FINAL

Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.97

The estimated prevalence of bipolar disorder is about... and the typical age on onset it...

1%; late teens or early 20s

Saying that the heritability of intelligence is 60% would mean that:

60% of the variability in intelligence scores in a group is estimated to be due to genetic variations

capacity of short term memory

7 play or minus 2 chunks on information, although some theorists suggest it may be 4 plus or minus 1 chunks

A neural impulse is initiated when a neurons charge momentarily becomes less negative, or even positive. This is called what

An action potential

The syndrome characterized by manipulative, aggressive, explosive behavior and lack of conscience is

Antisocial personality disorder

A primary reinforcer has ... reinforcing properties; a secondary reinforced has... reinforcing properties

Biological; acquired

Victims of ... are more likely to recognize that their eating behavior is pathological; the more life threatening eating disorder is..

Bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa

Five-year-old David watches as you pour water from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow one. He says there is now more water than before. This response demonstrates that:

David does not understand the concept of conservation

Most of the drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia are known to dampen... activity in the brain, suggesting that disruptions in the activity of this neurotransmitter may contribute to the development of the disorder

Dopamine

The stage of prenatal development during which the developing organism is most vulnerable to injury is the

Embryonic stage

Getting information into memory is called... getting information out of memory is called...

Encoding; storage

Which of the following is not one of the criticisms of Piagets theory of cognitive development

Evidence for the theory is based on children's answers to questions

What psychology examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generation.

Evolutionary

Which of the following variables does not tend to facilitate persuasion

Forewarning of the receiver

Which of the following is a statement with which Skinners followers would agree?

Free will is an illusion

The behavioral, reinforcement explanation of the basis for infant-caregiver attachment was undermined by the research of

Harry Harlow

Adopted children's similarity to their biological parents is generally attributed to what; a disputed children's similarity to their adoptive parents is generally attributed to what

Heredity; the environment

Which of the following approaches has the most optimistic view of human nature?

Humanism

Harvey Hedonist devoted his life to the search for physical pleasure and immediate need gratification. Freud would say that Harvey is dominated by his:

ID

In a study of the effect of a new teaching technique on students' achievement test scores, an important extraneous variable would be the students':

IQ scores

The most convincing for the theory that personality is heavily influenced by genetics is provided by strong personality similarity between

Identical twins reared apart

Positive reinforcement... the rate of responding; negative reinforcement... the rate of responding.

Increases; decreases

Which of the following would not be included in the results section of a journal article?

Interpretation, evaluation, and implications of the data

tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) phenomenon

Is a temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach, and is clearly due to failure in retrieval.

Among the advantages of descriptive/correlational research is

It can be used in circumstances in which an experiment would be unethical or impossible and it permits researchers to examine subjects behavior in natural real world circumstances.

Fred, a tennis coach, insists that he can make any reasonably healthy individual into an internationally competitive tennis player. Fred is echoing the thoughts of:

John B. Watson

According to theories that use the concept of reaction range, the upper limits of an individual intellectual potential are

Largely set by heredity

The quality of infant attachment depends of

Mainly on the caregivers sensitivity and responsiveness

A psychologist monitors a group of nursery school children during the school day, recording each instance of helping behavior as it occurs, without any intervention. The

Naturalistic observation

Critical thinking skills:

Need to be deliberately taught because they often do not develop by themselves with standard content instruction

Hormones are to the endocrine system what are to the nervous system

Neurotransmitters

The fundamental attribution errors refers to the tendency of:

Observers to favor internal attributions in explaining the behavior of others

Which theory would replica that the American flag has a green black and yellow afterimage

Opponent process theory

The 2 year old child who refers to very four legged animal as doggie is making which of the following errors

Overextension

If a child's primary reason for not drawing pictures on the living room wall with crayons is to avoid the punishment that would inevitably follow this behavior, the child would be said to be Aw which level of moral development

Preconventional

The observation that people acquire phobias of ancient sources of threat much more readily than modern sources of threat can be explained by

Preparedness/an evolved module for fear learning

Researchers must describe the actions that will be taken to measure or control each variable in their studies. I'm other words they must

Provide operational definitions of their variables

Stereotypes:

Reflect normal cognitive processes that are automatic, held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group, tend to be broad over generalizations that ignore the diversity within social groups.

In evolutionary theory, fitness refers to

Reproductive success

The scientist who won a Nobel prize for his work with split brain patients is

Roger Sperry

Mary believes that while she sleep at night, space creatures are attacking her and invading her uterus, where they will multiple until they are ready to take over the world. Mary was chosen for this task, she believes, because she is the only one with the power to help the space creatures succeed. Mary would most likely be diagnosed with

Schizophrenia

Your knowledge that birds fly, that the sun rises in the east, and that 2+2=4 is contained in your .... Memory

Semantic

Which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder is true

Starting in the 1970s, there was a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder.

Watson and Rayner's (1920) conditioned "little Albert" to fear white rats by banging a hammer on a steel bar as he played with a white rat. Later it was discovered that Albert feared not only the white rats but white stuffed toys and Santa's beard. Alberts fear of these objects can be attributed to

Stimulus generalization

According tie Alfred Adler, the prime motivating force in a persons life is

Striving for superiority

What approaches might William James criticize for examining a movie Frame by frame instead of seeing the motion in the motion picture?

Structuralism

In the nurture assumption, Judith harris argues that the evidence indicated that family environment has... on childrens personalities

Surprisingly little effect

The what lobe is to hearing what the occipital lobe is to vision

Temporal

Which of the following is Wilhelmina Wundt primo still known?

The establishemtn of the first firmal lab for research in psychology

Farsightedness

The focus of light from close objects falls behind the retina

Sampling bias exits when

The sample is not representative of the population

For which of the following assertions is the empirical evidence strongest?

The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to handle different types of cognitive tasks

In which of the following cultures is an independent view of the self most likely to be the norm

United States

Psychology answers to the question of whether we are born or made tends that

We are both born and made

In people who see corpus callousness have not been severed, verbal stimuli are identified more quickly and more accurately:

When sent to the left hemisphere first.

A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In the experiment, the independent variable was:

Whether or not the group was same sex or coed

Which of the following historical events created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply?

World War II

A heuristic is a

a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in problem solving or decision making

Perception of the brightness of color is affected mainly by

amplitude of light waves

The phenomenon of higher-order conditioning shows that

an already established CS can be used in the place of a natural US

A father suggests that his son's low marks in school are due to the child's laziness. The father has made

an internal attribution

During the second year of life, toddlers begin to take some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing themselves in an attempt to establish what Erikson calls a sense of:

autonomy

When you estimate the probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant instances come to mind, you are relying on:

availability heuristic

Chomsky proposed that children learn language swiftly:

because they possess an innate language acquisition device

According to Thomas szasz, abnormal behavior usually involves

behavior that deviates from social norms

Although Sue always feels a high level of dread, worry, and anxiety, she still manages to meet her daily responsibilities. Sue's behavior:

can still be considered abnormal because she feels great personal distress

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that after people engage in behavior that contradicts their true feelings, they will

change their attitude to make it more consistent with their behavior

Research on avoidance learning suggests that conditioned fear acquired through ___ conditioning plays a key role.

classical

Two cognitive areas that may decline at around 60 years of age are:

cognitive speed and episodic memory

After repeated pairings of a tone with meat powder, Pavlov found that a dog will salivate when the tone is presented. Salivation to the tone is a

conditioned response

Sam's wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is "in the mood" for sexual relations. Sam becomes sexually aroused as soon as he sees his wife in the nightgown. For Sam, the nightgown is a(n):

conditioned stimulus

Whenever you have a cold, you rest in bed, take aspirin, and drink plenty of fluids. You can't determine which remedy is most effective because of which of the following problems?

confounding variables

In the study by Kenrick and Gutierres (1980), exposing male subjects to a TV show dominated by extremely beautiful women:

decreased their ratings of the attractiveness of a prospective date

Theories permit researchers to move from

description to understanding

It appears that social loafing is due to

diffusion of responsibility in groups

Furious at her boss for what she considers to be unjust criticism, Clara turns around and takes out her anger on her subordinates. Clara may be using the defense mechanism of:

displacement

Girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____ feel more subjective distress about the transition of puberty.

early/late

Groupthink occurs when members of a cohesive group:

emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

Research suggest that there is an association between schizophrenia and

enlarged brain ventricles

Problems that require a common object to be used in an unusual way may be difficult to solve because of:

functional fixedness

The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called:

hindsight bias

According to Nisbett, Eastern cultures tend to favor a(n) _____ cognitive style, whereas Western cultures tend to display a(n) _____ cognitive style.

holistic; analytic

developmental norms

indicate the average age at which individuals reach various developmental milestones

Loftus work on eyewitness testimony demonstrated that

information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event.

Males have been found to differ slightly from females in three well-documented areas of mental abilities. Which of the following is not one of these?

intelligence

The belief that the probability of heads is higher after a long string of tails:

is an example of the "gambler's fallacy" and reflects the influence of the representativeness heuristic

anecdotal evidence

is often concrete, vivid, and memorable; tends to influence people; and is fundamentally flawed and unreliable

A good reason for taking notes in your own words, rather than verbatim is that

it forces you to assimilate the information in a way that makes sense to you.

Which of the following factors is not one that influences interpersonal attraction

latitude of acceptance

In a painting, train tracks may look as if they go off into a distance because the artist draws the tracks as converging lines, a monocular cue to depth known as

linear perspective

The results of milgrams study imply that

many people will obey an authority figure even if innocent people get hurt

A multi factorial causation approach to behavior suggests that:

most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors

Critics of deception in research have assumed that deceptive studies are harmful to subjects. The empirical data on this issue suggest that

most participants in deceptive studies report that they enjoyed the experience and didn't mind being misled

The studies by Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats easily learn to associate a taste CS with a(n) _______ US.

nausea-inducing

What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said, "What a man can be, he must be"?

need for self-actualization

The primary visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

On most modern IQ tests, a score of 115 would be:

one standard deviation above the mean

Which of the following learning mechanisms does B.F Skinner see as being the major means by which behavior is learned

operant conditioning

You believe that short men have a tendency to be insecure. The concept of illusory correlation implies that you will

overestimate how often short men are insecure

The work of Herbert Simon on decision making showed that:

people tend to focus on only a few aspects of their available options and often make "irrational" decisions as a result

a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

perceptual set

People who consistently come up with _____ explanations for negative events are more prone to depression.

pessimistic

The study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms would most likely be undertaken by a

physiological psychologist

Albert Bandura

pioneered the study of observational learning;

Perception of pitch can best be explained by:

place theory and frequency theory

In a Skinner box, the dependent variable is usually:

rate of responding

The collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina make up that cell's:

receptive field

The thalamus can be characterized as:

relay station

Amnesia in which people lose memories for events that occurred prior to their injury is called

retrograde

According to Hazan and Shaver (1987):

romantic relationships in adulthood follow the same form as attachment relationships in infancy

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event stored in memory is known as _________________________.

schema

Alterations in activity at dopamine synapses have been implicated in the development of

schizophrenia

IQ tests have proven to be good predictors of:

school performance

The term used to refer to the stimulation of the sense organs is

sensation

Dorothy memorized her shopping list. When she got to the store, however, she found she had forgotten many of the items from the middle of the list. This is an example of:

serial position effect

Always having been a good student, Irving is confident that he will do well in his psychology course. According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, Irving would be said to have:

strong feelings of self-efficacy

*The word BIG is flashed on a screen. A mental picture of the word BIG represents a ________ code; the definition "large in size" represents a _________ code; "sounds like pig" represents a _______ code.*

structural; semantic; phonemic

Jim has just barely avoided a head on collision on a narrow road. With heart pounding, hands shaking, and body perspiring, Jim recognizes that these are signs of the body's fight or flight response, which is controlled by:

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The nine-dot problem is:

the basis for saying think outside the box and difficult because people assume constraints that are not part of the problem

The elaboration likelihood model of attitude change suggests that

the central route results in more enduring attitude change

A concordance rate indicates

the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

In what way(s) is the sense of taste like the sense of smell?

the physical stimuli for both senses are chemical substances dissolved in fluid

If decay theory is correct:

the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time

Neurons convey information about the strength of stimuli by varying:

the rate at which they fire action potentials

The fact that theories originally seen as being incompatible, such as the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision, are now seen as both being necessary to explain sensory processes illustrates

the value of psychology's theoretical diversity

Which statement best represents current evidence on the durability of long-term storage

there is no convincing evidence that all one's memories are stored away permanently

Which of the following is not a shortcoming of self report personality inventories

they are objective measures

Which of the following did Carl rogers believe fosters a congruent self concept

unconditional love

Freud believed that most personality disturbances are due to

unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences

*The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a _______ schedule.*

variable ratio

In designing a self-modification program, control of antecedents should be used:

when you want to decrease the frequency of a response