Final - Inquizitive Questions

identify the scenarios that could cause a "marriage squeeze"

-A sudden fertility rate (that is, the number of children born to each woman) drop among young women - A large influx of young adult male migrants into the country

Identify the reasons why Americans were transfixed by Charlie Chaplin's romantic relationship drama

-He married a woman much younger than himself -He paid a large divorce settlement -He obtained more than one divorce

Identify the reasons why the government might be the ideal institution for pushing reforms that improve work-family life

-Government can incentivize employers to make helpful changes -Gender roles are deeply entrenched in family life

Identify the true statements about marriage and happiness

-Research shows that, on average, married people are happier than those who are not married -Happier people may be more attractive as marriage partners -Marriage likely boosts happiness; also, happy people probably choose and sustain happy marriages

Identify the statements that reflect a social science perspective about divorce

-Social behaviors such as divorce cannot be isolated in a lab, as in experimental research -Divorce is likely caused by numerous factors, which can be imperfectly defined and measured

Select the bold terms and phrases that represent circumstances that would put the couple at relatively greater risk for violence

-Struggling with money -Young -Drinking

Identify the true and false statements about women who spend more time doing unpaid work

-They have less power in the household -They are at greater economic risk

Identify the child behaviors that are warning signs of family violence

-Acting out or abusing drugs and alcohol -Experiencing weight problems

Identify the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development

-An aunt's moving in after losing her job -A mother's boyfriend's moving into the home -Moving to a new, safer neighborhood (NOT EXAMPLE: being punished unfairly by a parent)

Identify the reasons why women with less education have more children, on average, than women with more education

-Schooling delays the start of childbearing -The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women

Select phrases that represent sociologists' objection to the marriage market model

-She was torn -Against her instincts, she set up a date with Clyde -She didn't have a lot of options

Select the bold phrases that represent factors that have likely contributed to the declining trend in family violence

-Shelters and hotlines for abused women and children has increased -Gain in economic independence -Social acceptance of divorce

Annulment

A determination that a marriage was never valid

There are various ways of seeing many issues related to divorce. Which statement is a point of agreement among sociologists?

Divorce is vastly more common today than a century ago

The couple's household income increases

Divorce risk decreases

The husband loses his job

Divorce risk increases

A diverse group, including some living with a partner and others not partnered

Divorced adults

There

Reduce working hours in the workweek

Here

Require employers to offer paid leave

Half a century ago, adoptions were often______. In contrast, today they are more often ______. Today, almost all adopted children _____ they live in an adoptive family

Secretive; open; know

Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge ______ with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return . Second, parents also _____ their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build _______ that help them parent and provide resources.

Social bonds; Socialize; Social networks

Since the 1990s the United States has experienced ______ in the level of criminal violence. Violence within _____ seems to have followed this trend

Steep declines; families

Modernity encourage greater empathy

Steven Pinker

Public agencies, including foster care

These adoptions allow for a child to be adopted at any age, with the average age being six

Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate

-Asian Americans -White Americans -American Indians -Black Americans -Latino Americans

Select phrases that represent the three categories of skills or resources that parents offer their children

-Ask her teacher questions -Talked to Karen -Attend parent-teacher conferences -Talked to other parents

Identify the parental changes brought about by intensive mothering

-Mothers spend more time with children -Parenting comes with greater stressors

Identify the arguments Americans made about divorce in the late nineteenth century

-Remarriage was viewed as more of a problem than divorce -Many feared that allowing men and women to divorce would degrade the meaning of marriage -Many viewed remarriage for the spouse who had been "innocent" as acceptable

Sheri and Donnell are getting a divorce, and Sheri is retaining primary custody of their two children. Identify the stressful circumstances for the children

-Sheri and Donnell both increase their work hours in order to compensate for the loss of household income -Sheri and Donnell argued frequently in the year leading up to their divorce -Sheri moves to a neighboring town in order to cut down on housing costs

Identify the arguments raised by Bernadette Powell's defenders regarding family violence

-Violence can be a controlling force, preventing a victim from leaving a violent situation -The danger of family violence increases when victims leave without support

Gender differences

-Women spend less time watching television -Women spend more time caring for household members -Men spend more time in paid work

The woman doing most of the unpaid labor

A husband and wife have children. He earns much more income and believes that he is the head of the family

Researchers have identified three common forms of intimate partner violence. This first is _______, which typically occurs during partners' arguments and does not escalate over time. The second, _________, is much more dangerous and is usually perpetrated by _____. Finally, _______ is a response to being abused in which the victim lashes out at his or her abuser

Situational couple violence; Coercive controlling violence; Men; Violent resistance

How is cohabitation related to the likelihood of getting divorce?

Couples who cohabit before marriage are more likely to divorce, but we can't say whether this is due to cohabitation

Complex economic factors affect who is more likely to marry. identify whether the following statements are more likely to be associated with either low-income or high-income people

High-Income People: -are sought after on the marriage market -have no need for a financial partnership Low-Income People: -feel they don't fit the marriage mold -see marriage as a burden

According to Michelle Budig what two policies shrink the motherhood penalty?

High-quality childcare for babies and toddlers and moderate-length paid parental leave

A national time use study found that women whose spouses or partners are men do much more _____ than those who are partnered with other women. In general, there are more unequal divisions of labor among _____ couples.

Housework; straight

Identify the government policies and laws that are likely to contribute to the occurrence of family violence

LIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE: -Parents may choose to homeschool their children, sometimes with little documentation -Parents or legal guardians are often required to give permission in order for children to access services or programs UNLIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE: -Parents can lose custody of their children in family court -Parents are required to enroll their children in school

Family supports

-Employers might penalize workers for taking advantage of these programs -Workers could afford to take care of family members without losing time at work

Identify the causes of occupational gender segregation

-Men and women concentrate on different educational tracks -Women do paid work in fields similar to traditionally female work in the home

Identify the relationship dynamics that are associated with divorce

-Violence -Frequent disagreement about household tasks

Place the following list of perpetrators in order, from most to least common

-acquaintance -intimate partner -stranger -other relative

Less than greatest risk

A high-income household in which the couple is married

Maria is an 18-year-old woman living in the US. Based on what you've learned about the gender division of labor and occupational segregation, identify each prediction about Maria's future as likely

-Maria will work in a caregiving field such as nursing or education -Maria will perform market work

Identify the plausible explanations for racial-ethnic differences in rates of intimate partner violence

-Poverty and unemployment are stratified by race/ ethnicity -Social services for victims of family violence are more accessible to some racial ethnic groups that others

Identify accurate conclusions

-Remarriage was second most common among adults ages 65 or older -Remarriage was most common among adults ages 55 to 64

Identify factors that have made it difficult in the past to identify and assess violence in gay and lesbian relationships

-Surveys did not always ask about sexual orientation -Victims sometimes had a hard time convincing people that their partners were abusive

Lesbians and straight women are both more likely to experience intimate partner violence than gay and straight men

TRUE

While women are more and more present in the workforce, they still mostly remain the only ones in charge of the household.

TRUE

International adoption

These adoptions have a high public profile, early owing to adoptions by celebrities such as Madonna and Angelina Jolie

Private adoptions

These adoptions most often involve newborns

With the exception of the last few decades, there has been a long-term trend over the last few centuries toward increasingly violent societies

FALSE

Why are fertility rates usually measured for women, and not for men?

Fertility data is often gathered from birth certificates, which always record the mother but not always the father

Identify whether or not each important value is one that today's parents prioritize as a "survival" value

"Survival" Value: -Hard work Not "Survival" Value: -Autonomy -Compassion -Enjoyment of play

Amount per child a higher income family can expect to pay for additional child-related housing amenities (extra bedrooms, extra bathrooms, a yard)

$125,000

Identify the methods used to estimate the likelihood that any given marriage today will end in divorce

-Apply the yearly divorce rate to all marriages -Apply the divorce rates of prior cohorts of married couples to current cohorts

Identify the true statements regarding the changes in housework over the last half-century

-As women's incomes have increased, their tendency to be the primary caregiver has decreased -Married women have decreased their total time doing housework -In 1965, married women spent seven times as many hours on housework as married men -The amount of time women and men devote to housework has been affected by women joining the labor force

Identify the factors that contributed to families; having fewer children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

-Children's labor was not needed -Raising children cost more money -More children lived into adulthood

Identify the types of relationships that would be included under the category of intimate partner violence

-Cohabiting couples -Dating couples -Married spouses

Select phrases that represent ways that a wedding socializes the partners into their new roles

-Counseled them on their new roles -Brought their families together -Registered for new household items -Opened a joint bank account -Took their vows

Identify the statements that are supported by the data in the figure

-In 2018 about 50% of black adults have been married at least once -Marriage rates among black adults have been dropping steeply since at least 1950

identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers

-Some fathers do not live in households with their children -only 3% of single parents are fathers

Work hours reduction

-Workers would have more leisure hours -Providing benefits would be costlier for employers

Market

-Andres drops his son off at day care in the mornings -Feeling overworked, Rimsa hired a cleaning service to tidy and clean her house once a week

Couples who divorce report .....

.... less life satisfaction in the years leading up to their divorce

Demographers estimate that about ____ of married or cohabitating couples in the US experience infertility in a given year. This rate is _____ as the global infertility rate

10%; about the same

what percentage of young adults reported being physically assaulted by parents or caregivers during childhood?

28%

A fairly equal division of labor

A husband and wife have equal earning potential and no children

In 1996, the U.S. Congress ended ______ and voted in ________. This move instituted Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, which implemented ____ requirements and funded ______ activities.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children; the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act; work; marriage promotion

The textbook argues that increasing numbers of cohabiting couples could mean that marriage is eroding and being replaced by short-term cohabitation, or that cohabitation is replacing marriage as a form of long-term relationship

Cohabitation is Eroding Marriage: -Cohabiting couples report lower levels of commitment than married couples -Most cohabitations in the US last fewer than six months Cohabitation is Replacing Marriage: -In countries where cohabitation is more common, relationships marked by cohabitation are usually stable and long-term -There is increasing agreement with the sentiment that partners do not need to be married in order to be committed to each other

Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children

-Greater educational and occupational attainment for women -Delayed marriage and childbearing -Having children is more of an option an less of a universal arrangement for American adults

Because of women's entry into the workforce several decades ago, women are now no more likely than men to be below the poverty line in the year after divorce

FALSE

Identify each intervention as either effective or ineffective in curbing family violence

INEFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS: -Court-ordered treatment -Mandatory arrest rules EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS: -Services for domestic violence victims -Domestic violence courts

Identify the true and false statements about intimate partner violence

TRUE: -Women are nearly twice as likely to experience physical or sexual violence than men -Less extreme forms of family violence are the most common ones reported by victims FALSE: -Women are more likely to be victims of violent crime, but men are more likely to be victims of certain types of acts such as being kicked or hurt by a weapon -Only three-fourths of violent crimes committed by intimate partners are reported

Identify the conclusions that may be drawn from attitudes towards divorce figure

-Liberals view divorce less negatively than conservatives -Conservatism and religious service attendance are likely to be correlated with each other -As frequency of attending religious services increases, acceptance of divorce decreases

Identify the true statements about adoptive parents

-They are parents via a legal agreement -They are parents to a child or children they did not produce biologically -They have rights and obligations enforced by the US government

Crude divorce rate

-Calculates the number of divorces per 1,000 people in a country -Most useful for understanding long-term trends -Most useful for estimating the number of divorces per person

Identify the social and structural changes that have affected the definition of stepfamily relationships in recent years

-Changes in laws regarding stepfamily relationships -Increasing rates of cohabitation -Increasing uncertainty over who is part of a household

Identify the reasons given by the narrator for the declining rates of marriage in young adulthood

-Declining job prospects among black men and men who have not completed college are high -Many women do not need marriage for financial stability -Marriage is less central to how many people define a happy life

Correct conclusions

-Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low across race/ethnicity than educational attainment -Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility

Identify the barriers to part-time work that mothers encounter

-Part-time work creates barriers to career advancement -Employers often do not offer the option to work part-time

Identify the reasons why married couples with children are much less likely to be poor than single mothers with children

-People tend to marry others with similar levels of education -Marriage is more common for people with college degrees than those without college degrees

Identify the reasons why family diversity has increased since around 1970

-There is greater representation of non-two parent family structures -There are far fewer father-only families than mother-only families in all racial-ethnic groups

Identify the true statements about the impact of transitions on children's stress and well-being

-Transitions can disrupt the emotional ties and support systems built between children and household members -Transitions can change the level of economic security of the household

Place each racial-ethnic group in order from least to most likely to marry across racial-ethnic lines

-White people -Black people -Hispanic people -Asian people -American Indian people

Identify the reasons for the "motherhood penalty" in wages

-Women often stop working or drop to part-time work after having children -Employers discriminate against women with children -Work-family conflict interfere with the time and energy women devote to work

True Statements:

-a higher percentage of women than men eventually get married -the gap between marital status in 1970 and in 2018 narrows with age

Intensive parenting is an ideology of affluent families, not working-class families

FALSE

The Obergefell case concluded that same-sex couples cannot be legally forbidden from marrying because the right to marriage is specifically listed in the US Constitution

FALSE

The US is the only wealth country that guarantees paid leave to mothers but not to fathers

FALSE

The total fertility rate in the US is currently 1.71, which is the same as the replacement fertility rate

FALSE

To alleviate the pressures of work-family conflict, some wealthy families employ _____ to replace unpaid work in the home, while other families may arrange for _____ to move in with them or may attempt alternating work schedules. These solutions are not always available, however, especially for _____ mothers

Service workers; family members; single

Infertility is typically defined as the ____ to have a successful ______ despite having sex without ______ for _______

failure; pregnancy; contraception; 12 months

Lations have the _____ fertility rate of all racial-ethnic groups in the US. This is due to severe facts, including Latinos' high rate of religious commitment to ____, lower levels of ______, cultural expectations to have children, and immigration

highest; Catholicism; education

Place the following racial-ethnic groups in order from the lowest to the highest marriage rates

-Black adults -American Indian adults -Latino adults -White adults -Asian adults

Not ready or willing to marry yet and typically poor

young adults

Divorce-marriage ratio

-Calculates the frequency of divorce to the frequency of new marriages -Most useful for comparing total divorces with total marriages

Phrases that represent examples of how marriage and cohabitation in an individual's life reflect larger social changes

-safe place for her true self to blossom -her vision of family life includes legal marriage, but her partner defines family as "those we love," not "those with whom we share a legal arrangement"

International adoptions in the US reached their peak in 2004. Identify the reasons they declined so sharply after that year

-Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized -Adoptions from some nations were halted entirely

Identify the reasons why Black men and women have the lowest rates of marriage compared with other racial-ethnic groups

-High unemployment rates among black men -A high economic standard for marriage held by black men and women

Identify the ways that the redistribution of care work has impacted how care is given and received

-Most people receive care from strangers, who are paid for their labor -Individuals are not always aware of when and how they contribute to the care of others

forced penetration or attempted penetration of a person without their consent

Rape

Steve and Sharon are married with children. Steve works 40 hours per week outside the home, and Sharon works 10 hours per week outside then home. Select the prediction that is most strongly supported by time use studies about gender balance

Steve will do less unpaid housework because his greater obligations outside theme leave him with less available time

Identify each work-family conflict issue as more characteristic of either professional parents or working-class parents

Working-Class Parents: -Working multiple jobs -Working too few hours -Going through periods of not working Professional Parents: -Working too many hours -Lacking a barrier between work and home life

From the ____ until 1996, welfare provided ____ assistance to mother in need. Alter the reform, assistance became temporary, and programs encouraged mothers to _____

1930s; cash; work

What came to be called the "divorce revolution" occurred during the ______ and was marked by a dramatic increase in the divorce rate. Although not the primary cause, new _____ divorce laws contributed to this change because married men and women could now get divorced without an accusation of wrongdoing and without the _____ of their partners.

1960s- 1980s; no-fault; consent

In the US, it is common for children to have only informal or family-based child care at young ages and to start school around age ____. In contrast, in France and the United Kingdom, children start school at age ___.

5; 3

Responsive - High & Demanding - Low

Indulgent

Based on what you read about the children most likely to be victims of domestic abuse, identify each policy as either likely or unlikely to reduce child abuse and neglect

LIKELY TO REDUCE ABUSE: -Social welfare programs that give money to poor families -Marriage counseling and family support programs that reduce violence between adults in the home -Access to mental health services for adults and their children UNLIKELY TO REDUCE ABUSE: -Housing vouchers that allow poor families to move often

More likely to live with a partner who can help care for the children

Tim is a single other with two high-school aged children

Work hours flexibility

-Employees could schedule their work around family obligations -The line between work and family time could be blurred

Identify true statements about the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993

-It gives workers 12 weeks of unpaid leave to take care of family members -It is limited to workers who have worked for an employer for at least a year

Single and not typically poor

Alone older women

State

Carrie was thrilled to learn that her city had expanded free, public pre-kindergarten education, and she enrolled her daughter at once

Greatest risk

A woman who left her abuser several weeks ago

Identify the case in which abuse of children might be considered ambiguous

AMBIGUOUS CASES: -Allowing a 9-year old to stay home alone -Frequently neglecting to bring a child to school NOT AMBIGUOUS CASES: -Not allowing a child to eat for 24 hours as punishment -Leaving a toddler alone at home

Identify the contributing factors to sexual abuse perpetrated across institutions, such as the Catholic Church and military

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: -Isolated victims -Institutions where men hold the vast majority of the power -A rigid hierarchy and unwillingness among the leadership to fully address the problem NOT CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: -Institutions with powerful members who are the most likely abusers

Family

Antoine sings songs to his daughter to get her to fall asleep

Responsive - Low & Demanding - High

Authoritarian

Responsive - High & Demanding - High

Authoritative

Identify each statement as either true of the average wedding in 1939, based on sociologist B.F. Timmons' research, or true of the average wedding in the twenty-first century

Average Wedding in 1939: -Total cost, in today's dollars, is about $5,500 -Reception costs are significantly less than wedding ceremony costs Average Wedding in the Twenty-first Century: -Reception costs are significantly more than wedding ceremony costs -Total costs, in today's dollars, is about $34,000

Adults over age 65

Coercive control

More likely to experience serious work-family conflict

Emily is a single mother with two preschoolers

Independence effect

Emily now feels empowered and equipped to divorce

Income effect

Emily's income stabilizes family finances, and the marriage improves

For many people, the goal of modern relationships is to _____ fulfill both partners. While this can be positive, it also makes relationships more ____ and at risk of _____

Emotionally; unstable; dissolution

How have parents' reasons for having children changed over time?

Having children is more of an emotional or symbolic asset, not a practical one

Identify each circumstance that either increases or decreases the opportunity costs of having a child

Increases: -Getting the first job in one's chosen career field after college -Getting a promotion at work Decreases: -Getting fired -Getting a low-paying job that does not require a college degree

Which elements are usually present in the relationship between victims and perpetrators of family violence

Intimacy and a care relationship

Which statement describes the assumptions that underlie Becker's marketplace theory of marriage?

Marriage is voluntary and there is competition for mates

Responsive - Low & Demanding - Low

Neglectful

According to the New Parents Project, a sample of primarily highly educated, dual-earner, married parents who had their first child in central Ohio

New fathers did less housework after their babies were born

Modernity teaches people to restrain violent impulses

Norbert Elias

Modernity introduced the concept of childhood as a life stage

Philippe Ariès

Based on the "Changing Culture" feature, why would the culture of intensive parenting contribute to more people choosing to be childfree?

The culture of intensive parenting ramps up expectations for how much time and resources parents devote to children

Marital dissolution

The end of a marriage

Separation

The formal or informal end of a marital relationship in which one or both partners move out of the home

Divorce

The legal dissolution of marriage

Defining family violence is sometimes ambiguous. identify each aspect as either usually present between victims and perpetrators or only sometimes present

USUALLY PRESENT: -Intimacy between victim and perpetrator -A care relationship between victim and perpetrator SOMETIMES PRESENT: -Emotional, verbal, and physical violence are all present -Violence that escalates from serious to life-threatening

Adults age 18 to 24

Violent crime

a judge issues a document that threatens an abuser with harsher punishment if they offend again

civil protection order

some courts have specially trained staff and use a problem-solving approach for domestic violence cases

domestic violence court

According to the feminist perspective, intimate partner violence against women is the consequence of _______ in ________ of society

male domination; every part

Compared with half a century ago, adoption has become _____ common, but it is more open and acceptable, so we probably discuss it _____

much less; more

A police officer on the scene of a domestic violence call asks the victim a series of questions that determines risk of violent escalation

rapid assessment

Select phrases that illustrates boundary ambiguity

sees a former spouse as not part of the family

An umbrella term that includes penetration or touch by force or threat of force

sexual assault

What does the mental load refer to

the exhaustion parents have after a long day of work

The divorce rate increased during the Great Recession of the late 2000s

FALSE

In today's political environment, progressive work-family policies are the most innovative at the state and local levels

TRUE

Refined divorce rate

-Calculates the number of divorces per 1,000 married couples in a country -Most useful for understanding demographic trends in divorce -Most useful for estimating divorce within the population of people considered "at risk"

Identify the reasons why a large majority of adults eventually marry

-Marriage brings both legal and symbolic rewards -People tend to do what others around them have done -Media, family, and religious leaders pressure people to marry

The identify each statement about divorce rates as either accurate

-Married couples who have been together for longer have a lower risk of divorce -As the number of pro marriages increases, the risk of divorce also increases

Identify the reasons why people in American society are delaying or avoiding marriage

-People want to wait until their finances are in order -A rising number of people simply don't believe in marriage

Identify the correct conclusions about the figure

-The birth rate for women over age 30 has been increasing most of the time since 2000 -The birth rate for women under age 30 declined even more beginning in 2007 -The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24

The independence effect raises the likelihood of divorce because it motivates women to leave their marriages, whether they are fairly happy or unhappy

FALSE

The Catholic Church prohibited divorce for centuries while allowing ____ men to obtain ______. This prevent men and women from ______, a particularly important restriction by the Church. This changed when King Henry VII _____ the Church, thus shifting power over divorce to _________.

Powerful; annulments; remarrying; left; the state

Care

Provide free pubic child care

Amount per child a married couple making less than $57,000 a year can expect to spend on a child-care for the first 18 years of their child's life

$160,000

Amount per child a marriage couple making more than $98,000 a year can expect to spend on childcare for the first 18 years of their child's life

$370,000

Identify the ways marriage brings about health benefits

-Through increased cooperation -Through enhanced status -Through additional responsibility -Through changes in behavior

Identify the characteristics that are associated with either endogamy or exogamy

Endogamy: -Useful for maintaining distinct cultures and traditions -Less extreme today than in ancient times Exogamy: -Useful for communication and exchange across groups -Difficult to engage in across race/ethnicity, religion, and social class

Philip Cohen looked at the last 10 years of divorce and saw that the number of divorces was declining, especially among young people who had college degrees and married for the first time in their late 20s or later. He predicted that as more these people marry, the divorce rate would _____. This prediction turned out to be ____

Fall; accurate

A research study found that employer rate _____ as the most desirable employees

Fathers

Identify whether each example is related to either the symbolic or legal status of marriage

Symbolic Statuts: -Opening a joint bank account and merging finances -Feeling esteemed and accepted in one's neighborhood Legal Status -Obtaining employer-provided health care through one's partner

The ways that societies organize care work and housework are called the _____. In the last half century, there has been remarkable growth of _____ in the system of care.

System of care; market work

Andrew Cherlin's research shows that the experience of abuse clearly reduces the odds of establishing long-term, stable intimate relationships

TRUE

The stay-at-home wife decides to get a job

Uncertain influence on divorce risk