Final Short Answer Question Examples

12.5 How did the market revolution change the lives of ordinary people?

Ordinary people before the market revolution relied on self sufficiency and the creation of handmade goods. With the Market revolution, their lived changed greatly, now incorporating manufactured goods and new jobs. People had to adjust to a new wage system of working, committing to long hours in factories or mills. Women also entered the workforce, which was very different to their entirely domestic life previously. With the incorporation of factories and mills, social classes with different levels of working classes formed and people became more aware of the differences in classes. This caused an increase in strikes for workers rights and protections from big factory owners.

10.3 How did African Americans endure and resist slavery?

African Americans endured slavery through family and church supports. As many slaves were ripped from their families, it was important for them to form family units with the people they were surrounded themselves with. Calling each other aunt, uncle, brother, sister, etc created a sense of a family bond that created a support system to endure slavery with. They also turned to their religion and churches for another form of community to help endure slavery. Religion became very important to African Americans and gave them a sense of hope in their horrible situation. To resist slavery, African Americans practiced many forms of rebellion. They would hurt animals, break tools, or begin work late. Also, several African Americans such as Nat Turner attempted slave rebellions that threatened the Southern way of life. When slaves rebelled or revolted, plantation owners feared the future of their systems.

11.2 In what ways did Andrew Jackson's presidency affirm the new democratic politics?

Andrew Jackson's presidency affirmed the new democratic politics in many ways. He expressed new popular democratic politic He was not an elite man himself, differing from all of his predecessors. He was an agrarian Southern man, and a highly regarded war hero during the War of 1812. He thought of himself as a representative of the common man, embodying the new white male population who's voices where not heard before. He had a confrontational demeanor and was very crass and forward about his beliefs, causing him to have a lot of enemies. He also strongly fought against a national bank, believing in states rights.

12.3 How did a new wave of migrants from the North reshape life in the Old Northwest?

Because of the new roads and railways that formed during the transportation revolution, migration throughout the nation was easy. When migrants from the north moved west, they reshaped life in the Old Northwest. The Northwest was mainly farmland until large masses of migrants from the north settled on the land, forming cities and clusters. They brought with them methods of commercializing faming, developing efficient and profitable farm systems with the same ideals that helped shape Northern industry. The methodology used was very different than that of the south the relied on family communities and planter elites. They also brought industry from the north and introduced it to the new land. Cities and factories formed in the Northwest, reshaping the way of life there with more manufactured goods than self sufficient farming.

13.1 Who immigrated to America in the first half of the nineteenth century and where did they settle?

During the California Gold Rush, Chinese immigrants flocked to California and settled their to make money from the gold. They planned to be a part of the rush and make enough money to return home to their family with their winnings. There was a major influx in Irish immigrants to America due to the Irish Potato Famine that wiped out a large portion of the population in the 1800s. These Irish immigrants settled in northeastern coastal cities. German immigrants also came and settled in mid western cities where they ran farms and small businesses. All of these immmigrants faced much discrimination in the areas they settled and often lived in cultural communities where they were entirely surrounded by people who were from the same places as they were.

13.2 How did immigration change American cities in the first half of the nineteenth century?

During the first half of the nineteenth century, immigration changed the economy, demographics, and structure of American cities. With mass amounts of immigrants entering them, city populations grew rapidly. They settled in places that they could find work, so cities with industry and factories were common settlement areas. They also formed some of their own cities and boroughs by settling in ethnic clusters. They fought for certain working rights which affected the democracy of local organizations. Most immigrants came here with little money, which affected the economies of cities and states. With large numbers of poor people living in clusters, slums formed, lowering the economic power of cities. The poor, working class immigrants demanded certain rights and challenged their business owners, holding different standards and ideals than what they were used to.

12.4 How did industrialization change the nature of work in early-nineteenth-century America?

Industrialization greatly changed the nature of work in early nineteenth century America. People had to adjust to a new, manufactured way of life, and a much different work like. Women now had more opportunity to work outside their homes and work in mills or factories. For example, the Lowell Mills introduced the women who worked there to a like that separated work and leisure, which was not the case before industrialization. Before industrialization, workers were able to complete their work at their own pace, but with factory work they had to learn how to adjust to machinery time and work schedules that strictly laid out their days.

10.6 What pro-slavery arguments were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Some proslavery arguments that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century including that slaves were cared for, it was biblical, as well as a white privilege approach. Defenders of slavery argued that by comparison with the workers in the Northern states, that slaves were better cared for. They said that their owners would protect and assist them when they were sick and aged, unlike those who, once fired from their work, were left to fend helplessly for themselves. They also argued that slavery was a natural part of history, stemming all the way back to the Bible with Abraham's slaves. Finally, poor white southerners, who did not benefit monetarily from slavery supported the institution because it raised them in society. They believed in white superiority so as long as blacks were enslaved and considered the lowest form of human, poor white southerners would have some clout.

11.1 How did the expansion of suffrage change American politics?

The expansion of suffrage drastically changed American politics. As the vote extended from only white, male, landowners allowed to vote, values and demographics changed that were being represented. When non-landowning white men got the right to vote, a spark ignited in elite white women for suffrage. They felt as though they deserved the right to vote before others because their husbands had had the right for so long. New parties formed as men who had been working under harsh unfair conditions for so long were not able to advocate for their own rights. They policies regarding things like hours in a work day, imprisonment because of debt, education for their children, etc. When African American men got the right to vote, the entire demographic of voters changed. African Americans had an entirely different lived experience and culture. This meant that the values and ideals they would be voting for would be entirely different than other white voters. This also increased women's demand for equal right and suffrage. There was now more diverse political body that would question authority and diverge from traditional values.

10.1 How did attitudes in the South toward slavery change after the invention of the cotton gin?

The invention of the cotton gin was a precursor to the concept of "King Cotton." With the cotton gin, cotton production became more efficient and profitable. This efficiency made cotton a cash crop and major export of the Southern economy. As a direct result of the cotton gin, the demand for slaves rose in order to raise profits and production of the cash crop to export. Essentially, Southerners became widely supportive of slavery because the invention of the cotton gin lead to an economic boom in the south that entirely depended on cotton production.

10.2 What was life like for the typical slave in the American South?

The life of a typical slave in the American South depended greatly on the circumstances they were in. Domestic, house slaves were often treated better and were given nicer clothing and meals since the master's guests would be greeted by them daily. They needed to appear competent and healthy. Plantation slaves worked long hours of tedious and tiresome work everyday. While many southerners romanticized the realities of slavery, calling it a "benevolent institution," it was far from that. Southerners argued that slavery was good for black people in America because it gave them a place to live, meals, and clothing. In reality, slaves were treated horribly and inhumanely.

11.3 How did the major political struggles of the Jackson years strengthen the executive branch of government?

The major political struggles of the Jackson years strengthened the executive branch of government greatly. Jackson used the veto power the more times than the rest of his predecessors combined. This gives the executive branch ultimate power over all other branches of government, as he disregarded much of what was approved or disapproved by the public and Congress. One example of this is with the Indian Removal Act. When the courts ruled in favor of the Cherokee tribe, Jackson undermined them and continued on with his plan anyway. He also did not use his cabinet the way all other presidents did, but instead used an informal network of friends and connections to advise him. This once again gives him all of the power by not having a cabinet to consult with him. The Nullification Crisis is another example of Jackson extending the power of the executive branch. States are allowed to individually nullify federal acts that they deem unconstitutional. When states try to do this under Jackson's presidency, he enforced these acts through threats and fear tactics so he could not be undermined.

12.2 What was the market revolution?

The market revolution was a major fundamental change in American communities. It was the combined outcome of the improvements made during the transportation revolution, commercialization, and industrialization. It involved the replacement of household goods for a cash market. Industrialization involved the use of power driven machinery to produce goods once made by hand. Large markets were developed and new systems of working for wages were created. It allowed women to join the workforce and greatly changed their role in society inIt ultimately made the traditional means of trade and commerce obsolete, and household good more commercialized.

12.6 What values were promoted by the new middle class?

The middle class promoted new moral values and a family structure that differed from other classes in America. Men were responsible for entering the business world, or being the wage winners of the family. Women were responsible for raising their children with a solid moral upbringing and schooling them to become active and respectable members of society. Many middle class women supported things like temperance, women's rights and abolition. They supported religious institutions and social reform movements that aligned with their moral upbringing.

11.4 How did the two-party pattern of American political democracy happen, and what issues divided the parties?

The original two party pattern in America began with the fight between the Federalists and Whigs and Anti-Federalists. These are parties from the founding of American politics that disagreed on the basic matters of economics and government control. The Federalists and Whigs believed in similar ideals, such as a national bank and a strong central government. They were known as representing established business owners and the elite. The Anti-Federalists believed in a laissez faire system of government in which state governments had more power than the federal, and they did not support a national bank. They were known to represent the common man and working class. Eventually, the Whigs and Federalists disbanded forming the Republican party with their similar ideals, and the Anti-Federalist became knows as democrats. The first divide between the parties can be traced back to the presidential election between Adams and Jefferson.

10.5 Who made up the planter elite?

The planter elite was made up of extremely wealthy, white southern landowners. They owned a large plantation with numerous slaves. Although they made up a small percentage of the population of the south, they had strong control over the government and state policies. Often times they imitated British aristocratic values, Planter elite: slave owners who owned numerous slaves, rich, wealthy, landowners, made up small amount of population but had large control, imitated British aristocratic values.

10.4 What were the values of yeoman farmers?

The values of yeoman farmers paralleled the idea and values as Jefferson's idea of expansion. They were small, self sufficient farmers who valued independence. They believed in the power of local or state control over government and politics. They highly valued family and community, having a strong local culture.

12.1 What were the effects of the transportation revolution?

With the transportation movement, canals, roads, bridges and railways were developed creating a direct path to the west. This caused a big push for westward expansion. Plots of land were offered to families to convince them to push further west and expand the boundaries of the nation. Instant cities were created in the west as a result of the movement with large populations and industries being formed out there. This meant that centers of business were being pushed west and new ones were being created. It helped allowed for movement of people and resources, creating new transcontinental trade routes and systems of travel. This united the nation causing a sense of unity and connectedness.

11.5 How was a distinctive American cultural identity shaped by writers and artists?

Writers and artists helped shape a distinctive cultural identity greatly. Before, much of American culture was based on the culture of Britain. When America gained independence writiers took it upon themselves to help shape American idenity that separates it from England. Books like Davey Crocket tell exciting stories about truly American people living American lives. Later, with books like Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriett Beecher Stowe, the truths of slavery were portrayed in a way that all Americans could relate to. This created an American culture by telling the dark truth of America and causing Americans to act. a transcendental movement began with Nathaniel Hawthorne, also contributing to the creation of an American identity. Art started to focus on the natural beauties of American land, showing rolling hills, trees, waterfalls, etc. This created a sense of pride in the country and a turn to the appreciation of the natural beauties of the country.