FINALLY

ISE 131 - Control limits and SPC

Can be used to show whether a process is in control

ISE 130 - Baye's Theorem

Given P(A|B), what is P(B|A)? P(A and B)/P(A)

ISE 135 - Blocking

In experimental design, a group of experimental units or material that is relatively homogeneous. The purpose of dividing experimental units into blocks is to produce an experimental design wherein variability within blocks is smaller than variability between blocks. This allows the factors of interest to be compared in an environment that has less variability than in an unblocked experiment.

ISE 130 - Unbiased estimator

An estimator should be close to the true value of an unknown parameter The expected value is the mean unbiased: an estimator that has its expected value equal to the parameter being estimated

ISE 105 - System Lifecycle

An examination of a system or proposed system that addresses all phases of its existence to include system conception, design and development, production/or construction, distribution, operation, maintenance and support, retirement, phase-out and disposal

ISE 105 - Systems Engineering

An interdisciplinary approach encompassing the entire technical effort to evolve and verify integrated and life- cycle balanced set of system, people, product, and process solutions that satisfy customer needs.

Entity

Any object or component in the system that requires explicit representation in the model.

ISE 135 - Hypothesis Testing

Any procedure used to test a statistical hypothesis, to accept or reject statistical hypotheses.

ISE 131 - Pareto Chart

Approach problems systematically, discover the sources that may cause the majority of the problems

ISE 135 - Interactions

In factorial experiments, two factors are said to interact if the effect of one variable is different at different levels of the other variables. In general, when variables operate independently of each other, they do not exhibit interaction.

ISE 135 - Type II error (β- risk)

In hypothesis testing, an error incurred by failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is actually false (also called a β-error).

ISE 135 - Type I error (α- risk)

In hypothesis testing, an error incurred by rejecting a null hypothesis when it is actually true (also called an α-error).

ISE 170 - linear objective function

Indicating the contribution of each variable to the desired outcome, and a set of linear constraints describing the limits on the values of the variables.

ISE 155 - Value of Information

Information is the supply chain driver that serves as a glue allowing the other drivers to work together to create an integrated, coordinated supply chain. A good information helps reduce variability, helps improve forecasts, enables coordination of systems and strategies, improves customer service, facilitates lead time reductions, enables firms to react more quickly to changing market conditions.

ISE 170 - Shadow price

Is the amount that the objective function value would change if the name constraint changed by one unit. The shadow price is valid up to the constraint increase or decrease in the constraint. The shadow price after the constraint is changed by the entire allowable amount is unknown, but is always less favorable than the reported value due to the law of diminishing returns. To determine if a constraint is binding, compare the Final Value with the constraint R.H. Side. If a constraint is non-binding, its shadow price is zero. For example: maximize 5x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 s.t. 6x1 + 5x2 + 8x3 <= 16 (c1) 10x1 + 20x2 + 10x3 <= 35 (c2) 0 <= x1, x2, x3 <= 1 the shadow price of c1 = 0.73, c2 = 0.02.

ISE 135 - Experimental Design

Is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation

ISE 102 - Depreciation methods and differences: Straight-Line

It is mostly used for intangible property. Annual Depreciation Charge = (Cost of Asset - Salvage Value)/Depreciable Life

ISE 155 - Information technology

It is the study, design, creation, utilization, support, and management of computer-based information systems, especially software applications and computer hardware. Information technology helps to link the point of production seamlessly with the point of delivery or purchase. It allows planning, tracking and estimating the lead times based on the real time data.

ISE 115 - Manufacturing Lead Time and and plant utilization factor

MLT - time required to produce the item in the company's own plant

ISE 120 - Basic Motion Standard Data Method

Predetermined time system (MOST) Work is defined by the movement of objects, using 4 sequence models: General Move, Controlled Move, Tool Use, and Manual Crane

ISE 130 - Sample Mean

The average of all observations in a sample Xbar = ∑ xi/n

ISE 130 - Population Variance

The average of squared differences from the mean (sigma)^2

ISE 131 - TQM

Total Quality Management Encompasses the entire organization, from supplier to customer Stresses a commitment by management to have a continuing company wide drive towards excellence in all aspects of products and services that are important to the customer like: Continuous Improvement, Employee empowerment, JIT Knowledge of tools, etc

ISE 130 - Independence

Two Events are independent if any of the following are true P(A|B) = P(A) P(B|A) = P(B) P(A(AND)B) = P(A)P(B)

ISE 151 - functional hierarchy structure

Functional organizations contain specialized units that report to a single authority, usually called top management. Refereed to as functional units or areas, these specialized units contain personnel with various but related skills grouped by similarities. Each functional unit handles one aspect of the product or service provided: information technology, marketing, development, research, etc. Top management is responsible for coordinating the efforts of each unit and meshing them together into a cohesive whole.

ISE 135 - Assumptions required to perform ANOVA

-Each group sample is drawn from a normally distributed population -All populations have a common variance -All samples are drawn independently of each other -Within each sample, the observations are sampled randomly and independently of each other -Factor effects are additive

ISE 135 - Applications of DOE

-Maximizing or Minimizing a Response -Choosing Between Alternatives (supplier A vs supplier B) -Hitting a Target

ISE 135 - ANOVA Table

Has columns labeled Sum of Squares (sometimes referred to as SS), df (degrees of freedom), Mean Square (sometimes referred to as MS), F (for F-ratio), and Sig. The only column that is critical for interpretation is the last (Sig.)! The others are used mainly for intermediate computational purposes.

ISE 105 - Model of a System

ICOM (Input, Control, Output, Mechanism) Inputs: Informations/materials used to produce activity output Controls: Constraints on an activity Mechanisms: They perform processing or provide energy to the activity (people/machines as mechanisms Output: the Product of the Activity

ISE 130 - Testing procedure for one population mean

Identify a null hypothesis, and specify an alternative hypothesis The P-value is the smallest level of significance that will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis (if less than alpha, reject H0)

ISE 142 - Nature of services

Important consideration in providing a services is the realization that the customer can play an active part in the processes. i. Intangibility ii. Inseparability iii. Heterogeneity iv. Perishability v. No transfer of ownership

ISE 155 - Decision Support Systems

range from spreadsheets, in which users perform their own analysis, to expert systems, which attempt to incorporate the knowledge of experts in various fields and suggest possible alternatives. The appropriate DSS for a particular situation depends on the nature of the problem, the planning horizon, and the type of decisions that need to be made. In addition, there is frequently a trade-off between generic tools that are not problem-specific and allow analysis of many different kinds of data, and often more expensive systems that are tailored to a specific application.

ISE 130 - Testing Population Mean under different assumptions regarding population

use the variables given: known variance: use sigma and Z unknown variance: use s and t-test

ISE 170 - Kendall-lee queuing system notation:

A / B / C / D / E A...Distribution of interarrival times of customers B...Distribution of service times C...Number of servers D...Maximum total number of customers which can be accommodated in system E...Calling population size A and B can take any of the following distribution types: M...Exponential Distribution (Markovian) D...Degenerate (or Derterministic) distribution Ek...Erlang Distribution (k= shape paremeter) G...General Distribution (arbitrary distribution) H...Hyperexponential

ISE 151 - matrix organization structure

A matrix organization structure is usually defined as one where there are multiple reporting lines - that is, people have more than one formal boss.

ISE 115 - Conveyors and alternatives for the conveyors

A mechanical apparatus for moving items or bulk materials usually inside a facility Used when materials must be moved in relatively large quantities between specific locations along a fixed path

ISE 130 - Maximum Likelihood Estimation

A method of parameter estimation that maximizes the likelihood function

ISE - 170 PERT

A method to analyze the involved tasks in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project.

ISE 155 - Strategic Alliance

A relationship formed by two or more organizations that share (proprietary), participate in joint investments, and develop linked and common processes to increase the performance of both companies. Many organizations form strategic alliances to increase the performance of their common supply chain.

ISE 115 - Fixed Automation

A system in which the sequence of processing (or assembly) operations is fixed by the equipment configuration

ISE 131 - AQL

Acceptable Quality Level (to protect the supplier) Producer does not want lots with fewer defects than AQL rejected

ISE 131 - Variable Control Charts

Actual values are measured Xbar and R, Xbar and S, X and MR Charts

ISE 155 - Procurement

All stages and parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. Internally, the procurement process includes all functions involved in fulfilling a customer request (product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, customer service). Externally, it includes the suppliers, vendors, manufacturers, transportation, and distributors, that exist to transform raw materials to final products and supply those products to customers.

ISE 131 - Alpha, Beta, and Acceptance Plans

Alpha (Producer's Risk): Probability of rejecting a good lot, and probability of rejecting a lot when fraction defective is AQL Beta (Consumer's risk): probability of accepting a bad lot, and probability of accepting a lot when fraction defective is LTPD Acceptance Plans: Set of procedures for inspecting incoming materials or finished goods. It identifies the type of sample, sample size, criteria used to reject or accept a lot. Producer and consumer must negotiate

ISE 102 - Investment Alternative Analysis Method: Present Worth

Bring all values into present value and compare. Choose lowest Net Present Value as investment

ISE 131 - Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Build quality into the product by controlling the manufacturing process Detect out of control processes by sampling the product produced by the process

ISE 142 - Service strategies

Buyer group (ex. USAA insurance and military officers) Service Offered (ex. should ice hospital and hernia patients) Geographic Region (ex. Austin cable vision and tv watchers)

ISE 170 - CRITICAL PATH METHOD and Longest path

CRM calculates the longest path of planned activities to logical end points or to the end of the project, and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer. This process determines which activities are "critical" (i.e., on the longest path) and which have "total float" (i.e., can be delayed without making the project longer). The (estimated) project duration equals the length of the longest path through the project network. This longest path is called the critical path. (If more than one path tie for the longest, they all are critical paths.)

Variable

Can be a collection of items within the simulation which contain the specific information necessary 1. Age, number of operators, machine, clock time

ISE 140 - Aggregate planning strategies

Chase Strategy - Matching capacity to demand; the planned output for a period is the expected demand for that period (ex. fast food restaurants) advantage - investment in inventory is low disadvantage - cost of adjusting output rates Level Strategy - Maintaining a steady rate of regular-time output while meeting variations in demand by a combination of options (ex. swim wear) advantage - stable output rates and workforce disadvantage - greater inventory costs

ISE 131 - White Noise

Common Causes, like slight changes in temperature, variation in gas flow Not a controllable variation, every process has white noise

ISE 120 - General Method for estimating sample size for time study

Confidence Interval

Verification

Confirming the data process is correct and information is accurate

ISE 131 - Control Limits and Specification Limits

Control limits are found using SPC techniques Specification limits are customer/engineer defined Control limits cannot be wider than specification limits

ISE 102 - Investment Alternative Analysis Method: Annual Worth

Converting present value to an equivalent annual cost or benefit (A/P)

ISE 102 - Depreciation methods and differences: Sum of Year Digits

Depreciation declines by a constant amount as the asset progresses

ISE 102 - Depreciation methods and differences: Units of Activity

Depreciation varies each period in proportion to the change in level of activity

ISE 140 - Forecast error measures

Difference between actual and forecasted value (residual) MAD - mean absolute deviation = |actual-forecast|/n MSE - mean square error = sum of (forecast errors)^2/n difference between MSE & MAD is that MSE measure is influenced much more by large forecast errors than small errors

ISE 142 - Service quality

Dimensions 1. Reliability : perform promised service dependably and accurately (ex. receive mail at same time daily) 2. Responsiveness : Willingness to help customers promptly ( ex. avoid keeping customers waiting for no reason) 3. Assurance : ability to convey trust and confidence

ISE 131 - Attribute Control Charts

Discrete data that comes from classifying units They have characteristics for which you focus on defects Classifies products as either "pass" or "fail" Cheaper but less information than variable control charts C, U, P, NP Charts

ISE 105 - Structural and Dynamic Models

Dynamic Models: state-based models where the future behavior of the system will depend entirely on the initial conditions of its stocks Structural Models:

ISE 130 - Evaluating Probabilities of Events

For a discrete sample space, the probability of an event E, denoted at P(E), equals the sum of probabilities of the outcomes in E

ISE 120 - Elemental Standard Data Method

Elemental time standards are taken from time studies that have been proven to be satisfactory Data will be consistent, standards will be established easily Applicable to other jobs that use similar elements

ISE 155 - Customer Value

Customers who are satisfied with value created in areas important to them are expected to behave in ways that are beneficial to a firm's or a supply chain's success. Purchase behavior, customer loyalty, and positive communication about products and services result from customer satisfaction and, at the same time, contribute to a firm's or supply chain's success. To achieve these objectives, supply chain value and degree of satisfaction influences behavior toward the supplier firm as well as the value delivered to downstream customers.

ISE 115 - Manufacturing Cycle Time Computation

Cycle Time = Move Time + Process Time

ISE 131 - Costs of Quality

Cost of Prevention (SPC) Cost of Detection/Appraisal (Inspection) Cost of Failure (Internal and External)

ISE 131 - Cp and Cpk

Cp is potential capability, it does not tell how well the process is actually meeting the requirements, but how well it is able to repeat it. You want a Cp of 2 or higher Cpk is the actual capability, when the process is centered, it is equal to the Cp. It is the ability to hit the target specification, the more consistent, the higher the Cpk. You want a Cpk of 1.33 or higher

ISE 140 - Impact of JIT on purchasing

Eliminating Wastes in Purchasing - By using circulated kanbans between the supplier and customer, day-to-day routines can be handled by the kanbans and the people in the work centers. The waste in purchasing activities such as ordering, packaging, inspection, damage, material handling, invoicing, and accounting can be eliminated. The purchasing department can devote itself to establishing sound supplier partnerships.

ISE 105 - Systems Management and Improvement

Ensure that the system satisfies the customer's need. They specify the necessary and sufficient conditions that a system must have in order to be acceptable

ISE 102 - Depreciation methods and differences: Reducing Balance

Expense decreased at a constant rate as the life of an asset progresses

ISE 135 - Factorial & Fractional Factorial designs

Factorial - A type of experimental design in which every level of one factor is tested in combination with every level of another factor. In general, in a factorial experiment, all possible combinations of factor levels are tested. Fractional Factorial - A type of factorial experiment in which not all possible treatment combinations are run. This is usually done to reduce the size of an experiment with several factors.

ISE 140 - Job Shop & Flow Shop

Job Shop - typically small manufacturing systems that handle job production, that is, custom or semi-custom manufacturing processes such as small to medium-size customer orders or batch jobs Flow Shop - Jobs are processed on machines in a set order. Example would be a shirt that must be cut from fabric first then put onto a sewing machine. All shirts go through this process.

ISE 135 - Alpha Level

Known as significance level, is the probability of making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true. Usually tests run with alpha level of 5 %

ISE 115 - Joint Types in Industrial Robots

LOTR V Linear Orthogonal Twisting Rotating Revolving

ISE 131 - LTPD

Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (to protect the consumer) Quality level of a bad lot Consumer buyer does not want lots with more defects than LTPD accepted

ISE 140 - MRP

Material Requirements Planning designed to answer three questions 1. What is needed --> Type 2. How much is needed --> quantity 3. When it is needed --> Time Determines quantity and timing of dependent demand items

ISE 130 - Population Mean

Mean of the finite population Mu = Sum X / N

ISE 102 - Depreciation

Measure of the decrease in value of an asset over a specific period of time

ISE 102 - Rate of Return (ROR) (When/How they are used)

Measured profit as a percentage of investment (ex. Suppose you invested $50,000 to get your new start-up company up and running. After one year your company produces a profit of $2,500.) Rate of Return= 2500/50000=5%

ISE 130 - Population Standard Deviation

Measures variability of data in a population (sigma)

ISE 120 - Pace Rating

Method of speed rating using a series of benchmarks to assist defining performance

ISE 140 - Time series forecast

Models that predict future demand based on past history trends Assume that what has occurred in the past will continue to occur in the future

ISE 140 - Moving average and Simple exponential smoothing

Moving avg - is a series of arithmetic means, used if little trend or no trend MA = demand in previous n periods / n -Simple MA : stable demand with no behavioral patterns -Weighted MA : weights are assigned to most recent data Exponential smoothing - form of weighted ma, but weights decline exponentially and most recent data weighted most. requires smoothing constant. -Advantage : reacts more to change and accurate

ISE 102 - Nominal and Effective Interest Rate

Nominal interest rate is the annual interest rate without considering compounding (APR) (ex. 2.5% every 6 months = nominal interest rate of 5% per year) Effective interest rate is the annual interest rate which takes compounding into account (per period less than a year) (ex. r = 9% per yr compounded Qr, CP = Qr, m = 4) Effective rate = 9% / 4 = 2.25%

ISE 120 - Normal Time Calculation

Normal time= (Average element time) x (Performance rating/ 100)

ISE 115 - Open Switch and Output Signal and Their Connection to Retentive Memory Circuit

Normally open switch x1 parallel to normally open switch y has an output, y When the switch x1 turns on the output, the notification of switch y creates an infinite loop of output y turning on

ISE 140 - JIT

Objective is to Reduce movement of people & material because movement is waste. 1. attacks waste - anything not adding value to the product 2. exposes problems and bottlenecks - caused by variability 3. achieves streamlined production - by reducing inventory

ISE 131 - OC Curve

Operating Characteristics Curve, shows how well a sampling plan discriminates between good and bad lots Shows the relationship between the probability of accepting a lot and its quality Keep the lots to the left of the curve, and return those on the right

ISE 151 - organizational change

Organizational change occurs when a company makes a transition from its current state to some desired future state. Managing organizational change is the process of planning and implementing change in organizations in such a way as to minimize employee resistance and cost to the organization while simultaneously maximizing the effectiveness of the change effort. Barriers: Resistance to chance, complexity, budgeting, integration, unkown current state

ISE 120 - PFD and its Significance

P - Personal Allowance, like bathroom breaks (5%) F - Fatigue Allowance, Basic (variability in workplace), and Variable (high physical stress) D - Unavoidable Delays, like interruptions, machine waiting

ISE 130 - Axioms of Probability

Probability is a number that is assigned to each member of a collection of events from a random experiment that satisfies the following properties: P(S) = 1; 0<=P(E)<=1

ISE 105 - System Design

Process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy requirements. 1. Define Requirements: Context Diagram, Use Case Diagram, Use Cases, Objective Hierarchy 2. Deploy: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD) 3. Design: Visualize Alternatives, Select Preferred Alternatives 4. Validate: Risk Analysis (FMEA - Failure Modes and Effect Analysis), Models/Simulations/Mockups/etc, Expert/Customer Feedback

ISE 115 - Flexible Automation and Buffer Space

Production equipment is designed with the capability to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different product configurations. Able to produce a variety of products with virtually no time lost for changeovers Difference between products/parts are not significant Buffers can help keep the flow of components

ISE 115 - PLC

Programmable Logic Controller - microprocessor based controller that uses stored instructions in programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic control functions for controlling machines and processes

ISE 140 - Push and Pull System

Push - The push system of inventory control involves forecasting inventory needs to meet customer demand. Companies must predict which products customers will purchase along with determining what quantity of goods will be purchased disadvantage - room much product is left in inventory Pull - The pull inventory control system begins with a customer's order. With this strategy, companies only make enough product to fulfill customer's orders. advantage - no excess of inventory that needs to be stored

ISE 131 - QFD Study

Quality Function Deployment Determines what will satisfy the customer Translates customer requirements into the target design Results are measured based on the number of design and engineering changes, time to market, cost, and quality

ISE 135 - Randomization

Randomly assign treatments to experimental units or conditions in an experiment. This is done to reduce the opportunity for a treatment to be favored or disfavored (biased) by test conditions.

Validation

Re-running the model to confirm any inconsistencies.

ISE 115 - Control Resolution in CNC Machine

Refers to the control system's ability to divide the total range of the axis movement into closely spaced points that can be distinguished by the MCU (Machine Control Unit)

ISE 155 - Risk pooling

Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. This reduction in variability allows a decrease in safety stock and therefore reduces average inventory.

ISE 142 - Role of services

Role of service in an economy encompasses from government services to business services to distribution services to consumer services to infrastructure service to financial services to manufacturing services.

ISE 115 - SCARA Robots

Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm, similar to a human arm

ISE 142 - Walk through audit

Service delivery system should conform to customer expectations. Customer impression of service is influenced by use of all senses. A detailed service audit from a customer's perspective is needed.

ISE 102 - Simple and Compound Interest

Simple Interest is interest that is computed only on the original amount, not the accrued interest. Compound interest is "interest on top of interest". Any unpaid sum at the end of the year will be charged interest on for the next year. This method is generally used in practice.

ISE 131 - Black Noise

Special Causes, a process that has special cause variability is unstable Black noise is visible on control charts outside of the control limits, or when nonrandom patterns occur Controllable variation, as it represents the few vital influences on a process

ISE 140 - Sequencing

Specified the order in which jobs should be performed at work centers FCFS - first come first serve SPT - shortest processing time EDD - earliest due date LPT - longest processing time CR - critical ratio SLK - least slack rule SLK/OP - least slack per operation EODD - earliest operation due date

ISE 130 - Sample Standard Deviation

Statistic used to measure dispersion or variation in a distribution

ISE 130 - Simple Linear Regression Model and Underlying Assumptions

Statistical method that allows us to summarize and study relationships between two continuous (quantitative) variables

ISE 130 - Central Limit Theorem

Statistical theory states that given a sufficiently large sample size from a population with a finite level of variance, the mean of all samples from the same population will be approximately equal to the mean of the population. Looking at a population with an unknown distribution, the sampling distribution will follow a normal distribution

ISE 155 - Outsourcing Strategies

Strategic outsourcing is the alternative way for the company to accomplish its value chain activities rather than performing the entire value chain activities. In the current marketplace there are quite a good number of companies that are specialized in some activities. Outsourcing these activities to the specialized companies strengthen the company's' business model either by improving the efficiency by decreasing the cost or by enhancing the effectiveness by creating differentiating advantage in terms of quality, variety, speed etc

ISE 155 - Supply chain design

Successful supply chain design is about deploying assets in ways that enhance profitability and shareholder value. You need to consider market and sourcing strategies that will generate the best financial performance. You must identify the optimal number of plants, warehouses and distribution centers to maximize long-term profit.

ISE 131 - Total Cost of Quality

Sum of the costs of quality Balance cost and quality

ISE 155 - Coordinated Product

Supply chain coordination is a strategic response to the challenges that arise from the dependencies supply chain members. Supply chain coordination can be defined as identifying interdependent supply chain activities between supply chain members and devise mechanisms for manage those interdependencies. It is the measure of extent of implementation of such aggregated coordination mechanisms, which helps in improving the performance of supply chain in the best interests of participating members.

ISE 105 - Cost-Benefit Analysis and Present Worth Analysis

Systematic approach to estimating strengths and weakness of alternatives. Finds all cost benefits and subracts all negatives. Minimax: Minimizing the possible lost for the worst Case Scenario Expected Value: the sum of products between the probability and alternative cost Most probable future criterion: looking at the column with the highest probability, choose the alternative with the highest value

ISE 120 - Time Study and Work Sampling for Estimating Standard Time

Take large amount of samples at random intervals (ratio of observation of activity and total observations gives the percentage of time) Observed time for a given element is calculated by observed time (OT) OT = (Total Time/Total Production) x (# occurrences/Total Observations)

ISE 151 - Taylor's approaches or principles to scientific management

Taylor's four principles: 1. Replace working by "rule of thumb," or simple habit and common sense, and instead use the scientific method to study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific tasks. 2. Rather than simply assign workers to just any job, match workers to their jobs based on capability and motivation, and train them to work at maximum efficiency. 3. Monitor worker performance, and provide instructions and supervision to ensure that they're using the most efficient ways of working. 4. Allocate the work between managers and workers so that the managers spend their time planning and training, allowing the workers to perform their tasks efficiently. Four Functions of Management: Planning, Organizing, Leading & Controlling

ISE 151 - Tuckman model for team development

The forming-storming-norming-performing model of group development was first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, [1] who mentioned that these phases are all necessary and inevitable in order for the team to grow, to face up to challenges, to tackle problems, to find solutions, to plan work, and to deliver results.

ISE 140 - Cellular Manufacturing

The goal of cellular manufacturing is to move as quickly as possible, make a wide variety of similar products, while making as little waste as possible.

ISE 131 - Taguchi's loss function

The greater the variation in a process, even within specifications, the greater the loss

ISE 102 - Interest

The idea of "renting" money. One can lend money and receive the sum back plus an extra amount per year, called interest. This related to the time value of money because the amount is a function of time.

ISE 135 - Replication (& Optimization)

The independent execution of an experiment more than once. A experiment conducted to improve (or optimize) a system or process. It is assumed that the important factors are known.

ISE 102 - Interest Rate

The interest rate is the "rent" fee. This dictates how much of the sum must be added onto the initial amount once returned.

ISE 130 - Sample Variance

The measure of the variability of the sample s^2 = ∑ (xi−XBar)^2/n−1

ISE 155 - Inventory Management

The most fundamental role that inventory plays in supply chains is that of facilitating the balancing of demand and supply. To effectively manage the forward and reverse flows in the supply chain, firms have to deal with upstream supplier exchanges and downstream customer demands. This puts an organization in the position of trying to strike a balance between fulfilling the demands of customers, which is often difficult to forecast with precision or accuracy, and maintaining adequate supply of materials and goods. This balance is often achieved through inventory.

ISE 135 - Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of a statistic. For example, the sampling distribution of the sample mean X is the normal distribution.

ISE 130 - Conditional Probability

The probability of an event B under the knowledge that the outcome will be in event A is denoted as P(B|A) "B given A"

ISE 167 - Attribute

The properties of a given entity 1. Priority of waiting customer, machine ID, type of breakdown, machine down time

ISE 140 - Little's Law

The time average number of customers in a queueing system, l, is equal to the rate at which customers arrive and enter the system, λ, × the average time of a customer, w. l = λw

ISE 170 - Fixed cost and linear objective function

There are certain constraints within any linear program when it come to optimization, which in this case account for the fixed cost. On the other hand by changing certain variables the objective function is linearly optimized.

ISE 135 - Null Hypothesis

This term generally relates to a particular hypothesis that is under test, as distinct from the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis determines the probability of type I error for the test procedure. Is usually the hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance.

ISE 120 - Standard Time

Time value for a work task, as determined by the proper work measurement technique Std time = (observed time)(rating factor)(1+PFD Allowance)

ISE 167 - Types of input data used in simulation studies

Time, distance, height, tact times

ISE 115 - Delay Timers and Mechanical Sensors

Timer: device that switched its output ON or OFF at preset time intervals Delay-off timer: switched power ON immediately in responce to start signal, then switches power OFF after a specified time delay Delay-on timer: waits a specified length of time before switching power on when it receives a start signal

ISE 120 - NIOSH Lifting Equation

Tool used by occupational health and safety professionals to assess the manual material handling risks associated with listing and lowering tasks in the workplace. This equation considers job task variables to determine safe lifting practices and guidelines.

ISE 102 - Equivalence Technique

Used when making a decision between alternatives. This is done by determining an equivalent value at some point in time for one alternative and a comparable equivalent value for another plan. (Profitability comparison) (ex. equal payments every year for 5 years vs. single payment after 5 years)

ISE 140 - Rough cut planning

Verifies that you have sufficient capacity available to meet the capacity requirements for your master schedules. - by resource - by production line

ISE 115 - Work-in-Process Volume

WIP - Quantity of part or products currently located in the factory that either are being processed or are between processing operations

Common Process Models in ISE 105 - Systems Engineering & When are they used?

Waterfall Process Model - Simple and easy to use - Recommended for small projects - Each phase must be complete before moving onto the next phase - High risk and uncertainty, not for long projects - Poor for high risks of changing Spiral Model - Emphasises risk analysis - Four main phases - planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation - Good for large and mission-critical projects - Project is produced early in the life cycle for many chances for prototypes - Expensive, and requires specific expertise, highly dependent on risk analysis phase - does not work for smaller projects V Model - similar to waterfall, where it has a sequential path of processes - each phase must be completed before the next phase begins - emphasises testing - simple and easy to use, works well for small projects - higher success rate than waterfall due to development of test plans early in the life cycle - little flexibility, adjusting scope is difficult - no clear path for problems found during the testing phases

ISE 131 - Type 2 Error (False Security)

When the process is said to be in control, but is out of control High probability of false security after a small shift of mean of quality measure has occurred in a 3 sigma control limit

ISE 131 - Type 1 Error (False Alarm)

When the process is said to be out of control, when it is in control Too tight a set of limits may lead to frequent false alarms

ISE 170 - basic solution In standard form

a. Each variable is designated as either a nonbasic variable or a basic variable b. the number of basic variables equals the number of functional constraints (now equations). Therefore, the number of nonbasic variables equals the total number of variables minus the number of functional constraints c. The nonbasic variables are set equal to zero d. The values of the basic variables are obtained as the simultaneous solution of the system of equations e. If the basic variables satisfy the nonnegativity constraints, the basic solution is a BF solution

ISE 140 - Batch size and product cycle time

batch size - number of flow units that are produced between two set ups product cycle time - The time it takes to do one repetition of any particular task typically measured from "Start to Start" the starting point of one product's processing in a specified machine or operation until the start of another similar product's processing in the same machine or process.

ISE 130 - Relationship between hypothesis testing and confidence interval

both Can be used to test a hypothesis CI provides range of likely values for mu at a stated confidence level Hypothesis testing is an easy framework for displaying the risk levels such as the P-value

Goodness of fit statistical tests

i. Chi square test - Test used for large sample sizes and perform hypothesis testing 1. Used for continuous distribution and getting degrees of freedom (K,S, etc) ii. Kolmogorov - Smirnov test - Test compares the continuous distribution with empirical distribution that has N samples.

Steady state and terminating solutions

i. Terminating System - it collects performance measure data over a specified length of interval - discrete 1. Starting and ending conditions. (start and end time of bank) ii. Steady state (non-terminating system) - it is continuous and collects performance measures for long or infinite intervals of time 1. Independent of starting and ending conditions. (Emergency Rooms, length of phone calls)

Use of t test in simulation studies

i. The T-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. ii. This test is appropriate when you want to compare the means of two groups 1. The t-value will be positive if the first mean is larger than the second mean, and negative if smaller iii. Once the t-value is computed, you need to look it up in a table of significance to test whether the ratio is large enough to confirm whether or not the groups are likely to be different

ISE 155 - Logistics

refers to activities within a single organization. The logistic function can be used to illustrate the progress of the diffusion of an innovation through its life cycle. Historically, when new products are introduced there is an intense amount of research and development which leads to dramatic improvements in quality and reductions in cost. This leads to a period of rapid industry growth. Eventually, dramatic improvement and cost reduction opportunities are exhausted, the product or process are in widespread use with few remaining potential new customers, and markets become saturated.

ISE 167 - Performance measures in simulation studies

startup time, warmup time, distance traveled, number of parts flowing i. Average waiting time 1. ii. Probability that the customer will wait in queue 1. iii. Proportion of time the server is idle 1. iv. The average service time 1. v. Average time between arrival 1. vi. Average waiting times for customer 1. vii. Average time customer spends in the system 1. viii. Typical performance measures 1. Server utilization, length of lines, delays, avg waiting time, avg service time, idle time, etc

Four Tools Incorporated into Some of the Simulation Environments

• 1. Statistical analysis tools: summary statistics, confidence intervals, other statistical measures • 2. Warm Up determination, DoE and sensitivity analysis • 3. Optimization techniques based on genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, tabu search, scatter search and recently developed heuristic methods • 4. Data management, scenario definition and run management: Support for managing all input and output data associated with the analysis