Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance

decreases

As water is absorbed by the digestive tract, the osmolarity of the body fluids ______ toward normal.

osmolarity, osmosis

By their presence in body fluids, electrolytes help create the _____ of these fluids and help regulate the _____ of water between water compartments.

urine, sweat, feces

Electrolytes are lost from the body in _____, _____, and _____.

higher

Electrolytes are present in urine when their blood levels are _____ than the body's need for them.

decrease, increase

If there is too much water in the body, the secretion of A.D.H. will _____ and urinary output will _____.

thirst, drink fluids

In a state of dehydration, a person experiences the sensation of _____ and will _____, to relieve it.

acid, base

In the protein buffer system, an amino acid may act as either an ____ or a ____.

decrease

In this situation, A.D.H. effects will cause urinary output to _____.

In a state of dehydration

In what type of situation is A.D.H. secreted?

aldosterone

Increases the excretion of potassium by the kidneys.

ANP

Increases the excretion of sodium by the kidneys.

parathyroid hormone

Increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bones to the blood.

aldosterone

Increases the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys.

calcitonin

Increases the removal of calcium and phosphorus from the blood and into the bones.

sodium dihydrogen, sodium monohydrogen phospahte

The phosphate buffer system consists of the weak acid ______ and the weak base ______.

respiratory acidosis

More H+ ions are produced.

inorganic, salts, acids, bases

Most electrolytes are ______ molecules that include _____, _____, and _____.

1. Kidneys 2. Respiration 3. Buffer systems

Number the pH-regulating mechanisms in order of their greatest capacity (NOT SPEED) to correct an ongoing pH balance.

neutral

On the pH scale, a value of 7.0 is considered ______.

amine, hydrogen

The _____ group of amino acid acts as a base because it can pick up an excess _______ ion from the intracellular fluid.

carboxyl, hydrogen

The _______ group of an amino acid acts as an acid bacuse it can donate a _________ ion to the intracellular fluid.

carbonic acid, sodium bicarbonate

The bicarbonate system consists of the weak acid ______ and the weak base _____.

liquid

The body's major source of water is _____.

strong, will not

The chemicals of a buffer system react with ______ acids or bases to change them to substances that ______ have a great effect on pH.

osmolarity

The concentration of dissolved materials present in a fluid.

increase the reabsorption of water

The function of A.D.H. is to _____ by the kidneys.

aldosterone

The hormone _____ is produced by the adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney tubules.

antidiuretic hormone, posterior

The hormone _____ is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the _____ pituitary gland.

urinary, urine

The major pathway of water loss from the body is by way of the _____ system in the form of _____.

intracellular fluid

The most abundant cation is potassium, and the most abundant anions are phosphate and proteins.

tissue fluid

The most abundant cation is sodium, the most abundant anion is chloride, and there are few protein anions.

plasma

The most abundant cation is sodium, the most abundant anion is chloride, and there are many protein anions.

sodium, chloride

The most abundant electrolytes in sweat are _____ and _____.

6.8, 7.0

The normal intracellular fluid is ______ to _____.

blood

The normal pH range of tissue fluid is similar to that of _____ but is slightly more variable.

7.35, 7.45

The normal range of blood is _______ to _______.

respiratory acidosis

The pH of body fluids decreases.

respiratory alkalosis

The pH of body fluids increases.

rate and depth of respiration, buffer, kidneys

The pH of body fluids is regulated by three mechanisms: the ___________ in body fluids, the _______ system, and the _______.

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the _____.

central, peripheral

A state of alkalosis affects both the ______ and ______ nervous systems.

acid, base

A buffer system consists of two chemicals: a weak _____ and a weak _____.

acidic, basic

A pH below 7 is considered _____, and a pH above 7 is considered _____.

exercising, sweat

A secondary pathway of water loss is by way of ______, in the form of _____.

food

A secondary source of water is the water in _____.

cell respiration

A small amount of water is produced within the body as a product of the process of ______.

central nervous system

A state of acidosis has its greatest detrimental effects on the _______.

extracellular

All the water found outside cells is called _____ fluid.

negative

Anions are _____ ions.

excess hydrogen ions

Carbon dioxide affects the pH of body fluids because it reacts with water to form _________.

positive

Cations are ______ ions.

respiratory acidosis

Caused by a decrease in the rate or efficiency of respiration.

respiratory alkalosis

Caused by an increase in the rate of respiration.

respiratory alkalosis

Fewer H+ ions are produced.

equal

For healthy people, water intake should _____ water output.

chloride, bicarbonate

Give two examples of anions.

sodium, potassium

Give two examples of cations.

increases

How does aldosterone affect the reabsorption of water by the kidney?

fraction of a second

How long does it take for a buffer system to react to prevent a great change in pH?

usually within 1 to 3 minutes

How long does it take for the respiratory system to respond to changes in pH?

several hours to days

How long does it take the kidneys to respond to pH changes?

atrial natriuretic peptide, increase

If blood volume or blood pressure increases, the heart rate will produce the hormone _____, which will _____ the excretion of sodium ions and water.

water output

If fluid intake is excessive, however, _____ will increase to return the body's water content to normal.

increase water intake

If sweating increases, what must be done to compensate?

respiratory alkalosis

More CO2 is exhaled.

respiratory acidosis

More CO2 is retained within the body.

exhaled air, feces

Smaller amounts of water are also lost in _____ and ____.

acid-base regulation mechanism, enzymes

Some electrolytes are structural components of tissues, such as _____, or are part of proteins, such as _____.

blood plasma

Specific name for fluid found in blood vessels.

lymph

Specific name for fluid found in lymph vessels.

tissue fluid

Specific name for fluid found in tissue spaces between cells.

decreased rate or efficiency of respiration: emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles

State a specific cause of respiratory acidosis.

depression of impulses of transmission at synapses, confusion and disorientation, then lapses into a coma

State two possible consequences of acidosis.

increased synaptic transmission and irritability and muscle twitches which could lead to severe muscle spasms and convulsions.

State two possible consequences of alkalosis.

kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea, vomiting

State two specific causes of metabolic acidosis.

overingestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning

State two specific causes of metabolic alkalosis.

increased rate of respiration: anxiety, high altitude

State two specific causes of respiratory alkalosis.

1. When the sodium (Na+) ion concentration of the blood decreases. 2. When there is a significant decrease in blood pressure.

State two types of situations that stimulate secretion of aldosterone.

carbon dioxide

The respiratory system has an effect on pH of body fluid because it regulates the amount of _____ present in these fluids.

osmoreceptors

The specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids are called _____.

bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

The three buffer systems that help prevent drastic changes in the pH of the blood or other body fluids are the _______, _______, and ______ systems.

filtration, osmosis

The two processes by which water moves from one compartment to another within the body are _______ and _____.

intracellular, 2/3

The water found within cells is called ______ fluid and is about ______ (fraction) of the total body water.

basic, acidic

Therefore the pH of blood is slightly _____, and the pH of intracellular fluid is slightly ______.

cerebrospinal fluid

This specialized fluid is found around and within the C.N.S.

serous fluid

This specialized fluid is found between membranes such as the pleural membranes.

synovial fluid

This specialized fluid is found within joint cavities.

aqueous humor

This specialized fluid is found within the eyeball.

increase, more, decrease, raise

To compensate for a metabolic acidosis, the respiratory rate will ______ to exhale _____ CO2 to _______ the formation of H+ ions to ______ the pH toward normal.

hydrogen, sodium, bicarbonate

To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidneys will excrete _____ ions and will conserve _____ ions and ______ ions.

sodium, bicarbonate, hydrogen

To compensate for a state of alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete _____ ions and ______ ions and will conserve ______ ions.

decrease, less, increase, lower

To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory rate will _____ to exhale _____ CO2 to _______ the formation of H+ ions to ______ the pH toward normal.

greater

Water will move by osmosis to a compartment with a ______ concentration of electrolytes.

food, beverages

We take in electrolytes as part of _____ and ______.

positive and negative ions

When electrolytes are in water, they dissociate into their ______.

increases

When the body is dehydrated, the osmolarity of body fluids ______, because there is more dissolved material in proportion to water.