Flash cards 1

Cloud Computing

- A model that provides access to a shared pool of resources over a network, primarily Internet. - A model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided as a pool of virtualized resources over a network, primarily the internet.

Storage networking: SANs

- Can divide and replicate data among multiple linked physical drives or storage devices - Connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage. - A large central pool of storage is created, that multiple servers can rapidly access and share.

Forms of distributed processing

- Client/Server computing (2 tiered client/server architecture) - Multitiered Client/Server Network (n-tier client server architecture)

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

- Collection of web services that are used to build a firm's software systems. - Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application

Cloud Infrastructure as a service

- Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other resources from cloud service providers to run their own information systems. - Amazon Web Services has: 1.Simple storage Service that stores customer's data. 2. Elastic Compute Cloud service for running their applications

Workstations have more powerful_____ and______ than a PC.

- Mathematical and graphics-processing capabilities. - Used for advanced design or engineering work.

Supercomputer & are used in

- More sophisticated computer used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurments. - weather forecasting, engineering, scientific simulations, military weapons research

5 characteristics of cloud computing

- On-demand self-service - Ubiquitous network access(easy access with internet) - Location independent resource pooling (pooled to serve multiple users, user doesn't know where computing resources are located) - Rapid elasticity(resources can be easily provisioned based on demand) - Measured service (charges based on amount of resources used)

Virtualization

- Process of presenting a set of computing resources (computing power, storage) so they can be accessed in ways that are unrestricted by physical configuration or geographic location.

Data Management Technology

- Specialized software used to organize data. - Organizes, manages and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers and vendors

Client/Server Computing

- Splits processing between "clients" and servers"

Types of processing

- Stand alone computer processing. - Distributed processing - Centralized processing

Servers

- Used when your business has several networked computers &/or maintaims a website. - Support computer networking, sharing files and resources - Provide hardware platform for e-commerce. When special software is added they can fulfill a company's processing needs. -The more customers the business serves, the more servers it needs to avoid lagging.

Scalability

-Ability of system to expand to serve large number of users without breaking down. -A scalable IT infrastructure has the capacity to grow with the business as the size of a website &/or number of visitors increase.

Managing Mobile Platforms

-Balancing gains in productivity from equipping employees with work mobile devices vs the cost of integrating these devices into the firm's IT infrastructure an providing technical support. -Types available: a. BYOD b. MDM (Mobile Device Management): Monitors, manages, back up, remove data and secures [company provided] mobile devices

Issues with Software

-Capacity Planning and Scalability -TCO(Total Cost of Ownership) of Technology Assets -Own or Lease(rent) technology service providers -Managing Mobile platforms -Managing Software localization for global businesses

IT infrastructure includes

-Computer Hardware -Computer Software -Data Management Technology -Networking and telecommunications technology -Technology Services

Grid Computing

-Connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to act as "VIRTUAL SUPERCOMPUTER" that possesses all the combined computational power of all computers on the grid. -By using the combined power of thousands of PC's, it can solve complicated problems at supercomputer speed at a lower cost.

Virtualization enables

-Enables single physical resource(a server or storage device) to appear to the user as multiple resources. A single server can act like many machines, it can be used to get ticket info from providers but then it can change to be used to sell tickets to customers. -Enables multiple physical resources(plural storage devices or servers) to appear to the user as a single logical resource. SAN's and Grid computing. -Enables companies to host multiple systems on single machine, which helps organizations increase equipment usage rates, conserve data center space and energy usage.

Magnetic Disk

-Hard drives, USB flash drive -Solid State Drives (SSDs)

Examples of input devices

-Keyboard -Computer Mouse -Touch Screen -Digital Scanner -Optical Character Recognition -Magnetic Inc Character

Mainframes & ex.

-Large capacity, high-performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. -Used by airlines to handle thousands of reservations per second

Managing software localization for global business

-Local Language Interfaces (language translator: english to ____) are costly -Differences in local cultures -Differences in business processes (All above factors add to TCO of using technology service providers)

Second (memory) storage technologies [after hardware]

-Magnetic Disk -Optical Disks -Magnetic Tapes -Storing Networking: SANS

Examples of Output Devices (3)

-Monitor (flat-panel, CRT) -Printer (impact, nonimpact) -Audio Output

Software Trends

-Open Source Software -Cloud-based software and tools [SaaS]

Own or Lease(rent) Technology service providers

-Outsourcing: Hire a firm that is good in IT infrastructure maintenance & development, so you don't have to worry about capacitating a new employee to do it. -Using cloud services: *small & medium business can rent IT infrastructure hardware & software [to avoid expenses of maintaining hardware and software on their own] because it's cheaper to rent then to try to make they're own *big businesses have enough $$ to invest and make their own IT infrastructure.

Types of Computers

-Personal computer(PC) -Mobile device -Workstation -Mainframe -Supercomputer -Grid computing

Green Computing

-Practices and technologies for designing, making, using and disposing of computer hardware(computers, servers, monitors, printers, storage devices) used to minimize impact on the environment by reducing computer power consumption.

Capacity Planning

-Process of predicting when hardware system becomes saturated. -Ensuring firm has enough computing power for current and future needs

Distributed processing

-Processing with the help of multiple computers linked by a communications network.

Servers

-Store and process shared data and perform network management activities -Provides the client with the service

Types of Software

-System Software: Controls access to the hardware -Application Software:

Clients

-User point of entry-desktop/ laptop. -Request the service

Quantum Computing

-Uses principles of quantum physics to represent data and perform operations on the data, processing is millions of times faster than current high-speed processing.

The principal technologies for promoting green computing

-Virtualization (which saves power) isn't physically tangible -Power Reduction= Key for Green Computing

Multi-tiered Client/ Server Architecture (N-tier)

-Work of the entire network is balanced over several levels of servers, depending on the service being requested. -Servers (2): *Web server:will serve a webpage to a client in response to a request for service from the client. Responsible for locating and managing stored web pages. *Application server: Clients interact directly ONLY with this server when he/she makes a search on webpage. Client is requesting access [wants to know price of a shirt] to a corporate system[which has all the products list and they're respective prices].

Primary key & key field & foreign key

-key field: a field that uniquely identifies each record so that the record can be retrieved, updated, or sorted. Ex. 2763 primary key: one field/column designated in every database; unique identifier for all the information in any row of the table, cannot be duplicated. Es. Student ID -Foreign key: copy of an entity's/tables' primary key, called foreign key. Look up field.

Factors of Capacity Planning

1) Maximum number of users that the system can accommodate at a time 2) Impact of current & future software applications 3) Performance measures: minimum response time for processing business transactions

High-performance and power-saving processors

1) Multi-core Processor 2) Power-efficient Processor

3 type of cloud computing services

1. IaaS: Cloud Infrastructure as a service. Amazon Web Services 2. Saas: Cloud Platform as a Service. IBM Bluemix & saleforce.com 3. Paas: Cloud Software as a Service. Google Apps and salefore.com

System Software consists of

1. Operating system (OS): manages and controls the computer's activities; controls the way users interact with with the computer: a. Computer: Mac, Windows 10: system software, windows server, UNIX [business pay $ to use), Linux [free] b. Mobile: IOS [ex. Apple IOS,Android IOS] 2. Language translator: Converts programming language into machine language that can be understood by computer. 3. Utility programs: Perform common processing tasks like copying, sorting.

Contemporary Hardware Trends (7)

1. The Mobile Digital Platform 2. Consumerization of IT and BYOD 3. Nanotechnology and Quantum Technology 4. Virtualization 5. Cloud Computing 6. Green Computing 7. High Performance and Power-Saving Processors

File/table

A group of records pf the same type. Ex. Student table

Database

A group of related files/tables.

Web Services

A set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal web communication standards and languages. Exchanging information between two different systems regardless of the operating systems or programming languages which the systems are based.

Centralized Processing

All processing is done on one large central computer; rarely used anymore.

1.b BYOD (Bring your own device)

Allow employees to use their own personal mobile phones instead of company provided phones.

Optical Disks

CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-RW

Entity relationship diagram

Clarifies relationships in a relational database: one-to-one one-to-many many-to-many: you add a line table so you only have one-to-many relationships

Stand alone computer

Computer with no internet connection; w so it can't access software programs such as Mozilla, Firefox, etc.

Modem

Converts analog digital signals to analog

Cloud platform as a service

Customers use infrastructure and programming tools supported by the cloud service provider to develop and test their own built applications.

Cloud software as a service

Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor's cloud infrastructure and delivered over a network. - Google Apps: provide business applications over the internet only. - salesforce.com leases(rents) customer relationship management and related software service sover the internet.

Personal Computer (PC)

Desktop, laptop. For a small (3 ppl.) or a one person business.

Open Source Software

Developed by a community of programmers around the world, who make their programs available to users. Users can use software as is, or modify it.

Automatic Computing

Development of Systems that can configure themselves, heal themselves; for example, self- updating antivirus software

Output Devices

Display data after they have been processed

Hidden costs

Downtime, support staff, additional network management

Multi-Core Processor (2 or more processors)

Enhanced Performance and reduced power consumption

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Foundation technology for web services

Input Devices

Gather data and convert them into electronic form

Proxy Server/VPN: Virtual Private Network

Gets over firewall restrictions some countries (China) have by hidding your real IP address and assigning you a fake IP address in a country where social medi ais not restricted.

Direct Costs

Hardware software purchase costs

Power-Efficient Processors

Low Power Consumption essential in mobile computing

Indirect Costs

Maintanance, training, ongoing administration costs, upgrades, technical support, utility and real estimate costs

1.a Consumerization of IT

New technology that emerges(were made for) in consumer market first then spreads(were adopted by) into business organizations. Ex.: gmail [trinity.edu], facebook.

Magnetic Tape

Old storage technology that stores large quantities of data sequentially but at a slow speed.

Relational Database

Organizes data into 2 dimensional tables (called relations) with columns and rows. Each table contains data about an entity and its attributes. You have several tables, you find the relationship between all tables; which are the repeated column/fields; you need to determine if its a one-to-one or a one-to-many relationship

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

Page description language for specifying how elements are placed on a Web page and for creating links to other pages and objects

Entity

Person, place, or thing on which we store info. on. Ex. Student, Order, Product, Order line

Memory is

Primary (RAM)

IT infrastructure

Provides platform for supporting all information systems in the business

Referential integrity

Rules to ensure that relationships between tables remain consistent.

Cloud-based software and tools

SaaS: Software is donwloaded and the serive is delivered over the internet -Mashups: Interchangable software components(applications) that integrate freely with other applications on internet. Ex. incorporated google maps into your website -Apps: Small specialized software programsthat run on your computer, phone, tablet, TV and are generally delivered over the internet.

A typical SAN consists of a

Server, storage devices and networking devices

Attriibutes

Specific characteristics each entity has. Ex. Entity Order: Order ID, product # Entity Student: LastName, FirstName, StudentNumber, address

SAN is used strictly for

Storage

Application Software

The user interacts with the application software. 1. Programming languages: C, C++, Java, Ruby, Python 2. Software packages & desktop productivity tools: a. Software Suite:Microsoft Suite(Word, Excel, Powerpoint) [desktop productivity tools bundles together as a software suite. b. Web browser: Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer [used for displaying web pages and for accessing the web and other internet resources]

How can TCO be reduced?

Through increased centralization, standardization of hardware and software resources

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Model

Used to analyze direct, indirect & hidden costs to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology.

Nanotechnology

Uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.

Dollar Rent-A-Car uses ___ to link it'a online booking system with southwest airlines website;to provide a standard intermediate layer of software to "talk" to other companies' information systems, without having to [share data between themselves] build a separeate link to each firm's systems. A person can reserve a car without leaving Southwest's website.

Web Services

bytes

a group of bits, represents a single character i.e. letter, number, symbol

record/rows

a group of related fields/columns that describes a student's: LastName, FirstName, StudentNumber; rows are referred to records. Ex Charlie, Henry, 3749

field/columns

grouping of characteristics into a word, a group of words, or a complete number; in a relational database fields are called columns. Ex. LastName, FirstName, StudentNumber

bit

represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle

database mgmt. system software (DBMS)

specific type of software for creating, storing, accessing, and administering data from a database; microsoft SQL server is used for large mainframes and midrange computers. Ex. Access & SQL

how a computer system organizes data

starts with bits and bytes, progresses to fields, records, files and databases