what are the stages of stress?

-physiological reactions of stress -Hans Selye-one of 1st researchers who worked at stress, general adaptation syndrome (regardless of your stressor, we all go through same general behaviors) -alarm stage: hit the brakes, SNS responds immediately to use resources in order to overcome stress -resistance: adrenal glands, inflammation increases, immune system, increasing sugars/energy, oxygen -exhaustion-breakdown of the body: tissues, disease takes over body -stress: a nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it -any (pos or neg) change can cause stress

how do we measure identifying emotions?

-pictures of faces +identifying emotion and rate how much -mixed emotion face pictures -nature scene- picture

media (ads)?

-play on emotions -drug companies have $$ and dominate airwaves v. other solutions -use of celebrities and wave of false demand -violation of regulation -health is a big interest

what is hedonic happiness?

-pleasure -measures: life satisfaction, positive affect, absence of negative affect (PANAS) -subjective: based on opinion

How are pos. emotions an antidote for neg. emotions?

-pos. emotions on the heels of neg. arousal leads to greater cardiovascular recovery -neg. emotion stimulated in participants- given a criticism for a presentation they did -IV: exposed to videos: joy, contentment, neutral, sadness DV: cardiovascular recovery, how quickly heart rate returns to normal after neg. arousal

What are the benefits of pos. emotions?

-pos. emotions=optimum functioning (self-actualization) -pos. emotions facilitate approach behaviors (corr. between extraversion and pos. emotion, activity engagement w/ environment) +can help regulate (approach/avoid) +anticipate reward->dopamine (approach behaviors will get you there)->reward -signifies safety-open our options +can feel safety in the midst of pos. emotions -broaden and build: pos. emotions broaden people's momentary thought-action repertoires and builds enduring personal resources +broadens thinking->broadens behaviors->broadens rewards +broaden and build pays it forward -pos. emotions lead to thought-action repertoires (behaviors) which lead to building enduring personal resources which leads to an upward spiral which leads to more pos. emotion

how does poverty affect IQ?

-poverty: low family income -low levels of meeting children's basic needs -on average 10-20 pts. below middle-class age peers -improved economic conditions->improvements in IQ -neuroplasticity (can change over time) -tests target race and leave people at a disadvantage: stereotype effect +perform below average when they know it's a test of ability, reframe, white=black -household inventories to see that homes are safe for infants

How is dopamine related to love?

-reaction in individuals when they get rewarded +increases in anticipation, increases in dopamine -reinforcement schedules (rewarded sometimes, but not others)->ex: gambling, increases dopamine levels about 2 times as high -levels highest at 50/50 reinforcement -2 receptors: D1: attachment up (post sex) (increases monogamy) D2: sex (must reduce for D1 to work too) +work in conjunction w/ eachother to provide needs for attachment -people who are newly in love have greater spikes in dopamine, love after 5+ years- more activation in cingulate cortex (empathy/warm fuzzies) (ACC)

how is the immune system affected?

-ready body for movement and action -lymphatic system gets rid of waste in our bodies, intertwined w/ blood/immune system) -CNS kicks up heart rate, white blood cells, etc. when we're nervous -CNS linked to both bone marrow and thymus (important for regulation of our immune system, bone marrow makes different types of blood cells- all born w/ natural immunity and there's specific immunity (for particular diseases)) -CNS responsible for and connected to nerve fibers in bone marrow, talk to and kick up immunity (also linked to thymus, where immune cells also produced)

gratitude adaption level theory?

-repeatedly encountering the same pleasure producing stimuli creates increasingly less pleasure (go back to usual level of happiness) contrast: ordinary events seem less pleasurable compared to new things (new v. old books), go back to baseline habituation: initial thrill wears off, become accustomed to new feelings of pleasure -we go back to setpoint levels of happiness/baselines for all personality traits and emotional traits -duration neglect: tendency to overlook how long the effects of an event will last, talking about a pleasurable or painful event (job loss, breakup, win lottery, get married), we think it will last longer than it actually does

can we move our setpoint of happiness? beyond the hedonic treadmill.

-research supports hedonic treadmill, but... 1. our setpoint is naturally pos. (7 out of 10) 2. personality predisposes us to varying setpoints (situational happiness) 3. happiness is based on numerous dimensions 4. nations vary on subjective well-being and happiness -politics, economics, geography, weather could influence happiness, also collectivism 5. depending on where people start on levels of happiness, can increase more significantly (baseline can change) -start w/ low marriage satisfaction, can have greater increases 6. homeostasis is not the same for everyone, the way we physiologically maintain balance and go back to our setpoint varies (not in our DNA), at least some component is learned 7. people w/ greater extremes- deviance from the mean have greater changes 8. it all depends on your coping style (look for meaning and purpose v. ruminating (looking at all neg. aspects))

what are the consequences of a poor environment?

-romanian orphanages, made women have babies (couldn't take care of them) -when borders opened, orphans were adopted but socially disfunctional (didn't have love or touch of a human being at a young age) couldn't integrate into families -premature infants grew more w/ massage -power of the environment: serotonin probability of major depressive episode increases w/ maltreatment and w/ short alleles (associated with depression) -have to create balance of our NTs by our behavior

What are values or are they needs?

-roughly equivalent to our needs (have same # of needs and values roughly) (relationship between values and needs) - needs can be extrinsic or intrinsic, important because for a long time we thought we could fill both with material objects - in western society values are not necessarily needs until they are (car, clothes, nice house), we're finding out that our extrinsic and intrinsic needs compete with each other - extrinsic, keep getting things (don't work on internal needs, don't have satisfaction and contentment, no time and priorities) -external need driven in western society b/c it's tangible and visible

3 other character ed programs?

-seligman, 2009 looked at diff outcomes with pos education -geelong grammar school project: full participation of parents, teachers, students did a variety of projects that develop skills and well-being -penn resilience program, 2000 students age 8-15 showed decreases in depression after teaching them how to handle everyday stress -strath haven project- same sort of deal

what are the best strategies for emotion regulation?

-social support -changing the situation -cognitive: rethinking cog. appraisals, attribution retraining, optimism -problem-focused strategies: behaviors are directed at taking care of problems, approach -emotion-focused strategies: behaviors directed at regulating emotions, approach or avoid

what is the world values survey?

-started in 1981, look at questions and research data -2008 v. 2014 (added islamic countries) , 1996 v. 2004 -live cultural map 1981-2015 (at once we were polarizing, now we're coming closer together) -variables of interest: survival values-> self-expressive values and traditional values (more religious values such as morals and family) v. secular/rational values (2nd continuum) serve the individual

Religion and Spirituality: Are there benefits?

-stats on belief in God and religious experience -main benefit: answers fundamental questions regarding human existence -central feature of religion or spirituality: search for meaning includes: +purpose in life (desire for direction/meaning) +value in yourself and your existence (believe actions are good and right) +self-efficacy (interpretive control)- have control b/c of belief in higher power, good work, having faith (can control our outcomes, understand why things happen) +feelings of self-worth (for being a human being), need for positive self-evaluation and self-esteem

how does stress affect health?

-stress pathway: hypothalamus (detects imbalance)->pituitary gland->ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone)->adrenal gland->cortisol (gets body moving) -called HPA system- hypothalamus pituitary adrenal system -hormones: chemicals secreted by glands, carried into bloodstream, serve to regulate the body

what is the paradox of affluence? Schwartz, B. (2004)

-studies on school shooters w/ plenty of money -asked: what would improve the quality of your life? what part of your life is least satisfying? -people making $30,000->$50,000 and $100,000->$250,000 -financially well-off: 1970: 39% 1998: 74% -life satisfaction remains virtually flat

how does the environment affect loneliness?

-study that looked at genes of lonely indivs v. social individuals -exactly the opposite (for gene expression of lonely people v. social people) -amped up in situations, have more disease -disease response is opposite in lonely v. social people -loneliness is an epidemic right now (czar in Great Britain)

The Winning Edge?

-success for individuals is due to perseverance rather than talent -creativity and diligence (75% of success) v. intelligence and IQ (only 25%) -failing to reach potential has little to do w/ IQ -prodigies fail because they learn they have to work very little (still rewarded), later many people can do the same skill well +don't know how to face criticism -passion and ambition are key

What are contingencies of self-worth?

-suggests that some people have levels of self-esteem that vary in different areas of our lives +approval of others, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, virtue, God's love -unconditional positive self regard: like ourselves because we're human beings, all on an equal playing field +Rogers -Ryan and Deci: 3 basic needs: autonomy, competence, inter-relatedness

A Case of Double-Edged Optimism?

-talks about need for balance for self-esteem, optimism, etc. +person grows up w/ abuse, successful but with poor immune system +self-esteem needs to be in sync w/ the rewards we receive -discrepancy between who you believe you are and the outcomes you have, believe you're not deserving Poor Self Image: -poor immune health -need sync between self-esteem and rewards -otherwise discrepancy, affects immune system

how do we know which answers are correct when measuring EI?

-target criteria: ask person about their feelings, do participant responses match -expert criteria: ask expert -consensus criteria: do participant responses match scores of larger group +most widely used when looking at EI, generalizability theory

what is emotional intelligence?

-the ability to process emotion-laden info comptently and use it to guide cognitive activities and necessary behaviors +savvy in charismatic, authentic way in relationships, most successful -the ability to (4 branches) +perceive, appraise, and express emotions accurately and adaptively +the ability to access and/or generate feelings +the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge +the ability to regulate emotions

avoidant behaviors?

-took problems out on others, kept feelings to self, avoided being with others, drank alcohol, over-eating, smoking, other drugs -why this is unhealthy: +requires constant monitoring and vigilance +evolves aanxiety, threat and self-defensiveness; less progress in psychotherapy +decreases feelings of competence, self-esteem, intrinsic enjoyment, and self-determination +greater marital dissatisfaction, less satisfying friendships +less likely to be freely chosen +parenting goals and strategies

Paul Eckman's research?

-universal facial expressions, did studies on emotions +emotions develop similarly across cultures, common expressions and behaviors too, also across time->happiness (biological/inborn), universal +behaviorism was dominant at this time (all environment based- reward punishment, start as blank slate) +one method was telling people stories and then observing their emotions, another was labelling pictures of emotional faces -more vague, not life threatening (pos. emotions compared to neg. emotions) +ex: pathogen threat->disgust -tend to overlook the benefit of pos. emotions (safety)

Results of LOT for pessimists?

-use more avoidant strategies (suppress feelings , won't talk about it, denial, use drugs and alcohol)

samples from the ASQ and using the CAVE technique?

-used to look at your explanatory style -give choices to help researchers to narrow in on these 6 components for good and bad events -cave technique for measuring explanatory style +statements made in the newspapers- for athletes- statements they made after winning or losing a baseball game (content analysis of verbal explanations) +can measure (given ratings)

delay of gratification?

-walter mischel -marshmallow study -believer in interaction (outcome dependent on both factors) importance in personality, our environment affects our behavior->found those less able to delay gratification at a young age, still couldn't 30 yrs. later -strategies to delay gratification: +expose or hide reward, can delay with fun thought- pretty equally, when you think about the reward, delay less when covered, no thoughts could delay gratification way longer when reward is covered interaction between 0 thoughts and reward thoughts v. reward covered or exposed, focus thoughts on reward or control object arousing/hot thoughts v. abstract/cold thoughts, hot thoughts about control objects delayed longest, cold thoughts about control delayed shortest, think of desirable thoughts of other things to delay gratification -sad v. happy thoughts -benefits: increased IQ, capable of resisting temptation, greater social responsibility, higher achievement strivings, learn strategies after age 4/5

What are explanatory styles?

-way we explained events predicted learned helplessness or not, how you explain to the world why something happens -causal attributions: why did something happen, who or what do you attribute it to? explanations for the cause of an event +personal: internal or external, do you take responsibility or blame another person? +permanence: stable or unstable, talking about time (stable over time), ex: poor at math (permanent) +pervasiveness: situational or global (across all situations) -pessimistic explanatory styles result in helplessness, depression, and hopelessness

the tyranny of choice?

-we are overwhelmed by choice and too much information->we give up -gains aren't as great as losses-in depth of feeling to help with this: 1. choose when to choose 2. learn to accept good enough 3. don't worry about what you're missing. 4. control your expectations

method study 2 for lottery winners and accident victims?

-were there effects of mentioning the lottery on respondent ratings? -compared people who regularly buy lotto tickets v. those who don't -people who knew it was about lottery winners thought they were less happy in the past but more happy than lottery winners in the future (could still win the lottery)

how do we measure using emotions? understanding emotions? managing emotions?

-what moods might be helpful in meeting in-laws for the first time? -understanding emotions: understand and define emotional blends -managing emotions: what could you do to preserve your mood?

what happens when we are mindless v. mindful?

-when we are uncertain we can appear to be incompetent -argument for automaticity- economical and efficient, use resources for more important things -mindfulness doesn't have to be effortless +create a habit, make mindfulness a habit -cognitive restructuring: change cognitive representations, what we think, ex: attachment theory +tasks framed as either work or play had different responses including unpleasantness and wandering minds (threatening v. challenging) +knowledge that some feelings/behaviors are content specific

What are outcomes of forgiveness?

-willingness to forgive increases w/ age, and benefits of forgiveness improve w/ age too -forgiving people report less anxiety, hostility, depression, narcissism, and exploitation of others -forgiving people more empathetic, endorse socially desirable attitudes -apologies reduce neg. affect towards a transgressor -correlates with relational satisfaction and commitment -higher BP, cortisol, competition, sadness, and fewer feelings of control in non-forgivers

what are 5 interesting facts about the brain?

1. Brain degeneration's a myth: doesn't have to happen b/c old, need continued use of brain. 2. Exercise increases the size of your brain. 3. Anxiety damages the brain. (blood vessels constrict) 4. Working for too long is counterproductive (creates disregulation (creates stress and anxiety)- issues w/ serotonin, need proper sleep) 5. Your brain can change.

What theories make up attachment styles?

1. Infant Attachment 2. Differential Parenting Strategies 3. Adult Attachment Styles

if happiness goes back to a set point, what does that mean?

1. not much variability in happiness 2. new pleasures make old pleasures less enjoyable (no gain in pleasure) 3. experiencing the pleasure will become less intense over time

What did Swartz determine to be 10 universal values?

1. power 2. security 3. achievement 4. hedonism 5. stimulation 6. self-direction 7. universalism 8. benevolence 9. conformity 10. tradition -asked people to evaluate comprehensive list of values, then grouped them to get 10 -self enhancement (power and achievement), openness to change (hedonism and self-direction), self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence), conservation (tradition, security, and conformity) (sub groups of the 10 -plotted countries on the values (compare to their success as a country)-might tell you what values are good to have

how to regulate emotions?

1. situation focused, 2. cognition focused, 3. response focused 1a- select situation or not, b-modify the situation- change your emotions about it 2a- attentional deployment: shift attention to something else -study where they focus on feelings or on the room, recognize hostile words, angry feelings, describe anger/hurt all and with focus on room 2b- cognitive reappraisal: trying to rethink the situation, best way to retrain an emotion 1-2- change actual feeling 3-change behavioral responses allow ourselves to feel it, express differently, react diff, physiology by meditation

What were Rokeach's original values and how are they operationalized?

18 terminal values- desirable end states, 18 instrumental values-how we acquire those terminal end states -rank order to operationalize them

what are the three components of authentic happiness?

3 components: 1. the pleasant life-need pleasure to be happy (pleasure of the senses-pizza, good night's sleep, hot tubbing) 2. the good life: aka engagement: doing things that are fun 3. the meaningful life-purpose: be able to raise kids who give back, career where you make the world a better place, etc.

quote-fitness?

America- ideal culture- we're young and fit, real culture- inactive, unfit, and increasingly overweight -when you get stressed and eat poorly-arteries have more plaques and BP increases b/c it's more difficult for the blood to get through

Your Brain on Culture?

Azar, 2010: summary article on brain imaging individualistic: honesty, math, dominant silhouettes, face, absolute line length (details), self-descriptions (medial prefrontal cortex) collectivist: honesty, math, buffer against depression, submissive silhouettes, context (MPC), line length relative to object, s-allele (reduce stress by emphasizing social harmony) -honesty: brain activation of self as honest v. your mom being honest- very diff in western cultures, same activation for both in eastern -math: big picture for collectivist -dominant silhouettes activate reward center of brain in western, submissive silhouettes activate reward center of brain in eastern -we all have things we value that are similar, but culture can make them vary -all about how they look at pictures (eastern-whole pic, confused by lack of context) -line length, eastern can estimate line length better when it's in a box -s allele more associated with having depression, eastern group dynamics buffer against depression

lottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative?

Brickman, Coates, and Janoff, 1978, classic study -hypothesis: happiness is relative, based on event, but after the moment it's done -happiness changes w/ an event, go back to set point

what part of the NS is related to coping?

CNS (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system(sympathetic and parasympathetic ns) and somatic ns (conscious body movement)) -2 main parts of nervous system: CNS and peripheral NS -peripheral NS (bodies), ready body for movement -autonomic (unconscious body movement, etc.) heart rate, sweating-sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

stress and health?

Chronic stress v. Healthy/Short Term stress -rats resisted disease better with short term stress (shock), motivates resources -sweat boost, 30 min of exercise a day or more (resistant to colds and recovers faster) +too much exercise is bad, marathons make runners sick long after a race (deplete resources and are in exhaustion stage) +cycling doesn't weaken your immune system Immunity -lack of chronic stress -30+ min of not too intense exercise -larger social network->less lonely, healthier

Types of conflict?

Constructive: can be active or passive Destructive: can be active or passive

Transforming the self?

Ego Mind -Fear and pride driven +What's in it for me? +social mask +cynical, doubtful +protecting ego +the world's a dangerous place -separate +competitive, comparisons +power over +isolated v. Wise Mind -Love-Motivated +What's best for all? +Feels safe +Authentic +The world's a beautiful place +Trusting, hopeful -Connected, at one +enjoy others' success +power with +closeness to the source of love and strength

4 Horsemen of the apocalypse?

Happy->Relationship Enhancing->pos (internal) or neg. (external) Unhappy->Distress-Maintaining->pos. (external) or neg. (internal) -4 behaviors that predict divorce, 4 ways to work on these, John Gottman's theory 1. Criticism v. complaining instead: when we criticize we engage in distress-maintaining behaviors (when you attribute characteristics to your partner ex. lazy->characterize as internal or external-> these internal things don't change long-term) +enhances relationship when pos.->internal +hurts relationship when neg.->internal, can't go wrong being kind

Who was one of the early researchers of love?

Harry Harlow in the 1970's, studied love with a rigorous scientific approach. Most people criticized studies of love as "soft science"

how does explanatory style predict health?

Health: -increase immune functioning (balance needed) +Brydon et al, 2009- typhoid vaccine or placebo , measure inflammatory response after resting them or stressing them +those low in optimism had highest inflammatory response, optimism provided calming effect -take better care of themselves -seek and follow medical advice -higher quality personal relationships -fewer illnesses -lower risk of depression

What makes a relationship flourish?

Infant Attachment->Adult Attachment->Love->Flourishing Relationship, purposeful relationship behaviors go up at each level of this pyramid -to have love and belonging you have to have the lower tiers of Maslow's hierarchy of needs first that include: physiological and safety, but we'll die without family, intimacy, and friendships

what are the 4 branches of EI?

MSCEIT-measure of EI -branch 1: perceiving emotions: measure faces and pictures, experiential -branch 2: using emotion, measured through sensations (particular instances) and facilitations (feelings that interfere or help succeed in our goals), experiential -branch 3: understanding- measured using blends (reflect several emotions) and changes (emotions involve), strategic -branch 4: managing (regulate: approach-avoid)- emotion management (present social situations to determine how to regulate emotions) and emotion relations (manage relationships), strategic

what are the pillars of positive psych?

Martin Seligman introduced positive psych in 1998 in presidential address, officially a discipline in 2000 1. the subjective level- your opinion about your happiness is important, could have high levels of stress and still be a very happy person and some people have all of those objective measures and still be unhappy -opinion on if people respect you, if you're an optimist or a pessimist 2. the individual level- objective measures, give survey to ask same questions as #1, brain imaging to see activation of optimism 3. the group level- measure our institutions: schools, businesses, organizations, churches, communities, can promote positive values

what is psychoneuroimmunology?

PNI-become proactive about knowing how our bodies change, can increase dopamine -interaction of our nervous system(NTs, cytokines, white blood cells->anxiety, depression, and insomnia), immune system(cytokines, hormones->inflammation, infections, allergies, pain), and endocrine system (NTs, hormones->thyroid, adrenal, gonadal) -be more active (phrasing is better than get more exercise), did studies with children (cognitive decline in college students who stopped playing sports) -PNI: relationship between mental health, neurochemicals, and immune system -behaviors, feelings, thoughts cause chemical changes in the brain which affect immune system -Nervous system: readies body for action, sends chemicals to rest of body to activate endocrine system, which affect immune system -immune system can be weakened or strengthened -elevated levels of cytokines when sick can affect hormones and NTs too

Should we go overboard in our optimism?

Pos. Illusions: Shelly Taylor (researcher)- we all see life in a more positive way- adaptive->motivation -evidence: -unrealistic pos. views of self: judge ourselves as having more pos. than neg. traits -have more control over our lives, belief in superstitions -unrealistic optimism: belief we'll like our 1st job, get good salary, have gifted kids, be less likely to experience neg. events compared to others -these are universal traits Health-promoting aspects of pos. emotions: -optimism leads to happiness -creates capacity for productive, creative work (work becomes healthy stress, promotes flow) -facilitates better health and better health practices, same deal w/ diff circumstance

What contributes to attachment?

Qualities of Children based on parent action -energetic-friendly (secure attachment) -conflicted-irritable (insecure-disorganized) -impulsive-aggressive (insecure-resistant) +close proximity leads to passion, sharing, and caring +a caring regard from parents and intimate others +having a safe haven (secure base)

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

SNS: fight or flight system; controls those behaviors -readies body for action -pupil dilation (see more w/ extra light in), slowed digestive system (use energy for muscles), breathing and blood flow pressure increase to get more oxygen to muscles (major ones especially) -PNS: rest and digest system, calm and content when activated, relaxed

Qualities of Attachment?

Secure: -better able to cope w/ parental absence -relate more readily to strangers -engage in learning activities -less fearful of novel situations -grow into healthy, adept adults -more secure than anxious or avoidant attachment styles Insecure: -trouble communicating -difficulty relating to caregivers -long term relationship problems, emotional disorders and conduct problems

Definition and measures of self worth?

Self-worth/self-respect: the need for positive evaluations 3 measures: self-esteem (affect, feelings), self concept (cognition), and self efficacy (behavior)- we can do what we set out to do -affective/emotional component, behavioral component, and cognitive component -importance of self: align our knowledge w/ concepts of ourselves (relate to ourselves to understand concepts better) +% of info remembered by people, study conditions: was it a long word? is it rhythmic? is it meaningful? does it describe you? (remembered much better)

What are universal needs?

Sheldon, Elliot, Kim, & Kasser, 2001 1. self-esteem (#1 in western culture) 2. relatedness (#1 in eastern culture) 3. autonomy 4. competence (consistently the top 4) 5. pleasure stimulation 6. physical thriving 7. self-actualization 8. security 9. popularity influence 10. money-luxury

What is the most common measure of sef-esteem?

The Rosenberg Scale, 1965: 10 items

Implicit Theories of Love?

Theories you have almost innately about love, romantic destiny- the belief in soulmates, not based on compatibility, conflict suggests incompatibility- leave relationships sooner v. relationship growth- the belief that you need to work hard at a relationship and grow together, conflict is an opportunity for growth, longer-lasting relationships -idealizing a partner is important in the beginning->love lasts longer -3 pos. comments to every neg. comment

what are traditional measures of happiness?

Traditional Measures* of Well-Being (the level of mental, physical and social health an individual exhibits) -Economic Indicators - income, unemployment, inflation, poverty, inequality, homeownership, job growth, etc. -Mental Health - depression, stress, suicide, autism, etc. -Physical Health - cancer, heart disease, obesity, etc. Quality of Life - best cities, services, jobs, environment -These are only weakly correlated with actual judgments of happiness and well-being=objective

how does personality affect coping?

Type A v. B v. C v. D -personality can affect health -doctors noticed that indivs were anxious, managing their time really consciously- Type A-usually successful, hard-working, ambitious, hostility->more often have heart disease -type b- less competitive, more relaxed, slower to anger -type c- cancer-prone, pleasant, avoid conflict, pathologically nice -type d-also hostile and cynical, 4x more likely to have heart attacks, gloomy, unexpressive, socially isolated, increased inflammation and a lower number of T cells

How important are values?

Values: 1999 Public Agenda survey Rokeach, 1973. The Nature of Values. ...the most important undertaking social scientists should consider as consequences of our value system resonates in every aspect of human life.

You can steal money because you value it, but you would not be virtuous- meaning of quote

You can be a thief and value money or a possession, but not be virtuous. Intrinsic vs. extrinsic Virtues: universally and morally correct; Values: principles, standards, or qualities, considered worthwhile/desirable to individual; personal beliefs, emotional investment Virtue: pattern of thought or behavior (positive trait)

to increase gratifying happiness?

absence of raw feelings, good feelings are elusive, can't tell when they started or why, to boost: 1. write grateful letter (give it to them and see their face)-most immediate 2. using signature strengths in new and different ways-greatest long term changes -produces flow (in the zone) -there are no shortcuts, have to work for a good life

method study 1 of lottery winners and accident victims?

accident victims (paraplegic, quadraplegic), lottery winners, control group -happened between 1 month and 1 year ago, asked various open-ended questions about happiness, no real measures of future-just ask how happy they think they'll be in the future -results: rating event out of 5: lottery: 3.7, accident:1.28 -time passed since the event didn't significantly affect the ratings -victims thought they were happier in the past than the control group, less happy in the present, and no different in the future -mundane pleasures measured: talking w/ a friend, watching TV, eating breakfast, funny joke, compliment, reading magazine, buying clothes (illustrate contrast effects)

what is eudaimonic happiness?

authentic happiness -eu: good daimon:spirit (Aristotle) -striving, challenge, purpose (personal growth, positive functioning) -based on fulfillment of basic needs like autonomy, competence, and inner-relatedness -being true to oneself -objective-theory-driven

study from schwartz?

brochure study (1 vacation brochure v. 3), other studies show the same thing

How do we measure hope?

by pathways and agency

how do we define good character?

character strength: "a predisposition to act, desire, and feel that involves the exercise of judgment and leads to a recognizable human excellence or instance of human flourishing." -positive dispositions; plural -character strengths are trait-like (have inclination to act a certain way, but take effort) -although value-laden, they represent the goodness and excellence in the individual -universal and culturally bound (strengths are universal, but some are more important in some cultures than in others)

how does maslow's hierarchy of needs work?

dynamic pyramid (can be in different shapes for different cultures (rhombus-western cultures, upside down triangle with physical needs at bottom(tip)-eastern cultures)), once a need is met, it gets smaller and you move on to the next need, stages: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization, Maslow says we'd die without these needs being met (contact comfort)

how does traditional psychology differ from positive psychology?

emphasis on the negative: studied negative aspects of psychology more and first because negative is more immediate and it is easier to measure and to identify, negative emotions are also perceived as more authentic (promoted the disease model) 2 things that pushed us to the side: lots of participants to work with and money to study- people coming back from WW2 had PTSD, govt wanted us to study it Veteran's Administration (VA): 1946 & NIH 1947

what is behaviorism?

environment/nurture theory: environment makes you what you are, learn by reward and punishment psychoanalysis and behaviorism are mechanistic theories

what is humanistic theory?

free to choose: having goals and choices, rises above biology and environment, Maslow's hierarchy of needs

what should you do to increase pleasure?

get by: savoring, take mental pictures, being mindful: shortcuts to happiness

how does IQ change with age?

give more stimulating lifestlye->engagement, less IQ deficit in elderly

benefits of slef-control?

high self control: -limited resource -strengthened by exercise -can be cultivated through meditation -requires accurate self-knowledge -better personal adjustment -enhanced social skills -fewer addictive behaviors -predictor of college grades low self control: -overspending -drug addiction -obesity -gambling -school failure -criminal behavior

what are the benefits of EI?

higher EI scores: -lower self-reports of engaging in violent or antisocial behavior; less impulsive -less likely to try drugs or cigarettes -endorsed the idea that doing well in school is important -higher manager ratings of team leaders effectiveness -negatively related to speed at handling customer complaints -report closer friends; better romantic relationships and more parental support -attend to health and appearance: higher self-esteem -predicts well-being, greater optimists, better mood

what is good character?

more to be praised than outstanding talent. most talents are, to some extent, a gift. Good character, by contrast, is not given to us. We have to build it piece by piece-by thought, choice, courage, and determination.

Darwin quote?

need sympathetic people in a population for community to flourish

what is the hedonic treadmill hypothesis?

no longer called adaptation level theory, same idea: treadmill of happiness keeps at same speed, people adapt rapidly to pos. changes and soon return to baseline

what are important conclusions from the WVS?

no significant differences in levels of happiness related to cultural values -values are associated with economic and political conditions -more developed nations care about/value autonomy and self-expression, democracy, and more liberal/secular viewpoints with the exception of the U.S. (more self-expression values, but more traditional values) -values undergo generational replacement -happiest countries highly correlated with health (0.62) w/ wealth (0.52) and education (0.51)

what is authentic happiness?

pleasure, engagement, purpose topic: happiness measure: life satisfaction scale: measure of happiness, positive and negative affect/emotions (PANAS) goal: to increase life satisfaction

ex. of personality types and illnesses?

pos v. neg. emotional style, pos-less likely to get a cold or experience symptoms of the cold (felt worse and were worse-neg)

can happiness be taught?

study by Seligman in 2004 -2 types of happiness: pleasure (the pleasant life) and gratifying happiness (the good life) -we confuse happiness b/c we say like and love for the same things that are pleasureful or gratifying ex: I like pizza. I like deep conversation. -confusion of terms confuses pleasure with real happiness -need to change our language to seek long term gratification=engagement -pleasure consists of raw feelings, pleasures of the senses

beyond the hedonic treadmill?

study giving evidence that we do change our set points-for neg. events -no real change from marriage, widowhood, unemployment, and divorce (never get back to set point, goes down) -starting a new relationship, employment gains, pregnancy (women), and education-related events (can change set points permanently)

what values are associated with morality and well-being?

survival->well-being, traditional->secular-rational authority -plot of values -outcomes from data of world values survey

what is a master strength?

the 2 values agreed upon for what should be taught if only 1 or 2 values, wisdom and self-control

what is happiness?

the only intrinsic goal that people seek for its own sake, the bottom line of all desire

what is perma?

topic: well-being goal: well-being P= positive emotion E= engagement (flow) R= relationships M= meaning A= accomplishment study: flourishing companies use more positive language -engagement=flow=self-actualization=optimal functioning, have flow when your skills are matching the situation (your talent), positive relationships: active/passive, constructive/destructive responses, how we evaluate relationships -meaning/purpose: serving something that is greater than yourself -accomplishment: grit Goal of PERMA: increase flourishing

Differences between western and eastern culture?

western: independent, trait-like (stable personality characteristics), high need for self-esteem (basis of self-worth), self-esteem based on comparison to other people, emphasis on uniqueness, environmental control, western will eastern: interdependent, flexible traits (depends on situations), mastery perspective (self-critical and aware of inadequacies), emphasis on group membership and similarity to others, harmony control (trust in small groups), hand it over to a higher power, group included

are we hard-wired for happiness?

what to look for to see if happiness is hardwired: 1. does the characteristic have evolutionary (survival) value? (easier to attract mate, better health when happy) is it in our ancestors? 2. specific neurological circuitry associated with happiness in all people->same activation (we were made to be happy) -amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area -90% of serotonin produced in gut 3. born w/ genetic setpoint for happiness (lottery study, working to influence this) -demonstrated in twin studies 4. demonstrated contrast and habituation effects