Final Nutrition in the Lifecycle
Which of the following is true about the etiology of cancer?
Cancer development is age-dependent. Cancer is caused by exogenous (environmental) and endogenous factors. Environmental factors include tobacco smoke, infectious agents, radiation, chemicals (some of which become concentrated in the food supply), and carcinogenic agents in food or resulting from food preservation or cooking methods. Endogenous factors include inherited genes, genetic mutations, accumulated genetic defects as people age, oxidative stress, inflammation response, and hormonal activity.
Which of the following is important for the development of feeding skills in preschool-age children?
Foods that cause choking in young children should be modified to make them safer (such as cutting grapes in half lengthwise, cutting hot dogs into small bites) and adult supervision for choking during mealtime is imperative.
Which of the following is concern for falls and fractures in older adults?
Fractures and the resulting injuries may make it impossible for an older adult to remain independent. Ten to 20 percent of older persons who break a hip die within a year.
Foods are classified in groups that have similar carbohydrate, protein, and fat profiles and thus have approximately the same effect on blood glucose as other foods in the group. Which of the following is one of these food groups? Please select all that applies.
Fruits Breads and cereals Sweets and snacks Starchy vegetables Milk and dairy Casseroles and mixed dishes
Which of the following is a special dietary consideration for older adults with diabetes?
Functional status should be monitored and the care plan modified as needed and as appropriate for the psychosocial and physical needs of an aging individual.
Which of the following is true about genetics and obesity?
Genome research has led to the identification of numerous obesity susceptibility genes associated with measures of adiposity. Epigenetic factors can affect gene expression and determine an individual's susceptibility to metabolic alternations, weight gain, and potential responsiveness to weight management strategies. Phenotypes reflect present, past, and ancestral environments and help explain individual variation in why some people are obese yet "metabolically healthy" and some people are normal weight, but laboratory tests indicate they are "metabolically obese."
Which of the following is true about oral health and aging?
Tooth loss is associated with poor nutrition, disability, and mortality in old age.
Which of the following is a physiological effect of atherosclerosis? Please select all that applies.
Fatigue and shortness of breath after exertion, or chest pain (angina) and death from a heart attack. The reduced blood flow and inflexible blood flow causes the heart to work harder leading to higher blood pressure levels. Decreased blood circulation to the heart tissue can cause heart failure. Stroke, transient or permanent changes in mental and physical functioning, and pain and limited ability for physical activity can result.
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of an obesogenic environment that has appeared to have lead to the obesity epidemic?
Food advertising The easy availability of highly palatable and highly processed, energy-dense snack foods and beverages. Larger retail package sizes, larger portions served in fast-food and sit-down restaurants. The relatively low cost of fast and processed food. The added fat and sugar (and hence, palatability) in many foods. Technological advances in work, leisure time, transportation that have replaced physical activity with sedentary activity.
Which of the following foods would be good to recommend to include in a child's diet, especially if they are following a vegetarian diet?
cheese or soy cheese Hummus, nut butters, tahini, beans, and tofu. Avocado, canola oil, and wheat germ.
A parent should be concerned about a decrease in appetite in their young child in comparison to his/her infancy; it is not part of normal growth and development.
false
Aging is a natural phenomenon and reflects a loss or decline in resiliency, leading to gross morbidity (disease and disability) and eventual death.
false
All individuals with HIV will develop AIDS.
false
Anna is four-year-old with asthma. Her parents need to restrict specific food groups such as dairy to help keep excess mucus from developing that can exacerbate her condition.
false
Because iron deficiency is not as prevalent during the school-age years as it was during the toddler and preschool-age years, adequate intake of iron is not important.
false
Because toddlers can't eat a large amount of food at one time, snacks are vital in meeting the child's nutritional needs. Therefore, it is important that toddlers be allowed to "graze" throughout the day on sweetened beverages and foods such as cookies and chips to help meet their high caloric requirements.
false
Binge eating disorder (BED) is similar to bulimia nervosa in that binge eating is followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting.
false
CVD is an "old person's" disease; those in their early adulthood do not need to worry about living a heart healthy lifestyle, which includes diet and exercise.
false
Cultural differences should not be considered when giving nutrition advice or guidance as they are deemed not to be conducive to national dietary guidelines, especially with older adults given their different nutrient requirements.
false
During remission, healthy eating recommendations are different for cancer survivors to help optimize health and prevent reoccurrence.
false
Growth hormone supplements have shown to only bring about positive endurance-related characteristics with no side effects.
false
Having a chronic health problem prevents someone from having the perception of being healthy.
false
In their expanding world, children are not influenced by food-related advertisements.
false
Inflammation that can arise in direct response to poor nutrition, inactivity, stress, technology, inadequate sleep, the built environment, occupation, drugs, smoking and alcohol, sunlight exposure, relationships, and social factors do not appear to be related to the obesity epidemic.
false
No herbal products have potentially useful roles in cancer treatment to ameliorate symptoms.
false
Nutrition requirements do not need to be customized to the individual child; guidelines for healthy children are appropriate for any child.
false
Only a few selected child groups should be targeted for prevention of overweight and obesity throughout their lives.
false
Parents should be overly concerned with any variability in appetite and intake in their school-age children.
false
Physical activity cannot slow the aging process; in fact, exercise - even at conservative levels - can hurt older adults.
false
Physical activity is not important to establish in childhood.
false
Regular physical activity, including strengthening and flexibility exercise, in older adults can not contribute to maintenance of functional status; the aging process has set in and muscles are too much in decline to react to exercise as it once could as seen in younger age groups.
false
School-age children can meet their protein recommendations by consuming diets that follow national healthy eating guidelines; the exception to this is for vegetarian diets, which should not be consumed.
false
Studies have revealed that young children are not able to naturally adjust caloric intake based on caloric need.
false
The Nutrition Facts panel on food packages is structured to provide nutrient content information as recommended for older adults (aged 70 years and older).
false
The appetite of a preschool-age child is quite consistent, enabling caregivers to predict appropriate and ample required food intake.
false
The environment in which a child lives does not affect the child's health and nutritional status.
false
What adults eat is strictly a matter of individual choice.
false
Young children are not influenced by the media's portrayal of what should be eaten.
false
Young children cannot grow and develop normally on vegetarian or vegan diets.
false
Failure to thrive _____________. (Which of the following would correctly complete this sentence?)
is often the reason children with special health care needs enter medical, educational, and developmental services.
Although osteoporosis is seen most often in the elderly, the risk for developing osteoporosis in later years begins during childhood and adolescence.
true
Although smoking is the most recognized contributor to cancer occurrence and death, other factors including obesity and insulin resistance, excess alcohol consumption, and poor dietary habits are important nutrition-related risk factors for developing cancer.
true
Among males, peak weight gain coincides with the timing of peak linear growth and peak muscle mass accumulation, while body fat decreases.
true
Among persons aged 65 and older, more die from heart disease than any other cause.
true
An oral health assessment is particularly important for older adults because they are more likely to have conditions that exacerbate periodontal disease.
true
Annual screening of all adolescents for indicators of nutritional risk is recommended. Common concerns that should be investigated during nutrition screening include overweight, underweight, eating disorders, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, iron deficiency and/or anemia, food insecurity, and excessive intake of high-fat or high-sugar foods and beverages
true
Approximately one in four adolescents in the United States has an elevated cholesterol level.
true
As steroid precursors, androstenedione and DHEA supplements may induce many of the same side effects as steroids, such as breast and prostate enlargement among males, and facial hair among females.
true
During the last century, common nutrition problems have shifted from problems of nutrient deficiencies to problems of excess nutrition, such as energy, fat, and salt.
true
Early "dieting" may be a risk factor for the development of obesity.
true
Which of the following is an effect of cancer?
A cancer lesion damages the cells, and eventually the function of the organ and system where it is located. The impact could be localized as in skin cancer, or have wide-spread effects such as the impact of pancreatic cancer on digestion, absorption, and metabolism. pain, fatigue, and emotional stress are commonly associated with cancer. Psychological stress is compounded by the loss of income and health care costs related to the disease process and/or treatment.
A pound of body weight is the equivalent of approximately 3,500 cal. To lose 1 lb a week, an adult would need to create a negative calorie balance of 500 calories daily. These 500 calories can be generated in a healthy way from which of the following?
A combination of decreased calorie intake and increased physical activity.
Which of the following describes a young child's protein requirements?
Adequate energy intake to meet an individual child's needs is needed and will have a protein-sparing effect; that is, with adequate energy intake, protein is used for growth and tissue repair rather than for energy. Ingestion of high-quality protein, such as milk and other animal products, lowers the amount of total protein needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids.
Which of the following should be implemented to prevent choking in young children?
Adult supervision during feeding times. Toddlers should always be seated during meals and snacks, preferably high chair or booster seat with the family, and not allowed to "eat on the run." Foods that may cause choking, such as hard candy, popcorn, nuts, whole grapes, and hot dogs, should not be served to children less than two years of age.
From the Putting It All Together section on page 420, which of the following is true about nutrition during the adult life stage? Please select all that applies.
Adults need access to a variety of healthful foods, knowledge to guide food choices, and positive attitudes about food and eating, balanced with discipline. Good choices, a variety of nutritious foods, and not too much food intake in early adulthood years affect health and nutritional status in future years. Food and nutrient intakes, along with physical activity and other lifestyle factors, genetics, and environment, determine one's ability to maintain or restore health and minimize the development and advancement of chronic disease.
Which of the following characterizes body weight in older adults?
Age-related changes in weight and BMI can mask fat gain and muscle loss. Fat-free mass decreases with age while body fat increases. Body fat is redistributed with an accumulation in the visceral (intra-abdominal) region, especially in men and intramuscularly, weakening the structure of the muscles. Determining what is healthy weight or body composition in older adults is very complex.
Which of the following nutrients are of special concern for older adults because of age-associated metabolic changes or low dietary intake?
All of the fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K Vitamin B12 and Folate Calcium and magnesium Sodium and potassium
Which of the following is considered part of the chronic condition nutritional stage?
Altered metabolism and structural changes in tissues become permanent and irreversible, such as loss of kidney function or blindness. Major adjustments of life are necessary to manage the chronic disease and accommodate conditions that have significant impact on quality of life. Intervention at this stage is aimed at managing the condition, preventing further complications, reducing the degree of disability, and optimizing quality of life.
The best osteoporosis prevention strategy includes which of the following?
An adequate diet and exercise in young people when bones are first growing. For older individuals who have brittle bones, a nutrient-dense diet, potentially supplemented with calcium and vitamin D, coupled with appropriate exercise, strengthens bones.
The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend which of the following for cardiovascular health in children?
An overall healthy diet with an emphasis on adequate intakes of omega-3 fatty acids through the consumption of at least two servings of fish each week. Limiting the intake of fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages and foods, and salt. Limiting dietary cholesterol to 300 mg per day
Potential effects of substance use on nutrition status include which of the following?
Appetite suppression and reduced nutrient intake Decreased nutrient bioavailability and increased nutrient losses/malabsorption Altered nutrient synthesis, activation, and utilization Impaired nutrient metabolism and absorption, increased nutrient destruction, and higher metabolic requirements of nutrients Inadequate weight gain/weight loss, and iron deficiency anemia Decreased financial resources for food
Which of the following medical conditions have nutritional implications in toddlers and preschoolers with special health needs?
Autism spectrum disorder and ADHD Cerebral palsy and developmental delay, as well as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Celiac disease, and food allergies
Which of the following describes what dictates a child's food preference?
Children eat foods that are familiar to them, a fact that emphasizes the importance environment plays in the development of food preferences. Children tend to reject new foods initially but may learn to accept a new food with repeated (up to 8-10) exposures to it. Children who are raised in an environment where all members of the family eat a variety of foods are more likely to eat a variety of foods.
Which of the following characterizes normal development (that should be reinforced by clinicians) during the middle childhood years?
Children learn self-efficacy and the knowledge of what to do in certain situations and the ability to execute this. With increased motor coordination, school-age children develop increased feeding skills.
Which of the following is true about fluoride intake in young children?
Children need a source of fluoride in the diet, preferably from fluoridated water and the use of fluoridated toothpaste. If the water supply is not adequately fluoridated, a fluoride supplement is recommended. Excessive fluoride supplementation, consumption of toothpaste with fluoride, and natural water supplies high in fluoride can cause fluorosis.
Which of the following is helpful for children in helping to prevent dental caries?
Choosing snacks that are combinations of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Having regular meal and snack times versus continually snacking throughout the day. Brushing teeth regularly, or at least rinsing the mouth after eating. Having access to a source of fluoride, either from the water supply or through supplementation.
Which of the following is recommended in regards to providing fluids to children during exercise?
Cold water is the best fluid for children, and they should have free access to water. Children should not be given soft drinks or undiluted juice because the carbohydrate load is too high to be hydrating and could cause stomach cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. Energy drinks should not be consumed by children because they contain high amounts of caffeine and other stimulant substances. Inappropriate use of sports drinks and energy drinks can contribute a significant amount of calories from carbohydrate to a child's diet and possibly contribute to excessive energy intake.
Which of the following is a nutritional recommendation to promote calcium intake and absorption, and effective daily remodeling of bone?
Consume calcium-rich beverages like milk and kefir or yogurt drinks with a meal. Increase fruit and vegetable intake for their alkalinizing effect that will improve calcium balance. Consume foods that are rich in bone-building vitamins and minerals at recommended levels. Divide calcium supplements to be taken throughout the day for better absorption.
The effects of iron-deficiency anemia include which of the following?
Delayed or impaired growth and development Fatigue and increased susceptibility to infection secondary to depressed immune system function Increased susceptibility to lead poisoning.
Which of the following is recommended for young children's fiber intake?
Diets providing adequate fiber for age and appropriate amounts of fluid can help prevent constipation. Diets should include whole-grain breads and cereals, legumes, and fruits and vegetables appropriate for age.
Which of the following is a risk factors for the various cardiovascular diseases?
Dyslipidemia: elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, elevated non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and high triglycerides High blood pressure Poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking. Genetics, evidenced through a family history of CVD and inherited types of dyslipidemias, and older age.
Which of the following is a segment within the 'adulthood' life span?
Early adulthood (20-30's y.o.) Middle adulthood (40-50's y.o.) Late adulthood (60's_
What is an accurate statement about services for a boy with Down syndrome who has difficulty chewing when he turns three years old?
He needs speech therapy to address his difficulty chewing.
Which of the following can potentially put an older adult at nutritional risk?
Hunger, poverty, and inadequate food and nutrient intake Social isolation, depression, and/or living alone Poor dentition and oral health; chewing and swallowing problems Presence of diet-related acute or chronic diseases or conditions and/or functional disability Dementia
Which of the following is associated with bone mass and the prevention of osteoporosis?
Inactivity, including bed rest and a sedentary lifestyle, leads to a loss of bone mass. Bone mass develops in response to weight-bearing or resistance exercises because bone grows in response to pressure on the bone tissue; hence, the more often and the harder you push on the bone (not enough to break it, of course), the more the body will respond by depositing minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, fluoride, and boron) into the bone matrix.
Which of the following is true about metabolic syndrome?
Includes the co-occurrence of abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in an individual. An individual with metabolic syndrome is at high risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following is a common nutrition problem that can occur during the school age years?
Iron-deficiency anemia and other states of malnutrition Dental carries Obesity Eating disorders
Which of the following is true about the effects of metabolic syndrome?
It greatly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. It is associated with fat accumulation in the liver (fatty liver disease or steatohepatitis) and chronic kidney disease. It is associated with obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly.
Which of the following is true about dementia?
It is a condition of progressive cognitive decline, typically characterized by impaired memory, thinking, decision making, and linguistic ability. Dementia is not a disease itself, but rather the manifestation of various forms of physiological damage. Diseases associated with dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, and vascular diseases.
Which of the following is true about body fat, or adipose tissue?
It is an active endocrine organ that secretes hormone-like factors that play a positive role in energy homeostasis. Excessive accumulation, in amount and location, results in adipose malfunction and secretion of hormones associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance.
Which of the following is true about diabetes?
It is caused by either minimal or no production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or defective production of insulin and insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes). In type 2 diabetes, circulating insulin is high, and cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure are commonly elevated.
Which of the following should be considered in the nutrition education and counseling of teenagers?
It is important to remember that teenage psychosocial development varies tremendously; some may not respond favorably to more 'adult' level counseling, while making sure not to provide 'childish' nutrition education messages or materials. Adolescence is a unique developmental stage between young adulthood and childhood and requires its own approach to education and counseling. When working with teens, it is important to treat them as individuals with unique needs and concerns; The initial component of the counseling session should involve getting to know the adolescent. It is important to allow teens to provide input as to what aspects of their eating habits they think need to be changed and what changes they are willing to make accomplishes several important tasks during the counseling session. One or two goals during a counseling session are a reasonable number to work toward. Setting too many goals reduces the probability that the adolescent can meet all of the goals and may seem overwhelming.
Which of the following has been identified as a way to prevent unhealthy childhood weight gain?
Limit sugar-sweetened beverages and other foods lacking nutrition; Encourage the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Limiting television and other screen time by allowing a maximum of 2 hours of screen time per day and re-moving televisions and other screens from children's bedrooms. Limiting portion sizes, and eating high fiber foods. Eating breakfast everyday, eating calcium rich foods, and getting plenty of physical activity
Which of the following is indicative of the importance of shared mealtimes for toddlers and their caregivers?
Mealtime is an opportunity for toddlers to practice newly acquired language and social skills and to develop a positive self-image. It is important for caregivers to offer a variety of foods and textures during mealtimes, but not to force a toddler to eat. Mealtime should provide an opportunity for parents and caretakers to model healthy eating behaviors for the young child.
Which of the following is characteristic of physiological changes during the early to middle adult years?
Men and women continue to develop bone density until roughly age 30. Muscular strength peaks around 25-30 years of age and later dexterity and flexibility begin to decline, although regular use of muscles and weight training affects strength as well as muscle size and retention. Sensory and perceptual abilities change, hearing loss begins as early as age 25 (or earlier with exposure to loud music), and vision changes often become noticeable.
Which of the following is a side effect of cancer treatment where nutrition recommendations would need to be individualized?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, and weight loss. Taste aversions, anorexia (loss of desire to eat), mouth sores, trouble swallowing, pain, depression, and anxiety. Cach-exia, a dramatic loss of skeletal muscle and body weight,
Which of the following is a characteristic of the clinical goals for management of prediabetes and diabetes?
Normalize blood glucose and glucose metabolism Prevent or slow the development of diabetes complications Normalize lipid levels, blood pressure, and body weight (as needed) Utilize medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, and medications to accomplish stabilization and further progression of disease
Nutrition standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast programs include which of the following? Please select all that applies.
Offering both fruits and vegetables every day of the week; substantially increasing offerings of whole grain-rich foods Offering only fat-free or low-fat milk varieties Limiting calories based on the age of children being served to ensure proper portion size. Increasing the focus on reducing the amounts of saturated fat, trans fats, and sodium school food-service personnel must make food safety a priority. these programs must also meet the needs of children with disabilities and special health care needs
Which of the following constitutes good nutrition in later life?
Older adults need fewer calories but their nutrient needs remain the same or even increase for some of them. Diet quality is linked to the longevity. Good health habits help delay mortality and achieve compression of morbidity in older populations.
Which of the following describes the food intake of preschoolers?
One reason a child may want the same foods all of the time is because familiar foods may be comforting to her. A child may utilize food intake as a way to exert control over this aspect of her life.
Which of the following is true in regards to toddler serving sizes?
One rule of thumb for an appropriate serving size for a toddler is 1 Tbsp of food per year of age; Applying this rule, a serving for a two-year-old child would be about 2 Tbsp. Parents often overestimate portion sizes needed by their young child, which may contribute to labeling the child as a "picky" eater. It is better to give the child a small portion and allow him to ask for more than to serve large portions.
Which of the following is a characteristic of overweight and obesity in children?
Overweight children are usually taller, have advanced bone ages, and experience sexual maturity at an earlier age than their non-overweight peers. They are at more likely to develop negative health consequences, such as hyperlipidemia, higher concentrations of liver enzymes, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance.
Which of the following is considered to be an appropriate approach to feeding a child? Please select all that applies.
Parents should respond appropriately to children's hunger and satiety signals and not attempt to control children's food intakes by attaching contingencies ("No dessert until you finish your rutabagas") and coercive practices ("Clean your plate, children in Bangladesh are starving"). Parents should focus on the long-term goal of developing healthy self-controls of eating in children and should look beyond their concerns regarding composition and quantity of foods children consume or fears that children may eat too much and become overweight. Parents should be cautioned not to severely restrict "junk foods," foods high in fat and sugar, as that may make these foods even more desirable to the child. Parental influence should be positively focused on the child developing food preferences and selection patterns of a variety of foods consistent with a healthy diet; Parental modeling of eating a varied diet at family mealtime will have a strong influence on children. Children need to be served appropriate child-sized servings of food, and should never be forced to eat something. Child feeding experiences should take place in secure, happy, and positive environments with adult supervision.
Providing adequate nutrition and establishing healthy eating behaviors during the school age period can help with which of the following?
Preventing immediate health problems (such as infectious disease susceptibility). Reduce the risk of the child developing a chronic condition, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and/or cardiovascular disease later in life. Improved academic performance in school and reduced tardiness and absences.
Obesity is a factor in the development of some cancers. In what ways is this so?
Produces chronic low-grade inflammation. Nutrient excess establishes a state of cellular and systematic anabolism characterized by increased expression of growth factors, including insulin. Produces a cellular environment conducive to survival and growth of cancer cells.
Which of the following is a diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa?
Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight The absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles
Which of the following is an effect of HIV?
Resting energy requirement and nutrient needs increase with high viral load. Altered absorption and nutrient metabolism. Antioxidant depletion, anemia, and protein-calorie malnutrition. Loss of lean tissue, and significant weight gain from medication therapy.
What is an accurate statement about a preschool girl who has a diagnosed milk-protein allergy?
She may grow out of this allergy as she gets older.
Cancers can originate in any cell, but the majority develop in epithelial tissue, where cells replicate at a high rate. Examples of such tissue includes which of the following?
Skin, lungs, and urinary tract Prostate, uterus, breast Mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum and anus
Which of the following is a common 'malfunction' of the GI system in old age?
The esophageal-stomach juncture: weakened muscle results in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The stomach: decreased acidity leads to Vitamin B12 malabsorption. The intestines: altered motility resulting in constipation, diarrhea, and some specific food intolerances.
Which of the following is true about taste and smell senses in older adults?
Taste and smell are generally robust until age 60, then starts to decline. blunted sense of smell can lead to blunted enjoyment of food. Declining taste and smell can result in decreased ability to detect spoiled or burnt foods.
Which of the following are true pertaining to the causes of eating disorders?
The causes of eating disorders are multifactorial that range from social norms emphasizing thinness to complex familial relations and sexual abuse. In considering the causes of eating issues, it is es-sential to realize that different pathways may lead to weight-related disorders in different adolescents. An understanding of the individual causes of eating disorders is essential to the development of effective interventions aimed at treatment and prevention for that particular adolescent.
Which of the following is true about growth during the school-age years?
The child's growth is steady, but the growth velocity is not as great as it was during infancy or as great as it will be during adolescence. Children of this age continue to have spurts of growth that usually coincide with periods of increased appetite and intake. During periods of slower growth, the child's appetite and intake will decrease.
How does the gut microbiota influence obesity or overweight?
The gut microbiota releases several metabolites and hormones that communicate from the digestive tract to the appetite regulatory centers in the brain through nerve signaling pathways, or through blood circulation Changes or differences in microbial composition may affect regulation of metabolism, adiposity, homoeostasis, and energy balance. Changes in gut microbiota may influence central appetite and food reward signaling, which together have crucial roles in obesity.
In the nonspecific signs and symptoms nutritional stage, which of the following occurs?
There are observable bodily changes, such as the accumulation of subcutaneous fat and central adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Immune function is affected and there is reduced resistance to pathogens, chemical exposures, radiation, and stress, including the continued stress of nutrient imbalance. Dietary guidance, nutrition counseling, and medical nutrition therapy, delivered individually or in groups, target specific risk factors and observable signs and symptoms.
Which of the following describes cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?
They are diseases related to the heart and blood vessels and are usually associated with atherosclerosis. The areas affected include the heart, the brain, and blood vessels in the legs. The beginnings of CVD, via atherosclerotic lesions, begin to form in childhood and adolescence and gradually develop through the decades. CVD is asymptomatic until the thickening wall reduces blood flow leading to ischemia, or a lesion ruptures and a blood clot forms resulting in a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or stroke.
Which of the following may be true about toddlers and preschoolers with special health care needs?
They may have alterations in their nutritional needs, growth, and feeding skills.
Children on a strict vegan diet may be deficient in which of the following?
Vitamins B12 and D Zinc and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Which of the following is a recommendation for osteoarthritis?
Weight loss and certain exercises have a positive impact on decreasing pain associated with osteoarthritis and improving physical function and health. Eating a healthy diet following the Dietary Guidelines, the DASH, or Mediterranean eating patterns is the recommended approach.
Feeding and eating problems do not require nutrition services under which of these conditions?
When a three-year-old child has been diagnosed with ASD, but is eating normally, and is entering a behavioral management program.
Children at risk of nutrient deficiency include those with which of the following?
With anorexia or an inadequate appetite, follow fad diets, or those who participate in a dietary program for managing obesity. With a chronic disease, from deprived families, or who suffer from parental neglect or abuse. Who consume a vegetarian diet without adequate intake of dairy products.
If you are designated to be in a 'resilient and healthy nutritional state,' which of the following describes you?
Your metabolic systems are in homeostasis, and organs are functioning at optimum level. The body's defenses and immune system can counter assaults from toxins, pathogens, and stress. Nutritional guidance and education is focused on "moderation, variety, and balance."
Which of the following characterizes the 'toddlers' life stage?
occurs during 1-3 years typically there are increases in gross/fine motor skills, independence, exploration of the environment and language skills
Although it is clear that children with a higher BMI are at greater risk for having a higher BMI as an adult, the relationship between high BMI in childhood and risk for illness as an adult is less clear.
true
Which of the following is true about the overweight and obesity in adolescents?
the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents has nearly doubled during the past few decade Environmental factors, or interactions between genetic and environmental factors, are the most likely causes of the dramatic rise in overweight and obesity. Inadequate levels of physical activity and consuming diets high in total calories and added sugars and fats are behavioral risk factors common among a significant proportion of adolescents
'School age' in the lifecycle refers to the middle childhood (ages of 5 and 10 years), and preadolescence (girls: ages 9-11; boys: 10-12 years) periods.
true
A balanced, varied and healthy diet throughout life contributes to optimal growth, to appropriate weight, and to nutrient levels in blood and other tissues that boost immunity and provide disease resistance.
true
A comprehensive, multicomponent weight management program is needed for successful weight loss, including diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy.
true
A consistent dietary supply of bone-building minerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, fluoride, boron, zinc, copper, and manganese) and vitamins (primarily D) coupled with regular weight-bearing exercise helps maintain skeletal mineral reserves, and hence, stronger bones.
true
A four-stage approach to the treatment of overweight and obesity in pediatrics is recommended that include: Stage 1: prevention plus Stage 2: Structured Weight Management (SWM) Stage 3: Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Intervention (CMI) Stage 4: tertiary Care Intervention (reserved for severely obese adolescents).
true
A great deal of bone mass is accrued during adolescence, making adequate intakes of the nutrients critical to support optimal bone growth and development important to consume.
true
A healthy diet contributes to contributes to wellness, the means of having the energy and ability to do the things one wants to do and to feel in control of one's life.
true
A primary cause of dental decay is habitual use of a bottle or a no-spill training cup with milk or fruit juice at bedtime or throughout the day; Prolonged exposure of the teeth to these fluids can produce early childhood caries (ECC), formerly called nursing bottle caries or baby bottle tooth decay.
true
A staged approach is recommended to treat pediatric overweight and obesity, which includes targeting behaviors contributing to weight gain to tertiary care, if absolutely needed (in older children).
true
A unique characteristic of every ethnic group in America is its culturally based foods and food habits. It is important for a health care professional to try to learn as much as possible about the foods and diets of the ethnic groups served, including where food is purchased and how it is prepared in order to tailor nutrition recommendations that are conducive to that child's family environment.
true
Access to community-based, culturally competent, linguistically appropriate preventive health care is needed to eliminate these disparities.
true
Adequate intake of energy and nutrients is necessary for toddlers and preschool-age children to achieve their full growth and developmental potential; Undernutrition during these years impairs children's cognitive development as well as their ability to explore their environments.
true
Adequate nutrition continues to play an important role in ensuring that children reach their full potential for growth, development, and health during the school-age years.
true
Adolescence is usually defined as the period of life between 11 and 21 years of age.
true
After the need for weight management is identified through anthropometric measures (such as BMI and/or waist circumference), a comprehensive assessment is used to understand the individual's experience with overweight, current eating and physical-activity patterns, psychosocial and medical factors, and his/her motivation and readiness to change and goals.
true
Aging adults use proportionately more health care services and products than younger persons do; therefore, nutrition interventions can play a larger role in their health.
true
Alcohol and drugs such as salicylates (aspirin) contribute to drops in blood sugar, such hypoglycemia in older adults may lead to weakness, confusion, and possible falls and fractures.
true
Although not federally mandated, schools are encouraged to allow adequate time for children to eat their lunches.
true
Assessment is important for identifying nutritional problems, tailoring nutrition intervention plans to the individual's needs and preferences, and monitoring ongoing care in those with HIV.
true
At the terminal Illness and death nutrition stage, complications advance, body systems shut down, and life ceases.
true
BMI rebound, or adiposity rebound, is expected around the age of 6 years. If it occurs prior to the age of 5, this is associated with an increase risk of overweight and obesity.
true
Behaviors associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including dietary habits, physical activity behaviors, and the use of tobacco, can be acquired in childhood.
true
Being overweight or obese increases the risk of pathological conditions in most organs of the body, and is related to development of a long list of conditions and a life expectancy that can be shortened by 6-19 years, de-pending on the severity of obesity.
true
Besides not smoking, diet and exercise are estimated to be the lifestyle factors contributing most to decreased mortality, or longer life
true
Biological systems are so complex that no single theory has been robust enough to explain the mechanisms of aging.
true
Body composition changes dramatically among females during puberty; Females experience a 44 percent increase in lean body mass and a 120 percent increase in body fat during puberty.
true
Body mass index-for-age percentile is recommended as the screening tool for assessment of pediatric overweight and obesity.
true
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large amounts of food with subsequent purging by self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic abuse, enemas, and/or obsessive exercising.
true
Cancer is a group of diseases in which genes malfunction, resulting in unregulated cell growth and tumor formation. Carcinogenesis, the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells, is complex and moves through several stages.
true
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension, rises with age.
true
Changes in oral health are most likely to be a result of disease, medical treatment, or medications rather than aging itself.
true
Chewing is more effective with natural teeth; individuals who wear complete dentures have approximately 20 percent of the chewing ability of those having all natural teeth.
true
Child-care programs should achieve recommended benchmarks for meeting children's nutrition needs in a safe, sanitary, and supportive environment that promotes optimal growth and development.
true
Children have an innate ability to adjust their caloric intake to meet energy needs; however, healthy eating patterns need to be learned.
true
Children who are healthy and consume a diet of a variety of foods do not require a vitamin and mineral supplement to meet their nutrient needs.
true
Children who consume a variety of basic foods can meet all of their nutrient needs without vitamin or mineral supplements.
true
Children with chronic health conditions still want to fit in with everyone else and be treated like others their age. Paying too much attention to their special needs may not help them become independent over time.
true
Children's temperaments affect feeding and mealtime behavior.
true
Confusion, anxiety, agitation, loss of oral muscular con-trol, impairment of hunger and appetite regulation, changes in smell and taste, chewing and swallowing difficulties, and dental problems are all aspects of Alzheimer's Disease that make it difficult to maintain good nutritional habits.
true
Consideration of nutrition needs of children with chronic disabling conditions or illnesses is complex and requires specialized, individualized care by an interdisciplinary team.
true
Consumption of fish, fish oils, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is also of interest to older adults because these are marketed to improve memory and alleviate depression as well as to reduce heart disease.
true
Diabetes control translates into better oral health.
true
Diabetes leads to a tenfold greater risk of amputations, macular degeneration, visual loss, cataracts, glaucoma, and neuropathies (nerve damage, pain, or tingling) of the hands and feet.
true
Diabetes self-management training, to the extent that the individual is able to manage his or her own regimen, works in tandem with medical nutrition therapy and lifestyle modifications to achieve glycemic control.
true
Dietary elements can modify carcinogenesis, some by promoting (e.g., aflatoxins, red meat, alcohol) and others by inhibiting (e.g., cruciferous vegetables, phytoestrogens in soybeans) the process.
true
Dietary intakes of athletes should follow the national healthy eating recommendations, with the realization that the increased energy needs of athletes may require them to consume the upper limit of food-group recommendations.
true
Dietary recommendations for iron deficiency anemia include increased consumption of lean meat, fish, and poultry and the inclusion of sources of vitamin C at meal time to increase the absorption of nonmeat sources of iron.
true
Disparities in child health indicators, including those of nutrition status in young children, exist among races and ethnicities.
true
During middle childhood, muscular strength, motor coordination, and stamina increase progressively. Children are able to perform more complex pattern movements, affording them opportunities to participate in activities such as dance, sports, gymnastics, and other physical activities.
true
Early onset of menarche (by age 10.6 years) is more likely among overweight and obese females; Delayed menarche may be seen in highly competitive athletes or in girls who severely restrict their caloric intake to reduce body weight.
true
Eating a Mediterranean-style diet is associated with lower CVD mortality, as is engaging in physical activity and not smoking.
true
Eating problems are likely to interfere with appetite and meal patterns for conditions that require medications that have side effects.
true
Emerging risk factors such as kidney function, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiac strain (cardiac contractility) were better predictors of cardiovascular events in older adults.
true
Energy needs of school-age children reflect the slow but steady growth rate during this stage of development; Energy needs of an individual child are dependent on the child's activity level and body size.
true
Energy needs of toddlers and preschool-age children reflect the slowing growth velocity of children in this age group.
true
Even though the accumulation of body fat by females is obviously a normal and physiologically necessary process, adolescent females often view it negatively. Weight dissatisfaction is common among adolescent females during and immediately following puberty, leading to potentially health-compromising behaviors.
true
Exercise stimulates growth hormone, which in turn stimulates bone development.
true
Factors that may prevent an individual from achieving tight blood glucose control for diabetes management are use of medications that increase risk of hypoglycemia, declining cognitive function or capacity for self-care, and lack of a strong support system.
true
Families of children with special health care needs may use unsubstantiated over-the-counter products, such as herbal supplements, vitamins, or probiotic-containing foods for adults, which can be dangerous for young children.
true
Finding and treating nutrition problems early may help the individual with cancer gain or maintain weight, improve the patient's response to therapy and reduce complications of treatment, and improve the patient's prognosis.
true
Fluid intake is an important issue in sports nutrition for adolescents. Young adolescents and those who are prepubertal present a particular vulnerability to heat illnesses because their bodies do not regulate body temperature as well as those of older adolescents.
true
Food high in saturated fat and trans fatty acids, should be kept to a minimum in the diets of school-age children.
true
Foods sold from vending machines and snack bars often do not support healthy eating and may undermine sound nutrition programs; however, in some underfunded schools, vending machine proceeds are important sources of revenue which poses a dilemma for these establishments.
true
For older individuals who have brittle bones, a nutrient-dense diet, potentially supplemented with calcium and vitamin D, coupled with appropriate exercise, strengthens bones.
true
For some, comorbidities and risk factors warrant addition of anti-obesity medications to the comprehensive intervention plan.
true
Genetics, environment, and life-style behaviors need to interact to determine the actual development of the disease.
true
Good health habits, such as not smoking, moderate alcohol intake, not becoming obese, and regular physical exercise, has shown to help delaye mortality and to higher functional status in old age.
true
Governmental programs for older adults include the USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Farmers Market Nutrition Programs, the Commodity Supplemental Foods, the Child and Adult Care Food Program, and the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act.
true
HIV-infected persons are more likely to develop diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, which are now becoming the primary cause of death for this population, as the years of life expectancy with those with this condition extends.
true
Health care providers working with children following a vegetarian diet should pay special intake to their intakes of protein, essential fatty acids, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B12 , and vitamin C.
true
Healthy diet and physical activity with caloric intake adjusted to achieve and maintain weight within normal ranges are advocated to reduce risk of cancer development.
true
Heart disease, not diabetes, is the number one cause of death among people with diabetes.
true
Hedonic obesity occurs when the energy homeostatic signals are overridden by a 'hyper-responsiveness' to the reward value of food.
true
High blood levels of homocysteine, abnormal blood clotting factors, central adiposity, elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, and other conditions influence the development of atherosclerosis, which can be neutralized or partially reversed by dietary and lifestyle modifications.
true
High blood pressure (HBP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a leading risk factor for mortality and disability.
true
Hunger, satiety, and thirst cues are weaker in older adults.
true
Hyperglycemia may lead to sodium depletion and dehydration, trace mineral depletion, insomnia, nocturia, blurred vision, exacerbated atherosclerosis, increased infection and decreased wound healing, and aggravated peripheral vascular disease.
true
Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are important factors in the progression of CVD. Those with these conditions are advised to adhere to the prescribed LDL-lowering lifestyle changes, including a cholesterol-lowering diet, physical activity, weight control, and, if indicated, medication.
true
Identifying nutritional risk factors before chronic illness occurs is basic to health promotion.
true
If necessary changes aren't made and a nutritional injury persists, clinical symptoms of illness are now present and a medical diagnosis such as atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, type 2 diabetes, or depression is made.
true
If untreated, prediabetes converts to type 2 diabetes in 5-10 years.
true
Illness often brings with it changes in eating pattern, either as a symptom of disease or as part of the involved therapy (such as low salt foods to help treat hypertension).
true
In monitoring a child's physical growth, it is important for children to be accurately weighed and measured at periodic intervals.
true
In older adults, diabetes may exacerbate declining organ functions, making them less resilient.
true
In the 'altered substrate availability' nutritional stage, intake does not meet needs and there is a loss of nutrient reserves (such as protein out of muscle or calcium from bones) and/or accumulation of excesses. Nutrition education and dietary guidance encourages healthful diets and lifestyle choices to minimize or reverse subclinical changes.
true
Individuals were at higher risk of falling if they had reduced peripheral nerve function, renal function, and vision; all are diabetes complications.
true
Individuals with diabetes are at greater risk of premature death, and of comorbid conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke, than those without diabetes. Diabetes itself is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
true
Instead of setting a limit of two hours per day of screen time, it is recommended that families develop a Family Media Use plan that outlines how much and what type of media use are appropriate for each member of the family.
true
Interpretation of BMI in older adults as a measure of disease risk should be in the context of health status and functional capacity.
true
Iron deficiency is not as common a problem in middle childhood as it is in the toddler age group.
true
Iron-deficiency anemia in young children appears to cause long-term delays in cognitive development and behavioral disturbances.
true
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency noted among children and adolescents.
true
It has been reported that an average of 13 hours per year is spent in elementary school classrooms teaching lessons about nutrition; however, research demonstrates that 50 hours are required to facilitate behavior change.
true
It is believed that screen time, and especially television viewing, does contribute to the prevalence of obesity, and that treatment for childhood obesity should include a reduction in the number of hours spent watching television and videos and playing video and computer games.
true
It is important that parents and caretakers keep distractions, such as television, to a minimum during mealtimes, and allow their toddlers to practice self-feeding skills and to experience new foods and textures.
true
It is important that toddlers be allowed to control the amount of food eaten by hunger rather than by parental pressure to eat more
true
It is recommended that any child who is overweight and who has other risk factors (such as family history, being of a high risk ethnicity, and signs of insulin resistance) should be monitored for type 2 diabetes beginning at age 10 or at puberty.
true
Lack of natural teeth means that a poor diet is inevitable.
true
Lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, food choices, alcohol use, sleep patterns, and physical activity ultimately affect inflammatory, endocrine, and metabolic pathways that intensify or diminish cellular exposure and response to cancer promoting agents.
true
Listening carefully, communicating effectively, and avoiding misinterpretation in intercultural settings are probably the most important things a nutritionist can learn to do when working with older adults from various cultures.
true
Long-term effects of undernutrition, such as failure to thrive and cognitive impairment, may be prevented or reduced with adequate nutrition and environmental support.
true
Longitudinal studies of obesity and chronic disease risk among youth suggest an increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, asthma, and hypertension among adults who were overweight or obese during adolescence.
true
Main sources of vitamin D include exposure to sunlight, vitamin D-fortified foods such as fortified cereals, and vitamin D-fortified milk or milk alternatives.
true
Many babies begin to wean from the breast or the bottle at about 9-10 months of age, when their solid food intake increases, and they learn to drink from a cup; Weaning is a sign of the toddler's growing independence and is usually complete by 12-14 months of age, although the age varies from child to child.
true
Many state legislatures have mandated breakfast programs for their districts, especially in schools serving needy populations.
true
Meal skipping is common during adolescence, with breakfast the most commonly skipped meal.
true
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) as part of a comprehensive treatment plan can encourage health-promoting food choices once diseases have been diagnosed.
true
Medical nutrition therapy is a part of cancer care treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery and recovery to restore nutrient shortages, maintain nutritional health, and prevent or manage complications.
true
Meeting the challenge of improving the nutritional health of teenagers requires the integrated efforts of teenagers, parents, educators, health care providers, schools, communities, the food industry, and policy makers all working together to create more opportunities for healthful eating.
true
Metabolic obesity occurs when an individual's set point shifts and stabilizes at a higher weight level. Genetic and environmental influences, including food experiences in infancy and childhood, are causes.
true
Metabolic rate and energy expenditure begin to decline in early adulthood. However, in young, healthy adults, there is compensatory adjustment between physical activity and calorie intake.
true
Most children from birth to five years are meeting the targeted levels of consumption of most nutrients, except for iron, calcium, and zinc.
true
Most people don't tell their health care provider about the supplements they take, unless asked.
true
New foods are better accepted if they are served when the child is hungry and if she sees other members of the family eating these foods.
true
Not all anemias are due to iron deficiency. Other causes of anemia include other nutritional deficiencies (such as folate or vitamin B12 ), chronic inflammation, or recent or current infection.
true
Numerous dietary supplements are promoted as being effective for blood glucose control and the prevention of diabetes complications. However, their use is not supported by evidence-based practice standards and caution should be used if complementing traditional diabetes treatment.
true
Numerous studies have measured the health care utilization of older adults and found that better nutritional status is related to better health outcomes.
true
Nutrient supplements may be beneficial for older adults that are recovering from illness and trauma.
true
Nutrition and medical providers should help families find in their communities the educational, medical, and specialty services suitable for their children.
true
Nutrition education aimed at the adults in the child's life becomes as important as nutrition education directed at the child, if not more so, as children mimic what they see their caregivers do.
true
Nutrition integrity in schools is defined as ensuring that all foods available to children in schools are consistent with the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary reference Intakes.
true
Nutrition policy promotes health by combining nutrition education for individuals and population interventions. The ultimate goal of nutrition intervention is to improve health outcomes.
true
Nutrition programs for older adults have successfully brought together millions of people to socialize and enjoy nutritious meals.
true
Nutrition status is strongly predictive of survival and functional status of people living with HIV.
true
Nutritional strategies to normalize blood pressure include weight management, moderation of alcohol intake for those who drink, and limiting sodium intake while maintaining adequate potassium, magnesium, and calcium intakes.
true
Obesity is an unhealthy accumulation of body fat, and considered a chronic disease involving pathophysiological processes that result in an increased risk morbidity and mortality.
true
Older adults with a compromised immune status are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness.
true
Optimum BMI cut-points for older adult populations are in a U-shaped curve, and the range of BMIs associated with good health and functional status aren't necessarily the same as those for lowered mortality risk.
true
Other food and nutrition programs that contribute to the continuum of nutrition services include food pantries, soup kitchens, and cooperative buying groups.
true
Overall, healthy diets that include whole-grain breads and cereals, beans and peas, fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and lean meats, fish, and poultry are recommended for school-age children.
true
Overweight and obesity are associated with functional decline, higher disability, and higher risk of chronic conditions such as diabetes, hyper-tension, and stroke.
true
Overweight and obesity are not simply a matter of intake exceeding output; they are complex and chronic conditions, stemming from numerous interacting physiological, individual, environmental, and genetic factors that affect the type, frequency, and quantity of food and beverages consumed and the body's metabolic processes.
true
Pain and discomfort with chewing foods can result in eating fewer fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
true
Parents and caretakers need to establish regular but flexible meal and snack times, allowing enough time between meals and snacks for the toddler to get hungry.
true
Parents need to be able to reassure their child that increases in body fat during the preadolescent period are most likely not permanent; parents also need to be careful not to reinforce a preoccupation with weight and size.
true
Parents should be advised of the potential risks of herbal therapies and the need for close monitoring of their child if they choose to give herbs to their child.
true
Parents who had difficulty controlling their own intakes seemed to impose more restrictions on their children; The more the mother is concerned with her own weight and with the risk of her daughter becoming overweight, the more likely she is to employ restrictive child-feeding practices.
true
People identified at high risk for cardiovascular disease should be referred to a registered dietitian nutritionist for a nutrition assessment and individualized intervention.
true
Periodic monitoring of growth is important in order to identify any deviations in a child's growth pattern.
true
Prolonged high blood pressure puts extra tension on blood vessels and organs in the body, wearing them out before the natural aging process; damaged kidneys are a common sign of uncontrolled hypertension.
true
Psychological, socioeconomic, and cultural factors play a role in shaping attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyle patterns associated with weight gain.
true
Puberty usually occurs earlier among females than males, with a 2.5 year gender difference on average.
true
Recent recommendations suggest that obese older adults should focus on weight maintenance rather than weight loss and participation in a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise to improve function.
true
Recommendations for food and beverage prior to sports events are based upon timing around the event.
true
Regular users of functional foods (and supplements), no matter what age, need to track all sources of their dietary vitamin and mineral intake in order to avoid potentially toxic nutrient levels.
true
Research has shown that adolescents who take vitamin/mineral supplements are consuming a healthy diet already and engaging in other healthy behaviors such as meeting physical activity goals and spending less than 2 hours per day of recreational screen time.
true
Research suggests that the persistence of obesity from infancy to adulthood increases with age; As many as 90 percent of overweight adolescents can be expected to remain overweight into adulthood.
true
Researchers are seeking the perfect balance of nutrient and energy intake to maintain a long, healthy life.
true
Risk factors for hypertension among adolescents include a family history of hypertension, high dietary intake of sodium, overweight or obesity, hyperlipidemia, inactive lifestyle, and tobacco use.
true
Screening for cardiovascular disease should occur about every five years beginning at age 20.
true
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels can be used to adjust diet and exercise (and to adjust insulin, if used) to minimize blood glucose swings.
true
Sexual maturation should be used to assess biological growth and development (or biological age), and the individual nutritional needs of adolescents rather than chronological age.
true
Side effects of creatine use seem to be dose-related and include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, diarrhea, headache, dehydration, reduced renal function, increased tendency toward muscle strains, and muscle sore-ness. No available data document the long-term health effects related to creatine use; however, chronic use may be associated with renal damage.
true
Since there is no cure for Alzheimer's Disease, the dietary focus is to maintain a nutrient-dense diet that is acceptable to the in-dividual, maintains hydration, and supplies needed energy.
true
Snacks continue to contribute significantly to a child's daily intake, during middle childhood; children cannot consume large amounts of food at one time and therefore need snacks to meet their nutrient needs.
true
Soft drinks can contribute significantly to children's overall calorie and caffeine intake while contributing little to the overall nutritional value of their diets and displacing more nutritious foods.
true
Some cancer treatments are more effective and better tolerated if the patient is well nourished.
true
Some groups have a genetic predisposition for certain diseases: American Indians have a very high rate of diabetes; Asians develop cardiovascular disease at lower BMI and smaller waist circumference; and African Americans tend to have greater salt sensitivity and earlier onset of hypertension.
true
Some potential consequences of a weight-loss program in childhood are a slowing of linear growth and the beginnings of eating disorders. To reduce these risks, a weight loss program must ensure nutritional adequacy of the diet, a nonjudgmental approach, and attention to the child's emotional state.
true
Strategies directed to the social determinants of health are necessary to get at the fundamental causes behind health disparities that increase the risk of disease.
true
Stroke prevention programs for older adults tend to be secondary or tertiary rather than primary; however, dietary eating patterns—which include the Prudent Pattern, the DASH diet, and the Mediterranean Diet—were all correlated with reduced stroke incidence and should be emphasized at all levels of stroke prevention.
true
Team Nutrition is a program that addresses the establishment of healthy eating and physical activity patterns for children on multiple fronts.
true
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is an adequate indicator of excess body fat associated with morbidity and mortality in older adults.
true
The WHO growth charts be used for children aged birth to younger than two years regardless of type of feeding and the 2000 CDC growth charts for children aged 2 until aged 20 years.
true
The basic dietary recommendation for school-age and preadolescent children is to eat a diet of a variety of foods; hence, it is important for children to have a variety of foods available to them.
true
The concern with both primary and secondary lactase deficiency is to avoid the total elimination of dairy products from the diet when it may not be necessary, as these foods are important sources of calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients.
true
The connection between parental obesity and obesity in children is likely due to genetic as well as environmental factors.
true
The diabetes plate method is not as accurate as carb counting, but is easier to learn and is a good starting point for persons newly diagnosed with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
true
The dramatic physical growth and development experienced by adolescents, which matches and can even exceed the rate of growth experienced during infancy, significantly increases their needs for energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals.
true
The effects of diabetes, especially when poorly managed, can lead to heart disease, hypertension, blindness, kidney failure, liver disease, stroke, the loss of limbs due to circulatory and neurological changes, some cancers, and Alzheimer's disease.
true
The goal for meeting nutritional needs is to eat by mouth, if this is enjoyable and safe. an alternative may be to drink complete nutritional supplements or add overnight feedings.
true
The goal of clinical management of metabolic syndrome is to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic diseases and progression to diabetes.
true
The nutrition interventions that support heart health are not inherently different for an older adult than for a younger one; however, the day-to-day context for adopting therapeutic lifestyle changes is likely different for an 80-year-old than for a 45-year-old.
true
The onset and severity of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and liver disease have risk factors that can be modified through changes in nutrition and physical activity.
true
The overall goal of overweight/obesity treatment is for the child and family to develop healthy eating and physical activity behaviors for a lifetime.
true
The overarching nutrition message for adults is to follow the principles of variety, moderation, and balance in choosing a diet that will be satisfying and that will achieve a healthy body weight and maintain health.
true
The preschool years are a good time to teach children about foods, food selection, and preparation by involving them in simple food-related activities, as well as a time when family mealtime continues to be important.
true
The prevalence of multiple chronic conditions increases with age; Common comorbid conditions are hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, arthritis, and kidney disease.
true
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is at an alarming rate.
true
The risk of having a stroke rises sharply after midlife.
true
The span of years between ages 20 and 64 is a time when diet, physical activity, smoking, and body weight strongly influence the future course of health and wellness.
true
The use of multiple medications in older aged people increase the risk of adverse side effects and potentially dangerous drug-to-drug, and nutrient-to-drug interactions.
true
The use of these steroids has been linked to infertility, hypertension, depression, aggression, and more negative health consequences.
true
There is accumulating evidence that aerobic exercise and the Mediterranean diet have positive impact on improving cognitive ability and prolonging longevity.
true
There is no "diabetes diet." The current philosophy of dietary management of diabetes is diet flexibility within an individualized plan that typically involves behavior modifications to regular eating times, and promoting a healthful meal pattern that incorporates nutrient-rich food choices and appropriate portion sizes (balanced with physical activity and glucose-managing medications).
true
To increase the dietary fiber in children's diets, parents and caretakers can begin by increasing the amount of fresh fruits and vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals being offered.
true
Toddlers and preschoolers with special health care needs are quite varied in their nutrition needs, but the basic concepts of supporting growth, typical feeding skill development, and meeting nutrition needs for age and activity still apply.
true
Type 2 diabetes typically has few symptoms; thus, it is harder to detect in adolescents.
true
Weight gain tends to accompany aging, but can be augmented by physical activity.
true
Weight loss in obese older adults can improve functional status and chronic disease symptoms, but it needs to occur while maintaining muscle and organ tissue.
true
Weight-bearing exercise builds bones and muscle, which work in tandem to enhance balance and prevent falls. Bed rest and immobilization lead to rapid loss of bone mass.
true
When working with families from different cultures, it is important to learn as much as possible about the culture's food-related beliefs and practices; Cultural beliefs influence many child feeding practices.
true
While the use of steroids and ergogenic aids is forbidden by national and NCAA regulations, few high school athletic programs test athletes for their use.
true
While undernourishment is frequently seen in adolescents with chronic illnesses, obesity is common among youth with gross motor limitations or immobility.
true
With good genes, good habits, good environment, and good luck, the effects of aging can be minimized and nutritional and physical health can be maintained throughout adulthood.
true
Young children are especially vulnerable to foodborne illnesses because they can become ill from smaller doses of organisms.
true
Young children are particularly at risk for developing high levels of lead because when exploring their environment, they enjoy putting things into their mouths. Depending on their surroundings, some of these objects may be high in lead.
true
Which of the following types of diabetes is characterized as a progressive autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed by the body's own immune system; has a relatively quick onset; exogenous insulin is needed for survival; and a genetic predisposition, along with environmental factors, such as a childhood viral infection, is involved?
type I diabetes
Which of the following diabetes is characterized by developing over time, insulin resistance; elevated free fatty acids in the blood plasma, and hyperglycemia?
type II diabetes
Which of the following would be a good snack for a school aged child?
whole fruits and/or vegetables nuts, seeds, and dried fruits hummus or other bean dips with whole grain crackers or bread
