First and Second Industrial Revolutions

First Industrial Revolution: Robert Owen

"Other reformers took an even more active approach. Shocked by the misery and poverty of the working class, a British factory owner named Robert Owen improved working conditions for his employees. Near his cotton mill in New Lanark, Scotland, Owen built houses, which he rented at low rates. He prohibited children under ten from working in the mills and provided free schooling. Then, in 1824, he traveled to the United States. He founded a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana, in 1825. He intended this community to be a utopia, or perfect living place. New Harmony lasted only three years but inspired the founding of other communities.

Second Industrial Revolution: Graham Bell

"was a teacher of deaf students who invented the telephone in his spare time. He displayed his device at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876.

Agricultural Revolution: enclosures

After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within these larger fields, called

Second Industrial Revolution: Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin was a naturalist, but a number of 19th- century thinkers tried to apply his ideas to economics and politics. The leader in this movement was Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher.​ Free economic competition, Spencer argued, was natural selection in action. The best companies make profits, while inefficient ones go bankrupt. Spencer applied the same rules to individuals. Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success, while the poor remained poor because they were unfit. This idea became known as Social Darwinism. It also provided a rationalization for imperialism and colonialism.

Second Industrial Revolution: Theory of Evolution

Darwin challenged the idea of special creation. Based on his research as a naturalist on the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle, he developed a theory that all forms of life, including human beings, evolved from earlier living forms that had existed millions of years ago.

First Industrial Revolution: date

1760 - 1870

Second Industrial Revolution: date

1870-1914

First Industrial Revolution: England: Luddites

19th-century English textile artisans who protested against newly developed labour-replacing machinery from 1811 to 1817

Second Industrial Revolution: Guglielmo Marconi

used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in 1895. This device was important because it sent messages (using Morse Code) through the air, without the use of wires. Primitive radios soon became standard equipment for ships at sea.

Second Industrial Revolution: Thomas Edison: inventions

electric light bulb, the phonograph, and motion pictures on the next page.

First Industrial Revolution: Utilitarianism

modified the ideas of Adam Smith. In the late 1700s, Bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism. Bentham wrote his most influential works in the late 1700s. According to Bentham's theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A government policy was only useful if it promoted this goal. Bentham believed that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state.

First Industrial Revolution: Jeremy Bentham

modified the ideas of Adam Smith. In the late 1700s, Bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism. Bentham wrote his most influential works in the late 1700s. According to Bentham's theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A government policy was only useful if it promoted this goal. Bentham believed that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state. Jeremy Bentham Women's rights Animal Rights Homosexuality should not be criminalized

Second Industrial Revolution: Wilbur and Orville Wright

solved the age-old riddle of flight. On December 17, 1903, they flew a gasoline-powered flying machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The longest flight lasted only 59 seconds, but it started the aircraft industry.

First Industrial Revolution: laissez faire

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses french meaning: let do Laissez-faire economics stemmed from French economic philosophers of the Enlightenment. They criticized the idea that nations grow wealthy by placing heavy tariffs on foreign goods. In fact, they argued, government regulations only interfered with the production of wealth. These philosophers believed that if government allowed free trade—the flow of commerce in the world market without government regulation—the economy would prosper.

Second Industrial Revolution: Luis Pasteur

the mid-1800s. While examining the fermentation process of alcohol, Pasteur discovered that it was caused by microscopic organisms he called bacteria. He also learned that heat killed bacteria. This led him to develop the process of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids such as milk. Soon, it became clear to Pasteur and others that bacteria also caused diseases.

Second Industrial Revolution: mass culture

the production of works of art and entertainment designed to appeal to a large audience. Changes Produce Mass Culture There were several causes for the rise of mass culture. Their effects changed life in Europe and North America. Notice in the chart on the next page how working class people's lives were changed by mass culture. The demand for leisure activities resulted in a variety of new pursuits for people to enjoy. People went to music performances, movies, and sporting events. Events:

First Industrial Revolution: England: negetive effects

-Poor working conditions -Poor living conditions (polution) -Poor sanitation -Disease spread -Child labor was used -Horrible conditions in coal mines -Lowest class (factory workers) decreased in wealth

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: Belgium

-Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain's new technology. -It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation. -As in the United States, British skilled workers played a key role in industrializing Belgium. -William Cockerill illegally made his way to Belgium in 1799. -His son John eventually built an enormous industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium. -It produced a variety of mechanical equipment, including steam engines and railway locomotives.

First Industrial Revolution: England: positive effects

-Created more jobs -Allowed women to work -Created technological advancements -Gave kids some public education -Strengthened middle class

First Industrial Revolution: England: transportation: inventions

-Improved steam engine (James Watt) -Steamboat (Robert Fulton) -Improved roads (John McAdam) -Railroad locomotive (Richard Trevithick)

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: United States

-Industrialization in the United States began in the textile industry -Britain had forbidden engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country -Samuel Slater emigrated to the United States -Slater built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design -Moses Brown opened the first factory in the United States to house Slater's machines in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Agricultural Revolution: Jethro Tull

-One of the first of these scientific farmers -Saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. -Solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701 -Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. -A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields.

Agricultural Revolution: Robert Bakewell

-Pioneered animal husbandry -The average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds

First Industrial Revolution: England: textiles: inventions

-Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) -Water frame -Flying shuttle (John Kay) -Water frame + Spinning Jenny = Spinning mule (Samuel Crompton) -Power loom (Edmund Cartwright)

Agricultural Revolution: rotating crops

-Started using four crop system -Improved upon older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system -Rotated type of plant to bring back nutrients

First Industrial Revolution: England: resources

-Water power and coal to fuel the new machines -Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings -Rivers for inland transportation -Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

First Industrial Revolution: Charles Fourier

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First Industrial Revolution: England: Reform Laws

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First Industrial Revolution: Union

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First Industrial Revolution: factors of production

1. Land 2. Workers 3. Capital

Agricultural Revolution: enclosures: effect

1. Landowners tried new agricultural methods 2. Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities and become factory workers

First Industrial Revolution: Why England

1. Natural resources 2. Strong economy 3. Surplus of workers 4. No damage to England during Napoleonic wars 5. Strong military 6. Pro-business government 7. Good banking system 8. Good educational system

First Industrial Revolution: England: transportation: railroad locomotive: effects

1. Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products 2. Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. These miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines. 3. The railroads boosted England's agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities. 4. By making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs. Also, railroads lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside. Like a locomotive racing across the country, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid and unsettling changes to people's lives.

First Industrial Revolution: Transform Society

Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the United States. Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic power. In contrast, the economies of Asia and Africa were still based on agriculture and small workshops. Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society, from daily life to life expectancy. Despite the hardships early urban workers suffered, population, health, and wealth eventually rose dramatically in all industrialized countries. The development of a middle class created great opportunities for education and democratic participation. Greater democratic participation, in turn, fueled a powerful movement for social reform.

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: Austria-Hungary

For a variety of reasons, many European countries did not industrialize. In some nations, the social structure delayed the adoption of new methods of production. The accidents of geography held back others. In Austria-Hungary and Spain, transportation posed great obstacles. Austria-Hungary's mountains defeated railroad builders. Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals.

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: Spain

For a variety of reasons, many European countries did not industrialize. In some nations, the social structure delayed the adoption of new methods of production. The accidents of geography held back others. In Austria-Hungary and Spain, transportation posed great obstacles. Austria-Hungary's mountains defeated railroad builders. Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals.

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: Germany

Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Instead, pockets of industrialization appeared, as in the coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. German manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management.

First Industrial Revolution: Spread: France

In France, sustained industrial growth occurred after 1830. French industrialization was more measured and controlled than in other countries because the agricultural economy remained strong. As a result, France avoided the great social and economic problems caused by industrialization. A thriving national market for new French products was created after 1850, when the government began railroad construction.

First Industrial Revolution: England: textiles

Industrial revolution started in the textile industry

First Industrial Revolution: Rise of Global Inequality

Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries, even while it strengthened their economic ties. To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands. In turn, industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.

Second Industrial Revolution: Charles Darwin

No scientific idea of modern times aroused more controversy than the work of English naturalist Charles Darwin. The cause of the controversy was Darwin's answer to the question that faced biologists: How can we explain the tremendous variety of plants and animals on earth? A widely accepted answer in the 1800s was the idea of special creation—every kind of plant and animal had been created by God at the beginning of the world and had remained the same since then.

First Industrial Revolution: England: transportation: railroad locomotive

Richard Trevithick -Won a bet of several thousand dollars. He did this by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive. George Stephenson -He had gained a solid reputation by building engines for mine operators -Built world's first railroad line -This spread all throughout England -Invented The Rocket (a really fast train) and entered it in a competition -13 ton load at 24 mph

Second Industrial Revolution: Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist; full name Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. He is best known for his studies on the conditioned reflex. He showed by experimenting with dogs how the secretion of saliva can be stimulated not only by food but also by the sound of a bell associated with food. Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1904).

First Industrial Revolution: England: putting-out system

The putting-out system is a means of subcontracting work. This was idea was used in corrodination of the cottage industry.

First Industrial Revolution: Karl Marx

The writings of a German journalist named Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism. Marx and Friedrich Engels, a German whose father owned a textile mill in Manchester, outlined their ideas in a 23-page pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto In their manifesto, Marx and Engels argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes. In their own time, these were the middle class "haves" or employers, called the bourgeoisie (BUR•zhwah•ZEE), and the "have-nots" or workers, called the proletariat (proh•lih•TAIR•ee•iht). While the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions. This situation resulted in conflict:

Second Industrial Revolution: Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison patented more than 1,000 inventions, including the light bulb and the phonograph. Early in his career, Edison started a research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Most of his important inventions were developed there, with help from the researchers he employed, such as Lewis H. Latimer, an African-American inventor. Indeed, the idea of a research laboratory may have been Edison's most important invention.

Second Industrial Revolution: Joseph Lister

a British surgeon, read about Pasteur's work. He thought germs might explain why half of surgical patients died of infections. In 1865, he ordered that his surgical wards be kept spotlessly clean. He insisted that wounds be washed in antiseptics, or germ-killing liquids. As a result, 85 percent of Lister's patients survived. Other hospitals adopted Lister's methods.

Second Industrial Revolution: Dmitri Mendeleev

a Russian chemist, organized a chart on which all the known elements were arranged in order of weight, from lightest to heaviest. He left gaps where he predicted that new elements would be discovered. Later, his predictions proved correct. Mendeleev's chart, the Periodic Table, is still used today.

First Industrial Revolution: England: cottage industry

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home

First Industrial Revolution: Adam Smith

a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. According to Smith, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. As a result, government should not interfere. Smith's arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics: the law of self-interest—People work for their own good. the law of competition—Competition forces people to make a better product. the law of supply and demand—Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Second Industrial Revolution: Sigmund Freud

also believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. In Freud's view, unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses shape behavior. He founded a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to deal with psychological conflicts created by these forces. Freud's theories became very influential. However, his idea that the mind was beyond conscious control also shocked many people. The theories of Freud and Pavlov challenged the fundamental idea of the Enlightenment—that reason was supreme. The new ideas about psychology began to shake the 19th-century faith that humans could perfect themselves and society through reason.

First Industrial Revolution: capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.

First Industrial Revolution: Socialism

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. French reformers such as Charles Fourier (FUR•ee•ay), Saint-Simon (san see•MohN), and others sought to offset the ill effects of industrialization with a new economic system called socialism. In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Socialism grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice. Socialists argued that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job. They argued that government control of factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries would end poverty and promote equality. Public ownership, they believed, would help workers, who were at the mercy of their employers. Some socialists—such as Louis Blanc—advocated change through extension of the right to vote.

First Industrial Revolution: Thomas Malthus

argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to kill off the extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable. The predictions of Malthus seemed to be coming true in the 1840s.

Second Industrial Revolution: Henry Ford

decided to make cars that were affordable for most people. Ford used standardized, interchangeable parts. He also built them on an assembly line, a line of workers who each put a single piece on unfinished cars as they passed on a moving belt. Assembly line workers could put together an entire Model T Ford in less than two hours. When Ford introduced this plain, black, reliable car in 1908, it sold for $850. As his production costs fell, Ford lowered the price. Eventually it dropped to less than $300. Other factories adopted Ford's ideas. By 1916, more than 3.5 million cars were traveling around on America's roads.

Second Industrial Revolution: Gregor Mendel

discovered that there is a pattern to the way that certain traits are inherited. Although his work was not widely known until 1900, Mendel's work began the science of genetics.