Financial & economic

come up

(How do creative people come up with great ideas? ) phrasal verb 1 if someone comes up to you, they come close to you, especially in order to speak to you One of the teachers came up and started talking to me. to A man came up to him and asked for a light. 2 if someone comes up to a place, they travel north to the place where you are to Why don't you come up to New York for the weekend? 3 if a subject comes up, people mention it and discuss it SYN arise His name came up in the conversation. The subject of salaries didn't come up. 4 if a problem or difficulty comes up, it appears or starts to affect you SYN arise I'm afraid I'll have to cancel our date - something's come up. The same problems come up every time. 5 if a job or an opportunity comes up, it becomes available A vacancy has come up in the accounts department. 6 to be dealt with in a law court Your case comes up next week. 7 be coming up to be going to happen soon With Christmas coming up, few people have much money to spare. 8 if the sun or moon comes up, it moves up into the sky where you can see it SYN rise It was six o'clock, and the sun was just coming up. 9 if a plant comes up, it begins to appear above the ground The first spring bulbs are just coming up. 10 if food comes up, it goes back through your mouth from your stomach after being swallowed → vomit 11 coming (right) up! spoken used to say that food or drink will be ready very soon 'Two Martinis, please.' 'Coming up!' → come→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus come up • There are job vacancies from time to time. I'll let you know if anything comes up. • The sun was coming up and you could just see the tops of the mountains. • He rang to say he would be late home -- something had come up at the office. • When the opportunity to go to the States came up, Dora took it at once. • The moon came up slowly over the pine trees. • The weeds keep coming up year after year. • I sowed lots of poppies, but they haven't come up yet. come to • Girls did not come up to him and nuzzle him. • Or else the very following things will happen: This kid came up to me and gave me a hug good night. • Total strangers used to come up to me and tell me how much they'd enjoyed the show. • An old guy come up to me in the street and asked for a dime for coffee. • One of the reserves came up to me. • Freddie's been growing so fast - he already comes up to my shoulder. • In the shallow end of the pool, the water comes up to my waist. • If Marge did come up to Rome suddenly, Tom had a lot of his own clothing hanging ready in the closet. • Marge would very likely come up to Rome. • A period when he was almost dead is coming up to the surface. • When we came up to the Trowbridge house, I knew Charlie was watching us from one of the windows. come to • Girls did not come up to him and nuzzle him. • Or else the very following things will happen: This kid came up to me and gave me a hug good night. • One of the reserves came up to me. • If Marge did come up to Rome suddenly, Tom had a lot of his own clothing hanging ready in the closet. • Marge would very likely come up to Rome. • A period when he was almost dead is coming up to the surface. • When we came up to the Trowbridge house, I knew Charlie was watching us from one of the windows. something's come up • I was going to go down and take him, but - well, something's come up and I can't. be coming up • Alison's birthday is coming up. • Don't forget you've got exams coming up in a couple of weeks' time. • Don't forget you have a test coming up on Thursday. • I'm pretty busy right now -- I have exams coming up next week. • With Christmas coming up, we didn't have much spare money. • Gripping the over head chrome rail, he stooped forward as if to see what street was coming up. • Our 12th annual Folk Festival is coming up again soon. • The wind was coming up and there was weather to port. ` Sailing is the perfect antidote for age, Reyes. • The sun was coming up as we drove away from Sobey's. • Some faces shone white in the moonlight that was coming up behind a copse. • Evidently the emergency unit was coming up First, right at us. • Shops were coming up for sale all over the precinct. • The sun was coming up, or had already come up, and the heavy mists wore a pearlescent glow. • When I got out of prison again I went to a hostel in Manchester and he was coming up there all the time.

boom

(buːm/ noun [countable, uncountable] 1 a time when business activity increases rapidly, so that the demand for goods increases, prices and wages go up, and unemployment falls a boom in the building sector After four years of economic boom, this year saw a slowing down of the economy. Government economic policy encouraged a consumer boom followed by a deep recession. A system of low taxation on land sales helped fuel a property boom. → compare slump 2 a time when activity on the stockmarket reaches a high level and share prices are very high Hopes of further interest rate cuts sparked off a shares boom yesterday. boom2 verb [intransitive] if business, trade, or the economy is booming, it is very successful and growing Since the 1980s tourism has boomed here. The company has 600,000 mobile phone subscribers and business is booming.) buːm/ ●○○ noun 1 INCREASE IN BUSINESS [singular] a quick increase of business activity OPP slump The boom has created job opportunities. boom in a sudden boom in the housing market consumer/investment/property etc boom the post-war property boom boom years/times In boom times, airlines do well. the economic boom of the 1950s The economy went from boom to bust (=from increasing to decreasing) very quickly. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + BOOM an economic boom the post-war economic boom a property/housing boom (=a sudden increase in house prices) People made a lot of money in the 1980s property boom. a consumer/spending boom (=a sudden increase in the amount people spend) Various factors caused the consumer boom. a building/construction boom (=a sudden increase in building work) There's been a recent construction boom in the Gulf. an investment boom the investment boom of the past few years VERBS cause/lead to a boom Tax cuts sometimes lead to an economic boom. trigger/spark a boom (=start it) The lower interest rates triggered an economic boom. fuel a boom (=add to it) The energy crisis is fuelling a boom in alternative energy. enjoy a boom Since then, China has enjoyed a remarkable boom. BOOM + NOUN the boom years/times the boom years of the late 1980s PHRASES go from boom to bust (=change from doing very well economically to doing very badly) The Mexican economy went from boom to bust very quickly. at the height of the boom They sold their house at the height of the boom. economic boom • By the eighteenth century, an economic boom had resulted in an active type of pre-capitalism, ready to take off. • Is an economic boom an unsustainable trend? • Its appearance coincided with an economic boom and an ideological crisis. • The needy themselves, buoyed up by economic boom, have been happy to go along. • The potential economic boom has been welcomed by business leaders in Swindon. • Indeed, in almost every speech, he celebrates the economic boom of what he calls the Clinton-Gore administration. verb 1 [intransitive usually in progressive] if business, trade, or a particular area is booming, it is increasing and being very successful Business was booming, and money wasn't a problem. Tourism on the island has boomed. booming adjective a booming economy Business ... booming • It has 600,000 mobile phone subscribers and business is booming. • People migrated into the villages and towns of the coalfield where business was booming. • When their businesses were booming, they could afford to pose as tough-talking entrepreneurs keen to take on the telephone companies. • Its paging business was booming, and annual operating profits broke the $ 1 billion mark. • Business is booming for an Avis franchisee in the Carolinas despite well-publicized allegations of racial discrimination against customers.

charge

/tʃɑːdʒ $ tʃɑːrdʒ/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 PRICE [countable, uncountable] the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services charge of an admission charge of $5 charge for There is a charge for the use of the swimming pool. Guided tours are provided at no charge. Your order will be sent free of charge (=with no cost). ► see thesaurus at cost 2 CONTROL [uncountable] the position of having control or responsibility for a group of people or an activity in charge (of something) He asked to speak to the person in charge. the officer in charge of the investigation Stern put Travis in charge of (=gave him control of) the research team. Owens came in and took charge of (=took control of) the situation. A commander in each county was to have charge of the local militia. 3 SOMEBODY/SOMETHING YOU LOOK AFTER a) be in/under somebody's charge if someone or something is in your charge, you are responsible for looking after them teachers that do their best for the children in their charge The files were left in your charge. b) [countable] formal someone that you are responsible for looking after Sarah bought some chocolate for her three young charges. 4 CRIME [countable] an official statement by the police that someone may be guilty of a crime charge against He was found guilty of all six charges against him. charge of Higgins is facing a charge of armed robbery. on a charge (of something) The following morning, he was arrested on a charge of burglary. 5 BLAME [countable] a written or spoken statement blaming someone for doing something bad or illegal SYN allegation charge that the charge that tobacco companies target young people with their ads charge of a charge of racial discrimination against the company deny/counter a charge (=say that a charge is untrue) Wallace denied charges that he had lied to investigators. lay/leave yourself open to a charge of something (=be likely to be blamed for something) The speech laid him open to charges of political bias. 6 ATTACK [countable] an attack in which soldiers or animals move towards someone or something very quickly 8 ELECTRICITY [uncountable] electricity that is put into a piece of electrical equipment such as a battery on charge (=taking in a charge of electricity) Leave the battery on charge all night. 9 EXPLOSIVE [countable] an explosive put into something such as a bomb or gun 10 STRENGTH OF FEELINGS [singular] the power of strong feelings Cases of child abuse have a strong emotional charge. 11 → get a charge out of something 12 AN ORDER TO DO SOMETHING [countable] formal an order to do something charge to do something The old servant fulfilled his master's charge to care for the children. → reverse the charges COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CHARGE a small charge For a small charge guests can use the hotel sauna. an extra/additional charge Breakfast may be served in your bedroom at no extra charge. free of charge (=with no cost) Delivery is free of charge. somebody's charges are high/low (=you have to pay a lot/a little) His charges are too high. a fixed charge There's a fixed charge for having a dental check. a nominal charge (=a very small amount of money) You can use the tennis courts for a nominal charge. a minimum charge (=an amount that is the least you can pay) There's a minimum charge of £10 per person in the Terrace restaurant. a service charge (=for service in a hotel, restaurant etc) The restaurant's prices include a 10% service charge. an admission charge (=for being allowed to enter a place) There is no admission charge. a call-out charge British English (=that you must pay a workman to come to your home) The electrician said there is a £40 call-out charge. a cancellation charge If you change your flight booking, you may have to pay a cancellation charge. a delivery charge How much is the store's delivery charge? bank charges (=fees charged by a bank for some services) You will have to pay bank charges if your account is overdrawn. VERBS pay a charge There will be a small charge to pay. make a charge (=ask you to pay a charge) We make no charge for this service. incur a charge formal (=result in you paying a charge) All cancellations incur a charge. introduce/impose a charge The government introduced a charge for water. waive a charge (=allow you not to pay it) I've asked the bank to waive the charge this time. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 4: an official statement by the police that someone may be guilty of a crime ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CHARGE a murder/burglary/drugs etc charge He appeared in court on fraud charges. Robins was in jail awaiting trial on drugs charges. criminal charges The investigation resulted in criminal charges against three police officers. a serious charge Drinking and driving is a very serious charge. a felony charge American English (=for a serious crime) He pleaded not guilty to a felony charge of cocaine possession. VERBS press/bring charges (=make someone be brought to court for a crime) Sometimes the victim of an assault does not want to press charges. face charges (=have been charged with a crime) A farmer is facing charges of cruelty and neglect. deny/admit a charge All three men denied the charge of manslaughter. plead guilty to a charge (=say formally in court that you are guilty) The youth pleaded guilty to a charge of arson. drop the charges (=decide not to go on with a court case) The prosecution dropped the charges in 2005. dismiss the charges (=say that a court case should not continue) If there is insufficient evidence, the court will dismiss the charges. be released without charge She had been arrested twice and released without charge. be convicted of/on a charge (=be judged to be guilty) McCorley was convicted on a charge of assault. be acquitted of/on a charge (=be judged to be not guilty) Both men were acquitted of all charges. verb 1 MONEY a) [intransitive, transitive] to ask someone for a particular amount of money for something you are selling The hotel charges $125 a night. charge somebody £10/$50 etc (for something) The restaurant charged us £40 for the wine. charge something at something Calls will be charged at 44p per minute. charge for We won't charge for delivery if you pay now. charge rent/a fee/interest etc The gallery charges an entrance fee. b) charge something to somebody's account/room etc to record the cost of something on someone's account, so that they can pay for it later Wilson charged the drinks to his room. Use a courier and charge it to the department. c) [transitive] American English to pay for something with a credit card charge something on something I charged the shoes on Visa. 'How would you like to pay?' 'I'll charge it.' 2 CRIME [transitive] to state officially that someone may be guilty of a crime charge somebody with something Gibbons has been charged with murder. ► see thesaurus at accuse 3 BLAME SOMEBODY [transitive] formal to say publicly that you think someone has done something wrong charge that Demonstrators have charged that the police used excessive force against them. 4 RUN [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to deliberately run or walk somewhere quickly charge around/through/out etc The boys charged noisily into the water. ► see thesaurus at run 5 ATTACK [intransitive, transitive] to deliberately rush quickly towards someone or something in order to attack them Then, with a final effort, our men charged the enemy for the last time. charge at/towards/into The bear charged towards her at full speed. 6 ELECTRICITY [intransitive, transitive] (also charge up) if a battery charges, or if you charge it, it takes in and stores electricity The shaver can be charged up. 7 ORDER SOMEBODY [transitive] formal to order someone to do something or make them responsible for it charge somebody with doing something The commission is charged with investigating war crimes. 8 GUN [transitive] old use to load a gun 9 GLASS [transitive] British English formal to fill a glass → charged

pay off

1 pay something ↔ off to give someone all the money you owe them I'll pay off all my debts first. He finally paid his overdraft off. 2 if something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good result Teamwork paid off. 3 pay somebody ↔ off British English to pay someone their wages and tell them they no longer have a job Two hundred workers have been paid off. 4 pay somebody ↔ off to pay someone not to say anything about something illegal or dishonest (You should pay off all your debts, if you're in debt try to work from morning till evening If you ganna immigrate/leave country you should pay off all your debts first I need to pay off all my debt before I leave the country)

paycheque

British English, paycheck American English /ˈpeɪ-tʃek/ noun [countable] 1 a cheque that someone receives as payment for their wages a weekly paycheque 2 especially American English the amount of wages someone earns SYN pay packet British English a nice fat paycheck From Longman Business Dictionary pay‧cheque /ˈpeɪˌtʃek/ British English, paycheck American English noun [countable] 1a cheque that pays someone's wages At the end of the month, stretching your money until the next paycheque arrives often becomes difficult. 2American English the amount of money someone earns The new management has been willing to slash employees' paychecks to increase profit. (Betancourt told me from her home in San Jose, Calif. "But as workers, we live paycheck to paycheck, and now we don't even have that paycheck, so we don't know what we're going to do.)

to be in debt

If you are in debt or get into debt, you owe money. If you are out of debt or get out of debt, you succeed in paying all the money that you owe. He was already deeply in debt through gambling losses. How can I accumulate enough cash to get out of debt?

note

MONEY [countable] British English (also bank note) a piece of paper money worth a particular amount of money (bill) American English → coin a ten-pound note ► see thesaurus at money a twenty pound note do you have a ten-pound note?

Market demand

Market demand is the sum of the individual demand for a product from buyers in the market. If more buyers enter the market and they have the ability to pay for items on sale, then market demand at each price level will rise

return

PROFIT [countable, uncountable] the amount of profit that you get from something The markets are showing extremely poor returns. return on How can you get the best return on your investment? return from The returns from farming are declining. The average rates of return were 15%. ( Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or leave for more arable pastures)

financial ruin

The article explained that a financial ruin is when a household does not have enough to spend on their basic needs - at least enough to cover three months. In case someone gets sick or requires an unforeseen expense, they will not have any money to avoid a crisis from happening.

dividend

The portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders ˈdɪvədənd, -dend/ noun [countable] 1 a part of a company's profit that is divided among the people with shares in the company

000s dollars

Thousands of dollars

the wealthy

[plural] people who have a lot of money, possessions etc • Private health care should not be only for the wealthy. • The hotel stood by a lake, where the wealthy went to go fishing or pigeon shooting.

global corporation

a corporation that operates in countries all around the world the market power of giant global corporations

multinational corporation

a corporation that operates in many different countries He contrasts strongly the modern global corporation with the ageing multinational corporation

commercial loan

a loan made to a business, rather than to a person As with any commercial loan, an examiner will continue to thoroughly review the borrower's financial condition, income, and cash flow

dependant

a person who relies on another person for support (especially financial support) British English, dependent American English dɪˈpendənt/ noun [countable] someone, especially a child, who depends on you for food, clothes, money etc (You can't be dependent on your parents all your life It's too bad be dependent on your parents when you're grown up)

tax subsidy

a reduction in the amount of tax that a business has to pay, allowed by the government for a particular purpose, especially to create jobs The nation already spends more than $145 billion on tax subsidies.

better off

adjective UK /ˈbet.ər ˌɒf/ US /ˈbet̬.ɚ ˌɑːf/ be better off to have more money than you had in the past or more money than most other people: Obviously we're better off now that we're both working. When his parents died, he found himself $100,000 better off (= he had $100,000 more than before). People in this country are far better off than they were ten years ago. to be in a better situation, if or after something happens: He'd be better off working for a bigger company. I know you're unhappy that the relationship ended, but you're better off without him. noun [ plural ] UK /ˈbet.ər ˌɒf/ US /ˈbet̬.ɚ ˌɑːf/ the better off people who have more money than most others: The new tax will not have a serious impact on the better off.

do-nothing

adjective [only before noun] British English informal lazy or unwilling to make any changes, especially in politics the do-nothing government of the last few years marked by inactivity or failure to make positive progress (Lower interest rates did nothing to increase demand for loans to buy houses.) • The voters are fed up with this do-nothing Congress. • The days of do-nothing government are numbered. • Harriman, however, rejected the do-nothing policy. • A mixture of muddle-headedness and corruption offers an excuse for do-nothing politics in the west.

money supply

also money stock) noun [singular] 1the amount of money in an economy at a particular time, and the speed with which it is used policies which are geared to stabilizing the rate of growth of the money supply 2M0/M1/M2 etc different measures of a country's money supply depending on the types of money they include, such as cash, bank deposits (=money held by banks), commercial paper (=borrowing for short periods of time by organizations) etc The Fed said its narrow M1 measure of the money supply fell $400 million in the week ended Sept. 9, while the broader M3 measure fell $500 million.

subsidize

also subsidise British English) /ˈsʌbsədaɪz/ ●○○ AWL verb [transitive] if a government or organization subsidizes a company, activity etc, it pays part of its costs Farming is heavily subsidized (=subsidized a lot) by the government. Grammar Subsidize is often used in the passive. —subsidized adjective [only before noun] heavily subsidized agricultural exports —subsidization /ˌsʌbsədaɪˈzeɪʃən $ -də-/ noun [uncountable] From Longman Business Dictionary sub‧si‧dize /ˈsʌbsədaɪz/ (also subsidise British English) verb [transitive] if a government or organization subsidizes a company, activity etc, it pays part of the cost The railroad company is partially subsidized by the federal government. Some companies subsidize high-quality childcare facilities. —subsidized adjective [only before a noun] heavily subsidized agricultural exports It may be desirable to spend what could otherwise be dole money on temporarily subsidizing lame ducks to ease the transition. • Many companies subsidize meals for their workers. • Politicians may have qualms about subsidizing profitable businesses owned by multimillionaires. • Cohen said she subsidizes the cost of the newspaper with money she makes writing for Web sites and trade publications. • The city council subsidizes the local orchestra. • If the government wishes to raise tax revenue in order to subsidize the poor, it should levy a tax on films. • In effect Washington was subsidizing the Wilson government to pursue policies which the latter wished to pursue in any case.

bank loan

an amount of money lent by a bank The company is taking out a bank loan of £14.5 million to fund the acquisitions. Thomas sold off his shares in the company to pay off personal bank loans.

for sale

available to be bought Excuse me, are these for sale? There was a 'for sale' sign in the yard. Reluctantly, they put the family home up for sale (=made it available to be bought). put ... up for sale • Around 1900-1901, the mill was closed and put up for sale, remaining unoccupied for some time. • It's been put up for sale by the Gloucester Health Authority, which would like to see it renovated. • A stake in the business, which has come near to bankruptcy, is put up for sale. • Clothier, which in October said it may seek a merger or put itself up for sale. • But he quashed rumours that the Red Fort had been quietly put up for sale due to his financial difficulties. • Last year's success story, Business 2.0, was put up for sale last week. • Lincoln went into receivership and was put up for sale on 4 February, 1922. • The house was put up for sale.

consumer demand

demand for goods and services from people rather than businesses Consumer demand led to higher imports of manufactured goods

cyclical demand

demand that changes in a regular way over time, depending on the part of the trade cycle that a country is in or the time of year The company remains successful in a world market that is prone to cyclical demand

mixed economy

noun [countable] an economic system in which some industries are owned by the government and some are owned by private companies Examples from the Corpus mixed economy • The programme's emphasis on a mixed economy also met little resistance. • The managed mixed economy and a highly developed system of collective social provision were the means for achieving these values. • Production decisions in the mixed economy are primarily demand-oriented, driven by the market mechanism. • However, firms and households can be constrained by the state in the mixed economy. • All the same, the 1988 results give Socialist defenders of the mixed economy new ammunition to fire at would-be privatisers. • In sum, the mixed economy is a middle way between the market and the command political economies. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌmixed eˈconomy [countable] an economy in which some industries are owned by the government and some are owned by private companies The mixed economy is a middle way between the market economy and the command economy.

pay

peɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 verb (past tense and past participle paid /peɪd/) 1 GIVE MONEY [intransitive, transitive] to give someone money for something you buy or for a service How would you like to pay? pay for Mum paid for my driving lessons. pay (in) cash You'd get a discount for paying cash. pay by cheque/credit card Can I pay by credit card? pay somebody for something He didn't even offer to pay me for the ticket. pay somebody to do something Ray paid some kids to wash the car. pay somebody something I paid him $5 to cut the grass. pay (somebody) in dollars/euros etc He wanted to be paid in dollars. GRAMMAR: Patterns with pay • You pay an amount or you pay a person: We paid $700. Pay the delivery man. • You pay for something that you buy: I'll pay for the tickets. ✗Don't say: I'll pay the tickets. • You pay an amount or a person for something that you buy: I paid £100 for this jacket. She paid me for the drinks. • You pay someone an amount: They paid the owner €3,000. • You pay in a type of money: Can I pay in euros? • You pay by a particular method: You can pay by credit card. 2 BILL/TAX/RENT [transitive] to pay money that you owe to a person, company etc I forgot to pay the gas bill! You pay tax at the basic rate. Is it okay if I pay you what I owe you next week? 3 WAGE/SALARY [intransitive, transitive] to give someone money for the job they do How much do they pay you? pay somebody $100 a day/£200 a week etc They're only paid about £4 an hour. Some lawyers get paid over $400 an hour. be paid weekly/monthly (also get paid weekly/monthly) We get paid weekly on Fridays. well/badly/poorly paid Many of the workers are very badly paid. paid work (=work you are paid to do) paid holiday/leave (=time when you are not working but are still paid) 8 PROFIT [intransitive] if a shop or business pays, it makes a profit If the pub doesn't start to pay, we'll have to sell it. The farm just manages to pay its way (=make as much profit as it costs to run). COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: to give someone money for something you buy or for a service PHRASES pay £10/$50 etc I only paid ten pounds for it. pay (in) cash You have to pay in cash for the tickets. pay by cheque I filled up with petrol and then paid by cheque. pay by credit card The hotel does not charge more if you pay by credit card. pay in dollars/euros etc American exporters want to be paid in dollars. ADVERBS pay handsomely (=pay a lot of money) Customers are willing to pay handsomely for anti-ageing cosmetic products. THESAURUS pay to give someone money for something you are buying from them, or a service they are providing I paid a lot of money for that computer. You have to pay to park your car. meet the cost of something to pay for something for someone else, or to provide the money needed to do something We will meet the cost of your travelling expenses. The cost will be met from public donations. foot the bill to pay for something for someone else, especially when you do not want to, or do not think that you should As usual, the taxpayer will have to foot the bill. pick up the tab informal to pay for something My company will pick up the tab for all moving costs. fork out/shell out informal to pay a lot of money for something because you have to and not because you want to He had to fork out £500 to get his car fixed. Fans are having to shell out roughly $65 per seat for football games. settle the bill to pay the bill after eating a meal, staying in a hotel etc She went down to the hotel lobby to settle the bill. give especially spoken to pay a particular amount of money for something - used especially when saying how much you are willing to pay How much will you give me for the car? I'll give you $50 for the lot (=for everything). something is on somebody spoken used when saying that someone else will pay for your meal, drinks etc Order whatever you like - this is on me! The drinks are on the house (=the bar, restaurant etc will let you have them for free). Put your money away - the drinks are on us. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 3: to give someone money for the job they do PHRASES pay somebody £200 a week/$100 a day etc The cleaners are paid £5 an hour. be paid by the hour/day/week I was working on a building site, being paid by the hour. ADVERBS be paid weekly/monthly Most of us get paid weekly or monthly. well-paid Teachers here are well-paid. highly-paid a highly-paid football player badly-paid/poorly-paid For a long time I didn't realise how badly-paid and overworked I was. noun [uncountable] 1 money that you are given for doing your job Staff have been working without pay for the last month. The tax is deducted from your pay every week. He was suspended on full pay until the hearing. ► see thesaurus at salary COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + PAY low Nurses often work long hours for relatively low pay. good The work was steady and the pay was pretty good. higher/better Workers demanded higher pay. equal pay (=the same pay for the same type of work) The women at the factory went on strike for equal pay. basic pay British English, base pay American English (=not including overtime pay or bonuses) The basic pay is so low you end up doing lots of overtime. take-home pay (=after tax etc has been taken away) Their average take-home pay is just £120. overtime pay (=for extra hours that you work) Their bosses had to approve any overtime pay. holiday pay British English, vacation pay American English (=pay when you are on holiday) Servicemen and women get no holiday pay, no overtime, no weekends off. sick pay (=pay when you are ill) As a self-employed person, you get no sick pay or benefits. maternity pay (=pay while a woman takes time off to have a baby) If you have worked here a year, you are entitled to 3 month's maternity pay. redundancy pay British English, severance pay American English (=pay when there is no longer a job for you) We invested our redundancy pay in a new business venture. full pay They were immediately suspended on full pay pending a full inquiry. half pay In 1822 he retired from the army as captain on half pay. PAY + NOUN a pay increase Teachers will be awarded a 6% pay increase this year. a pay rise British English, pay raise American English If you get promoted, will you get a pay rise? a pay cut Staff were asked to take a 10% pay cut. a rate of pay (also a pay rate) (=the amount paid every hour, week etc) Many workers in the catering industry are on low rates of pay. a pay cheque British English, a paycheck American English (=the money you earn every week or month) Stretching your money until the next pay cheque arrives often becomes difficult. a pay freeze (=when no one's pay is increased) Ministers have approved a public sector pay freeze. a pay claim British English (=official request for more pay) The miners voted for strike action in support of their pay claim. a pay dispute (=disagreement between an employer and employees about pay) Many flights were cancelled because of a pilots' pay dispute. pay and conditions (=the conditions in which people work and the pay they get) The unions are demanding better pay and conditions. COMMON ERRORS ► Don't say 'the salary pay'. Just say the pay. THESAURUS income money that you receive from working, investments etc families on a low income salary the pay that professional people such as teachers or lawyers earn every year a salary of $65,000 a year wages the pay that someone earns every hour or every week Her wages barely cover the rent. bonus money added to someone's pay, as a reward for good work or as a reward when the company does well The company pays an attendance bonus - if you go 30 days without being late or absent, you get the bonus. earnings all the money that you earn by working In a good year, a bonus can double an executive's earnings.

financially

relating to money He is financially independent Financially, I'm much better off than before

sale

seɪl/ noun 1[countable, uncountable] the act of selling someone property, food, or other sale of The public protested at the sale of land for industrial development. A house sale may be completed in four weeks. Every time we make a sale, I get $50 commission. Rather than lose a sale, car salesmen will often bring down the price. Tickets go on sale (=become available to buy) later this week. 2for sale available to be bought Executives said the firm may be for sale. We don't have a for sale sign up outside the building. She recently put her house up for sale. 3on sale American English available for a short time at a reduced priceSYNON OFFER BrE I bought a set of iron skillets on sale for $8.99. 4 [countable] a period of time when a shop sells its goods at lower prices than usual The drugstore downtown is having a sale, and some things are down to half price. 5the sales [plural] British English when shops are selling their goods at lower prices than usual You might be able to get a cheap bed in the sales. The cost of footwear was reduced by 12% at the January sales. 6[countable] an event at which things are sold, especially to the person who offers the highest price sale of a sale of 17th century paintings 7sales [plural] the total number of products that a company sells during a particular period of time We grossed more than £500,000 in sales last year. The rate of sales growth slowed in the second half of the year. They've already reached their sales targets for this year. Do you have this month's sales figures? 8sales [uncountable] the part of a company that deals with selling products I'd like to work in sales. She is director of sales and marketing. a sales manager seɪl/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] when you sell something sale of The use and sale of marijuana remains illegal. Harvey gets a $50 commission every time he makes a sale (=sells something as part of his job). Car salesmen will often bring down the price rather than lose a sale (=fail to sell something). arms sales to Iran 5 [countable] a period of time when shops sell their goods at lower prices than usual Marsdon's department store is having a sale this week. the sales British English (=when all the shops have a sale) I picked up some real bargains in the January sales this year. 6 [countable] an event at which things are sold to the person who offers the highest price SYN auction a sale of 17th-century paintings COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: when you sell something VERBS make a sale (=sell something as part of your job) A salesman may communicate perfectly well with a customer but fail to make a sale. lose a sale (=fail to sell something) Harry lost the sale because he was not persistent enough. ADJECTIVES a quick sale He wants a quick sale, so he might reduce the price. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: ADJECTIVES/NOUN + SALES strong (=good) The company has reported continuing strong sales. disappointing Sales for the first three months of this year were disappointing. record sales (=better than ever before) The Ford Fiesta has achieved record sales in Italy. car/ticket/book etc sales Car sales have fallen every month for the past two years. annual sales The company has annual sales of over $300 million. worldwide sales Worldwide sales of wine are increasing. retail sales (=sales of things to the public in shops) The volume of retail sales was 0.3 percent higher than in the previous quarter. export sales (=sales of things to other countries) Export sales rose for the sixth consecutive month. high-street sales British English (=in shops in towns and cities) Last month saw record high-street sales. VERBS sales increase/rise/grow/go up Sales rose by 9% last year. sales fall/drop/go down (=become lower) European sales have fallen by 12%. sales improve Sales are expected to improve over the coming year. sales soar (=increase quickly and by a large amount) Computer sales soared as prices continued to come down. sales slump (=decrease quickly and by a large amount) Meat sales have slumped following the most recent health scare. SALES + NOUN sales figures The company said its sales figures continued to show growth. a sales target It achieved only 20% of its sales target. the sales force (=the people who sell a company's products) The sales force had grown from 40 to 270. sales performance (=how much a company sells) There has been an encouraging improvement in sales performance. the sales forecast (=how much a company expects to sell) The sales forecast is for a 12% increase in sales over the current year. PHRASES an increase/growth in sales The company is expecting a 20% increase in sales next year. a fall/drop in sales Some jobs may be cut following a big drop in sales. the volume of sales (=the amount of goods a company sells) Because of its high volume of sales, the company can keep prices low.

stock

stɒk $ stɑːk/ noun 2 FINANCE a) [countable] especially American English a share in a company the trading of stocks and shares b) [uncountable] the total value of all of a company's shares

tax

tæks/ ●●● S1 W1 noun [countable, uncountable] an amount of money that you must pay to the government according to your income, property, goods etc and that is used to pay for public services tax on a tax on fuel He already pays 40% tax on his income. before/after tax profits before tax of £85.9m COLLOCATIONS VERBS pay tax Many people feel they are paying too much tax. raise/increase taxes (also put up taxes British English) He claimed the Labour Party would put up taxes. lower/cut/reduce taxes There's no point promising to cut taxes if you can't afford it. ADJECTIVES/NOUN + TAX high Higher taxes will slow down consumer spending. low Republican voters say they want lower taxes and sensible spending cuts. income tax (=tax paid on money that you earn) The rich should pay more income tax. sales tax (=a tax on things you buy) We have to pay 15% sales tax on everything we buy. inheritance tax (=tax paid on money, property etc that you receive from someone when they die) Inheritance tax applies to the total value of the deceased's assets. a direct tax (=a tax on income) The government's revenue comes mainly from direct taxes. an indirect tax (=a tax on things you buy) The effect of indirect taxes is to raise the prices of goods. a flat (rate) tax (=a tax that is the same for different people or things) Corporate taxes are to be abolished and replaced by a flat rate tax. TAX + NOUN the tax rate/the rate of tax The government reduced the basic rate of tax to 25p in the pound. tax cuts He believes that big tax cuts will encourage economic growth. tax increases He accused the president of planning the biggest tax increases in US history. tax incentives (=lower taxes that encourage people to do something) We have introduced new tax incentives for savings. a tax allowance (=an amount you can earn without paying tax on it) Cutting personal tax allowances penalizes the poor. the tax burden (=the amount of tax paid) The total tax burden has risen only slightly. THESAURUS tax money that you must pay to the government, especially from the money you earn, or as an additional payment when you buy something How much income tax do you pay each month? The Republicans promised to reduce taxes before the last election. Consumers are angry that the tax on petrol has gone up yet again. duty a tax you pay on something you buy The budget also sharply raised the duty on alcohol and tobacco. customs duty (=tax you pay on goods you buy and bring into the country) tariff a tax on goods coming into a country or going out of a country, especially to protect a country's industry from cheap goods from other countries the import tariffs on hi-tech equipment The government's tariff and trade policies came under fierce attack. levy an extra amount of money that you have to pay the government, usually as a tax, often in order to encourage people not to use or do something A new levy on fuel inefficient vehicles has been proposed. surcharge an amount of money that you have to pay in addition to the agreed or stated price of something British Airways will increase its fuel surcharge on all airline tickets from June 3. When you get cash at some machines, you have to pay an ATM surcharge. before/after tax • Profits edged up £59,000 to £2.12m before tax. • McClellan was paid a $ 250,000 purse but netted only $ 62,920. 75 before taxes. • Wimpey's loss before tax compared with a deficit of £16.1 million in 1991. • The cost of debt is 5. 3 percent after tax. • Prudential Corporation reported that first half profit before tax rose by 46% to £249m. • Smiths Industries reported that profit before tax fell by 7% to £102.2m in the year to 1 August. • Profit before tax at Bass rose by 16.5% to £501m in the year to 30 September 1992. tax2 ●○○ verb [transitive] 1 to charge a tax on something tax something at 10%/a higher rate etc They may be taxed at a higher rate. tax somebody on something The individual is taxed on the amount of dividend received. Cigarettes are heavily taxed in Britain. 2 British English to pay the sum of money charged each year for using a vehicle on British roads → car tax, road tax 3 to make someone have to work hard or make an effort tax somebody's patience/strength etc The kids are really taxing my patience today. It shouldn't tax your brain too much. heavily taxed • Piedmont, the most economically advanced part of the state, was also the most heavily taxed. • Under the Green crackdown, petrol-guzzling big cars would also be more heavily taxed. • The three most heavily taxed commodities are alcohol, tobacco, and the oil being extracted from the North Sea. • Gasoline is heavily taxed in Europe. • The Passport Office has been heavily taxed with a backlog of requests from the recent government closings. Tax is money that you have to pay to the government, especially from money you earn or as an additional payment when you buy something. Duty is a tax that you pay on something you buy, especially goods you have bought in another country. A tariff is a tax on goods coming into a country or going out of a country. Excise is a government tax that is charged on certain goods that are sold in the country, for example alcoholic drinks and petrol. In the UK, taxes are collected by the government department HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), informally known as the taxman, and by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the US. Public finance is the management of money collected through taxes by a local or national government. Fiscal describes things connected with government taxes, debts, and spending fiscal deficit. A taxpayer is a person or organization that pays taxes. The tax rate is the part of your income or the part of the price of something that you pay in tax People who earn $180,000 to $280,000 will see their tax rates drop to 31% from 33% this year. If you pay too much tax, you may get a tax rebate (=an amount of money that is paid back to you). When someone uses illegal ways to pay less tax, this crime is called tax evasion, but the use of legal methods to reduce a tax bill is called tax avoidance.

risk

rɪsk/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or dangerous may happen SYN danger, → chance risk of Skiers always face the risk of serious injury. risk (that) There is a risk that the disease may spread further. risk to There is no risk to public health. 2 [countable] an action that might have bad results → gamble It was a risk, sending a letter to my house. take a risk (=do something that might have bad results) Isn't he taking a bit of a risk in coming here? take the risk of doing something I couldn't take the risk of leaving him alone even for a short time. calculated risk (=a risk you take because you think a good result is quite likely) 3 [countable] something or someone that is likely to cause harm or danger risk to Polluted water supplies are a risk to public health. Meat from the infected animals is regarded as a serious health risk (=something likely to harm people's health). The tyre dump is a major fire risk (=something that could cause a dangerous fire). She's becoming a security risk (=someone who may tell important secrets to an enemy). countable] a person or business judged according to the danger involved in giving them insurance or lending them money good/bad/poor risk Drivers under 21 are regarded as poor risks by insurance companies. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES high Professional sport involves a relatively high risk of injury. low The risks of failure are quite low. considerable (=fairly large) Starting up your own business involves considerable risks. a big/great/huge risk There is a great risk that the wound will become infected. an increased/reduced risk Those who smoke have an increased risk of heart disease. a real risk There is a real risk that there could be another war. a serious/grave risk (=real and big) The most serious risk of flooding this evening is on the River Wye. a potential risk The potential risks associated with this operation should not be ignored. a financial risk There is relatively little financial risk for the company. a political risk The political risks for the president are minimal. attendant risks formal (=risks involved in something) Those who deal with firearms are generally aware of the attendant risks. VERBS carry a risk (=might be dangerous) Most medical operations carry some risk. pose a risk (=might be dangerous) Climate change poses serious risks to the environment. involve/entail risk Investments that provide a high return generally entail more risk. reduce/minimize a risk This diet could reduce your risk of certain cancers. increase a risk Smoking increases the risk of heart disease. eliminate risk (=remove risk completely) You can't eliminate risk in your life completely. avoid a risk They are anxious to avoid any risk of criticism. face a risk The dominant male faces the risk that adult males from the group will attack him. RISK + NOUN a risk factor (=something that increases a risk) High cholesterol is one of the risk factors associated with heart disease. risk assessment (=a calculation of how much risk is involved in something) Engineering risk assessment is based on objective scientific criteria. PHRASES there is a risk There is always a risk that mistakes will be made. an element/degree of risk (=some risk, but not much) There is always an element of risk in flying. be worth the risk Don't walk home alone at night - it's not worth the risk. the risks involved/the risks associated with something The soldiers were well aware of the risks involved. The public are unwilling to accept the risks associated with nuclear energy. the benefits outweigh the risks (=they are more important than the possible risks) The benefits to patients who are taking the drug far outweigh the risks. verb [transitive] 1 to put something in a situation in which it could be lost, destroyed, or harmed → gamble When children start smoking, they don't realize that they're risking their health. risk something to do something He's prepared to risk everything to avoid this war. risk something on something You'd be crazy to risk your money on an investment like that! He risked his life helping others to escape. I'm not going to risk my neck (=risk my life) just to save a common criminal. Why risk life and limb (=risk your life and health) jumping out of a plane just to raise money for charity? 2 to get into a situation where something unpleasant may happen to you → endanger risk doing something They may even risk losing their homes. risk defeat/death etc He would prefer not to risk another embarrassing defeat. Some people are prepared to risk imprisonment for what they believe. risk being seen/caught/arrested etc Workers who broke the strike risked being attacked when they left the factory. 3 to do something that you know may have dangerous or unpleasant results risk doing something Are you prepared to risk traveling without an armed guard? She risked a glance back over her shoulder. You could slip out of school between classes, but I wouldn't risk it. Grammar Risk is followed by an -ing form, not an infinitive. You say: They risk being shot if they are caught. ✗Don't say: They risk to be shot.

Stretch

12 FOOD/MONEY [intransitive, transitive] if you make an amount of money, food etc stretch or it stretches, you use less of it than you usually would so that you have it for a longer time I'm going to have to stretch this $20 until payday. stretch one's money and make one's money stretch Fig. to economize so that one's money lasts longer. We have to stretch our money in order to be able to buy groceries at the end of the month. stretch money To be exceptionally frugal, thrifty, or parsimonious; to be very careful and prudent when spending money. A possessive pronoun can be used between "stretch" and "money." We had to find creative ways to stretch our money after Janet lost her job. I was underemployed for a number of years after college, so I became very good at stretching money to last as long as possible. stretch the budget She has some great ideas for stretching the family meal budget. The Sun (2014) I do not claim expenses as this would further dilute the school's already stretched budget. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Will people still be willing to pay for extra services on their phones when their budgets are stretched ?

private corporation

1a corporation owned by people or other companies, rather than by the government She opposes government aid to private corporations. 2a corporation whose shares are not available for sale, for example because they are owned by the person who started the company his private corporation, in which he and his wife are sole shareholders

annual earnings

1the amount someone earns in a year, or the average amount earned by people in an area or industry in a year Growth in annual earnings in services slowed last year. 2a company's profits for a particular year General Electric reported annual earnings that make it the most profitable company in the US.

trade fair

A large exhibition, generally held at the same place and same time periodically, at which companies maintain booths to promote the sale of their products noun [countable] a large event when several companies show their goods or services in one place, to try to sell them SYN trade show Examples from the Corpus trade fair • Two months ago 1,450 firms from 30 countries laid out their wares at a trade fair. • A concurrent trade fair will comprise stands of about fifty museums, exhibition specialists and suppliers. From Longman Business Dictionary ˈtrade fair an event at which many different companies involved in a particular area of business show and sell their productsSYNTRADE SHOW (Every month, at least one international exhibition or trade fair is held here)

aggregate demand

The total demand for goods and services in an economy The tax rises are aimed at reducing aggregate demand in the economy, particularly for cars and consumer durables

sales

a) [plural] the total number of products that are sold during a particular period of time Britain's retail sales (=all the things sold to the public in shops) jumped 3.2 percent in April. sales of Sales of automobiles are up this year. We did not reach our summer sales targets. The company no longer releases its sales figures (=how much money it makes or loses from sales). in sales We grossed more than $500,000 in sales last year. b) [uncountable] the part of a company that deals with selling products She found a job in sales. a sales manager a worldwide sales force of 1,100 sales force • AppleAssist, a combination help-line and sales force. • Halifax is offering to pay £500 million for Equitable's asset management business, sales force and systems. • Following the restructuring of the Chambers Harrap sales force, Elaine Walker has been promoted to key accounts manager. • He kept a distance between himself and his sales force. • He had no corporate structure to sustain, no major office buildings or sales force to keep going. • But unlike many computer-makers, Compaq makes all its sales through dealers, rather than by using its own sales force. • The Journal hears that an announcement on the sales force will be made internally this Monday and will not be made public.

on sale

a) available to be bought in a shop A wide range of postcards and other souvenirs are on sale in the visitors' centre. Stephen King's new novel will go on sale (=will begin to be sold) next week. b) especially American English available to be bought at a lower price than usual These gloves were on sale for only $9. go on sale • The revamped car will cost £40,268 when it goes on sale next January. • As the new version of Navigator goes on sale Friday, Netscape is facing the toughest competition of its young life. • It should go on sale at around £7,000 to challenge the likes of the Renault Clio. • They go on sale next month. • San Francisco has been the hottest seller since single-game tickets went on sale. • The terms of reference for the phone concessions were to go on sale Monday.

at somebody's expense

a) if you do something at someone's expense, they pay for you to do it Her mansion was refurnished at taxpayers' expense. b) if you make jokes at someone's expense, you laugh about them and make them seem stupid or silly Louis kept making jokes at his wife's expense. • Several state senators traveled to Asia at taxpayers' expense. • Louis kept making jokes at his wife's expense.

belongings

bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz $ bɪˈlɒːŋ-/ ●●○ noun [plural] the things you own, especially things that you can carry with you SYN possessions an insurance policy that covers your personal belongings Examples from the Corpus belongings • He carried his few belongings balanced on his head. • Adam packed his few belongings, then went next door and did the same for Billie. • Dad went indoors and brought out her belongings and placed them as she directed. • His eyes followed his teenage daughter as she walked around his bedroom, pocketing his belongings. • With no definitive ruling, however, he was quickly sent back to prison without his belongings. • It's a nuisance having to abandon my belongings, though. • Her advice begins with an inventory of belongings, surroundings, problem areas and priorities. • Leaving his personal belongings in the room he walks down to enjoy a good breakfast before continuing his journey. • Soldiers searched through people's personal belongings. • It doesn't cost much to insure your personal belongings. • They packed all their belongings into the car and left the city that night. personal belongings • He said cash and personal belongings should be hidden away and staff rooms locked to maximise security. • Many of her clothes and personal belongings had been stolen. • They also leave favorite personal belongings. • He told Kasturbal how to distribute his few personal belongings that lay around the cot. • Leaving his personal belongings in the room he walks down to enjoy a good breakfast before continuing his journey. • But we also brought food, stones found along the way, wild flowers, and objects from our personal belongings. • To go through all her husband's personal belongings sent back from the hospital where he died.

direct expense

countable usually plural] money that is spent directly on making one particular product or performing one particular service, rather than money spent on general costs, such as management costs

Demand

dɪˈmɑːnd $ dɪˈmænd/ ●●● S2 W1 noun From Longman Business Dictionary de‧mand /dɪˈmɑːnddɪˈmænd/ noun [uncountable] 1the amount of spending on goods and services by companies and people in a particular economy Demand in the US economy generated 23 million new jobs during the 1990s. 2the total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies buy in a particular period of time demand for Lower interest rates did nothing to increase demand for loans to buy houses. There was a very strong demand for jeans and T-shirts over the last month. Chrysler said its Jeep plant won't operate next week because of weak demand. 3the total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies would buy if they were available Power companies have been forced to reduce voltage when demand exceeded available supplies during extreme cold or hot spells. Demand for phone service in Thailand far outstrips the supply with back orders totaling about one million. 4law of demand the idea that the more something costs, the less demand for it there is

distribute

dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/ ●●○ W2 AWL verb [transitive] 1 to share things among a group of people, especially in a planned way SYN give out distribute something among/to somebody Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees. a man distributing leaflets to passers-by ► see thesaurus at give 2 to supply goods to shops and companies so that they can sell them Milk is distributed to the local shops by Herald's Dairies. 3 to spread something over a large area Make sure the weight of the load is evenly distributed.

development

dɪˈveləpmənt/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 GROWTH [uncountable] the process of gradually becoming bigger, better, stronger, or more advanced child development development of a course on the development of Greek thought professional/personal development opportunities for professional development 2 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY [uncountable] the process of increasing business, trade, and industrial activity economic/industrial/business etc development economic development in Russia 4 NEW PLAN/PRODUCT [uncountable] the process of working on a new product, plan, idea etc to make it successful The funds will be used for marketing and product development. under/in development Spielberg has several interesting projects under development. 5 IMPROVEMENT [countable] a change that makes a product, plan, idea etc better There have been significant computer developments during the last decade. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: the process of increasing business, trade, and industrial activity ADJECTIVES economic/industrial/business etc development The US has been keen to encourage economic development in Egypt. regional development (=development of particular regions of a country or area) a programme of regional development in Eastern Europe sustainable development (=that is able to continue without damaging the environment) The government is committed to sustainable development and the protection of the environment. overseas development (=in other countries, especially poor ones) The Overseas Development Minister announced a £7,000,000 emergency aid programme for Somalia. VERBS support/assist development (also further/facilitate development formal) We need to facilitate development and economic activity that provides jobs. DEVELOPMENT + NOUN a development programme/plan/project the United Nations Development Programme a development agency (=organization that aims to help development in poor areas) international development agencies development work (=the work of helping development in poor areas) Further funds are required to allow the development work to continue. development aid (=money given to help development in poor areas) Education made up 22.5 percent of development aid last year.

market economy

economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets noun [countable] an economic system in which companies are not controlled by the government but decide what they want to produce or sell, based on what they believe they can make a profit from Examples from the Corpus market economy • In a market economy, there must be demand. • This pinpoints a fundamental weakness in the libertarian defence of a market economy. • Yeltsin took drastic steps to move his country toward a market economy, steps that required severe sacrifice for millions of people. • Outsiders, ever hopeful, see movement towards a market economy. • But as these countries gradually, if fitfully, merge into the global market economy, fewer and fewer such barriers exist. • The two ideal-type political economies are the market economy and the command economy. • The family currently lacks a legal infrastructure for operating in the market economy. From Longman Business Dictionary ˈmarket ˌeconomy (also free economy), free market economy [countable] an economy in which companies are not controlled by the government but decide for themselves what to produce and sell, based on what they believe they can make a profit from The Colombian government has demonstrated its belief in a market economy by privatizing inefficient state companies.

Face

feɪs verb [transitive] 1 DIFFICULT SITUATION if you face or are faced with a difficult situation, or if a difficult situation faces you, it is going to affect you and you must deal with it Emergency services are facing additional problems this winter. The president faces the difficult task of putting the economy back on its feet. McManus is facing the biggest challenge of his career. As the project comes to an end, many workers now face an uncertain future. He must face the prospect of financial ruin. be faced with something I was faced with the awful job of breaking the news to the girl's family. the difficulties faced by the police If he is found guilty, he faces up to 12 years in jail. face charges/prosecution (=have legal charges brought against you) He was the first member of the former government to face criminal charges. COLLOCATIONS NOUNS face a problem She told me about some of the problems she was facing. face a difficulty The hotel's owners were facing financial difficulties. face a challenge The coal industry faces serious challenges. face the task of doing something He faced the task of preparing a three-course meal for 50 people. face a danger He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear. face opposition (=deal with strong disagreement) The government faced opposition from the Liberal Democrats. face charges (=be accused of a crime and have to go to a court of law) He faces charges of fraud and theft. face an uncertain/difficult future The company is facing an uncertain future. face the prospect of something (=something in the future is going to affect you and you will have to deal with it) Many coastal cities face the prospect of disastrous flooding.

Fee

fiː/ ●●● S3 W3 AWL noun [countable] an amount of money that you pay to do something or that you pay to a professional person for their work You can use the gym and pool for a fee of £35 a month. ► see thesaurus at cost COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES small/low Some companies will sell the items for you, for a small fee. high/large/big The school fees are extremely high. a hefty/fat fee informal (=a very large fee) Customers are being charged a hefty fee for their telephone service. an annual/a monthly fee An annual fee of £150 has been introduced. an entrance/entry fee (=a fee to enter a place) The gallery charges an entrance fee. a membership fee (=a fee to become a member of a club or organization) The gym's yearly membership fee is £250. a subscription fee (=a fee to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine) You can pay the subscription fee by cheque. school/college/university fees She paid for her college fees by taking a part-time job as a waitress. tuition fees (=money paid for being taught) Many universities now charge tuition fees for these courses. doctor's/lawyer's/accountant's etc fees We need to find the money for the doctor's fees somehow. legal/medical fees She received £300 compensation after legal fees had been deducted. a flat/fixed/set fee (=a fee that is the same in every case) You pay a flat fee for all the services that are provided. a booking fee (also a service fee American English) (=a charge you pay when buying a ticket) Tickets for the concert are £45, plus a booking fee. a cancellation fee (=a charge for ending an agreement you have made to travel on a train, stay at a hotel etc) A 10% cancellation fee will be charged if the booking is cancelled. a licence fee British English (=the money a television licence costs) The licence fee is set to rise again. VERBS charge a fee The accountant charged a big fee for his services. pay a fee You have to pay a small fee to rent a locker. From Longman Business Dictionary fee /fiː/ noun 1[countable] an amount of money paid to a professional person or organization for their services If you want help selecting a policy, you might want to use an insurance adviser who charges a fee, but earns no commission. fee for Cable TV subscribers pay a monthly fee for the service. The bank does not charge an arrangement fee for the loan.

forgive a debt/loan

formal if a country or organization forgives a debt, it says that the money does not have to be paid back SYN write off Saudi Arabia's decision to forgive the debt owed by the poorest Islamic countries

free fall

free-fall noun [singular, uncountable] 1 the movement of someone or something through the air without engine power, for example before a parachute opens after someone has jumped out of a plane in/into free fall The spacecraft is now in free fall towards the Earth. 2 a very fast and uncontrolled fall in the value of something the free-fall in housing prices in/into free fall The economy is in free fall. —free-falling adjective Examples from the Corpus free fall • Floyd investigated it soon after free fall had begun. • What is essential for free fall is that the capsule is not powered and that the atmospheric drag is negligibly small. • Einstein next considered the implications of the equivalence principle for motion in free fall, that is to say motion under gravitational forces alone. • And he almost got it three weeks ago when it was obvious the team was in free fall. • But as they go into production the stock exchanges go into free fall. • The northeastern flank is the lowest, but still promises 500 feet of free fall. in/into free fall • It is always possible, even in free fall, to obtain non-vanishing metric connections by choosing Gaussian rather than Cartesian coordinates. • It is emphasized here that there is no rotation in a frame in free fall. • Thus we have verified that a transformation to a frame in free fall is always possible. 6.7. • A procedure for transforming to a frame in free fall is described in Section 6.6. • Over the next hours the spacecraft is in free fall toward the lunar surface, constantly accelerating in the lunar gravity. • Einstein next considered the implications of the equivalence principle for motion in free fall, that is to say motion under gravitational forces alone. • And he almost got it three weeks ago when it was obvious the team was in free fall. in/into free fall • It is always possible, even in free fall, to obtain non-vanishing metric connections by choosing Gaussian rather than Cartesian coordinates. • It is emphasized here that there is no rotation in a frame in free fall. • Thus we have verified that a transformation to a frame in free fall is always possible. 6.7. • A procedure for transforming to a frame in free fall is described in Section 6.6. • Suddenly the plane seemed to go into free fall. • Over the next hours the spacecraft is in free fall toward the lunar surface, constantly accelerating in the lunar gravity. • Einstein next considered the implications of the equivalence principle for motion in free fall, that is to say motion under gravitational forces alone. • And he almost got it three weeks ago when it was obvious the team was in free fall. From Longman Business Dictionary ˈfree fall (also free-fall) noun [singular, uncountable] journalism when prices on a financial market go down suddenly or the economy gets worse very quickly After closing at $19.125 per share on Tuesday, the shares went into a free fall, ending at $14.50 at Friday's close. Mexico's peso went into free fall last December. He says that he is not worried by the free fall in housing prices.

financial

fəˈnænʃəl, faɪ-/ ●●● W1 AWL adjective [usually before noun] relating to money or the management of money financial transactions financial assistance a financial advisor Organic farmers should be encouraged with financial incentives. It was a wonderful film, but not exactly a financial success (=something that makes a profit). financial difficulties/problems/crisis —financially adverb He was successful and financially secure. Is the project financially viable? THESAURUS financial relating to money or the management of money businesses that provide personal financial services the financial problems of old age economic relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy. an economic crisis fiscal [only before noun] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc that are owned and managed by the government fiscal control The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit. monetary [only before noun] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy. the European Monetary System budgetary [only before noun] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions. the process of budgetary control

public corporation

noun [countable] 1 American English a public company 2 British English a business that is run by the government Examples from the Corpus public corporation • It was only towards the end of the colonial period that the notion of a public corporation was raised. • Co. surmounted a similar set of challenges when it moved from a partnership to a public corporation. • A public corporation managing a monopoly might do so in a sectional interest. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌpublic corpoˈration 1a corporation that is owned and managed by the government Latin American governments are privatizing loss-making public corporations. 2a corporation with shares that are traded on a stockmarket Granada Corp. rolled 11 limited partnerships into two public corporations, one of which is Granada BioSciences. 3an organization established by the national government or a state for a particular purpose, but not to make money the Job Development Authority, a public corporation

Commission

kəˈmɪʃən/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun 1 [countable] a group of people who have been given the official job of finding out about something or controlling something The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence. commission on the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 2 [countable, uncountable] an extra amount of money that is paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods they have sold or the services they have provided The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes. on commission He sold cosmetics on commission. 3 [countable] a request for an artist, designer, or musician to make a piece of art or music, for which they are paid a commission from the Academy for a new sculpture 4 [countable] the position of an officer in the army, navy etc 5 [uncountable] formal the commission of a crime is the act of doing it → commit 6 → out of commission 7 → in commission COLLOCATIONS VERBS set up/establish/create a commission They set up a commission to investigate the problem of youth crime. appoint a commission (=choose the members of a commission) The president appointed a commission to develop standards in schools. head a commission (=be in charge of one) He was elected to head a commission on tax reform. a commission recommends something The commission recommended that the federal government change the way it measures inflation. a commission approves something The commission approved the plan. ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMMISSION a special commission A special commission was set up to investigate the killings. an independent commission The plan requires approval by an independent commission. an international commission an international commission on climate change a parliamentary commission A report was made by a special parliamentary commission. a government commission A government commission regulates the process. a national/federal commission the National Commission on Terrorism a presidential commission the Presidential Commission on Health Care a joint commission (=involving two or more countries or groups) a new India-Sri Lanka joint commission an investigative/investigating commission An investigative commission was set up immediately after the incident.

Long

lɒŋlɒːŋ/ adjective 1 possessing shares, bonds, currencies etc because you believe that their value is going to increase long on Those who were long on dollars rushed to sell them. —long noun [countable usually plural] After massive sales recently of US stocks and futures, the fund now has 30% more adverb go long (on something) to buy or keep bonds, shares, currencies etc because you believe that their value will rise He reversed short positions and went long on Hong Kong stocks. Dealers are going long on dollars in expectation of today's release of strong US trade figures.

Loan

ləʊn $ loʊn/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [countable] an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc loan of a loan of £60,000 I had to take out a loan to buy my car. It'll be years before we've paid off the loan. 2 [singular] when you lend something to someone loan of Thanks for the loan of your camera. COLLOCATIONS VERBS take out a loan (=borrow money) Most home buyers take out a loan. repay/pay off/pay back a loan (=give back the money you borrowed, usually over a period of time) You can repay the loan early without a penalty. give somebody a loan I hoped to persuade my bank manager to give us a loan. make a loan (=give someone a loan) Banks are cautious about making new loans. ask for/apply for a loan He asked his father for a loan. get a loan She got a loan from the bank. secure a loan (on something) (=agree to give the lender something if you do not pay back the loan on time) The loan was secured on his home. ADJECTIVES/NOUN + LOAN a £20,000/$5,000 etc loan The company asked for a £100,000 loan. a bank loan (=money lent by a bank) What is the interest you will pay on a bank loan? a home/car loan (=a loan to buy a home or a car) They took out a thirty-year home loan. a personal loan (=money lent to a person, rather than a company) If you want money for a specific purchase, you can get a personal loan. a business loan (=money lent to a business) The bank offers a range of business loans to meet the needs of small businesses. a student loan (=money lent to a student to pay for university) Many college graduates are paying off huge student loans. a long-term/short-term loan (=to be paid back after a long/short time) I intended the money as a short-term loan. an interest-free loan (=on which you pay no interest) They offer an interest-free loan for two years. a low-interest loan a low-interest loan to the country from the International Development Association LOAN + NOUN a loan repayment your monthly loan repayments a loan agreement (=that says how much the loan will be, how much you will pay back each month etc) Read the terms of your loan agreement carefully. THESAURUS loan noun [countable] an amount of money that is borrowed, especially from a bank or company, which you agree to pay back by the end of a period of time We took out a loan to buy a new car. He is paying back a $50,000 loan. mortgage noun [countable] a large amount of money that someone borrows from a bank or company to buy a house Nick told me the mortgage on his apartment is worth about $90,000. Anyone taking out a mortgage should be aware that interest rates can go up at any time. It took my parents nearly thirty years to pay off their mortgage. interest noun [uncountable] money that you pay for borrowing money, especially that you pay every year or every month at a fixed rate Credit companies charge huge amounts of interest. What's the interest on the loan? overdraft noun [countable] British English the amount of money that you owe to bank when you have spent more money than you had in your account I left university with no job and a big overdraft. 20% of the bank's customers regularly use their overdraft facility. You have to pay a fee for unauthorized overdrafts. debt noun [countable, uncountable] an amount of money that a person or organization owes The company now has debts of almost £2 million. A lot of the money went towards paying his debts. The family were $100,000 in debt (=they owed $100,000). credit noun [uncountable] an arrangement with a shop or bank that allows you to buy something and pay for it later We bought the furniture on credit. He had a credit limit of £7,000. verb [transitive] 1 American English to lend someone something, especially money loan somebody something Can you loan me $5? Jeff's loaned us his car for the weekend. 2 (also loan out British English) to lend something valuable to someone The National Library has loaned several manuscripts. loan something to somebody/something Two of the steam trains have been loaned to other railways. A loan is a form of debt. A borrower receives money from a lender which they pay back in instalments British English /installments American English (=a series of regular payments that are made until all of the loan has been paid back). Loans are provided by financial institutions, such as banks, who charge interest. The interest rate (=percentage rate used for calculating interest over a particular period of time, usually one year) usually depends on the type of loan. You usually pay a lower rate of interest on a secured loan than on an unsecured loan. An example of a secured loan is a mortgage (=a loan to buy a property). If you do not make your regular payments on a mortgage, the lender normally has the right to take the property and sell it in order to get back their money. Examples of an unsecured loan include an overdraft British English (=an arrangement between a bank and a customer allowing them to take out more money from their current account than they have in it), a personal loan, and money owed on a credit card. 2service a loan a)to make repayments on a loan With rising sales, he saw no problem servicing the loans. b)to collect repayments on a loan for another organization Many lenders continue to service loans they have sold into the secondary market. 3refinance a loan to replace an old loan with a new one Homeowners rushed to refinance and prepay their loans at lower interest rates.

expenses

money that you spend on things such as travel and food while you are doing your job, and which your employer then pays to you on expenses Can you claim this meal on expenses? [plural] money that an employee spends while doing their job on things such as travel and food, and which their employer then pays back to them Come on, have another drink — it's on expenses. He gets an annual salary of $1.5 million; in addition he gets reimbursed for travel and other expenses. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: NOUN + EXPENSES travel/travelling expenses The company will pay the travelling expenses involved in getting to and from the meeting. entertainment/business expenses The president receives an unspecified allowance for business and entertainment expenses. relocation/moving expenses Successful candidates will receive a comprehensive benefits package that includes relocation expenses if needed. VERBS pay somebody's expenses They agreed to pay my travel expenses and initial accommodation costs. claim expenses (=officially ask your employer to pay you back money that you have spent while doing your job) If you have to stay overnight, you will be able to claim any expenses back. reimburse somebody's expenses (=pay the money someone has spent for business purposes back to them) Your expenses will usually be reimbursed within one month of receiving the claim.

share

noun 1 IN A COMPANY [countable] one of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided share in We've got shares in Allied Chemicals. → stock1(2) COLLOCATIONS VERBS have/hold/own shares A lot of the employees own shares in the company. buy/invest in shares I bought some shares in British Gas five years ago. sell shares This isn't a good time to sell shares. trade in/deal in shares (=buy and sell shares as a business) They make their money by trading in stocks and shares. shares rise/go up (=their value increases) The company's shares rose 5.5p to 103p. shares fall/go down (=their value decreases) Shares fell sharply on the London Stock Market yesterday. SHARE + NOUN share price The company's share price has continued to go down. share ownership The government tried to encourage wider share ownership. share dealing (=buying and selling shares as a business) He was convicted of illegal share dealing.

domestic demand

noun [ U ] ECONOMICS UK US the total amount of money that is spent on goods and services by the people, companies, and government within a particular country, or that would be spent if the goods and services were available: increased/growing/falling domestic demand growth/recovery/slowdown in domestic demand strong/weak domestic demand Higher fuel prices have created strong domestic demand for energy-saving products. the strength/weakness of domestic demand reduce/stimulate/boost domestic demand Measures such as interest-rate cuts have been introduced to boost domestic demand. be driven/led/powered by domestic demand In France economic recovery was led by domestic demand rather than exports. meet/keep up with domestic demand We are faced with the prospect of importing expensive natural gas to meet domestic demand. demand from within a particular country, not from abroad Japan's economy depends on domestic demand, rather than exports, for growth.

controlling interest

noun [countable usually singular] if you have a controlling interest in a company, you own enough shares to be able to make decisions about what happens to the company controlling interest in The firm paid over $10 million for a controlling interest in five hotels. • Host Marriott Corp. said it will pay $ 112. 5 million to acquire controlling interest in five hotels. • Carl Zeiss has a 51 percent controlling interest in the new company. • Or they could have sold that controlling interest to some one else - heaven help us! • Controlling aggregate demand through controlling interest rates is made even more difficult as a result of fluctuations in the demand for money. From Longman Business Dictionary conˌtrolling ˈinterest [countable] enough shares to control a company He bought a controlling interest in the firm.

Raise

noun [countable] American English an increase in the money you earn SYN rise British English Examples from the Corpus raise • And the Democrats in Congress have bedeviled Dole with a push for a raise in the minimum wage. • Dear Help Wanted: I have been working for a company without a review or a raise. • Library employees have not received a raise for six years. • Those ten-dollar words produce thousand-dollar raises. From Longman Business Dictionary raise1 /reɪz/ verb [transitive] 1to increase an amount, number, or level We can cut the state budget or raise taxes. The bank raised interest rates to 15%. 2raise a question/objection/point etc to make people consider a question etc, for example by beginning to talk or write about it I tried to raise several points at the meeting. The Guinness affair raised the question of abolishing trial by jury in complicated fraud cases. 3raise money/capital/funds etc to collect the money, capital etc that is needed to do something Hammond Co. will need to raise $2 million to finance the offer. 4raise a loan/mortgage to succeed in getting a loan or mortgage He raised a loan of $20 million from commercial banks. 5raise an invoice to write out or print out an invoice (=document stating how much has to be paid for work or goods), or to ask someone to do this Where goods move between VAT registered traders, a tax invoice has to be raised.

short interest

noun [uncountable] the number of shares which have been sold by people who do not yet own them, in the belief that their price will fall before they have to be delivered. This can be a sign that people expect a company's shares or shares in general to fall The company had one of the largest decreases in short interest last month.

capital gains tax

noun [uncountable] a tax that you pay on profits that you make when you sell your possessions Examples from the Corpus capital gains tax • All income and tax gains from assets in the reserve will be free of income and capital gains tax. • Tax studies purporting to show that most capital gains tax is paid by higher-income individuals reflect a fundamental error. • The third was the abolition of capital gains tax on unit trust portfolios in 1980. • Stakeholders, like all pension funds, are also free of capital gains tax. • A major tax innovation included in the budget was the introduction of capital gains tax on stock market dealing. • A valuation may on occasions be necessary because of the interaction of holdover relief and other capital gains tax reliefs. • To conservatives, it means abolishing the capital gains tax, lowering the top rate on millionaires. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌcapital ˈgains tax written abbreviation CGT [uncountable] in Britain, a tax that ordinary people, not companies, pay when they make a large amount of money by selling an asset such as property. In the US, capital gains tax is also paid by companies UK pension funds are exempt from both capital gains tax and income tax on their investments.

savings

plural] all the money that you have saved, especially in a bank Buying a house had taken all their savings.

prosperity

prɒˈsperəti $ prɑː-/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life a time of economic prosperity prosperity of the future prosperity of the country Examples from the Corpus prosperity • The chemical industry makes a crucial contribution to our health and prosperity and to protection of the environment. • a time of economic prosperity • However, the real foundations of prosperity lay elsewhere. • The 1980s housing boom coincided with a period of prosperity in the South Bay. • The former has the longest and most consistent record of prosperity. • They had the opportunity to make up for this loss by sharing in 40 years of prosperity under a democratic system. • For its part, the government concluded that lowering the population growth rate would enhance the prosperity of the nation. • However, the numbers who were unable to share in this prosperity due to unemployment soared from 1.09m to 2.65m people. economic prosperity • Bush emphasized the linkage between economic prosperity and political freedom. • Forbes, speaking by telephone, promoted his flat tax plan as a catalyst for economic prosperity. • The crime wave that spurred them has been falling steadily in times of greater economic prosperity. • Many other economic factors might be viewed as contributing to the emergence of spatial disparities in economic prosperity. • According to the economic libertarian's theory, there should have been an increase in economic prosperity. • Conservatives understand the engine of economic prosperity. • The outcome could have widened the already-growing gap between rich and poor and profoundly affected our economic prosperity for decades. • She also quickly realized that economic prosperity would more than make up for her political defeat. From Longman Business Dictionary pro‧sper‧i‧ty /prɒˈsperətiprɑː-/ noun [uncountable] the condition of having money and being successful a time of economic prosperity The country hopes to achieve prosperity through increased trade and investment.

Poll

pəʊlpoʊl/ noun [countable] 1an occasion when a large number of people are asked questions, to find out about the public's opinions or behaviour MORIconducted a poll among senior managers to get their views on taxation. A recentopinion poll put him in third place. According to our poll, Scandinavians buy shares more than other Europeans. 2the polls [plural] an election to choose a government or a political representative The ruling Social Democrats suffered their worst defeat at the polls in 60 years. In Oklahoma, voters may go to the polls (=vote in an election) as early as September. 3an occasion when the members of a company vote for or against something in a meeting Both directors were elected after a poll of shareholders. 4the poll the number of votes recorded at an election The winning party must gain at least 50% of the poll. poll2 verb [transitive] to try to find out about the public's behaviour or opinions by questioning a large number of people 47% of office workers polled said that eye strain was a serious concern.

Recession

rɪˈseʃən/ ●○○ noun [countable, uncountable] a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual the economic recession of the early 1980s There is deep recession in the UK. into/out of recession attempts to pull the country out of recession COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES an economic recession The economic recession of the '70s led to a fall in recruitment. a world/global/worldwide recession America's airlines have been badly hit by the world recession. a deep/severe recession We are in the middle of a severe recession. the worst recession Colombia is going through its worst recession in decades. the longest recession The British economy was in its longest recession since the Second World War. VERBS suffer/experience a recession The country was suffering a deep recession. slide/slip into recession (=start to experience a recession) Most analysts don't believe the economy will slide into recession. plunge into recession (=start to experience a deep recession) The US is about to plunge into recession. be hit by a recession (=be badly affected by it) Rural areas have been hardest hit by the recession. cause recession Rising oil prices help to fuel inflation and cause recession. a recession deepens (=becomes worse) Economists fear the recession may be deepening. PHRASES the beginning/end of the recession The Chancellor is confident that we shall see the end of the recession in the next few months. be in the middle/midst of a recession We are in the midst of a world recession. be in the depths of recession (=be at its worst level) The country is in the depths of recession. THESAURUS recession a period when a country's economic growth stops and there is less trade The industry has cut jobs due to the recession. fears that the economy may be sliding into recession depression a long period during which there is a bad recession, so that there is very little business activity and a lot of people do not have jobs During the depression of the 1930s, as many as 20% of the population were jobless. slump a fairly short period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs The slump in the housing market is making it difficult for people to sell their homes. slowdown a period when there is a reduction in business activity, that may be the start of a recession High prices could tip the slowdown in the US into a world recession. downturn a period during which there is a reduction in business activity and economic conditions become worse, when before the economy was growing Public spending may reduce the effects of the downturn. crash an occasion when the value of stocks and shares on a stock market falls suddenly and by a large amount, causing economic problems The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was disastrous for not only the American economy, but for the world economy.

slump

slʌmp/ noun [countable usually singular] 1a sudden fall in the price, value, or number of something slump in There has been a slump in sales this month. 2 a period of time when there is a big reduction in economic activity, forcing many companies to close and many people to lose their jobs Savings were already extremely low at the beginning of the current slump. —slump verb [intransitive] Securities firms' profits have slumped in recent years. slʌmp/ ●○○ verb 1 [intransitive] to fall or lean against something because you are not strong enough to stand slump against/over/back etc She slumped against the wall. Carol slumped back in her chair, defeated. Ben staggered and slumped onto the floor. 2 [intransitive] to suddenly go down in price, value, or number OPP soar Sales slumped by 20% last year. slump to The currency slumped to a record low. Anzeige: EUROPA Versicherungen Massiv unterschätzt: Eine Risikolebensversicherung Anzeige - EUROPA Mehr In 3 [intransitive, transitive] (also be slumped) if your shoulders or head slump or are slumped, they bend forward because you are unhappy, tired, or unconscious Her shoulders slumped and her eyes filled with tea slump against/over/back etc • The victim was slumped over a freezer where he had been searching for a gas leak. • He began slumping over again, and his iron ball shrank back to a hand. • I let go a lungful of air, slumped back against the parapet and lit another Capstan. • Hilary Robarts had been slumped back in her chair, her eyes fixed on Lessingham. • He would be only too happy to dial 911 when Walter slumped over in shock, unable to speak. • I stood in the middle of the dusky field and let Janir slump against my back. • Blood pressure and lumbago have left these shrimps - pink and puffed as a rowing eight, slumped over their needles. Related topics: Economics, Sport slump2 ●○○ noun [countable usually singular] 1 a sudden decrease in prices, sales, profits etc slump in a slump in car sales 2 a period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs OPP boom The war was followed by an economic slump. a worldwide slump 3 especially American English a period when a player or team does not play well in a slump The Dodgers have been in a slump for the last three weeks. slump in • a slump in exports in a slump • Such an assumption is a plausible one: in booms unemployment is low and in slumps it is high. • Exactly the opposite would apply in a slump year. • The Dow is reaching new highs, but small-company stocks are in a slump. • Some would say that that is because of the recession, but we are in a slump rather than a recession. • An economy in a slump or depression is generally characterised by high demand-deficient unemployment of both labour and capital.

venture capitalist

someone who invests money in new businesses In the fourth quarter, venture capitalists invested $317 million in computer-related business start-ups. (If you're independent, you'll be working with investors or venture capitalists to provide you funds to build a team and bring your product to market. )

Spend

verb (past tense and past participle spent /spent/) 1 MONEY [intransitive, transitive] to use your money to pay for goods or services I can't afford to spend any more money this week. spend £5/$10 etc I only want to spend about $20. spend something on something More money should be spent on education. spend something on somebody Mum never spends any money on herself. The repairs cost a lot, but it's money well spent (=a sensible way of spending money). Grammar You spend money on something: I don't spend much on clothes. ✗Don't say: I don't spend much for clothes.

Supply

səˈplaɪ/ verb (past tense and past participle supplied) [transitive] 1to provide goods or services to customers, especially regularly and over a long period of time In certain circumstances they will charge an additional amount when supplying agricultural goods and services. supply something to somebody The company supplies products and services to the energy industry. supply somebody with something The computer giant has agreed to supply Mitsubishi with mainframe and minicomputers. 2to give someone something they want or need Several pharmaceutical companies are supplyingadditional data and making recommendations on labeling. Financing was supplied by a syndicate of international banks. supply somebody with something All employees were supplied with protective clothing. noun (plural supplies) 1[countable] an amount of something that is available to be sold, bought, used etc The quality of the locallabour supply has helped to keep his company growing. One-quarter of the nation'soil supply is shipped via the pipeline. Coal inventories at the end of March were 390,000 metric tons, a 14-day supply. During times of rapid growth demand for aircraft maintenance resources also tends to outstrip supply. 2be in short supply if something is in short supply, very little of it is available Pricing information is in short supply because computer makers don't like to talk about the latest trends. The building projects are behind schedule and construction materials in desperately short supply. 3water/gas/electricity etc supply a system that provides water, gas etc Thepublic water supply company said the charge was related to its environmental testing laboratory. 4[uncountable] the act of supplying something supply of There were some difficulties in the supply of raw materials.

transaction

trænˈzækʃən/ ●○○ noun formal 1 [countable] a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction. financial transactions 2 [uncountable] the process of doing business the transaction of his public duties From Longman Business Dictionary trans‧ac‧tion /trænˈzækʃən/ noun [countable] 1a payment, or the process of making one The auditors will conduct regular checks on allfinancial transactions. The bank offers a current account aimed at businesses with regularinternational transactions. 2 a business deal Two Mexican firms have completed a $300 million transaction to combine their consumer businesses. 3 an occasion when a company sells shares, bonds etc or exchanges them for other shares etc The swap of junk bonds was carried out as part of a complicated debt-reduction transaction. 4 a single action that makes a few related changes to the data in a database or other computer program A database transaction is a unit of interaction in a database management system.

charge

tʃɑːdʒ $ tʃɑːrdʒ/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 PRICE [countable, uncountable] the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services charge of an admission charge of $5 charge for There is a charge for the use of the swimming pool. Guided tours are provided at no charge. Your order will be sent free of charge (=with no cost). ► see thesaurus at cost 2 CONTROL [uncountable] the position of having control or responsibility for a group of people or an activity in charge (of something) He asked to speak to the person in charge. the officer in charge of the investigation Stern put Travis in charge of (=gave him control of) the research team. Owens came in and took charge of (=took control of) the situation. A commander in each county was to have charge of the local militia. 3 SOMEBODY/SOMETHING YOU LOOK AFTER a) be in/under somebody's charge if someone or something is in your charge, you are responsible for looking after them teachers that do their best for the children in their charge The files were left in your charge. b) [countable] formal someone that you are responsible for looking after Sarah bought some chocolate for her three young charges. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CHARGE a small charge For a small charge guests can use the hotel sauna. an extra/additional charge Breakfast may be served in your bedroom at no extra charge. free of charge (=with no cost) Delivery is free of charge. somebody's charges are high/low (=you have to pay a lot/a little) His charges are too high. a fixed charge There's a fixed charge for having a dental check. a nominal charge (=a very small amount of money) You can use the tennis courts for a nominal charge. a minimum charge (=an amount that is the least you can pay) There's a minimum charge of £10 per person in the Terrace restaurant. a service charge (=for service in a hotel, restaurant etc) The restaurant's prices include a 10% service charge. an admission charge (=for being allowed to enter a place) There is no admission charge. a call-out charge British English (=that you must pay a workman to come to your home) The electrician said there is a £40 call-out charge. a cancellation charge If you change your flight booking, you may have to pay a cancellation charge. a delivery charge How much is the store's delivery charge? bank charges (=fees charged by a bank for some services) You will have to pay bank charges if your account is overdrawn. VERBS pay a charge There will be a small charge to pay. make a charge (=ask you to pay a charge) We make no charge for this service. incur a charge formal (=result in you paying a charge) All cancellations incur a charge. introduce/impose a charge The government introduced a charge for water. waive a charge (=allow you not to pay it) I've asked the bank to waive the charge this time. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 4: an official statement by the police that someone may be guilty of a crime ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CHARGE a murder/burglary/drugs etc charge He appeared in court on fraud charges. Robins was in jail awaiting trial on drugs charges. criminal charges The investigation resulted in criminal charges against three police officers. a serious charge Drinking and driving is a very serious charge. a felony charge American English (=for a serious crime) He pleaded not guilty to a felony charge of cocaine possession. VERBS press/bring charges (=make someone be brought to court for a crime) Sometimes the victim of an assault does not want to press charges. face charges (=have been charged with a crime) A farmer is facing charges of cruelty and neglect. deny/admit a charge All three men denied the charge of manslaughter. plead guilty to a charge (=say formally in court that you are guilty) The youth pleaded guilty to a charge of arson. drop the charges (=decide not to go on with a court case) The prosecution dropped the charges in 2005. dismiss the charges (=say that a court case should not continue) If there is insufficient evidence, the court will dismiss the charges. be released without charge She had been arrested twice and released without charge. be convicted of/on a charge (=be judged to be guilty) McCorley was convicted on a charge of assault. be acquitted of/on a charge (=be judged to be not guilty) Both men were acquitted of all charges. verb 1 MONEY a) [intransitive, transitive] to ask someone for a particular amount of money for something you are selling The hotel charges $125 a night. charge somebody £10/$50 etc (for something) The restaurant charged us £40 for the wine. charge something at something Calls will be charged at 44p per minute. charge for We won't charge for delivery if you pay now. charge rent/a fee/interest etc The gallery charges an entrance fee. b) charge something to somebody's account/room etc to record the cost of something on someone's account, so that they can pay for it later Wilson charged the drinks to his room. Use a courier and charge it to the department. c) [transitive] American English to pay for something with a credit card charge something on something I charged the shoes on Visa. 'How would you like to pay?' 'I'll charge it.'

valued

useful and important ˈvæljuːd/ adjective [only before a noun] a valued customer, worker etc is important and useful to you As one of our valued clients, I am delighted to be able to make you this exceptional offer. ("By understanding cues, we can keep valued habits in place even when disruptions occur in our larger lives.)

channel

verb (channelled, channelling British English, channeled, channeling American English) [transitive] 1 to control and direct something such as money or energy towards a particular purpose SYN direct channel something into something Most of his energy was channeled into writing and lecturing. channel something to somebody Profits are channelled to conservation groups. channel something through something The famine relief money was channelled through the UN. 2 to control or direct people or things to a particular place, work, situation etc channel somebody/something into something Women were likely to be channeled into jobs as teachers or nurses. Drugs from government pharmacies were being channeled into illegal drug markets. 3 to cut a long deep line in something Water had channelled grooves in the rock. 4 to send water through a passage An efficient irrigation system channels water to the crops. 5 to allow a spirit to come into your body and speak through you, or to tell people a message that you have received in this way She claims to channel the spirit of a 2,000-year-old hunter. 6 to look or sound like a famous person, especially someone who is dead In her latest video, Kylie is channelling Marilyn Monroe.

champion

verb [transitive] written to publicly fight for and defend an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people She championed the cause of religious freedom. (My talk is based on the ideas in this book—I explore how individuals can champion new ideas, leaders can fight groupthink, and parents can raise creative children.) • Radio presenters and producers often get great pleasure from seeing the success of a record which they have championed. • The hypothesis has been championed by F. Papi. • For $ 35,000, this little town plans to build an elevator to comply with legislation championed by Sen. • Odd how no traditional civil rights or liberal black leader stepped forth to champion her cause. • Purcell championed social programs for the elderly. • Hopefully, these opinion-formers will champion the act's cause and gradually the public will be interested enough to find out more. • The organizational theorists who have championed the matrixing approach candidly label it an organizational overlay. • Those, like me, who championed the News Network asked whether we could afford to lose one-and-a-half million new listeners. • That Aussie on the telly championing the Outback is merely praising its warm-weather virtue.

administration

ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun 1 [uncountable] the activities that are involved in managing the work of a company or organization We're looking for someone with experience in administration. The health service spends too much on administration. the administration (=the people who do this work) the college administration 2 [countable] the government of a country at a particular time the Kennedy Administration The problem has been ignored by successive administrations. ► see thesaurus at government 3 [uncountable] the act of administering something, especially a law, test, or medicine administration of the administration of justice the administration of sedatives Examples from the Corpus administration • It is unclear as to whether the making of an administration order crystallises a floating charge. • With a ne w Bush administration taking office, how will this relationship develop? • He vigorously applied Charles's policy of raising money by reviving the ancient Forest administration. • There are circumstances in which the incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate administration of a thrombolytic would be disastrous; for example, acute pericarditis. • The new administration has been strongly criticized for its handling of the affair. • Some hospitals spend too much on administration and not enough on medical care. • Mr Keyes, a former radio talk-show host and Reagan administration diplomat, is the most eloquent of the Republican candidates. • The cost of health service administration in the United States rose by 37% between 1983 and 1987. • Glynn said an apology already had been under discussion within the administration for several months. • The administration also proposed $600 million in tax breaks for small businesses. the administration • There have been conflicts between the faculty and administration over the college's budget. From Longman Business Dictionary ad‧min‧is‧tra‧tion /ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən/ noun 1[uncountable] the activities involved with managing and organizing the work of a company or organization I want to spend my time on research and development rather than administration. 2[uncountable] the part of a company or organization involved with managing and organizing its work The job cuts will affect those in sales support and administration. 3[countable usually singular] the government of a country at a particular time, especially in the United States He said that the administration had created one million new jobs. The problem has been ignored by successive administrations. 4[uncountable] in Britain and some other countries, when a company in financial difficulty is reorganized by an outside specialist with the aim of continuing some of its activities so that it can avoid liquidation (=being broken up and sold) The company is currently in administration, but Mr Brown hopes that it will be possible to keep it going in some form. The parent company went into administration in July with debts estimated at £50 million. The group should continue trading despite its financial problems, rather than be put into administration.

expense

ɪkˈspens/ ●●○ noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the amount of money that you spend on something He borrowed £150,000 and used the money for legal expenses. Conference rooms were equipped at great expense. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: the amount of money that you spend on something ADJECTIVES/NOUN + EXPENSE the extra/additional expense Is it worth the extra expense to get a room with a sea view? an unnecessary expense Paying extra for leather seats seemed like an unnecessary expense. living expenses (=money that you spend on rent, food, and things such as electricity, gas etc) She receives £80 a week, from which she must pay for all her living expenses. operating expenses (=money that a company spends on running its business) We must reduce our operating expenses. legal/medical expenses We had to get a loan to pay for my husband's medical expenses. The tenant can incur considerable legal expenses. household expenses (=money spent looking after a house and the people in it) Unfortunately, household expenses don't go away just because you're in hospital or out of work. funeral expenses (=the cost of arranging a funeral) She had a small insurance policy to cover the funeral expenses. PHRASES at great/huge/considerable/vast expense (=used when saying that something costs a lot of money) The tiles were imported at great expense from Italy. Recently, and at vast expense to the taxpayer, the bridge was rebuilt. at your own expense (=used when saying that you pay for something yourself) He had copies of the book printed at his own expense. at (the) public expense (=paid for by the public through taxes) The bridge was built at public expense. go to the expense of doing something (=do something that costs a lot of money) The council must now decide whether to go to the expense of appealing through the courts. spare no expense (in doing something) (=spend a lot of money to buy the best things) Her parents spared no expense in arranging the wedding. Everything has been provided tonight - no expense has been spared! VERBS incur an expense formal (=have to pay for something) Potential buyers incur the expense of a survey and legal fees. noun 1[countable, uncountable] an amount of money that a business or organization has to spend on something Most advertisers look upon advertising as an expense and not an investment, which is a mistake. The company's cost-cutting program is expected to reduce expenses by $28 million next year.

investment

ɪnˈvestmənt/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the use of money to get a profit or to make a business activity successful, or the money that is used We plan to buy some property as an investment. investment in That year, Japanese investment in American real estate totaled $13.06 billion. investment of Each of us was required to put up a minimum investment of £5,000. 2 [countable] something that you buy or do because it will be useful later a good/sound investment The lessons cost me over £500, but I consider them a good investment. 3 [singular, uncountable] when you spend a large amount of time, energy, emotion etc on something a huge investment of time and effort COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1 : the use of money to get a profit or to make a business activity successful, or the money that is used VERBS make an investment (in something) We have made a huge investment in our website. attract investment The company is trying to attract investment from overseas. stimulate/encourage investment The government has cut taxes in order to stimulate investment. protect your investment It's best to invest in several funds, in order to protect your investment. recoup your investment (=get back the money that you have invested) Investors will have to take legal action to recoup their investment. ADJECTIVES a good investment Property is usually a good investment. a bad/poor investment The shares turned out to be a poor investment. a big/major/massive/huge investment Developing a new computer system is always a big investment for any organisation. a safe investment (=in which you are unlikely to lose money) Electricity shares are still a safe investment. a wise investment (=very sensible) A pension might be a wise investment. a risky investment (=in which you are likely to lose money) Risky investments usually have higher yields. foreign/overseas investment The government is eager to attract foreign investment to fund building projects. a long-term investment (=one that will give you profit after a long time) Buying a house is a long-term investment. a short-term investment (=one that will give you profit in a short time) Interest rates will be cut on short-term investments. private investment (=investment by private individuals) Public expenditure in declining areas will attract future private investment. public investment (=investment by the government or state) There have been drastic cuts in public investment in housing. capital investment (=investment in machines, equipment etc) A huge capital investment will have to be made to maintain the buildings. INVESTMENT + NOUN an investment scheme British English, an investment program American English: Most investment schemes are subject to tax. an investment opportunity She took advantage of a unique investment opportunity. an investment adviser He has served as an investment adviser for several major banks. an investment banker He is an investment banker at a prestigious Wall Street firm. investment income (=money that you earn from your investments) The rate of taxation on investment income is set to increase. investment funds The city is in a good position to attract new investment funds. PHRASES the (rate of) return on an investment (=profit from an investment) We expect a high return on our investment. a good/sound investment • A superb gift and a good investment! • In popular mythology, gold is regarded as a good investment. • Having your neck and shoulders rubbed, or better still a full body massage, is a good investment. • With regard to second-hand values, a good pipe organ is a better investment than an electronic instrument. • Anything you can do to keep it consistently positive is a good investment. • Hank told me this car was a good investment. • But he knew it was a good investment. From Longman Business Dictionary in‧vest‧ment /ɪnˈvestmənt/ noun 1[countable, uncountable] when money is put into a business in order to make it more successful and profitable, or the money that is put into a business tax cuts aimed at stimulating investment More investment is also needed to develop the food-processing industry in rural areas. investment in The Postal Service has made an extremely large investment in automated technology. Investment in manufacturing has fallen by 18.8 percent in the past year. Mr Olsen founded the company with a $70,000 investment in 1957. Return on investment (ROI) or return on capital (ROC) is the amount of profit received on an investment in relation to the amount of money invested. If someone disinvests from an activity or area of business, they stop investing in it. If someone divests, they reduce the number of their investments by selling them. If someone diversifies, they put money into several different types of investment instead of only one or two. 2[countable] something you buy, such as shares, bonds, or property, in order to make a profit Bondholders favor lower interest rates because they increase the worth of their investments. We plan to buy some property as an investment. The top rate of taxation on investment income (=income from investments) reached 98 percent. 3[countable] an amount of money that you invest investment of Some international funds demand a minimum initial investment of only $1,000 or even less. They want a good return on their investment. 4[uncountable] when you buy shares, bonds, property etc in order to make a profit They derived their wealth from investment in property.

economy

ɪˈkɒnəmi $ ɪˈkɑː-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun (plural economies) 1 [countable] the system by which a country's money and goods are produced and used, or a country considered in this way a successful economy the slowdown in the Japanese economy Grammar You say the economy when talking about the economic system in a particular country: Tourism is an important part of the economy. ✗Don't say: Tourism is an important part of economy. 2 [countable] something that you do in order to spend less money The council must make economies to meet government spending targets. Not insuring your belongings is a false economy (=it is cheaper but could have bad results). 3 [uncountable] the careful use of money, time, goods etc so that nothing is wasted The gas fire was turned low for reasons of economy. The company announced that it would cut 500 jobs as part of an economy drive (=a way to save money). COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + ECONOMY strong/healthy/sound The new government inherited a strong economy. weak/ailing/depressed The economy is weak and consumer confidence is low. fragile (=weak and likely to become worse) The country's fragile economy depends almost exclusively on tourism. stable (=steady, rather than being strong then weak) The economy has been relatively stable for the last two or three years. stagnant (=bad and not progressing or improving) Measures aimed at reviving the stagnant economy are not working. a flagging economy (=starting to become weaker) The government must take action to boost the flagging economy. a booming economy (=extremely strong and successful) What can we learn from China's booming economy? the world/global economy Rising oil prices threaten the world economy. the local/national/domestic economy (=in one particular country or area) The new factory has given a massive boost to the local economy. the British/American/Japanese etc economy The Japanese economy is showing signs of recovery. a large/powerful economy the world's two most powerful economies a small economy Small economies like Kenya might struggle to survive in a global recession. a developing economy (=one that is getting stronger and starting to include more modern industries) Many developing economies are investing in sources of renewable energy. an industrial economy (=one that is based mainly on industries producing goods or materials) Expectations for growth in the main industrial economies remain low. an agricultural/a rural economy (=one that is based mainly on farming) The early 1920s saw a rapid expansion in the American agricultural economy. a service economy (=one that is based mainly on selling services such as insurance or tourism) Britain has shifted from a manufacturing to a service economy. a market/free-market economy (=based on companies producing and selling products freely, without restrictions) Eastern European countries were gradually making the transition to a market economy. a capitalist/socialist economy (=based on a capitalist or socialist political system) the large capitalist economies of western Europe the black economy especially British English (=business activity in which people buy and sell goods illegally, without paying tax) Illegal immigrants have to seek work in the black economy. VERBS manage/handle the economy Governments are judged on how well they manage the economy. develop/expand the economy The tax cut should help to expand the economy. boost the economy (=make it stronger) It is hoped that the Olympic Games will boost the country's economy. harm/damage the economy (=make it less successful) Sanctions have damaged the economy. destroy the economy The floods last year destroyed the region's economy. the economy develops/expands/grows (=becomes more successful) The economy grew by 3% last year. the economy booms (=becomes very successful very quickly) The economy is booming and share prices are at an all-time high. the economy slows down The US economy is slowing down after a long period of growth. the economy recovers (=returns to normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty) The economy is beginning to recover from the recession. USAGE: Economy, economics Don't confuse economy (=a country's economic system) and economics (=the study of how money is produced and used). You say: He is studying economics. ✗Don't say: He is studying economy. adjective [only before a noun] 1an economy fare, hotel etc is cheaper than other things of the same type You can choose from a range of economy and medium-priced hotels. 2an economy-size product or packet contains more than a normal one and is cheap compared to the normal size product a large economy-size packet of detergent

subsidy

ˈsʌbsədi/ ●○○ AWL noun (plural subsidies) [countable] money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc trade/agricultural etc subsidies international disagreement over trade subsidies (The top students go to state subsidized universities the rest pay higher fees at private colleges) From Longman Business Dictionary sub‧si‧dy /ˈsʌbsədi/ noun (plural subsidies) [countable] money that is paid by a government or organization to make something such as a particular food or product cheaper to buy, use, or produce Billions of dollars were given out in agricultural subsidies. • The Commission official insisted these loans were repayable with interest, and did not constitute a subsidy. • But donations to help elect or defeat political candidates have been denied such a subsidy since 1954. • One delegate likened Mr Gummer's motion to abolish subsidies on agricultural production to turkeys voting for Christmas. • US farmers are having trouble coping with the reductions in agricultural subsidies. • Farm subsidies totaled $53 billion last year. • Federal subsidies would be available to help employers pay the insurance premiums. • Lacking the generous subsidies that European orchestras receive, modern American groups are under increasing pressure to play popular pieces.

economist

ɪˈkɒnəmɪst $ ɪˈkɑː-/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable] someone who studies the way in which money and goods are produced and used and the systems of business and trade Examples from the Corpus economist • The Labour Ministers were educated in the language and concepts of Keynesian economics by the academic economists in the government. • The theories which sociologists and economists use to explain business life are almost entirely at odds with one another. • It is not for economists, however, to be put off by a paucity of data. • If economists did nothing but study events, they would be merely irrelevant. • Elliott Platt, economist with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, thinks such a recession will take hold in the fourth quarter. • Their version of an improved world may be very different from that of the economist oriented towards the expansion of industrial production. Economist, The trademark a British weekly magazine which reports business news and has articles about the economic situation in the UK and other countries, about large companies etc. It is read especially by business people. From Longman Business Dictionary e‧con‧o‧mist /ɪˈkɒnəməstɪˈkɑː-/ noun [countable] someone who studies the way in which wealth is produced and used in an area Many economists believe the recession is ending. E‧con‧o‧mist /ɪˈkɒnəməstɪˈkɑː-/ noun The Economist a British weekly magazine that deals with business, economics, and politics

establishment

ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable] formal an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc a first-class training establishment 3 [uncountable] the act of starting an organization, relationship, or system establishment of the establishment of NATO in 1949 COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc ADJECTIVES an educational establishment (=a school, college etc) It's a large educational establishment with over 2,000 pupils. a medical establishment (=a hospital) New employees must undergo an examination at a medical establishment nominated by the Company. a nuclear establishment (=a place where electricity is produced from nuclear fuel) Local people are against having a nuclear establishment on their doorstep. a catering establishment (=a restaurant, cafe etc) She runs a successful catering establishment in Leeds. a modest establishment formal (=a small business, shop etc) Mineo's Pizza House is a modest but busy establishment just off the High Street.

unprecedented

ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ ●○○ AWL adjective never having happened before, or never having happened so much He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumours were false. Crime has increased on an unprecedented scale. unprecedented in an event that is unprecedented in recent history ► see thesaurus at unusual —unprecedentedly adverb (Unprecedented growth) • It receives an unprecedented 18 percent increase for this year. • During the 1920's the number of Scots who made the journey across the Atlantic to the United States was unprecedented. • As an earnest of their firm intentions they have been consolidating flights in December, which is unprecedented. • Not everyone celebrates the unprecedented alliance. • The scale of the shock was in any case unprecedented, and most of the world was forced off the gold standard. • How can an unprecedented association of nations which come together voluntarily govern itself effectively, responsibly and responsively? • The Zone covers 300 acres which, for the next twelve years, will offer unprecedented benefits for industrialists and investors. • An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the town. • There has been an unprecedented demand for second-hand furniture.

item

ˈaɪtəm/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL noun 1 [countable] a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things He opened the cardboard box and took out each item. The store is having a sale on furniture and household items. item on the agenda/list/menu We went on to the next item on the agenda. item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc (=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc) luxury items such as exotic spices and perfumes The original 1965 bottle is now a collector's item (=one of a set of objects people like to collect because they are interesting or valuable). ► see thesaurus at thing 2 [countable] a single, usually short, piece of news in a newspaper or magazine, or on television I also saw that news item in the Sunday Times. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1 : a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things ADJECTIVES/NOUN + ITEM a particular item A local authority can decide whether a particular item of expenditure should be cut. a single/individual item This is the largest amount ever paid for a single item of jewellery. an essential/important item Salt was an important item in the Roman economy. a household item The shop stocks a wide variety of household items. a consumer item Import controls have been lifted on hundreds of consumer items. a luxury item Tea and coffee, once luxury items, became standard drinks for every social class. a collector's item (=something a collector would want to own because it is interesting or valuable) This record is so rare that it has become a collector's item. stolen items The police have recovered most of the stolen items. the offending item (=something that is causing a problem - often used humorously) Replacement of the offending item should solve the problem. miscellaneous items (=of lots of different types) The cardboard box contained a number of miscellaneous items. PHRASES an item of clothing She'd bought a few items of clothing for her trip. an item of jewellery British English, an item of jewelry American English Expensive items of jewellery should be insured. an item of furniture A few items of furniture had not yet been delivered. an item of food/a food item Ice cream was probably her favourite item of food. an item of vocabulary/a vocabulary item (=a word or expression) Students are encouraged to write down useful vocabulary items in their notebooks. an item on the agenda/list/menu The next item on the agenda is next month's sales conference. a range of items (=different types of items) Clay was used to make an impressive range of items.

ailing

ˈeɪlɪŋ/ adjective [usually before noun] 1 an ailing company, organization, or economy is having a lot of problems and is not successful the ailing car industry 2 formal ill and not likely to get better Examples from the Corpus ailing • It may also come to the rescue of ailing banks. • The government is trying to boost the ailing economy by converting the defence industry to civilian production. • Smith transformed GM's ailing European operations in the '80s. • He's taking care of his ailing mother. • The traveller, we now discover, is a young man whose ailing parents want him to stay within reach. • Later in marriage a particularly keen sense of commitment may be felt towards aged or ailing parents. • Puppies will herd hens in a farmyard, just as a pack of wolves will encircle an ailing prey. • It also owns an insurance company, Fata, and has a stake in an ailing private bank. • It can repair the shattered beliefs and, sometimes, the ailing soul of an organization gone awry. From Longman Business Dictionary ai‧ling /ˈeɪlɪŋ/ adjective in financial difficulty This may be the best cure for China's ailing industries. Many economists think the economy is still ailing.

household

ˈhaʊshəʊld $ -hoʊld/ ●●○ noun [countable] all the people who live together in one house SYN house A growing number of households have at least one computer. Families are classified by the occupation of the head of the household (=the person who earns the most money and is most respected in a house). (The article published in the LATimes.com revealed that 44% of households are in a financial situation that makes them vulnerable to be in a financial crisis. If one emergency happens, their financial standing will come crashing down on them.) • Seb found Boz tying some of the bulkier items of his household to the rear of his caravan. • a two-income household • If there were only one, that person could claim a discount, as could poorer households. • The Thomas household had five sons by the time Edward was ten years old. the head of the household • The father as the head of the household. • Rates are paid by the head of the household, and some households receive rate rebates. • One copy is for the head of the household to complete. • Of the remainder, only four were from homes where the head of the household was a non-manual worker. adjective [only before noun] 1 relating to looking after a house and the people in it SYN domestic household goods/products/items etc washing powder and other household products household chores • household appliances • household cleaning products household goods/products/items etc • It will automatically calculate, for example, what proportion of your income goes on things like the car and household items. • Water purification has become a major category of consumer interest, and new household products address that concern. • Some shoppers look for furniture, toys, books and household items as well. • Watch out for household products being used up too fast or appearing in places where they are not usually kept. • Prepare a small box or bag containing ordinary household items for each of the expected guests. From Longman Business Dictionary house‧hold1 /ˈhaʊshəʊld-hoʊld/ adjective connected with looking after a house and the people in it retailers of furniture, carpets, and household goods Video phones won't become a household appliance for a long time. household2 noun [countable] all the people who live together in one house The Labour Force Survey collects information from around 80,000 households. homes where the head of the household (=the person who earns the most money) is a non-manual worker

headquarters

ˈhedˌkwɔːtəz, ˌhedˈkwɔːtəz $ -ɔːrtərz/ ●●○ W3 noun (plural headquarters) [countable] (abbreviation HQ) 1 the main building or offices used by a large company or organization the headquarters of the United Nations 2 the place from which military operations are controlled the head office or main building of an organization The company moved its corporate headquarters to Houston.

capitalist

ˈkæpɪtl-ɪst/ ●○○ noun [countable] someone who owns or controls a lot of money and lends it to businesses, banks etc to produce more wealth The capitalist can give them nothing that they need. The difference between the two is the surplus value which the capitalist can extract from the workers.

payment

ˈpeɪmənt/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [countable] an amount of money that has been or must be paid You can make a payment in any bank. They fell behind on their mortgage payments. 2 [uncountable] the act of paying for something payment of There are severe penalties for late payment of taxes. payment in Most hotels here accept payment in dollars. Payment can be made by cheque or credit card. We do accept payment in instalments (=paying in small amounts over a period of time). She demanded payment in advance. in payment for something (=in order to pay for something) cheques received in payment for goods supplied on payment of something (=when an amount has been paid) Any item can be reserved on payment of a deposit. COLLOCATIONS VERBS make (a) payment He was supposed to make payments of $250 a month. receive (a) payment You will receive a cash payment on your 65th birthday. meet/keep up the payments (on something) (=be able to make regular payments) He was having trouble meeting the interest payments. fall behind on the payments (also fall behind with the payments British English) (=not make payments when you should) I'd run up nearly £4,000 in debt, and was beginning to fall behind with the payments. ADJECTIVES/NOUN + PAYMENT a monthly payment Home buyers have seen their monthly payments go up by more than 50 percent. a cash payment (=a payment in cash) He provided pills to athletes in return for cash payments. a down payment (=a small payment for something you are buying, when you will pay the rest later) We were able to put a down payment on an apartment. an interest payment (=a payment of interest on a loan) a mortgage payment (=a payment towards a loan on your house) Your mortgage payments could fall if interest rates drop. an interim payment (=a payment that is made before something is finished or settled) It may be reasonable for the builder to ask for interim payments as the work progresses. a bonus payment (=an additional payment because success has been achieved) The team had made illegal bonus payments to players.

profitable

ˈprɒfətəbəl $ ˈprɑː-/ ●●○ adjective producing a profit or a useful result OPP unprofitable The advertising campaign proved very profitable. a highly profitable business a profitable afternoon —profitably adverb Examples from the Corpus profitable • To finance the delays, the company took on a series of routine programming and trouble-shooting projects, which proved consistently profitable. • Many small hospitals are struggling to stay profitable. • It also is, very often, more profitable. • It's only in the last year that our business has become profitable. Before that we were just managing to cover our costs. • It is a profitable business but there is evidence of some slack time, perhaps this is a learning curve effect. • a profitable business • I had a very profitable conversation with Jack today. • We don't sell children's clothes any more - it wasn't profitable enough. • Whether such a small mass payback is economically profitable is far from obvious. • Observance of reasonable guidelines designed to encourage increased and profitable participation by Network members in cross-border transactions. • Co. in San Francisco said oil companies had been expected to turn in a highly profitable quarter. • The investments will only be profitable when the following conditions apply:. highly profitable • Indeed, the area serviced by the vast majority of our members remains highly profitable. • The aim is to produce beers that are sterile, have a long shelf life and are highly profitable. • Tuft denies Catania's contentions, although he concedes the company borrows heavily and is not highly profitable. • But they found no trace of the highly profitable illegal cargo that it was supposed to be carrying. • If you are seeking a highly profitable instant business, you will probably be disappointed-it does not exist. • Co. in San Francisco said oil companies had been expected to turn in a highly profitable quarter. • Slavery is, then, under certain conditions, a highly profitable system of exploitation. From Longman Business Dictionary prof‧it‧a‧ble /ˈprɒfətəbəlˈprɑː-/ adjective 1producing a useful result I thought the meeting was very profitable. 2producing a profit Innovation has made Sidek one of Mexico's most profitable companies. Recycling automotive plastics is profitable and good for the environment. Mutual Benefit's group health business has been its most profitable line (=activity).

saving

ˈseɪvɪŋ/noun 2 [countable] an amount of money that you have not spent, or an amount of something that you have not used The new engines will lead to savings in fuel. saving of This represents a saving of £60,000. All small companies will need to make savings if they are to survive. 3 [uncountable] when you save money rather than spend it make savings • A variety of difficulties were foreseen about the ability of fundholders to continue making savings. • This means choosing the right variety can play an important part in making savings further into the season. • Fundholders are uncertain about their ability to make savings year after year, particularly in an increasingly cost contained environment. • A reduction in its funding forced the company to make savings. From Longman Business Dictionary sav‧ing /ˈseɪvɪŋ/ noun 1[uncountable] the act of keeping money to use later rather than spending it We want to encourage saving and investment. 2[countable usually singular] an amount of something that you have not used or spent, especially compared with a larger amount that you could have used or spent This amount represents a considerable saving over last year's expenditure. saving of Recent pension-plan changes will make a saving of $400 million next year. 3savings [plural] money that is kept in a bank to be used later or invested, rather than spent Investors lost their life savings (=all the money they had saved during their life) when the bank collapsed.

viable

ˈvaɪəbəl/ ●○○ adjective 1 a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully viable alternative/proposition/option etc The committee came forward with one viable solution. economically/commercially/financially viable Will a hotel here be financially viable? ► see thesaurus at possible 2 technical able to continue to live or to develop into a living thing OPP non-viable viable seeds —viably adverb —viability /ˌvaɪəˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable] the long-term economic viability of the company COLLOCATIONS ADVERBS economically/commercially/financially viable New projects must be economically viable. NOUNS a viable alternative We want to make public transport a viable alternative to using cars. a viable option Moving the company was not a viable option. a viable proposition (=an idea that will work) Is this kind of tourism a viable proposition? a viable solution Perhaps the only viable solution is to merge the hospitals. a viable business He turned the farm into a viable business.

wealthy

ˈwelθi/ ●●○ adjective (comparative wealthier, superlative wealthiest) 1 having a lot of money, possessions etc SYN rich very/extremely/immensely/fabulously etc wealthy He left as a poor, working class boy and returned as a wealthy man. the wealthy nations of the world ► see thesaurus at rich

affluent

ˈæfluənt/ ●○○ adjective formal having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc SYN wealthy affluent families an affluent society/area etc the affluent Côte d'Azur ► see thesaurus at rich (Only a few percentages of people on earth are affluent while a majority of the world population is suffering from hunger, malnutrition, diseases, scarcity of housing, lack of pure drinking water and this list would go on and on. )

earnings

ˈɜːnɪŋz $ ˈɜːr-/ ●●○ noun [plural] 1 the money that you receive for the work that you do → salary, pay an employee's average weekly earnings He claimed compensation for loss of earnings. ► see thesaurus at salary 2 the profit that a company or country makes The company's earnings have dropped by 5% in the first quarter. Oil provides 40% of Norway's export earnings. COLLOCATIONS - Meanings 1 & 2 ADJECTIVES/NOUN + EARNINGS average earnings Average earnings for teachers are around $70,000. hourly/weekly/monthly earnings Some football players have weekly earnings of over £50,000. high earnings Professional people pay more tax, because of their higher earnings. low earnings a new government policy which is designed to help people on low earnings annual earnings His annual earnings are over £1 million. future earnings (=money that a person or company is likely to earn in the future) With serious injuries, the court may award substantial damages for loss of future earnings. quarterly earnings (=the amount a company earns during a three-month period) The bank will announce its quarterly earnings on January 17. first/second etc quarter earnings (=the amount a company earns during one of the four periods of three months that make up a financial year) The company's fourth quarter earnings are excellent. gross earnings (=before tax has been paid) You can usually borrow up to three times the value of your gross earnings per year. net earnings (=after tax has been paid) The company's net earnings have fallen over the last two years. export earnings (=money a company earns by exporting goods or services) Export earnings from oil bring valuable overseas currency into the country. VERBS earnings rise/increase Average earnings increased by 5 per cent last year. earnings fall (=become lower) The company's earnings fell by 21% in the fourth quarter. report earnings (=publicly state the amount of money a company has earned during a particular period) Many car manufacturers have reported disappointing earnings this year. PHRASES level of earnings (=the amount a person or company earns) He found he was having to work harder just to maintain his level of earnings. loss of earnings The insurance policy covers you for loss of earnings due to illness. growth in earnings (=an increase in the amount a person or company earns) The first part of this year has seen a substantial growth in earnings. From Longman Business Dictionary earn‧ings /ˈɜːnɪŋzˈɜːr-/ noun [plural] 1the money that a person receives for the work they do in a particular period of time He always thought he'd be satisfied even if his earnings didn't reach $20,000 a year. the gap between the gross earnings (=income before tax) of manual and non-manual workers 2the total amount that people receive for the work they do in a particular industry or economy in a particular period of time This month's figures on inflation, industrial production, average earnings (=the average amount that people earn) and unemployment are expected to show continuing economic weakness. 3the profit that a company makes in a particular period of time, or the total profits that companies make in a particular industry or economy in a particular period of time British Airways counts on North Atlantic flights for about half its earnings. This year, the steel industry's earnings should be higher with the completion of costly modernization programs. Few can match Quality's earnings growth of 40% per year over the past five years. 4buy earnings growth an investor buys earnings growth by buying shares that are quite cheap in relation to the amount of profit the company made in the previous year, hoping that the value of the shares will increase The company could buy earnings growth for its shareholders by buying ports overseas with its excess capital.

Interest

ˈɪntrɪst/ ●●● S2 W1 noun From Longman Business Dictionary in‧terest /ˈɪntrɪst/ noun 1[uncountable] an amount paid by a borrower to a lender, for example to a bank by someone borrowing money for a loan or by a bank to a depositor (=someone keeping money in an account there) Any spare cash is best put in a savings account where it will earn interest. US savings bonds will pay interest at 7.01% from May 1 through Oct. 31. interest on a period during which you only pay interest on the loan and make no capital repayments Some credit cards don't charge interest on unpaid balances. 2[countable] shares that you own in a company, or a part of a company that a person or organization ownsSYNHOLDING, STAKE interest in Highlands Gold Ltd holds a 30% interest in the mine. He acquired interests in a number of publishing companies. 4[countable] the possession of rights, especially to land, property etc The husband can release his interest in the legal estate to his wife.

shareholder

ˈʃeəˌhəʊldə $ ˈʃerˌhoʊldər/ ●○○ noun [countable] someone who owns shares in a company or business SYN stockholder Shareholders have been told to expect an even lower result next year. • The investigation was requested after criticisms of the chairman's statement and the accounts by a shareholder at a recent company meeting. • Caradon shareholders are entitled to retain an interim dividend of 4p a share. • For shareholders, it must have been like winning the pools. • The Van Leer Group Foundation, the only shareholder at present, plans to keep its majority for the coming years. • Some shareholders are unhappy with the running of the club and are concerned with the way the recent annual meeting was conducted. • How do salaries compare to distributions to shareholders? • It is another example of using shareholder resolutions to force a change in corporate policies. From Longman Business Dictionary share‧hold‧er /ˈʃeəˌhəʊldəˈʃerˌhoʊldər/ noun [countable] especially British English someone who owns shares in a companySYNSTOCKHOLDER AmE The bid was accepted by 90% of the shareholders. Dividends are paid to the shareholders each year if adequate profits are made. We are calling a shareholders' meeting. She is a 45% shareholder in the company. Institutional shareholders (=financial organizations such as banks and insurance companies) account for the great majority of shareholdings on the Stock Exchange.

Distribution

ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [uncountable] the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a planned way distribution of the distribution of aid supplies 2 [uncountable] when goods are supplied to shops and companies for them to sell a distribution centre 3 [countable, uncountable] the way in which something exists in different amounts in different parts of an area or group population distribution distribution of the highly unequal distribution of economic power From Longman Business Dictionary dis‧tri‧bu‧tion /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ noun 1[uncountable] the actions involved in making goods available to customers after they have been produced, for example moving, storing, and selling the goods The company plans to establish a network of central warehouses to make product distribution more efficient. General Motors Corp's Canadian sales arm will take over distribution of Saab cars in Canada. 2[uncountable] when a company's profits are divided up and given to shareholders in the form of dividends or new shares The company anticipates that about $1.20 to $1.25 a share will be available for distribution. → final distribution 3[uncountable] the way in which wealth is divided among people in a particular economy During periods of economic expansion, those who are in the top one-third of the income distribution will always benefit.

economical

ˌekəˈnɒmɪkəl, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ ●●○ AWL adjective 1 using money, time, goods etc carefully and without wasting any → economic A small car is more economical to run. good-quality clothes at economical prices ► see thesaurus at cheap The Unipot does the work of several saucepans, and is very economical. • Her movements were fluid, economical and beautiful to watch, like those of a good swimmer. • People should be encouraged to buy smaller, more economical cars with fewer toxic emissions. • We have a very economical heating system, so the bills aren't too high. • Maybe if the food had been less pedestrian and the cost more economical, I could have done just that. • Dreamy, deft and economical, it was born to prowl the airwaves. • I'd like to buy a car that is more economical on petrol.

economic

ˌekəˈnɒmɪk◂, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL adjective 1 [only before noun] relating to trade, industry, and the management of money → economy Economic growth is slow. the government's economic policy Economic reform is needed. In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down. ► see thesaurus at financial 2 an economic process, activity etc produces enough profit for it to continue SYN profitable OPP uneconomic It is no longer economic to run the service. ► Do not confuse with economical (=cheap or not wasteful). COLLOCATIONS NOUNS economic activity (=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area) This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity. economic growth/development (=when businesses become more successful) We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth. an economic slowdown/downturn (=when businesses become less successful) Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year. economic recession (=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy) People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession. an economic crisis (=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse) The country's economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices. economic recovery (=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing) There are now signs of economic recovery in the region. economic problems The country's continuing economic problems could lead to recession. the economic system (=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized) There are fears that the country's whole economic system could collapse. an economic policy (=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area) Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government's economic policy. economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it) The government agreed to a programme of economic reform. the economic climate (=the general economic conditions in a country or area) In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less. economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes) The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime. economic performance (=how well a company, country, or economy is doing) How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years? economic factor (=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation) Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime. an economic indicator (=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future) The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline.

compensation

ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən $ ˌkɑːm-/ ●●○ AWL noun 1 [uncountable] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damaged compensation for compensation for injuries at work compensation from She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property. in compensation The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation. as compensation The workers were given 30 days' pay as compensation. People who are wrongly arrested may be paid compensation. demand/seek/claim compensation The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug. award/grant compensation The court awarded Jamieson £30,000 compensation. 2 [countable, uncountable] something that makes a bad situation better One of the few compensations of losing my job was seeing more of my family. by way of compensation (=in order to make a situation better) By way of compensation he offered to take her out for a meal. 3 [countable, uncountable] when someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of something compensation for Linda's aggressiveness is just a compensation for her feelings of insecurity. as compensation (for something) Lip-reading can act as compensation for loss of hearing. 4 [uncountable] American English the money someone is paid for doing their job SYN remuneration COLLOCATIONS VERBS pay somebody compensation Passengers will be paid compensation if their baggage is lost or damaged. receive compensation Some people have received compensation from the government for the loss of their homes. be awarded compensation (=be given it) Many victims have been awarded compensation by the courts. claim compensation (=ask for it because you have a right to it) You can claim compensation for unfair dismissal from your job. seek compensation (=try to get it) Survivors of the rail disaster are seeking compensation. demand compensation (=ask for it in an angry way) Political prisoners are demanding financial compensation. fight for compensation (=try hard to get it) Alan, who hurt his back and hasn't worked since, is still fighting for compensation. offer compensation The health authority offered compensation to the families. ADJECTIVES financial compensation You may wish to claim financial compensation. full compensation (=fully covering the loss, damage etc) Full compensation is only paid very rarely. partial compensation (=partly covering your loss, damage etc) The woman received partial compensation of £5,000. COMPENSATION + NOUN a compensation claim He was seeking legal advice on a compensation claim. a compensation payment UK farmers may be in line for compensation payments. a compensation scheme (=system for providing compensation) There is a compensation scheme for radiation-linked diseases. award/grant compensation • He can not alter a departmental decision or award compensation but may suggest an appropriate remedy to the appropriate Minister. • The Resident Magistrate said he had considered the matter of compensation but had decided not to award compensation. by way of compensation • Damages are awarded by way of compensation to the plaintiff for the loss suffered. 2. as compensation (for something) • In January 1994, he agreed to give free concerts as compensation for a previous conviction on drunken driving charges. • What they asked for as compensation, considering the agony they were about to be put through, was pitiful enough. • In addition, he was ordered to pay large sums of money to the government as compensation for his negligence. • Urge to build, to make, as compensation for anxieties of exile, he wrote. • Perhaps not, but plenty of people have sought power as compensation for their own feelings of inadequacy. • His portraits must in turn be considered an important constituent in their power, as compensation for their more corporeal weaknesses. • Such payments would come within para 10 of the Statement as compensation for loss of office rather than in anticipation of retirement. • Henry Fox secured a secret service pension for him of £1,200 a year as compensation. From Longman Business Dictionary com‧pen‧sa‧tion /ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃənˌkɑːm-/ noun [uncountable] 1an amount paid to someone because they have been hurt or harmed Mr Lewis was awarded $75,000 compensation for injuries suffered in the accident. The group will pay compensation to 800 people who have been made redundant. 2 abbreviation comp American English the total amount of money and other advantages that someone receives as an employee Japanese workers get 30% of their compensation in vacation pay and bonuses. The firm has agreed to a new compensation package for its chairman, including stock options worth $252 million.

contribution

ˌkɒntrəˈbjuːʃən $ ˌkɑːn-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable] something that you give or do in order to help something be successful contribution to/towards Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to Quantum Theory. The school sees its job as preparing students to make a contribution to society. significant/substantial/valuable etc contribution Wolko made outstanding contributions to children's medicine. 2 [countable] an amount of money that you give in order to help pay for something a campaign contribution contribution of A contribution of £25 will buy 15 books. contribution to/towards Contributions to charities are tax deductible. You can make annual contributions of up to $1,000 in education savings accounts. 3 [countable] a regular payment that you make to your employer or to the government to pay for things that you will receive when you are no longer working, for example health care, a pension etc income tax and national insurance contributions contribution to Have you been making regular contributions to a pension plan? 4 [countable] a piece of writing, a song, a speech etc that forms part of a larger work such as a newspaper, book, broadcast, recording etc contribution from a magazine with contributions from well-known travel writers a Christmas album featuring contributions from Carly Simon, Amy Grant, and others 5 [uncountable] when you give money, time, help etc All the money has been raised by voluntary contribution. COLLOCATIONS VERBS make a contribution I'd like everyone to make a contribution towards the discussion. acknowledge/recognize somebody's contribution (=say that you are grateful for what someone has done) He acknowledged the contribution of many individuals in developing the report. value somebody's contribution (=think that someone's contribution is important) They didn't seem to value my contribution. ADJECTIVES a major/great contribution Tourism makes a major contribution to the local economy. a positive contribution We want kids to grow up to make a positive contribution to society. a huge contribution This player has made a huge contribution to our club. a significant/important contribution All of you can make a significant contribution to the organization. a useful/valuable contribution I joined the society because I felt I could make a useful contribution. an invaluable/outstanding contribution (=extremely useful) He won the award for his outstanding contribution over many years. a vital contribution (=a very important one) Volunteers make a vital contribution in this country.

corporation

ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃən $ ˌkɔːr-/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 a big company, or a group of companies acting together as a single organization He works for a large American corporation. multinational corporations the Siemens Corporation corporation tax (=tax that companies have to pay on their profits) ► see thesaurus at company 2 an organization or group of organizations that work together for a particular purpose and are officially recognized as one the New Orleans Citywide Development Corporation a housing corporation 3 British English old use a group of people elected to govern a town or city SYN council Examples from the Corpus corporation • IBM is one of the biggest corporations in the world. • New town development corporations may also be able to assist in the ways described in ii. and iii. above. • Commercial paper is sold by large corporations. • She's just been appointed chief financial officer of a major corporation. • Within modern capitalist societies the monopoly corporations constitute the dominant class fraction. • a multinational corporation • The most distinctive institution of capitalist economies is the privately owned corporation. • And what worked for a partnership proved disastrous in a publicly owned corporation. • Increasing numbers of accounting graduates are working in private corporations. • U.S. corporations sold nearly $6.2 billion in new stock in May -- the highest monthly volume in history. • Within the corporation, George was something of a legend. corporation tax • It will also save Johnson Matthey advance corporation tax and provide funds for expansion. • In such a case the company may face corporation tax arising from the disposal of its chargeable assets. • The slump in profits has limited the scope for corporation tax offsets but economic recovery should help ease the problem. • The firm has to pay 1050 in corporation tax on the balancing charge and 5340 in capital gains tax. • It also offered a complete exemption of corporation tax for 10 years from the start of operations. • Let us now consider the effect of the corporation tax. • However, when the loan is repaid, the company is entitled to a refund of the corporation tax. • Because the money is not subject to corporation tax, the grants are, in effect, worth twice as much. From Longman Business Dictionary cor‧po‧ra‧tion /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃənˌkɔːr-/ written abbreviation corp. noun [countable] 1a large company or group of companies acting together as a single organization the Sony Corporation Mesa has completed its conversion from a partnership to a corporation. 2in Britain, a large company or a public organization the British Steel Corporation the Corporation of the City of London the British Broadcasting Corporation

Be in financial needs

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