final psych

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that attitudes are changed when

acting in a way that contradicts your beliefs creates discomfort.

How is natural selection related to psychology?

Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival.

Which statement reflects a reasonable attitude for a good student of psychology to have toward any claim about human behavior?

Skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right.

The year 1879 might be thought of as the beginning of psychology as a science because that is the year

Wilhelm Wundt developed and opened the first psychology laboratory.

The extent to which changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another is called

a correlation

Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.

crystallized

Preoperational children are often called "egocentric" because they

do not understand what others know and do not know.

According to the _______, a physiological need like thirst generates a drive, and the individual responds accordingly.

drive reduction model

Reciprocal determinism involves the interaction of influences across an individual's

environment, personal factors, and behavior.

Episodic memory describes memory for

events and autobiographical knowledge.

The fact that we perceive color afterimages following prolonged viewing of specific colors supports the ________ theory of color vision.

opponent-process

Your brain's _______ lobe is most involved in allowing you to feel an annoying pebble in your shoe.

parietal

When asked if she would steal food for a homeless person, Samantha balked, stating that she did not want to go to jail. According to Kohlberg's theory, Samantha's moral reasoning is consistent with the stage known as

preconventional

A good scientific hypothesis is

tied to observable phenomena.

Plato's allegory of the cave indicates that

truths about reality are not always obvious.

Select the correct order of measures of central tendency, from lowest to highest, for a negatively skewed distribution.

Mean, median, mode

What is a mainstream psychologist most likely to think about Sigmund Freud?

Freudian theory is untestable and not grounded in science.

Which quote best reflects the actor-observer bias?

"I'm a victim of circumstance, but you're just lazy."

Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value?

-0.75

Which of the following people is most likely to benefit from SSRI treatment?

A woman who cannot concentrate, feels unbearably sad, and has no appetite

What hypothesis did Schachter and Singer test in their experiment, in which they injected participants with epinephrine and manipulated the emotion that a confederate displayed?

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will affect emotional experience.

You awake in the night to the sound of a crash nearby. Immediately your heart begins racing as you simultaneously experience intense fear. Which theory does this experience support?

Cannon-Bard theory

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of information flow after a neuron receives input?

Dendrites → axon → axon terminals → synapse

Which of the following best distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

In operant conditioning, a behavior elicits a stimulus; in classical conditioning, a stimulus elicits a behavior.

Which of the following people is relying the most on fluid intelligence?

Laura is able to recognize relationships among novel geometric figures.

Which option shows four motor milestones in the order in which they normally occur?

Lifting the head → rolling over → sitting upright → standing without support

Your roommate wakes up and reports that she was dreaming about a large insect chasing her around your dorm room. She was likely in _______ sleep.

REM

Which of the following shows Piaget's stages of development in the correct order?

Sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational → formal operational

Which accurately reflects the path of information flow that takes place when child jerks his hand away from a hot pan?

Sensory neurons → spinal interneurons → motor neurons

Homeostasis is best defined as

the process of keeping a constant, stable internal environment in the body.

Some psychoactive drugs work as _______, meaning that they artificially stimulate receptors in a neurotransmitter system. Others work as _______, meaning that they block activity at particular receptors.

agonists; antagonists

The framing effect in decision making is achieved by

altering the way information is presented to a person to make him or her more or less likely to choose one option over the other.

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the

anchoring effect.

Axons differ from dendrites in that

axons transmit information and dendrites receive information.

In cognitive psychology, a prototype is the

best example of a concept that fits a particular category.

The case of Phineas Gage would be best used to illustrate

biological roots of personality traits.

The typical neuroleptics are similar in that they all

block dopamine receptors.

The hallmarks of psychology as a science are

careful experimentation and the application of critical thinking.

Your ability to perceive the color of a vibrant blue sky or a red rose depends on the responses of the _______ in your retina, and your ability to find your way to the bathroom in the dark depends upon the _______ in your retina.

cones; rods

Parents who agree with John Locke's notion of tabula rasa would most likely

expose their children to a rich variety of sensory experiences.

Cici does not bother to prepare for job interviews because she believes that getting hired is purely a matter of luck. This approach reflects

external locus of control.

Cognitive psychology

focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in

free recall.

Which of the following perspectives argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose?

functionalism

A research psychologist is most interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "Why is empathy helpful to people?" and "How does education contribute to social stability?" This approach is most consistent with the _______ perspective.

functionalist

For practical purposes, IQ scores reflect what Spearman considered to be _______ intelligence.

generalized

The positive signs of schizophrenia include _______, while the negative signs include _______.

hallucinations; social withdrawal

Jay is a terrible singer, but believes that with practice he will improve enough to sing in public. His belief illustrates

high self-efficacy.

Pleasure is to the _______ as reality is to the _______.

id; ego

A researcher presents his participant with a series of flashing lights at varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participant to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as

introspection

In a psychology experiment, subjects listen to a variety of tones presented at different frequencies and then reflect on the experience, describing what they heard as precisely as possible. These individuals would have been using a process called

introspection

Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friend's

just noticeable difference (JND).

An absolute threshold is the

lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time.

The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age.

mental; chronological

The dopamine reward pathway of the brain, a series of sites where excitation of neurons leads to feelings of intense pleasure, leads from the _______ to the _______.

midbrain; frontal cortex

The study of the nervous system is called

neuroscience

When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference.

proactive; retroactive

Stimulant drugs generally

speed up mental activity and neural transmission.

A cross-country runner wants to know how consistent her race times have been this season. The most useful measure of her race times would be the

standard deviation

Which of the following approaches to psychology did Edward Titchener advocate in the late 1800s?

structuralism

An important principle to remember when studying psychology is that

the act of learning changes the physical structure of the brain.

A woman hardly speaks on a blind date because her date's frowns make her think he is unfriendly. He keeps frowning because her lack of conversation makes him think she is a snob. This is an example of

the fundamental attribution error.

Psychology is best defined as the study of

the mind and behavior.

The cochlea relays information to the brain about sound when

vibrations in the cochlea bend the hairs of the hair cells, producing an action potential in a neuron underneath the hair cells.

According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. This implies that

we are capable of maintaining social networks of up to 150 people throughout our lives.