FN 50
When does most weight gain take place during pregnancy? Why? How much weight is gained per week?
-2nd and 3rd trimesters -Body fat increases to provide energy in the last trimester and for nursing. -About 1 lb/week
Percent that goes uneaten in America ________. Thats enough to fill the _______ ________ everyday.
-30-40% -Rose Bowl
Paula's office is notorious for having potlucks, although there is inadequate food storage area for all of the potentially hazardous foods her coworkers bring. To prove a point, Loraine brought a thermometer to today's potluck. She found the following temperatures. Which food(s) is/are in the danger zone? Check all that apply.
-A warm scalloped potato casserole at 132°F -A chilled macaroni salad made with mayonnaise at 55°F
What does the FDA regulate?
-All food products EXCEPT meat, fish, poultry, eggs -monitors interstate shipping of SHELLFISH -prohibits adulteration -prohibits misbranding -additives -inspects food processing, raw materials, labeling
Which of the following is a group (or groups) at increased risk for undernutrition?
-Children -Pregnant women -Infants
Diets high in potassium-rich foods: [select all correct answers]
-Have the potential to reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes -Have the potential to reduce the risk of developing hypertension. -Are preferred over supplementary sources of potassium due to a far lower risk of toxicity.
why is physical activity alone not the best way to lose weight?
-People tend to eat more when they become physically active. -Calories burned during physical activity do not equal those consumed.
Select the front of package food label claim categories that FDA allows.
-Structure/functioon claims -Nutrient claims -Health claims
Clara discovers that a lot of her calories come from carbohydrates. She initially decided to eliminate all carbohydrate from her diet, but her friend tells her that this is a poor decision. Mark the correct answers.
-The brain, nerve cells and red blood cells depend on glucose for energy -Carbohydrates provide fiber to reduce constipation
The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep energy intake low is to:
-choose foods with high nutrient density in each food group. -follow the principle of moderation in dietary intake. -use the principle of the discretionary calorie allowance to plan their diet.
Approximately what % of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
1%
The first ___________ days of life are the most important for nutrition & development (numerical answer, just enter the numeral).
1,000
Thermal Effect of Food (TEF)
10% daily energy expenditure
Select the correct combination of AMDR and RDA for protein. Assume a normal healthy adult who is not pregnant and not an athlete.
10-35% total kcal, 0.8 g/kg body weight
Physical Activity (PA)
15-30% daily energy expenditure
How many calories are in a food that contains 20 grams of carbohydrate, 8 grams protein, and 5 grams of fat?
157
______ of children are classified as obese.
17%
What percent of children in the US are classified as obese?
18.5%
The Daily Value amounts listed in the Nutrition Facts panel are based on a _____ calorie diet.
2,000
What is the AMDR for total fat?
20-35% total kcal
Percent of food that goes uneaten in America:
30-40%
To avoid dehydration and ensure adequate breast milk production, women who are breastfeeding should consume about _____cup(s) of additional fluid each day.
4
How much energy is in one gram of carbohydrate (starch)?
4 calories
How many calories per gram of carbohydrates?
4 calories per gram
How many calories per gram of protein?
4 calories per gram
How much energy is in one gram of protein?
4 kcal/g
At what point are infants ready for solid or semi-solid foods?
4-6 months of age
Select the correct AMDR and RDA for available (digestible) carbohydrate.
45-65% total kcal, > 130 g/day
Binge drinking is defined as _____ or more drinks at one time for men and _____ or more drinks at one time for women.
5,4
How many calories are in a food that has 15 grams of carbohydrates?
60 (Multiple 4 calories per gram by 15 grams =60 calories.)
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
60-75% daily energy expenditure
What percent of hospitalized older adults suffer from malnutrition?
65
How many calories per gram of alcohol?
7 calories per gram
How many calories are in a gram of fat?
9 calories per gram
What is the definition of nutrition?
A science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish and affect body functions and health
How much weight is gained in the first trimester of pregnancy?
About 2-4 lbs
What is anaerobic activity?
Activities usually 2 minutes or less that release energy in substrates without using oxygen. Examples: 100m Sprint, squats
What is aerobic activity?
Activities usually greater than 90 seconds that utilize oxygen to metabolize substrates from food to release energy. Examples: Treadmill 20 min, swimming a mile
Which of the following statements regarding physical activity is FALSE?
Adults should include strength training activities 4-5 times a week.
Empty (discretionary) calories come from:
Alcohol, added sugars, and solid fats.
Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?
Any allergic reactions can be detected
Which of following is NOT a recommended way of telling if a breastfed infant is getting enough to eat?
Applying a breastpump to see how much milk the mother has.
Hardening of the arteries due to a buildup of plaque is known as:
Atherosclerosis
Which would best reduce the potential for stigma against people with obesity in a news story?
Avoid headless images
Older adults nutrient needs increase for which of these micronutrients (mark all that apply):
B12 B6 Calcium
Which two micronutrients are sometimes lacking in vegan diets?
B12 and iron
Calorie needs of older adults decline. This is because with age most have decreases in:
Basal metabolic rate
Three nutrients young children need more of than adults:
Calcium, Iron and Vitamin D
A(n) _____________ is a unit of energy in food.
Calorie and kilocalorie
Match the macronutrient with the calories per gram. Answers may be used more than once.
Carbohydrates: 4 Fat/Lipids: 9 Protein: 4 Alcohol: 7 Vitamins: 0 Minerals: 0
What are the four components of BAC?
Clean, separate, cook, and chill
The deadliest of all bacterial food toxins is produced by
Clostridium botulinum
After birth, the first form of breastmilk is referred to as ___________?
Colostrum
During which trimester is it safe for a woman to drink alcohol socially?
Complete abstinence is recommended
When you eat a taco, the tortilla, meat, cheese, lettuce, and tomato are broken apart, releasing the nutrients and other food components they contain. This process is called
Digestion
femal athlete triad
Disordered eating, osteoporosis, amenorrhea
Protein is used as an energy source
During starvation.
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats to aid in their digestion
Refined grains include:
Endosperm
are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body.
Enzymes
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
Epiglottis
Which of the following statements about added sugars in our diet is TRUE?
Excessive added sugar intake can displace intake of other, more beneficial nutrients.
Nutrient content and health claims are approved by the:
FDA
A nutritionist and a registered dietitian-nutritionist means the same thing.
False
An elite athlete can train their muscles to burn fat for fuel during high-intensity, short-duration exercise rather than carbohydrate.
False
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) lists the nutrient intake required to meet the needs of 70% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
False
The first location of chemical and mechanical digestion is the stomach.
False
The first step in the scientific method is to develop a theory.
False is correct Right! Good job! The first step is to make an observation about a phenomenon and form a hypothesis.
What is the primary fuel used for aerobic activity?
Fat, glucose, and amino acids
Why do fat-soluble vitamins have greater risk of toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and in fat stores
Which of the following substances is not absorbed by the human body and are excreted?
Fiber
Which of the following nutrients is/are most commonly deficient during pregnancy?
Folate All of these are commonly deficient in pregnant women. Calcium Iron
Select a water-soluble [ Select ] ["Vitamin D", "Potassium", "Folate"] vitamin and a fat-soluble [ Select ] ["Vitamin C", "Vitamin D", "Niacin"] vitamin.
Folate Vitamin D
Women of childbearing age should consume _____ daily from fortified foods or supplements.
Folic acid
The _____ ensures the safety and quality of foods sold across state lines with the exception of red meat, poultry, and egg products.
Food and Drug Administration
HACCP
Food safety management system based on the idea that if significant biological, chemical, or physical hazards are identified at specific points within a product's flow through the operation, they can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to safe levels.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Fight Bac! campaign?
Freeze
All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of vitamin B12 except for the _____ group.
Fruit
Identify the secretion based on the following description: activates proteases in the stomach, kills bacteria, causes heart burn
Gastric acid
Which of the following does NOT influence whether or not someone gets sick from eating contaminated food?
Gender of the individual
GMO
Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism.
Which of the following statements about a woman who has gestational diabetes is FALSE?
Gestational diabetes is common in women who are underweight when they become pregnant.
Which of the following statements regarding glucose is FALSE?
Glucose is the most common disaccharide in our diet.
When an athlete "hits the wall" or "bonks", which fuel has been depleted?
Glycogen
Endurance athletes should focus on replenishing which fuel store in the body prior to the next workout?
Glycogen in the muscle and liver
High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease.
HDL
_________ ___________ is the leading cause of death for both men and women.
Heart disease
Sara's mother-in-law is babysitting the kids and mentions she is going to give them fruit and honey for dessert at lunchtime. Sara points out that her baby cannot have honey. Why should children under age one avoid honey?
Honey can contain botulism spores that can cause botulism in young children with immature immune systems.
____is the physical need for food.
Hunger
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the female athlete triad?
Improved bone density
Deficiencies of _____ are major world health problems (circle one):
Iodine, vitamin A and iron
Which of the following statements about growth stunting is FALSE?
It cannot be caused by vitamin deficiencies.
The slow movement of food stuff through the _____ favors the growth of microflora.
Large intestine
_____ is the body mass attributed to non-fat body components, such as bone, muscle, and internal organs.
Lean body mass
Dietary supplements have regulations that are _____strict as compared to drugs.
Less
What is the deadliest of all bacterial food toxins?
Listeria
Where should you report a suspected food poisoning from a salad?
Local health department
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines encourages Americans to change their food habits through:
Make every bite count
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Monitors foodborne diseases
Things to ask yourself as you read about nutrition: Are you reading the news with an educated eye? Is it published in peer-reviewed journal? Does the description of research include methods & subjects? Are the findings presented in context of previous research? Does it seem too good to be true? Are there other studies that support this information? Based on this and what you have read in this module, is it possible for research or a researcher to be completely free of bias?
No
Which fat is considered essential?
Omega-3 fatty acids
A paradoxical effect of low income/undernourishment in the US is
Overweight
A characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes includes:
Overweight or obesity
Division of responsibility in feeding does NOT include:
Parent should restrict food in overweight children to develop a healthy relationship with food.
Which of the following foods is the lowest in cholesterol?
Peanut butter
Which of these is NOT true about micronutrients?
Provide calories
Which is not a "red flag" of junk science to help consumers recognize exaggerated or false claims:
Quantifiable data from the experimental group
Weight loss is _____________ recommended for overweight children
Rarely
What is the USDA responsible for?
Regulating the use of chemicals in meat, overseeing quality standards for meat, poultry, and eggs
Loss of muscle mass and function is called:
Sacropenia
The loss of muscle mass and function is called _______.
Sarcopenia
Your body compensates for diet and exercise variations by adjusting energy intake and expenditure to keep weight at:
Set point
Which of the following behaviors is most likely to promote formation of dental caries?
Slowly sipping fruit juice between meals
Of the following, which is the highest quality plant protein source?
Soy
The _____ contains mucus to protect it from damage by gastric acid.
Stomach
This program used to be called "Food Stamps", it is now called:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
What should you tell someone who insists that they can get all the nutrients they need from a vitamin supplement?
That foods contain other substances that are important for health such as protein, phytochemicals, fiber, minerals and water.
In the US, the average life expectancy is 78 years and healthy life expectancy is 70 years. What does this mean?
The last 8 years of life are restricted by disease and disability.
Among the following, which is the major weakness of a laboratory-based study?
The results cannot necessarily be applied to human beings.
Essential amino acids are identified as such because
The side chain on these amino acids cannot be made by humans
Outward symptoms of hypertension include which of the following?
There are no outward symptoms
Which of the following statements about iron during adolescence is FALSE?
Total iron needs are greater for adolescent males than adolescent females who have begun menstruating.
Beans, peas and lentils are good sources of the nutrients found in both vegetables and protein foods, so they can be counted in either food group.
True
Children born to mothers who were malnourished during pregnancy have greater risk of becoming obese as they age.
True
Experimental research can show causation, but observational research can only show correlation.
True
Fiber is converted into fatty acids by the bacteria in our large intestines.
True
Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in the past few decades has been implicated in causing obesity.
True
Malnutrition can cause children to perform poorly in school.
True
Moderate caffeine consumption (less than 200 mg per day) does not appear to affect fertility.
True
MyPlate was designed to put the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines into practice.
True
Once growth stunting occurs from malnutrition, it is usually permanent.
True
Statistically, obese children and adolescents are at high risk for obesity later in life.
True
Stephanie has a BMI of 27 kg/m2, her waist circumference is 37 inches. Her waist circumference puts here at more risk of a heart attack than being overweight.
True
During her current pregnancy, Loraine has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause foodborne illness. Even though she loves Greek salad, at lunch today she had to order something else because the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Why should pregnant women avoid unpasteurized cheese?
Unpasteurized cheese can contain Listeria monocytogenes that can cross the placental barrier and cause listeriosis and spontaneous abortion or stillbirth.
Which of these is not true about complete proteins?
Use complementary proteins
Which statement is correct about vegetarian diets compared to animal-based diets?
Vegetarian diets may be lower in saturated fat and contain more fiber than animal based diets
Active ________ is required to maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels.
Vitamin D
If the diet is chronically low in fat-soluble vitamins, the bioavailability of which vitamins will be impacted most?
Vitamins A and D
Which of the following nutrients are considered micronutrients? [mark all correct answers] Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Vitamins Minerals Water
Vitamins and minerals
What does the EPA determine?
Which pesticides can be used in agriculture,
Mark is a muscular football player while his friend, Bryan appears to be overweight. They are both of the same height and weight. Can they have the same BMI?
Yes, because BMI measures weight-for-height and not body fat composition.
Are carbohydrates stored in our body?
Yes, carbohydrates are stored as glycogen
Which of these statements about BMI (Body Mass Index) is NOT true?
Your BMI determines whether your weight is healthy.
Food insecurity
a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food
the word essential means:
a necessary nutrient that can be obtained only from the diet.
Which of the following does NOT occur in the colon?
absorption of the majority of nutrients
Leptin is produced by
adipocytes (fat cells)
Running at a slow pace, and then sprinting, involves a change from ________________ to ________________. Correct Answer
aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism
Glucagon
all of the choices are correct. raises blood glucose levels. promotes synthesis of glucose. stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen.
The term "calorie" is used in nutrition to mean the:
amount of energy a food item provides when eaten.
LDL cholesterol
bad cholesterol
For most people, the majority of their total energy expenditure is from their
basal metabolic rate
Iron deficiency causes fatigue:
because hemoglobin cannot be produced.
Amino acids can be used in the body as
building blocks for both hormones and enzymes
The predominate fuel used by muscle during a 10K race (~50 minutes) is
carbohydrate
According to the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range), the majority of calories adults eat should come from:
carbohydrates.
The majority of _______ is located in cell membranes, but is also important to make vitamin D.
cholesterol
Which is the best definition of food insecurity?
chronic inability to satisfy basic food needs
The best preparation for healthy old age begins at:
conception
Hyponatremia is a concern of marathon runners which can be caused by
drinking too much water during a marathon.
Rachel is pregnant and his 'morning sickness.' Which of the following temporary practices is NOT helpful for 'morning sickness?'
eat large, less frequent meals
If the diet is deficient in one or more of the _____amino acids, the body must break down existing proteins to provide the amino acids.
essential
A low vitamin D intake is the most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis.
false
Which of the following nutrients make up the majority of an infant's diet during the first 6 months of life?
fat
A triglyceride always contains 3...
fatty acids.
Which period of development has the greatest risk of developmental problems during pregnancy?
first trimester
natural food
food that has undergone minimal processing and does not contain food additives
What is the primary fuel used for anaerobic activity?
glucose
Any food providing 10% or more of the Daily Value for a nutrient is considered to be a _____ source of the nutrient.
good
HDL cholesterol
good cholesterol
The obesity rate for minorities, including Blacks and Hispanics, is _____the obesity rate of the general population.
greater than
People who are lactose intolerant:
have inadequate production of the enzyme lactase.
The protein molecule that is found in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body cells is called
hemoglobin.
As one finds his or her weight loss slowing during a weight control program, the best practice is to __________.
increase physical activity
The villi and microvilli
increase surface area of small intestine
The need for most of the vitamins _____ during adolescence.
increases
Ingredients on a food label are listed from most to least by_______:
ingredient weight
The rise in blood glucose levels after eating stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone ___, causing blood glucose levels to ____.
insulin, drop
World Health Organization (WHO)
international agency that develops standards to regulate pesticide use
A major mineral is one that
is needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day.
Children with marasmus appear more emaciated than those with kwashiorkor because
kwashiorkor is associated with fluid accumulation in the body.
If an adult's energy expenditure is greater than their energy intake, you would expect that the individual to _____ weight.
lose
Which of the following foods do not fit into any of the five major food groups in the USDA Food Guide?
margarine, gravy, and jelly
The proportions of essential amino acids in ___ best meet the needs of the human body. Hint- consider protein quality.
milk
Local
nearby
clean eating
nutrient dense, real flavors, fewer calories
The current U.S. diet contains a higher ratio of which fatty acid than is optimal for health?
omega-6
Which one of the following conditions can be prevented or improved in women with frequent exercise, generous intake of calcium, intakes of recommended amounts of vitamin D, little or no alcohol, and/or estrogen therapy?
osteoporosis
Growth chart BMI for age of 85-95% is: [ Select ] and BMI >95% is: [ Select ]
overweight obese
Trichinella spriralis and Cryptosporidium parvum are
parasites
Which is a function of lipids?
part of cell membranes
Food moves through the esophagus by means of:
peristalsis
A woman who craves non-nutritious substances such as ice or chalk is likely suffering from ___________.
pica
You are planning a meal that includes a hamburger on a bun, coleslaw, and French fries. To have a more nutrient-dense meal, you should eat:
pork tenderloin, green peas, brown rice, and strawberries.
What is the main cause of food insecurity?
poverty
One would be likely to see positive protein balance in which of the following conditions?
pregnancy, adolescence, growth
The energy-yielding nutrients include:
protein and fat
The main function of carbohydrates in the body is to:
provide energy.
DRIs vary based on each of these EXCEPT:
race
The three main functions of nutrients include all of the following except:
speeding up our metabolism.
All of the following are examples of lipids except
sugar
A pound of fat in our bodies roughly equals 3,500 calories of stored energy. If Sarah were to add an additional can of soda (150 calories) to her daily intake without compensation, about how long would it take her to gain a pound of fat?
the answer isn't that simple, the amount of weight gain depends on multiple factors despite caloric intake
Which of the following is a definition of bioavailability?
the degree to which a nutrient in food is capable of being digested and absorbed by the body
Amounts of which types of lipids must be listed on food labels?
trans fat and coolesterol
The fetus gets nourished by
transferring of nutrients from the placenta
The lipid that makes up most of the lipids in our body is:
triglyceride
After long-chain fatty acids have been absorbed into the mucosal cells, they are re-assembled into:
triglycerides
Newborn infants are given a shot of ____ at birth to prevent uncontrolled bleeding.
vitamin K
The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can best be slowed down or prevented by _______________.
weight training program
