Final preparation for A&P

Your patient is unhappy about the injection that you are preparing to administer into her buttock. "If you have to do it, give it right in the middle," she insists. How should you respond?

"I'm sorry, but I need to inject into the upper outer quadrant of your buttock to avoid damaging the sciatic nerve."

Your elderly patient recovering from knee replacement surgery doesn't understand why she has to do rehabilitation of the muscles around her knee. How would you explain it to her?

"The large muscle groups that surround the knee are just as important as the bones in making sure your knee is stable. You need to strengthen them to support your new knee."

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Crossed-extensor reflex.

A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance

Which of the following is true concerning the olfactory tract?

A large proportion of olfactory information connects to the limbic system.

Correctly match the term and definition of sound properties: Decibel (dB)

A logarithmic measure of the loudness of a sound

B

A middle ear infection (otitis media) would be located in which region?

Strengthening the quadriceps femoris muscles is likely to result in which of the following?

A more stable knee joint

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Lever.

A rigid bar that moves on a fixed point

Match the term to its correct definition: Tone

A single sound wave frequency

Your patient has been referred to a physical therapist because of chronic low back pain. Which of these muscle groups would you expect the therapist to target most?

Abdominals

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Magnitude estimation.

Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Perceptual detection.

Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Quality discrimination.

Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Spatial discrimination.

Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Pattern recognition.

Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance for us

You realize that many of your geriatric patients have visual problems that impact their care. Which item is NOT a common cause of decreased visual acuity in the elderly?

Abnormal production of vitreous humor

If your grandmother's head suddenly tends to deviate to one side, this could be an issue with which cranial nerve?

Accessory

Match the following type of taste with what causes it: Sour

Acids

Select the muscle that belongs to the medial compartment of the thigh.

Adductor longus

Select the muscle that is named for its action.

Adductor longus

Correctly match the hearing disorder with its description: Ménière's syndrome

Affects all three parts of the inner ear; leads to attacks of vertigo and nausea and is often accompanied by tinnitus

Match the functional group classification with the description: The muscles that perform most of the action in producing the movement.

Agonists

Choose the answer that shows the correct order of light transmission, from the air to the retina.

Air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Match the following type of taste with what causes it: Bitter

Alkaloids

Which of the following is not a modality of taste sensations? -All of the choices are taste modalities. -sweet -sour -salty -bitter -umami

All of the choices are taste modalities.

Which of the following send inputs to the vestibular nuclei, the major integrative center for balance? -All of the listed responses are correct. -Vestibular receptors -Visual receptors -Somatic receptors of the skin, muscle and joints

All of the listed responses are correct.

Visceral pain should be understood in order to not ignore persistent pain that may indicate a more serious condition. Which of the following connections is not an example of a visceral pain pairing? -All of these are valid pairings between pain in visceral organs and the referred area of skin. -Gallbladder and the right shoulder -Ureters and inner thighs -Kidneys and hip and abdominopelvic area -Heart and left side of the neck, chest and left arm

All of these are valid pairings between pain in visceral organs and the referred area of skin.

Which of the following is false? -Amacrine granule cells excite mitral cells to help facilitate impulse transmission. -Each glomerulus represents a single aspect of an odor. -Each odor activates a unique set of glomeruli. -Mitral cells refine the signal, amplify it, and then relay it. -All of the choices are correct.

Amacrine granule cells excite mitral cells to help facilitate impulse transmission.

Match the following muscle action with its appropriate term: Muscles that relax when the prime mover and synergists are contracting.

Antagonists

__________ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.

Antagonists

Select the muscle compartment that flexes the wrist and fingers.

Anterior compartment of forearm

Match the word to its correct meaning: Brachium.

Arm

Which of the following is/are a part of the external (outer) ear?

Auricle

Choose the FALSE statement about nerves.

Axons make up a majority of the matter in a nerve.

Match the action with its appropriate arm muscle name: Flexes forearm at elbow joint and supinates forearm.

Biceps brachii

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Effort.

Biceps brachii

Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Flexes and laterally rotates leg at knee.

Biceps femoris

Select the muscle that belongs to the hamstrings of the posterior thigh.

Biceps femoris

Which of the following is an incorrect match? -Bitter taste: elicited by metal ions -Sweet taste: elicited by alcohols -Sour taste: elicited by H+ ions in solution -Umami taste: elicited by glutamate and aspartate

Bitter taste: elicited by metal ions

William Hancock, 44, fell from the scaffolding at a construction site. When emergency personnel arrived, they found him unconscious but with stable vital signs. As paramedics placed him on a backboard to stabilize his head, neck, and back, they noted watery blood leaking from his right ear. In the hospital, Mr. Hancock regained consciousness and was treated for deep lacerations on his scalp and face. Head CT scans revealed both longitudinal and transverse fractures of the right petrous temporal and sphenoid bones that extended through the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale. The following observations were recorded on Mr. Hancock's chart on admission: Complete loss of hearing in the right ear. Paresthesia (sensation of "pins and needles") at the right corner of the mouth, extending to the lower lip and chin. Numbness of the right upper lip, lower eyelid, and cheek. Right eye turned slightly inward when looking straight ahead. Diplopia (double vision), particularly when looking to the right. -Which of the following choices best describes the fluid leaking from Mr. Hancock's ear and the cause of that leakage?

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid are leaking because the petrous part of the temporal bone is fractured.

Match the part of eyeball with the correct definition: Choroid.

Blood vessel laden component of the vascular layer

Which structure is not a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Brain

If the phrenic nerve were severed, what would be the most immediate effect?

Breathing would stop.

The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami from __________.

C5-T1

Correctly match the hearing disorder with its description: Sensorineural deafness

Can be caused by damage to the receptors in the cochlea or brain damage in the auditory regions

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Tendon reflex.

Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension

afferent sensory neuron

Classify the neuron at A.

Correctly match the term and definition: Aqueous humor.

Clear, plasma-like substance that bathes the lens and cornea

Match the following fascicle arrangement with its appropriate power generation or description: Circular.

Close body openings by contracting

Match the following term with the appropriate description: Cataract.

Clouding of the lens

Match the structure with its definition: Perineurium.

Coarse connective tissue that binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles

Which of the following is improperly matched? -Cochlear hair and helicotrema -Scala vestibuli and oval window -Scala tympani and round window -Scala media and cochlear duct -All are improperly matched -All are properly matched

Cochlear hair and helicotrema

Match the following cranial nerve with its description: Accessory.

Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

Match the part of eyeball with the correct definition: Retina.

Contains both pigmented and sensory layers

Which of the following describes an optic tract?

Contains fibers from the lateral (temporal) aspect of the eye on the same side and fibers from the medial (nasal) aspect of the opposite eye

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Abducens.

Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball

Which of the following reflexes is particularly important in maintaining balance?

Crossed-extensor reflexes

What is a benefit of a nerve plexus?

Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.

A patient has noticed that his ability to hear has recently decreased. Which item is NOT likely to have caused his problem?

Damage to the semicircular canals

Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes spasms of the diaphragm, or hiccups

Damage to the structures shown in the figure may lead to what disorder?

D

Damage to which of these structures can result in sensorineural deafness?

Match the receptor with its anatomical location: Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle.

Deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue

Match the structure with its definition: Endoneurium.

Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon

Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle? Deltoid Teres minor Infraspinatus Subscapularis

Deltoid

select the muscle that is named for its shape.

Deltoid

Correctly match the term and definition: Rods.

Dim light and peripheral vision receptors

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Load.

Distal end of forearm, hand

Which of the following reflexes tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2?

Drawing a blunt object downward along the lateral aspect of the foot causes downward curling of the toes

contract the ciliary body

During close vision, what actions must the eye take to bring an object into focus?

Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: Second-class lever.

Effort applied at one end of the lever; the fulcrum located at the other; load between them

Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: Third-class lever.

Effort applied between the load and the fulcrum

Match the following term relating to a lever with its appropriate description or example: First-class lever.

Effort is applied at one end of the lever; the load at the other; fulcrum somewhere in between

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Fulcrum.

Elbow joint

Which of the following is true for the central artery and central vein of the retina?

Enter and leave the eye via the optic nerve

Correctly match the term to its description: Semicircular canals

Evaluate rotational motion

Damage to which of the following muscles would hinder inspiration?

External intercostals

Most receptors of the special senses are classified as which of the following types?

Exteroceptors

Damage to the cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the face leads to Bell's palsy. Damage to which cranial nerve causes Bell's palsy?

Facial

A dermatome represents the motor innervation of muscles in that area.

False

As light hits the retina, the first structure the light encounters is a rod or a cone.

False

At rest, when no sound is entering the cochlea, the hair cells send no signal.

False

CNS nerve fibers regenerate because of the actions of Schwann cells.

False

Stretch reflexes can cause reciprocal inhibition because the sensory neuron synapses on the alpha motor neurons of both agonists and antagonists.

False

T/F A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint will always cause extension.

False

The semicircular canals are adapted to detect static equilibrium.

False

The sensory division of the PNS is also known as the efferent division.

False

Match the following term with its correct description: Hyperopia.

Farsighted

Which of the following nerves controls the quadriceps muscle group?

Femoral nerve

Match the action on the ankle/foot with its appropriate muscle: Plantar flexes and everts the foot.

Fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis

Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct?

Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.

In Chapters 7 and 8, you met Kayla Tanner, who suffered a dislocated right hip in a car accident. Six weeks later, Mrs. Tanner was still unable to walk or run without hip pain, and had weakness in flexion at the knee, excessive foot inversion and plantar flexion, and significant "foot drop" (the inability to dorsiflex the foot).Electromyography (measurement of muscle electrical activity) and nerve conduction studies (measurement of the speed of nerve impulses) revealed sciatic nerve damage, most likely a result of the nerve being compressed when the hip was dislocated. This large nerve innervates many lower limb muscles. Since her surgery, Mrs. Tanner has been undergoing intense physical therapy and has shown significant improvement. -A muscle that originates on the posterior surface of the ischium and inserts on the posterior surface of the tibia will:

Flex the leg and extend the thigh

Which of the following adducts the hand?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Correctly match the term to its description: Endolymph

Fluid found within the membranous labyrinth

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved with hearing in the inner ear?

Glutamate

Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Adducts thigh, and flexes and medially rotates leg.

Gracilis

What is the function of the eyebrows?

Help shade the eyes from sunlight

Correctly match the term and definition: Cones.

High acuity and color vision receptors

Damage to this nerve leads to difficulty with speech and swallowing?

Hypoglossal

If a member of your family complains of double vision, which cranial nerve(s) might be affected?

III, IV, and VI

A member of your family is complaining of difficulty swallowing. Which cranial nerve(s) may be implicated?

IX, X, and XII

compress the abdomen

Identify the action of the muscle at A.

B

Identify the choroid.

C

Identify the extensor digitorum longus muscle.

They conduct sound waves and amplify the vibrations within the middle ear.

Identify the function of the structures labeled (2) in this image.

B

Identify the gluteus maximus muscle.

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction

Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "A" is __________.

a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "B" is __________.

a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension

Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "C" is __________.

a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion

Identify the inferred action of a muscle based upon the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. The type of movement for "D" is __________.

C

Identify the layer that contains both a single-celled pigmented layer and a neural layer.

D

Identify the levator ani muscle.

Supraspinatus

Identify the muscle indicated by "A."

Trapezius

Identify the muscle indicated by "A."

Infraspinatus

Identify the muscle indicated by "B."

Rhomboid minor

Identify the muscle indicated by "B."

Rhomboid major

Identify the muscle indicated by "C."

Triceps brachii

Identify the muscle indicated by "C."

Latissimus dorsi

Identify the muscle indicated by "D."

Levator scapulae

Identify the muscle indicated by "D."

Supraspinatus

Identify the muscle indicated by "E."

Infraspinatus

Identify the muscle indicated by "F."

A

Identify the muscle responsible for depressing the eye and turning it laterally.

B

Identify the muscle that is controlled by the abducens nerve (CN VI).

A

Identify the neuron that is last in the transmission pathway of light information, given the cells shown in this image.

C

Identify the palmaris longus muscle.

Hyperopic eye

Identify the refraction designation for the schematic drawing of the eye indicated by "C."

Cervical plexus

Identify the spinal nerve plexus indicated by A.

C

Identify the structure that forms cranial nerve I.

A and B only

Identify the type of neuron(s) that would be secreting neurotransmitters in the light.

C

Identify the type of neuronal cell that detects bright light and provides high-resolution color vision.

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Stretch reflex.

Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

In the roof of the nasal cavity

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Trochlear.

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Facial.

Innervates muscles of facial expression

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Vagus nerve (X).

Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Hypoglossal.

Innervates some tongue-moving muscles

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

Innervates the tongue and pharynx

Choose the FALSE statement about the olfactory epithelium.

It is made of simple squamous epithelium.

Match the receptor with its anatomical location: Epithelial tactile complex (Merkel cell and disc).

Junction of epidermis and dermis

An inability to move the eye laterally would indicate a problem with which muscle and nerve?

Lateral rectus muscle and abducens nerve (VI)

Match the action with its appropriate muscle name: Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially.

Latissimus dorsi

D

Lesion of which nerve will lead to deafness and dizziness?

Often several criteria are combined in a naming a muscle. Which of the following is not described in the name extensor carpi radialis longus?

Location of the muscle origin

Which of the following is false? -Lower respiratory infections are a common cause of loss of the sense of taste. -Taste disorders are less common than disorders of smell, in part because information is being carried on three separate cranial nerves. -Eighty percent of our perception of taste is actually smell. -Causes of taste disorders include head injuries and head/neck radiation for cancer treatment. -All of the choices are true.

Lower respiratory infections are a common cause of loss of the sense of taste.

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reflex?

Maintaining posture

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Feature abstraction.

Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others

A person experiencing a heart attack may feel pain in which of the following locations?

Medial aspect of the left arm

Match the muscle action involving mastication with its appropriate muscle name: Protracts the mandible and moves the mandible side to side.

Medial pterygoid

If a patient has difficulty using the "pincer grasp" to pick up small objects, which nerve is injured?

Median nerve

Match the following type of taste with what causes it: Salty

Metal ions

medial epicondyle of humerus

Muscles A through D all have an origin in common-- what is it?

orbicularis oculi

Name the muscle at A.

inferior rectus

Name the muscle at D.

ampulla

Name the sensory structure located in the enlarged swellings in the tubes at A.

tympanic membrane

Name the structure represented by (1).

fungiform, foliate, and vallate

Name the types of papillae that contain taste buds.

Match the following term with its correct description: Myopia.

Nearsighted

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli.

Nociceptors

Damage to this cranial nerve might lead to drooping of the eye and an eye that deviates laterally at rest.

Oculomotor

How are the olfactory receptors activated?

Odorants dissolve in the mucus and bind to receptors.

__________ are one of the few types of neurons that can replace themselves in adult life.

Olfactory receptor cells

Which of the following cells are unique in that they are one of the few types of neurons that undergo noticeable turnover throughout adult life?

Olfactory sensory neuron

Which of the following cranial nerves is purely sensory?

Optic

Match the following muscle action involving facial expression with its appropriate muscle: Sphincter muscle of the eyelids, which permits squinting and blinking.

Orbicularis oculi

Match the muscle with its correct origin and insertion: Temporalis.

Origin: temporal fossa Insertion: coronoid process of mandible

A

Otosclerosis, which can result in conduction deafness, affects which of these structures?

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus that activates it: Nociceptor.

Pain

Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Flexes and adducts thigh.

Pectineus

Which of the following would not be found in the external (outer) ear?

Pharyngotympanic tube

Select the muscle of facial expression that tenses the neck.

Platysma

You awaken with a "stiff neck," which causes pain when you turn your head or flex your neck. Which muscle is LEAST likely to be causing the problem?

Platysma

Which of the following describes the action of using a pry bar to move a heavy rock?

Power lever working at a mechanical advantage

Which structure belongs to the projection level of the motor control hierarchy?

Primary motor cortex

Match the thigh/leg movement with its appropriate muscle name: Rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint.

Quadratus femoris

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Lever.

Radius

Which muscle flexes and rotates the lumbar region of the vertebral column? This muscle extends vertically from the lower sternum to the pubis.

Rectus abdominis

Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip.

Rectus femoris

Correctly match the term and definition: Blind spot or optic disc.

Region where the optic nerve exits the eye

Match the part of the lacrimal apparatus to the correct function: Lacrimal gland.

Releases tears into the superior part of the conjunctival sac

Correctly match the term to its description: Round window

Represents the termination point of the scala tympani

Arrange the structures of the wall of the eyeball in their correct sequence, from deep to superficial.

Retina, choroid, sclera

Match the word to its correct meaning: Transversus.

Right angles

Match the following term with its correct description: Tinnitus

Ringing sound in the ears

Match the action on the leg/knee joint with its appropriate muscle: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh.

Sartorius

Which of the following statements about second-class levers is correct?

Second-class levers have great strength, but are slow and have little range of motion.

C

Select the letter that corresponds to the tectorial membrane of the spiral organ.

Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Composite muscle forming part of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles, located along the back from thoracic region to head.

Semispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracis

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Olfactory.

Sense of smell

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Vestibulocochlear.

Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Optic.

Sensory nerve of vision

Select the muscle that is sometimes called the "boxer's muscle" because its actions include horizontal arm movements used for pushing and punching.

Serratus anterior

Match the word to its correct meaning: Brevis.

Short

Which of the following is true regarding the olfactory epithelium?

Sniffing draws more air into the nasal epithelium to enhance the sense of smell.

Match the action on the ankle/foot with its appropriate muscle: Plantar flexes foot and is important in posture.

Soleus

The two-point discrimination test is a common tool for studying which feature of sensory perception?

Spatial discrimination

Which of the following describes the action of a heavy acrobat jumping onto the short end of a seesaw and propelling his lighter partner high into the air?

Speed lever working at a mechanical disadvantage

Select the receptor region for hearing.

Spiral organ

Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Broad two-part superficial muscle that lies on the back of neck between base of skull and the upper thoracic vertebrae.

Splenius capitis and cervicis

Match the following type of lever with its appropriate example: Second-class lever.

Standing on tip-toe

Which of the following is true of static equilibrium receptors?

Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head.

Match the following description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Flexes and laterally rotates the head.

Sternocleidomastoid

Match the word to its correct meaning: Rectus.

Straight

Match the following fascicle arrangement with the appropriate power generation or description: Parallel.

Straplike with an expanded belly; great ability to shorten but not usually very powerful

Match the following type of taste with what causes it: Sweet

Sugars, alcohols

Select the extrinsic eye muscle that is innervated by the trochlear nerve (IV).

Superior oblique

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Oculomotor.

Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Trigeminal.

Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

Which of the following types of stimulation results in an increase in the diameter of the pupil?

Sympathetic nerves

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Plantar reflex.

Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes

You are closely observing a patient admitted to the ICU for head trauma. During his last examination, the patient demonstrated normal gaze. Now the patient's left eye is deviated inward, and he complains of double vision. What is your concern?

The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) is not functioning, possibly because of increased pressure inside the cranium. This is a crucial diagnostic clue.

Given your knowledge of the muscles of the eye, what changes in eye movements would occur with damage to the trochlear nerve (IV)?

The affected eye would not be able to move downward and laterally.

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Effort.

The applied force

In Chapters 7 and 8, you met Kayla Tanner, who suffered a dislocated right hip in a car accident. Six weeks later, Mrs. Tanner was still unable to walk or run without hip pain, and had weakness in flexion at the knee, excessive foot inversion and plantar flexion, and significant "foot drop" (the inability to dorsiflex the foot).Electromyography (measurement of muscle electrical activity) and nerve conduction studies (measurement of the speed of nerve impulses) revealed sciatic nerve damage, most likely a result of the nerve being compressed when the hip was dislocated. This large nerve innervates many lower limb muscles. Since her surgery, Mrs. Tanner has been undergoing intense physical therapy and has shown significant improvement. -Mrs. Tanner's difficulty flexing her leg at the knee is most likely due to problems with:

The biceps femoris.

II and III

The blue circle represents the approximate position of the pituitary gland. When cancerous growth causes the pituitary to increase in size, which cranial nerves might be expected to be affected?

Which of the following is false regarding the cornea?

The cells of the cornea have active water pumps to keep the water content of the cornea low.

Which of the following is correct for close vision focusing?

The ciliary muscle contracts. This loosens the ciliary zonule and allows the lens to bulge.

Which of the following statements about the cornea is true?

The cornea lacks blood vessels.

Of the following, choose the false statement about cranial nerves.

The cranial nerves serve only the head and neck regions.

Which of the following is true with regards to eye muscles?

The extrinsic eye muscles are among the most precisely and rapidly controlled skeletal muscles in the entire body. This precision reflects their high axon-to-muscle-fiber ratio: The motor units of these muscles contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as two or three.

William Hancock, 44, fell from the scaffolding at a construction site. When emergency personnel arrived, they found him unconscious but with stable vital signs. As paramedics placed him on a backboard to stabilize his head, neck, and back, they noted watery blood leaking from his right ear. In the hospital, Mr. Hancock regained consciousness and was treated for deep lacerations on his scalp and face. Head CT scans revealed both longitudinal and transverse fractures of the right petrous temporal and sphenoid bones that extended through the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale. The following observations were recorded on Mr. Hancock's chart on admission: Complete loss of hearing in the right ear. Paresthesia (sensation of "pins and needles") at the right corner of the mouth, extending to the lower lip and chin. Numbness of the right upper lip, lower eyelid, and cheek. Right eye turned slightly inward when looking straight ahead. Diplopia (double vision), particularly when looking to the right. -The observations after 24 hours suggest that yet another cranial nerve has been damaged. Which of the following choices best explains the new observations including the lack of tear production?

The facial nerve has been damaged, including its parasympathetic branch.

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Fulcrum.

The fixed point upon which a lever moves

Which of the following statements is FALSE? -The medial hamstrings promote medial knee (leg) rotation. -The hamstrings cross the hip and knee joints. -The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh. -The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.

The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.

Match the term to its correct definition: Amplitude

The height of a wave crest

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lens?

The lens focuses light on the retina.

rectus femoris

The letter E would represent which of the following muscles during the knee-jerk reflex?

Which of the following is false when considering eyelids?

The levator palpabrae muscle encircles the eye and closes the eye when it contracts. The orbicularis oculi muscle raises the eyelid to open the eye.

Which of the following statements is correct? -Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power. -The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates. -The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be. -Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions.

The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.

Match the term to its correct definition: Frequency

The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time

C

The oculomotor nerve is found at which letter in the figure below?

A

The olfactory nerve is found at which letter in the figure below?

B

The optic nerve is found at which letter in the figure below?

Circular

The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "A" is __________.

Convergent

The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "B" is __________.

Fusiform

The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "C" is __________.

Parallel

The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "D" is __________.

Pennate

The pattern of fascicle arrangement of the muscle at "E" is __________.

Correctly match the term and definition of sound properties: Pitch

The perception of sound frequency

Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus?

The phrenic nerve

Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve only contain autonomic fibers?

The rami communicantes

Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.

Match the following term relating to a lever system with its correct function or description: Load.

The resistance

Which of the following adaptations does not take place when one moves from a well-lit room to a dark room?

The retina becomes less sensitive.

Which of the following is false regarding the sciatic nerve?

The sciatic nerve is a single nerve.

Which of the following muscles divides the neck into two triangles?

The sternocleidomastoid

A and B

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for something to be tasted?

The tastant must contact the basal epithelial cells of the taste buds.

Which of the following is not a nerve plexus?

The thoracic plexus

Match the structure with its definition: Epineurium.

The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles

D

The trochlear nerve is found at which letter in the figure below?

Correctly match the term and definition: Vitreous humor.

Thick, jelly-like substance in the posterior segment of the eye

emmetropic

This figure best illustrates an eyeball that is __________.

Which muscle laterally parallels the sharp anterior margin of the tibia?

Tibialis anterior

__________ MOSTLY do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation.

Tonic receptors

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus that activates it: Mechanoreceptor.

Touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch

Match the nerve with the correct function: Olfactory nerve (I).

Transmits sensations of smell to the frontal lobes

Match the nerve with the correct function: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Transmits taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Match the nerve with the correct function: Branch of the facial nerve (VII) called the chorda tympani

Transmits taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Match the nerve with the correct function: Vagus nerve

Transmits taste sensations from the epiglottis and lower pharynx

Select the muscle that is named for the direction of its fibers.

Transversus abdominis

Match the word to its correct meaning: Deltoid.

Triangle

Because this nerve has branches serving the forehead, roof of the mouth, and the tongue, stimulation of one branch may lead to stimulation of other branches. For example, a sensation of extreme cold in the roof of the mouth will stimulate the branch serving the forehead resulting in "brain freeze."

Trigeminal

Tic douloureux is a condition where the nerve serving facial sensations is overstimulated, resulting in intense pain. Tic douloureux affects which cranial nerve?

Trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved with the eye?

Trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves controls chewing food?

Trigeminal nerve

Damage to this cranial nerve would result in double vision and an eye that is unable to move inferolaterally (down and out).

Trochlear

As the ciliary muscle relaxes, the suspensory ligaments tighten and stretch the lens, allowing for distance vision.

True

Phasic receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus. For that reason, they are good at detecting changes instead of constantly signaling the CNS.

True

The anterior compartment of the thigh is involved in lower leg extension.

True

to close the jaw

Two muscles in this image, identified by the letters C and D, share a function. What is that function?

Correctly match the term to its description: Rods.

Utilize the pigment rhodopsin

Recurrent dryness of the mouth may be an issue with which cranial nerve(s)?

VII and IX

If a family member describes a loss of the sense of taste, which cranial nerve(s) might be affected?

VII, IX, and X

If a member of your family suddenly develops chronic hoarseness and seems to have difficulty swallowing along with recurring stomach aches, this could be an issue with which cranial nerve?

Vagus

Which of the following cranial nerves has a name that means "the wanderer"?

Vagus

Select the muscle that belongs to the quadriceps femoris of the anterior compartment of the thigh.

Vastus medialis

If a lesion of this nerve develops slowly, a person may adapt to the lack of balance by using visual cues like maintaining a relationship to the horizon. Thus, minor lesions of this nerve do not always present with overt symptoms.

Vestibulocochlear

malleus, incus, stapes

What are the names of the bones at A, in order from left to right?

It abducts and medially rotates the thigh and steadies the pelvis. It is an extremely important muscle for walking.

What is the action of the muscle identified by the letter A?

ischial tuberosity

What is the origin of the muscle at A?

to replace gustatory cells that are damaged

What is the purpose of the cell at letter B?

determine amount of muscle stretching

What is the specific function of the structure labeled F?

reciprocal inhibition

What is the type of reflex represented by the pathway that includes A, D, and C?

D

What part of the inner ear houses the receptor organ of hearing, the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

the contraction of muscle E

What reaction would occur if the muscle labeled E were suddenly pulled longer?

convergence

What term refers to the eyes moving medially to track items close at hand?

Correctly match the hearing disorder with its description: Conduction deafness

When sound conduction to the fluids of the internal ear is impeded

D

Which cells in this pathway are ciliated?

C

Which inner ear structure is responsible for hearing?

B

Which inner ear structure is responsible for the sensation of rotational acceleration?

A

Which inner ear structure senses the position of the head in space?

fibrous

Which layer of the eye is indicated by letter A?

C

Which letter in the figure indicates the filaments of the olfactory nerve (I)?

B

Which letter in the figure indicates the olfactory bulb?

D

Which letter in the figure matches the following description? Produces a mucus that captures and dissolves airborne odorants.

A

Which letter in the figure matches the following description? This is composed mainly of mitral cell axons and sends impulses from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex.

C

Which letter indicates structures involved in detection of BOTH hearing and equilibrium?

A

Which letter labels the glossopharyngeal nerve?

C

Which letter labels the hypoglossal nerve?

B

Which letter represents the abducens nerve in the figure below?

A

Which letter represents the biceps brachii muscle?

C

Which letter represents the facial nerve in the figure below?

A

Which letter represents the trigeminal nerve in the figure below?

D

Which letter represents the vestibulocochlear nerve in the figure below?

C

Which muscle has a unipennate arrangement of fascicles?

B

Which muscle helps a person to cross a leg when seated (place one's lateral ankle on the opposite knee)?

C

Which muscle inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus?

D

Which muscle is a prime mover of arm adduction?

D

Which muscle is an antagonist to the biceps brachii muscle?

D

Which muscle is innervated by the S3 nerve, S4 nerve, and the inferior rectal nerve (a branch of the pudendal nerve)?

D

Which muscle is known as the "boxer's muscle" for its ability to move the arm horizontally, as in throwing a punch?

biceps femoris

Which muscle is represented by the letter D?

A

Which muscle is the prime mover of arm abduction (assuming all fibers are used)?

D

Which muscle is the prime mover of dorsiflexion?

D

Which muscle originates on the pubic crest and symphysis and inserts on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs V through VII?

D

Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist for taking the pulse?

B

Which muscle tenses the skin of the neck and assists in depression of the mandible?

C

Which muscle would be a prime mover of knee extension?

Glossopharyngeal

Which nerve is found at A?

Hypoglossal

Which nerve is labelled by the letter C?

C

Which nerve, when struck, accounts for "hitting your funny bone?"

C

Which of the figures shows the nerve plexus that is responsible for sciatica, a stabbing pain that radiates over the course of the sciatic nerve?

C

Which of the following letters represents the infraspinatus muscle?

B

Which of the following letters represents the sartorius muscle?

trapezius

Which of the following muscles is NOT shown on this image? -levator scapulae -trapezius -teres major -latissimus dorsi

B

Which of the muscles, A, B, or D, has action at only one joint?

olfactory tracts

Which of these is NOT found in the olfactory epithelium?

C

Which of these lettered structures serve as the receptor cells for taste?

serratus anterior

Which of these muscles is visible in the figure but NOT indicated by a letter?

A

Which part of the inner ear houses receptors most responsive to rotational (angular) movements of the head?

C

Which region of the ear houses perilymph and endolymph?

subscapularis; medial rotation

Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action?

The waves at 3 have a higher frequency than 4.

Why are the waves represented by the number 3 being sensed closer to the oval window than those represented by 4?

Match the word to its correct meaning: Carpi.

Wrist

A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is __________.

a synergist

An anopsia refers to __________.

a visual defect

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?

abducens

Reflexes that result from practice or repetition are known as __________.

acquired reflexes

Which of the following muscles is named for its action?

adductor longus

Height of a wave is called the __________.

amplitude

The __________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension.

anconeus

In traumatic blows to the head, the ethmoid bone can be broken or fibers passing through the ethmoid may be torn as the brain moves inside the cranium. The condition that results would be __________.

anosmia

Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement?

antagonists

Hilton's law states that __________.

any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

Transduction of lower frequency sound waves occurs at the __________ of the cochlea.

apex

What structure directly inhibits the motor cortex at rest?

basal nuclei

Which of the following is a hamstring muscle?

bicep femoris

Which of the following joint muscles is correctly matched with its lever type?

biceps brachii at the elbow; third-class lever

Proprioceptors advise the brain of __________.

body movements

The conjunctiva lines __________.

both the inner surface of the eyelids and the visible portion of the sclera

The bleaching of the pigment refers to the __________.

breakdown of rhodopsin to retinal and opsin

The primary function of the deep muscles of the thorax, such as the intercostals, is to promote __________.

breathing

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.

cervical plexus

Which structure is NOT matched with its function?

ciliary body: focus the pupil

Aqueous humor forms during capillary filtration in the __________?

ciliary processes (part of the ciliary body).

Three main levels of neural integration operate in the somatosensory system. Which level involves the spinal cord?

circuit level

Sphincters have a __________ arrangement of fascicles.

circular

The spiral organ is found in the __________.

cochlear duct

In the auditory pathway, which of the following is the first to receive input from the spiral organ?

cochlear nuclei

Strabismus is caused by __________.

congenital weakness of the extrinsic muscles of the eye

Pinkeye is caused by an infection that produces inflammation of the __________.

conjunctiva

Which of the following are correctly matched? -pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle -convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle -parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles -circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle

convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle

Which pair below is incorrect? -optic nerve: sensory -cranial nerve VI: eye movement -cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve -cranial nerve III: pupillary constriction -cranial Nerve IV: sensory

cranial Nerve IV: sensory

Which reflex has a contralateral component?

crossed-extensor

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?

crossed-extensor reflex

Wallerian degeneration is the __________.

degeneration of the distal end of a cut axon

The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the __________.

deltoid

The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the __________.

diaphragm

Our eyes are best adapted for __________.

distant vision

The component of a reflex arc that responds to the efferent impulses is known as the __________.

effector

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons in a nerve?

endoneurium

The muscular wall of the abdomen is in part composed of __________.

external oblique and rectus muscles

Sensory stimuli that activate receptors generate action potentials that are sent into the CNS.

false

Collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the peripheral nervous system are known as __________.

ganglia

Which of the following muscles is named for its size?

gluteus maximus

Anosmia, an olfactory disorder, is caused by __________.

head injuries or the aftereffects of nasal cavity inflammation

What stimuli does the vestibular apparatus detect?

head position in space

If pain continues for a long time, __________.

hyperalgesia develops

The __________ nerves innervate all of the extrinsic tongue muscles.

hypoglossal

Which of the following carries no sensory information?

hypoglossal nerve

The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the __________ muscle.

iliopsoas

The near point of vision is the shortest __________.

in children

Where are equilibrium receptors located?

in the semicircular canals, in the spiral organ of Corti, and in the vestibule of the ear

Transection of the sciatic nerve would cause all the following except __________.

inability to mediate the act of erection

The external intercostal muscles are used primarily in __________.

inhalation

The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more movable bone is called the _______.

insertion

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?

interneurons

What is the portion of the eye that allows light to pass into the posterior chamber?

iris

The deltoid is a muscle named according to __________.

its shape

When a person cries, he or she tends to keep on wiping their dripping nose. The nose drips because __________.

lacrimal gland secretions wash the eyeball and drain into the lacrimal sac, which empties into the nasal cavity

The vast majority of refractive problems in the eye are related to the __________.

length of the eyeball

Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________.

loss of peripheral vision

Which of the following correctly matches the equilibrium receptor to the type of equilibrium it monitors?

maculae: static equilibrium

Which type of sensory receptor allows us to feel an insect landing on our skin?

mechanoreceptor

In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed.

median nerve

The pinching motion (with opposed thumb and index finger) is highly dependent upon impulses transmitted by the __________.

median nerve

Spinal nerves are all classified as __________.

mixed nerves

Two receptors that will be important in understanding muscle reflexes are involved in proprioception. These receptors are __________.

muscle spindles and tendon organs

The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following, except __________.

myofibril composition of the muscle

Choose the correctly paired terms. hyperopia: nearsightedness myopia: farsightedness astigmatism: clouding of the lens nyctalopia: night blindness

nyctalopia: night blindness

Most taste buds are located __________.

on the top surface of the fungiform papillae

What structure in the eye creates a visual blind spot?

optic disc

The base of the stapes is associated with which structure?

oval window

All of the following are direct causes of hearing impairment except __________.

paralysis of the stapedius muscle

The ___________ is a prime mover of arm flexion.

pectoralis major

Which of the following is incorrectly paired? -trapezius; scapula rotation -latissimus dorsi; medial arm rotation -deltoid; arm flexion -pectoralis major; arm abduction

pectoralis major; arm abduction

The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a __________ muscle.

pennate

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing.

perceptual

The final level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is the __________ level.

perceptual

Fast adapting receptors are called __________.

phasic receptors

The tiny skeletal muscles associated with the ossicles of the middle ear function to __________.

protect the hearing receptors from loud sounds

Which of the following movements demonstrates a first-class lever?

raising your head up off your chest

Which muscle acts as both a knee (leg) extensor and hip (thigh) flexor?

rectus femoris

Which of the following are correctly matched? deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis rectus; straight brevis; long transverse; parallel to the long axis

rectus; straight

Adjustment to low light conditions is primarily facilitated by changes in __________ concentration.

rhodopsin

You want to look up and to your right. Which extrinsic eye muscles would be the most active in each eye?

right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus

Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease of the __________.

rods

Which photoreceptor cells respond to very dim light?

rods

Gluteal muscle innervation comes from which plexus?

sacral

The __________ is not a part of the vascular layer of the eye.

sclera

The lowest level of the motor control hierarchy is the __________.

segmental level

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?

segmental level, projection level, precommand leve

Rotational movement of the head is monitored by receptors located in the __________.

semicircular canals

Which of the following structures contain receptors that monitor changes in head rotation?

semicircular canals

In a reflex arc, the __________ transmits afferent impulses to the CNS.

sensory neuron

Which of the following describes the inner hair cells of the cochlea?

shoulder nearly the entire responsibility for sending auditory messages to the brain

Seventy percent of the sensory receptors in the body are involved with __________.

sight

Segmental refers to which level of motor control?

spinal cord

Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?

stapes

The major head flexor muscles are the __________.

sternocleidomastoid muscle

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________.

stretch reflex

Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle?

stretch reflex

Stretch reflexes would be hypoactive or absent in all of the following conditions except __________.

stroke patients with lesions of the corticospinal tract

Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for our daily biorhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which accessory eye structure is not correctly matched with one of its functions?

tarsal glands: produce tears

Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle?

teres major

High frequency sounds vibrate which of the following?

the basilar membrane near its base

Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors is processed in __________.

the brain stem

Which structure contains the blood vessels that nourish all layers of the eye?

the choroid

Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction?

the cochlea

Which of the following muscles does the phrenic nerve innervate?

the diaphragm

Where are the origins of the muscles that provide the more powerful movement of the fingers?

the forearm

Sensorineural deafness results from which of the following causes?

the gradual loss of hair cells throughout life

Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion for naming muscles?

the nervous system's control of the muscle

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors?

the number of dendritic endings present

What structure helps us localize sound?

the superior olivary nucleus

How many ossicles are found in the ear?

three

The __________ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot.

tibialis anterior

Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing?

transduction

A knee-jerk reflex that is unusually strong may be caused by ______.

transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve

Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action, except __________. -trapezius -pronator -flexor -adductor -extensor

trapezius

The main forearm extensor is the __________.

triceps brachii

Which of the following is the basic taste quality responsible for the amino acid flavor of steak?

umami

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?

vagus

Which cranial nerve transmits auditory information?

vestibulocochlear

All of the muscles that originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus have one of two functions. Which of the following pairs is correct? -wrist extension and forearm supination -forearm flexion and wrist flexion -wrist flexion and supination -wrist flexion and forearm pronation

wrist flexion and forearm pronation