FINAL GLG EXAM
On average, lithospheric plates are _____ thick.
100 kilometers
Most dry lands lie between ________ degrees north and south of the equator.
20 and 30.
A minimum of ____ seismic stations is necessary to locate the source of an earthquake.
3.
On the Richter Scale, a magnitude 6 earthquake has ____ times more energy than a magnitude 5.
32.
A lens of fresh groundwater in an unconfined aquifer overlies deeper, salty groundwater. If the water table drops by one foot, how far will the interface between the freshwater and salty water rise?
40 feet.
If the Antarctic Ice Sheet completely melted, sea level would rise _____.
60 - 70 meters.
Which of the following processes is associated with the formation of glaciers?
All of the above.
Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?
Brittle and ductile deformation occur when stresses exceed the elastic limit of a material.
The _______ is not the name of a Pleistocene glacial episode in North America.
Dakota.
___________ are not associated with a mid-ocean ridge.
Deep ocean trenches.
Which of the following is the dominant activity when a stream's gradient is steep and the channel is well above base level?
Downcutting.
In waves, the water particles move _________.
In relatively stationary circular paths.
Which of the following is not forming at a divergent boundary?
Japan.
Why was the Marina District, San Francisco, heavily damaged in the 1906 and 1989 quakes?
Liquefaction and foundation failures were common.
The _______ Intensity Scale is a measure of the damage and effects caused by an earthquake.
Mercalli.
The _______ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
Moho.
__________ are depositional features produced by valley or alpine glaciers.
Moraines.
The San Andreas fault in California marks the boundary between which two lithospheric plates?
North American and Pacific.
Which of the following is correct?
P waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not.
The late Paleozoic super continent that began to break up about 180 million years ago is called _____.
Pangaea.
Which of the following were not formed by continental-continental convergence?
Rocky Mountains.
Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof?
The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed.
Which of the following statements is true about apparent polar wandering?
The continents have changed position relative to the poles.
Which of the following statements is not true of Darcy's law?
The hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer does not influence its discharge.
Which of the following describes deep-sea hydrothermal vents?
They are also called black smokers.
Which of the following is not evidence that the seafloors are spreading?
Thick ocean sediments at the rifts, thinning away from the rifts.
Which of the following is not true of an anticline?
When eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed in the center.
When accumulation equals ablation _______,
a glacier remains stationary, and an end moraine forms.
The future of the Mississippi River channel is _____.
a shift to the course of the current Atchafalaya River.
A chaotic accumulation of ocean floor sediment and chunks of oceanic crust that forms at convergent boundaries is called a/an _____.
accretionary wedge
Ground shaking resulting from crust adjusting to the displacement caused by the main shock of an earthquake is called __________.
aftershocks.
An oxbow lake is _____.
an abandoned meander still holding water.
The Black Hills of South Dakota are formed on _____.
an eroded structural dome with a core of crystalline rocks.
Volcanism along a continental arc is dominated by the eruption of _____.
andesitic lavas and pyroclastic materials.
A rock unit that transmits groundwater is called a/an _____.
aquifer.
The most damaging earthquakes _____.
are shallow focus.
Topographically high-standing, mountainous areas generally _____.
are underlain by greater then average thicknesses of lower density, crustal rocks.
A well in which the water rises naturally above the aquifer is a/an _________ well.
artesian
Coalescing alluvial fans form a ______.
bajada.
The lowest level to which a stream may erode is called _____.
base level.
When a groin is built _____.
beaches upcurrent from the structure are replenished.
Stream load consists of _____.
bed load, suspended load, and dissolved load.
Transform fault boundaries are _____.
boundaries where plates are sliding horizontally past one another.
Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater?
calcite
Spreading rates of 1 to 5 _____per year are common along the Mid-Atlantic and the Mid-Indian ridges.
centimeters
Correction of potential saltwater contamination of groundwater can be accomplished by ______.
collecting surface runoff into basins which allow seeping into the groundwater.
The maximum particle size that a stream is capable of transporting is _____.
competence.
Geologically, ________ are actually submerged parts of the continents.
continental shelves
Mount St. Helens is a part of a _____.
continental volcanic arc.
Which of the following is thought to drive the motions of the Earth's crustal plates?
convection cells within the mantle.
Movement over irregular terrain will result in the formation of ____ in the uppermost zone of a glacier.
crevasses.
When pumping at a well exceeds recharge _____.
d) a and c
The wavelength is the distance between _________.
d. both a and b.
In poorly sorted sediments, porosity ____.
decreases.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a continental-continental convergent boundary?
deep ocean trench.
A stream pattern on granitic terrain is _____.
dendritic.
The maximum angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit or fault is known as ______.
dip.
Cross-bedding forms when ___________.
dunes form at right angle to wind direction.
A granular phase between snow and glacial ice is called ___________.
firn.
The point at which an earthquake originates is called the _____.
focus.
Horizontally directed, compressive stress will result in ________ within a sequence of flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
folding.
Internal drainage results in the ____________.
formation of thick salt deposits.
Tensional stresses at shallow depths cause rocks to ________.
fracture and pull apart.
The profile of Earth's temperature with depth is the _____.
geothermal gradient.
Striations are the result of ______________.
glacial abrasion.
Which of the following paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic super continent in the Southern Hemisphere?
glacial deposits in South Africa and South America.
Partial melting of a subducting oceanic plate produces batholiths with the composition of _____.
granodiorite.
Stream lengthening upslope at the valley head is called _____.
headward erosion.
A _______ results from mantle plumes created by a long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle.
hot spot.
Which of the following is not a possible effect of an earthquake?
hydrolysis.
The continental drift hypothesis was initially rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not _____.
identify a mechanism capable of moving continents.
During the last Ice Age, pluvial lakes formed abundantly _______.
in intermountain basins of the American Southwest.
Urbanization _____.
increases the likelihood of flash flooding.
As stream discharge increases, velocity ________________.
increases.
Late stage Basin and Range landscapes are characterized by all the following except ____.
individual alluvial fans.
The _______ of the Earth did not exist early in Earth's history.
inner core.
Velocity of a stream is greatest __________________.
just below the surface in the middle of the channel.
The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?
limestone.
An emergent coastline is characterized by ___________.
marine terraces.
Oceanic ridges are elevated primarily because _____.
new oceanic crust is hot and less dense than cooler adjacent rocks.
Water is involved in wave motion to a depth of approximately _____________.
one half wave length.
Loess deposits in the central United States ________.
originated as rock flour in Pleistocene glacial streams and rivers.
The processes that produce mountains is called _____.
orogenesis.
The _______ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.
outer core.
Dunes that develop where vegetation partially covers the sand and that are shaped like crescents are called ___________.
parabolic.
Magma at the mid-ocean ridge is the result of _____.
partial melting of the mantle as a result of decompression due to cracking at the ridge.
The upper mantle is probably the rock _________.
peridotite.
Groundwater flows _____.
perpendicular to the contours of the water table.
Permanent streams in arid deserts ____________.
result from streams originating outside the desert in areas of high water supply.
Runoff from precipitation initially flows in tiny channels called _____.
rills.
Of all the repositories of fresh water in the hydrosphere, the smallest is _____.
river water.
Seismic waves will ___________ when they encounter plastic material.
slow down.
The inner core is ______; while the outer core is _______.
solid; liquid.
Speleothems that hang from the ceiling of caverns are called ______.
stalactites.
Which of the following would not be a characteristic of the San Andreas fault zone?
steep, near vertical, dip-slip fault scarps.
Stream valleys through which a glacier has moved are _________.
straighter and U-shaped.
A stable shoreline will tend to become ____________.
straighter.
An earthquake occurs when _____.
strain builds up and is released in elastic rebound.
Which of the following is not an example of an Isostatic movement?
stream downcutting following a drop in sea level.
Water gaps in the Appalachian Mountains are caused by _____.
stream erosion through folded terrain by superposed streams.
Gaining streams are best defined as _____.
streams that gain water from the inflow of groundwater.
A circular outcrop pattern with the youngest rocks in the center is a _____.
structural basin.
The turbulent water created by breaking waves is called _______.
surf.
A reverse fault is one in which _____.
the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall.
Emergent coastlines of Scandinavia and the Hudson Bay region of Canada result from which of the following?
the rate of glacial rebound exceeds the rate of sea level rise.
The complete picture of the composition and layers of the Earth's interior has been determined by _____.
the study of the behavior of seismic waves.
The level below which the soil and rock are saturated with water is called _____.
the water table.
The most common type of faulting associated with convergent boundaries is _____.
thrust faulting.
An island may be connected to the mainland by a sandy _______.
tombolo.
The process of evapotranspiration involves ____.
transpiration and evaporation.
All of the following are layers that comprise oceanic crust except _____.
turbidites.
The source of sediments making up the continental rise is/are _____.
turbidity currents depositing deep-sea fans.
The thickest continental crust is found _________.
under mountain ranges.
A _________ forms by abrasion by windblown sand.
ventifact.
In an ocean-continent convergent boundary _____.
volcanic mountains form 100-300 kilometers from the trench.
A ___________ is an intermittent stream channel in the dry land areas of the western United States.
wash.
The characteristics of offshore waves depend on all the following except ________.
water depth.
The Earth's magnetic field originates by __________.
weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core.
Flooding occurs _____.
when discharge exceeds the channel capacity.
The Hawaiian Islands are _____.
youngest in the east and progressively older to the west.